Volcano Science And News Blog

Ethiopia Experiences Massive Dike Intrusion

2025-02-05T21:26:00.000-10:00

In the Afar region of Ethiopia, a large rifting and seismic event has been ongoing now for several weeks. Earthquakes ranging up to magnitude 5.4, with thousands of smaller quakes have been detected in the region between the Fentale and Dofen volcanic systems in the Awash Basin.

INSAR images have revealed a series of dikes, with the central dike being some 44km or longer in length. In the meantime on the ground, there are videos and reports of mud volcanoes spewing hot mud and gasses, creating new 'moats' around the region. Satellite images have also recorded a progressively larger heat and gas anomaly within the crater of Fentale.

The system exists in an are of Africa which is rifting to eventually split off from the main continent. The system constantly spreads apart over the years, resulting in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions when magma rises to fill the gaps left by the tectonic spreading.

It is unclear whether this activity, which as of this writing has diminished to one or two larger quakes per week, down from dozens, will result in a volcanic eruption. However this scenario can't be ruled out, and a reduction in large quakes isn't necessarily a good thing. Also to be considered is that large quakes in the region aren't detected by local instruments. International USGS sensors pick up, generally speaking, any quake around 4.3 and above, so it is likely many smaller quakes are not felt, and not recorded by any local instrumentation.

In Iceland's Reykjanes peninsula, the unrest Northeast of Grindavik was preceded by months of large quakes, which diminished greatly before the eventual eruptions at the Sundhnukagigar fissure series. This was interpreted in Iceland as meaning that the crust was weakened by the large quakes, thus the magma had an easier path to the surface, creating smaller quakes, before the eruptive episodes. Each successive eruptive episode thereafter (continuing now for several years) has been preceded by less and less volcano-tectonic activity before an eruption. Currently, the system is inflated at an eruptible level, however it has not displayed any large quake activity, and the last several eruptions occurred with swarms of less than mag 2.0 before erupting.

So the crisis in Ethiopia is likely not over yet. It could be weeks or months before an eruption, but an eruption cannot be ruled out. It is likely that the dike intrusion has slowed, but this could only mean that the intrusion is finding ways to expand laterally rather than horizontally while it adjusts to the new room underneath the crust that it freed up. It is likely that inflation may resume or result in an eruption at any time, given the sheer size of the intrusion.

It is also possible that the crisis slowly ends without an eruption and simply results in the surficial changes that have already occurred becoming more permanent. Due to the lack of on-the-ground coverage and observations, almost all of this is speculative, at best. But it is an educated speculation that what is now happening in Iceland is a small analog for the large thing that is happening in Ethiopia.

Unrest in Iceland As Reykjanes Enters New Era

2023-12-06T11:38:00.004-10:00

REYJANES - ICELAND

The recent unrest at Iceland's Reykjanes Peninsula has generated a lot of media attention, not to mention increasing the stress levels of those unfortunate enough to be on the receiving end of the unrest in Grindavik. Grindavik was evacuated following the events of November 10th, 2023, where a series of extremely strong quakes coupled with a rifting and dike emplacement event left the town with large fissure cracks running in a NE/SW direction, damaging roads, infrastructure, water and power services. Many apartments and homes are now uninhabitable and will need to be rebuilt.

The fissure/rift is estimated to be some 15km/9mi long, and several meters wide.

This was initially thought to be the beginnings of an imminent eruption, however that has not come to pass. Instead, the fissure magma supply appears to have slowed or been cut off, which will likely result in solidification of the dike, at least pertially.

Inflation at the Svartsgeni Power Plant area, which was responsible for the current series of events after accumulated magma found its way into the current dike, now continues at an accelerated pace. Magma intrusion below Svartsgeni is espimated to contribute to an averge land rise of 1 cm per day. At this rate, it is only a matter of time until the inflation reaches the level of the Nov 10th event.

If the inflation does reach this

it is probable that if the status quo continues, and eruption may present to the West of the Svartsgeni power plant, or perhaps migrate further to the East into the previously formed dike. It is impossible to know at this time.

The Reykjanes peninsula (of which the Icelandic capital of Reykjavik is situated on the NE portion), is now entering into an assumed 'Volcanic Dynasty' which may last several hundred years, according to experts. The last cycle of volcanism on the peninsula ended around 1200 AD, after the settlement of Iceland (some eruptions are reported in ancient Icelandic historical sagas/records) after a long period of unrest.

Volcanologists appear certain that this occurs in regular phases on the peninsula, driven by the rifting between the North American plate, and the Eurasian plate. The two plates are moving away from each other at around the rate that human fingernails grow per year. This eventually results in the creation of cracks through which the mantle plume under Iceland can inject magma to fill the gaps. This is what is thought to be occurring now underneath the peninsula.

If the current sequence of events does result in an eruption, it will likely happen near the end of December or the first couple weeks of January. However this is not a certainty as volcanoes don't always behave how we expect them to, there are simply too many variables.

In the event that a major or minor eruption does happen around the Svartsgeni power plant, or the nearby town of Grindavik, this will plunge the peninsula and the capitol into a new era of turbulence for the island nation. Residents that may be forced to locate will need to go *somewhere* and permanent solutions for housing will likely be needed - similar to the recent destruction in Hawaii's 2018 eruptions, and the 2023 loss of Lahaina, Maui, to fires (not volcano related).

In Hawaii, it has been several months since the Lahaina disaster, and a little over 5 years since the Kilauea East Rift Zone eruption that resulted in the loss of over 700 homes, displacing thousands of residents.

Iceland's situation is being closely monitored.

Mauna Loa Erupts - Eruption Now Waning

2022-12-09T16:34:00.001-10:00

HAWAII

Mauna Loa, dormant since its last eruption in 1984, and after a very long inflation period with starts, stops, and starts, entered into an eruptive phase Nov 30th (HST) with a visually spectacular eruption. The eruption began with a fissure eruption at the summit of Moku'āweoweo caldera at just around midnight.

Animated 24-hour GIF of the start of the eruption via USGS/HVO

This part of the eruption effused a very large amount of lava in a short period of time, but quickly ended after overfilling the SW caldera rim.

Shortly after, fissures on the Northwest Rift Zone (NWRZ) erupted. A total of four fissures erupted with the dominant fissure being the third and most effusive. The main lava flow threatened the Daniel K. Inouye highway (or, Saddle Rd) on the Big Island, but has since stalled at about 1.7 miles away from the highway, one of the critical roads for the Big Island which enables the far-away communities to reach each other.

Lava flow map of Mauna Loa's recent eruption as of 12/9/22

Mauna Loa has not been actively erupting for around 38 years, which is the longest dormant period since recordkeeping began. The inflationary period began sometime in 2011 and has continued on and off since then.

The eruption has unfortunately cut off a critical road to one of the world's premier CO2 monitoring sites operated by NOAA, which is responsible for measuring CO2 PPM measurements which are a critical gauge in measuring the effects of climate change and global warming. Access to this site is currently cut off due to lava crossing Mauna Loa Observatory Road early in the eruption.

A live stream of the eruption is available via HVO/USGS at Mauna Loa Eruption, HI - USGS live stream - YouTube, however the camera does go in and out of service due to extreme weather and wind conditions.

Image of the now waning eruptive fissure, fissure3 as of 4:30pm HST 12/9/2022

As of today, the eruption seems to be waning, however magmatic tremor remains present. It is possible the eruption pauses and resumes, is done entirely, or that new eruptive fissures can form as long as volcanic tremor remains present. At this point, it will take weeks or months to determine whether or not activity will continue, pause, or cease entirely.

Given the long dormancy period, I suspect this was 'the opening act' for this volcano, and we can expect more frequent eruptions in the near future, as the structure of the mountain has surely been altered by the recent activity, meaning that cracks and fractures may allow for other lavas to erupt.

You can keep up to date with Mauna Loa at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory on the USGS site.

Kilauea Erupts, La Palma Eruption Intensifies, Fagradalsfjall Quakes Raise Questions

2021-09-29T16:51:00.015-10:00

HAWAII, USA - Kilauea began a new eruption after weeks and months of inflationary tilt and occasional quake swarms. As of 3:20PM HST, USGS posted the following update:

"Kīlauea volcano is erupting. At approximately 3:20 p.m. HST on September 29, 2021, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) detected glow in Kīlauea summit webcam images indicating that an eruption has commenced within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Kīlauea’s summit caldera, within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Webcam imagery shows fissures at the base of Halemaʻumaʻu crater generating lava flows on the surface of the lava lake that was active until May 2021.

The US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is elevating Kīlauea’s volcano alert level to from WATCH to WARNING and its aviation color code from ORANGE to RED as this new eruption and associated hazards are evaluated.   The activity is confined to Halemaʻumaʻu and the hazards will be reassessed as the eruption progresses.

USGS volcano alert levels and aviation color codes are explained here: https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/about-alert-levels

The opening phases of eruptions are dynamic and uncertain. HVO continues to monitor the volcano closely and will report any significant changes in future notices. Stay informed about Kīlauea by following volcano updates and tracking current monitoring data on the HVO web page (https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/volcano-updates) or by signing up to receive updates by email at this site: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vns2/.

HVO is in constant communication with Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park as this situation evolves. The eruption is currently taking place entirely within the closed area of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

Hazard Analysis: This new eruption at Kīlauea’s summit is occurring within a closed area of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Therefore, high levels of volcanic gas are the primary hazard of concern, as this hazard can have far-reaching effects down-wind. Large amounts of volcanic gas—primarily water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)—are continuously released during eruptions of Kīlauea Volcano. As SO2 is released from the summit, it will react in the atmosphere to create the visible haze known as vog (volcanic smog) that has been observed downwind of Kīlauea. Vog creates the potential for airborne health hazards to residents and visitors, damages agricultural crops and other plants, and affects livestock. For more information on gas hazards at the summit of Kīlauea, please see: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs20173017.
Vog information can be found at https://vog.ivhhn.org/.

Additional hazards include Pele's hair and other lightweight volcanic glass fragments from the lava fountains that will fall downwind of the fissure vents and dust the ground within a few hundred meters (yards) of the vent (s). Strong winds may waft lighter particles to greater distances. Residents should minimize exposure to these volcanic particles, which can cause skin and eye irritation.

Other significant hazards also remain around Kīlauea caldera from Halemaʻumaʻu crater wall instability, ground cracking, and rockfalls that can be enhanced by earthquakes within the area closed to the public. This underscores the extremely hazardous nature of Kīlauea caldera rim surrounding Halemaʻumaʻu crater, an area that has been closed to the public since late 2007."

The eruption is occurring within the summit lava lake which was recently formed in December 2020, when a small fissure poured into the water lake which had accumulated after the caldera forming collapse of 2018.

The lava appears to have had no trouble in breaking through the still-cooling lava lake to 'reactivate' it, and is currently filling the caldera with newly erupted lava. This appears at this time to be a different fissure, perhaps related to a magma intrusion that occurred several weeks earlier.

From HVO, current thermal image of the Halemaʻumaʻu caldera with the new lava fountains.

Halema'uma'u erupting new lava into the May 2018 caldera, post 202 Dec eruption.

Summit webcams can be found here: Webcams (usgs.gov)

LA PALMA, CANARY ISLANDS, SPAIN - The eruption of La Palma's Cumbre De La Vieja which began after months of low level quake activity continues with vigor, and as of yesterday, the lava flow is now entering the Atlantic Ocean. The events began with a bang, as on the central West slope of Cumbre De La Vieja (literally 'Old Summit' - which is a misnomer as this is the younger of two coalescing stratovolcanoes on the island), as a new pyroclastic cone has been constructed along several small fissures.

The unfortunate placement of this eruptive vent has destroyed hundreds of homes, cut across main highways and roads, and completely disrupted travel to and from the island. The government has promised swift and unimpeded aid to those displaced by the eruption.

You can view a live feed of this powerful eruption here.

Live 24/7 coverage (in Spanish) can be seen here.

The last eruption on La Palma occurred some 50 years ago, at the Southern tip of the island, and lasted for several months. While it is too early to tell how long the current eruption may endure for, it could be assumed to be similar in duration.

REYJANES PENINSULA, ICELAND - The eruption at Mount Fagradals has gone into a quiet phase for about 10 days now, the longest pause since its 9 day hiatus weeks earlier. During this 'quiet' phase, tremor pulses have been erratic but weak. However for the past few days, a quake swarm has been rattling the region with small, but numerous temblors.

From IMO, the tremor at Fagradalsfjall is picking up.

This has been interpreted in two ways: 1) It could be the 'death throes' of the eruption, signifying small internal collapses within the magma channel, and the readjustment of the crust surrounding it while it 'relaxes', or 2) It could mean that magma supply to the main vent at Fagradalsfjall has been cut off and the magma is trying to find a new pathway to the surface, presumably closer to Mt. Keilir, which was originally assumed to be a possible eruptive center.

Elsewhere in Iceland, the Askja (Ashes) volcano is displaying an abnormally high rate of earthquakes with accompanying deformation. The land has risen over 15cm within the last month, and shows no signs of slowing down. Icelandic geologists are installing more equipment to better monitor this very dangerous volcano, however they have been hampered by poor weather conditions in addition to its remote location.

And that's not all from Iceland... Several other volcanoes are beginning to show some warning signs including Katla, Hekla, Bardarbunga, and Grimsvötn. Grimsvötn's Vatnajökull glacier recently had a massive jökullhlaup (glacier outburst flood) which sustained for weeks, which has raised some concerns that the volcanoes of Vatnajökull are preparing for eruptions.

Quakes at Hekla, which are uncommon but can preceded eruptions, have been ongoing for quite a while, and scientists say that it is more pressurized than it was during its last large eruption.

And surprisingly, there is even some geological action out in the Snaefellsnes Peninsula, where the volcanic system of Ljosufjoll is displaying seismic activity as well. The last eruption in this region was some 1000 years ago.

Eruption at Fagradalsfjall Continues After Lull

2021-09-15T16:51:00.007-10:00

In Iceland, on the Reykjanes peninsula, the eruption at Fagradalsfjall entered into a 9 day dormancy, which caused some to speculate that the eruption may be ending. This was proven false several days ago, when rock fracture volcanic quakes, and a gradual increase in tremor resulted in a new phase in the eruption. Currently the volcano is 'pulsing' with activity that ranges from 10-15 minutes of lava effusion, and about another 15-20 minutes of quiet. This pattern has continued for several days now.

Today, a large lava breakout near the main erupting crater created a cascade of lava down into Natthagi valley (translated to 'Nigeria Valley' with online translation).

The current view from Nigeria Valley. Courtesy of mbl.is.

Earlier, cameras trained on the volcanic crater also captured an individual scaling, then walking along the crater rim of the main vent, which was, to say the least, extremely foolish and a poor example for others. Icelandic authorities have had to repeatedly warn people not to tread on recently cooled magma both in Nigeria valley, but at Geldingadalur valley.

Months earlier, one man, who later identified himself on social media, was spotted near the main crater narrowly escaping a sudden lava gush.

People should be reminded this volcano is unpredictable, and has shown to be hazardous in many ways. Gases that may seem to be blowing away from you could swiftly shift direction. Lapilli in the air can cause lung irritation. Lava breakouts, and new fissures are still possible. The very ground could open without warning, and issue hot gases and lava. Volcanoes are not toys, and they're not good for the 'Gram if you're dead.

End PSA.

Tremor plots currently show a high level of activity, and it is unknown whether the tremor plots currently being displayed are the result of a computer glitch, or if they are truly what is occuring.

Krisuvik graph showing massive tremor range to the right. From Iceland Met Office.

Fagradalsfjall graph showing more intense 2-4hz frequency amplitude.

As both graphs show similar data, it is probably not a data artifact, rather, the volcano is entering a phase of more fierce degassing after being 'clogged' essentially for over a week. Think of it a bit like putting your thumb on a hose filled with carbonated water. If you hold the hose upright, a gas chamber builds, and when released, the gas emission increases (which did happen), and then you get the mostly degassed liquid spouting out first, then the gassier liquid rises faster.

I expect this activity will continue until returning to the phase that was going on previously, with long, intense periods of lava effusion followed by long, quiet spells. But as many Icelandic scientists note, this is not a predictable eruption, and may be the first of its kind to be recorded in Iceland.

The magma source isn't coming from a magma chamber, rather it is coming from the mantle with a clear shot to the surface. Over time, the volcano may end up constructing its own main magma chamber. The past week's activity suggests some smaller ones may already be forming under the newly erupted lava, evidenced by today's outburst of lava from under the crust of the Geldingadalur lavas.

Some scientists have speculated that even when activity in the main crater is not evident, magma is still gathering under the solidified lava.

In any case, the eruption continues to surprise scientists, delight tourists, and as far as eruptions go, this one has been mostly beneficial to Iceland.

But please, for all that is sane and good in this world - DO NOT STEP ON THE LAVA.

Why The Eruption At Fagradalsfjall Is Unprecedented

2021-07-05T12:31:00.002-10:00

The eruption that began in Iceland's Reykjanes peninsula in March of 2021 has for the most part shocked scientists, volcano enthusiasts, and tourists alike. The volcano, it seemed at the time, was (or still is, depending on who you ask) part of the Krýsuvík-Trölladyngja system, which was experiencing its first magmatic eruption in some 800 years. The conventional wisdom at the time was that this was a relatively small eruption that would probably only last a few weeks. This has been proven wrong, the question now is why?

One need not look much farther than Iceland itself. Icelandia is a submerged continent who's geological history is incredibly complex. Until recently, Iceland was thought to be a volcanic hotspot underneath an oceanic spreading ridge. It turns out, that not only is Icelandia a continent, it may have existed since before the ridge, been submerged, only to split and have a hotspot form under it in the last several million years.

This is significant, since original, ancient continental crust would provide more protection/insulation from magmatic intrusion, but since the continent of Icelandia drifted into (or was split in two by) an oceanic rift, the geology is unique. On one hand you have very thick crustal regions, and in the split middle, you have a thin layer of hardened material before you reach a mantle source, in some areas.

This explains in part the presence of stratovolcanoes on Iceland, as typically a stratovolcano is constructed by means of recycled or at least conglomerate material - mantle sourced, primitive magmas, mixing with more advanced, modern crustal material, which incorporates both H2O and organic components leading to explosive, tephra generating eruptions.

Without any crustal 'recycling', you'd expect the entirety of Iceland, or at least most of it, to display mostly Hawaiian-style hotspot eruptions much like the current eruption at Geldingadalur.

Back to Iceland's newest eruption, it has not gone according to conventional science, however there is precedent.

A few days ago, Fagradalsfjall volcano had a brief period where ash was emitted, in what was thought at the time to be the end of the eruption. A similar event occurred at Kilauea, on the big island of Hawaii, at Pu'u'O'o crater. Magma had drained down rift, rapidly draining the small magma chamber under the spatter cone of Pu'u'O'o, and quickly, the roof of the chamber caved in, generating a rather interesting plume of ash, gas, and vapor. While magma has not yet returned to Pu'u'O'o, it can be reasonably assumed that it may, given the right circumstances.

Fagradalsfjall, however, is brand new! This is a magma dyke that has come from quite a depth, far deeper than any extant magma chamber in Iceland. It is not a magma chamber, rather it is a crack that goes down far enough to a mantle source, to build a magma chamber ABOVE land. It is building a new shield volcano. A Shield volcano forms layer-by-layer. The most famous example of which is probably Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano by volume in the world, on the big island of Hawaii.

Mauna Loa likely started life out just as Fagradalsfjall, as a minor crack in the ground, slowly growing and expanding, issuing fluid lavas, until a massive, shield-shaped mountain formed. Over millions of years, volcanoes like Mauna Loa grow their profile, building their own reservoirs of magma, and over time, building their own magmatic plumbing systems. The older they get, the less likely magma injections lead to eruptions (at least for most non-hotspot shields).

Hotspot shield volcanoes, like Mauna Loa, however, can grow to immense proportions, and last for millions of years. While it is highly unlikely that the new volcano at Fagradalsfjall will be as dynastic as Mauna Loa, it is far, far too soon to tell.

What is clear, and what I will predict is that Fagradalsfjall (or whatever the official name for it will be in the future) is likely to be a very long eruption, with minor pauses, sometimes even months, in between. But this volcano is likely here to stay, providing Iceland with a bit of tourism excitement, but also questions in regards to how ti handles the eruption and disruption to infrastructure.

Already, Iceland has fought this volcano. It has constructed several dirt and rock berms by which to redirect the lava flows away from roads, homes and infrastructure. While the first two berms constructed did fail, several others appear to have learned from the previous berms, and have held. One is preventing the lava from spilling into a valley to the SW of the main vent, while the other is preventing lava from advancing towards the South Road highway, and several farm houses.

Whether this is going to work or not is unclear, but one thing is certainly notable - Iceland is the only country that I am aware of to successfully fight and redirect lava flows when they threated critical infrastructure. This is quite an impressive feat, and civil engineers should take note.

Today's activity at Fagrdalsfjall seems to consist mostly of lava-lake activity within the main vent, with some occasional overflows and large strombolian explosions. A new pattern has emerged in the past several days, from an easy-effusiveness to violent lava lake activity, followed by periods of outflow, then massive overflows. This is then typically followed by a period of perceived inactivity (although we cannot tell what is going on under the crater, it is assumed that 70% of the eruption and effusion is occurring out of view in underground lava tubes).

The resumption of activity is typically begun by gas emissions, followed by the gradual appearance of lava fountaining, and eventual resumption of overflows. The time is not consistent between events, so it is unclear whether this is just a random 'sputter' or if the volcano is building up to something else, or building to an end. I suspect this will keep going on for several years, if not decades. But only time will tell.

Second Fissure Opens Up At Fagradalsfjall (UPDATE - THIRD FISSURE ERUPTS)

2021-04-05T08:21:00.025-10:00

REYKJANES PENINSULA, ICELAND - An approximately 200 meter long fissure has opened up to the SW of the first eruptive vents at Fagradalsfjall at approximately noon Iceland time on April 5th. The fissure opened up some 200 meters from a rescue and aid camp that was set up nearby, which was quickly dismantled and moved.

New fissure outbreak at Fagradalsfjall.

The new fissure can be seen below in relation to the main vent, with lave spilling down a valley to the ENE.

New fissure on the lower left. (Photographer unknown)

A new fissure opening likely indicates that this eruption is far from over, and that more fissure outbreaks are possible. Nothing in the data seemed to indicate anything like this was about to occur, so it comes as a shock to the scientists working on the data at Reykjanes Peninsula.

Camera 1 from FUV.is now points to the new fissure: Live from Geldingadalir volcano, Iceland - YouTube

Camera 2 is pointing at the older, main vents: Volcanic eruption in Iceland! Live - Monday 5th - Camera 2 - YouTube

Due to the dynamic nature of this eruption, people should take extreme caution, and heed the direction of authorities. New fissures opening in the area can do so without warning, as these typically don't produce much in the way of detectable seismicity or tremor.

Speculation has gone on for weeks whether this slow effusion of lava was going to peter out, but it seems as though this new volcanic system may be just getting started.

Some have theorized that the new fissure may decrease pressure on the original eruption site, and cause it to die out, but I'm not quite certain about that. The new lava breakout is at a higher elevation, so it stands to reason that there is still sufficient magma pressure in the dyke system to continue the effusive eruption at the original site. At this time, effusion remains steady, but lava fountaining is at a slightly lower level.

The new fissure is directly draining lava into a nearby valley named Meradali, where it is rapidly pooling on the valley floor, forming a lava delta.

Meradali valley with the new lava delta. Photographer unknown.

Maradali valley, like Geldingadaulur, is not close to any human settlements and lava is not expected to affect any structures or infrastructure at this time.

Gas emissions in the area are significant, and the area has been closed by authorities and will not open at 6am as normal. Residents in areas affected by vog (volcanic fog) should remain indoors, with their windows and doors shut. People with breathing conditions should not venture outside. Vog is SO2 gas, and when combined with moisture turns acidic and can damage the lungs.

Another webcam view of the fissure, with, presumably, the Geldingadaulur eruption to the left, and the newer fissure to the right (hard to tell):

*****UPDATE 3/5/2021*****

The new fissure continues to emit lava at a fast pace. This fissure seems to be stronger at onset than the previous fissure (now affectionately referred to as "bob", the new fissure is now called "Flo" tentatively by netizens). The smaller vents now appear to be inactive (the smaller of the two new fissures) or overcome by the lava flow as to mask its exhalations.

Lava is swiftly filling the below valley of Maradali, and previous service roads which earlier saw a procession of motor vehicles departing the area has now been overcome by the advancing flow. While it is difficult to tell from the webcam alone, probably some 5-10% of the valley floor is now covered by the new lava.

Lava continues to rapidly descend down the valley channel that was established early on. There are some indications of the formation of temporary or permanent lava tubes as flowing lava builds a chute of sorts as its cooling surface welds itself into a ceiling. These are prone to frequent collapse as lava flow rates change.

Dawn view of Maradali lava delta being emplaced by the new fissure (Screenshot from Ruv.is Youtube Feed).

The eruption at Geldingadaulur valley continues, with steady effusion of lava, and frequent collapse events from the brittle spatter cones which have formed into two distinct vents.

The 'right' vent (as seen on the current webcam view) continually builds a 'roof' which frequently collapses. It's lava fountaining level is muted by the fact that this roof develops, and over time, it is destroyed and rebuilt again.

The 'left' vent of "Bob" is prone to frequent crater wall collapses followed by periods of spattering that rebuild the collapsed structures. Despite predictions by some that this may eventually lead to a merged vent, I see this as unlikely due to the rate of spatter, and the fact that the camera angle at current does not really show the true distance between the left and right lava channels. It is about twice as far as it appears on camera.

The new fissure vents are rapidly building ramparts and creating the foundations for a larger cone, if the outside spatter begins building one. At current the lava has an easy path to the below valley of Maradali, however this flow can redirect at any time. It is possible that lava builds a levee or joint in the flow that begins to send lava in another direction.

The most likely channel for this is the 'rear' (or opposite of the current direction of flow) of the fissure. If the cone begins to build internal barriers from the other vents and create a 'compound cone', it is entirely possible that a lava 'spine' is created between two vents, deflecting ballistic lava bombs in the opposite direction.

Such a structure would be prone to frequent collapse, and and deflected lava bombs would likely be much cooler in temperature than lava directly issued by the vents. In this scenario, the 'rear' of the vent would likely issue more blocky-type lava flows consisting of shattered lava bombs and pahoehoe clinker, which would travel at a slow rate.

It is still to early to tell whether or not this new fissure has the staying power of "Bob", but the next 24-48 hours will likely shed a lot of light on the nature of the eruption.

*****UPDATE 4/6/2021*****

A third fissure has just opened up somewhere between "Bob" and "Flo. This occurred at 12:08am Iceland time. It opened suddenly and is currently issuing lava. The fissure is still expanding at the time of this writing, and it is unclear how large it may grow. The area it is erupting in is between Geldingagaulur, and Maradali.

The new vent can be seen nearly in between the 1st and 2nd eruptions.

Given this new development in such a short period of time from the "Flo" breakout (less than 48 hours), it is likely that the area will become off limits.

You can watch live feed of this eruption here: Live from Geldingadalir volcano, Iceland - YouTube

UPDATE 2:

The lava from the new fissure vent is rapidly approaching Geldingadaulur and is about to enter the valley. The vent opened quite close to Geldingadaulur.

The new vent can be seen to the far left, and the new flow moving towards Geldingadaulur.

It now becomes more probable that Geldingadaulur rapidly fills up, or at least at an increased pace, and may begin to flow into other valleys. It is also possible that more fissures can open along the same lineament as the three current eruptive vents.

Lava is encroaching on the MBL.is webcam, and it may be on borrowed time.

A replay was posted on Youtube from the original cam angle, showing the birth of the fissure. You can see it here.

The lava flow from the new fissure is beginning to pool on lava issued by fissure 1 (Bob).

The lava is of the same characteristics of all other fissures, and is part of the same system. If lava continues to drain into Geldingadaulur, it may redirect or augment the flow of the first vent, accelerating the filling and spillover of Geldingadaulur to adjacent valleys.

The lava pool from the 3rd fissure and the original Geldingadaulur fissure are now beginning to merge.

Activity at the original fissure appears to be reinvigorated with frequent fountaining, however the output seems to be a bit reduced in regards to lava outflow. It is hard to tell given that certain angles of observation are no longer available near the extremes of the new lava fields.

*****UPDATE 4/7/2021*****

The webcam run by MBL.is did indeed get consumed by lava last evening, as MBL reports.

Webcam views this morning are obscured by snowfall for the most part, but reveal that the new fissure has already begun to build a spatter cone. The valley of Meradali has been partially filled by the lava from the 2nd fissure, although its spread appears to have slowed considerably.

As weather is not good for viewing at current, and the area is likely off-limits to visitors, the webcams are the only monitoring source at this time.

An aerial shot was provided by MBL.is which gives a pretty good view of the three active vents.

From right to left, fissure 1, fissure 3, fissure 2.

A new lava field map has been issued which shows the approximate location of the new lava fields.

Hraunbreiðurnar ná nú saman (mbl.is)

*****UPDATE 3/7/2021*****

The eruption may be coming to a close, but it is too early to tell. All three vents are now displaying a low level of activity according to webcam observations. The vents that have opoened up are only showing light spattering at the moment, and are not issuing any strong lava flows.

Screengrab from RUV.is' webcam showing non-eruptive activity.

While the original vent (Bob) still shows some spatter activity, it is now very subdued.

There are a few likely scenarios:

- The eruption is coming to an end and future eruptive activity might be preceded by further dyke intrusion events.

- The eruption is recharging after a gap in activity and may resume

- The eruption migrates to the NE and erupts in a new location

As of now, it is too soon to tell. The next few days and weeks will inevitably give more data.

*****UPDATE 4/8/2021*****

The eruption continues with renewed vigor this evening as the 1st and 2nd vent display elevated lava effusion. New lava flows from vent 2 are descending down the valleys once more, while vent 3 shows weak spattering and viscous lava flows. Vent 1 (Bob) is displaying constant pahoehoe flow, with weak spattering and occasionally strong ejections of lava bombs.

Flo Cam from RUV.is showing vent 3 at the right, vent 2 in the middle (faint) and vent 1 at the far left.

Vent 1 (BoB) showing weak lava bomb ejection with strong lava effusion.

Seismicity remains low with few quakes above 1.5 magnitude being detected. Within the last several hours, no detectable quakes on the peninsula have occurred.

From IMO - seismicity is low or nonexistent for the past several hours.

Tremor is also low. This could indicate that the eruption has stabilized, and that further dyke intrusions are not occurring at the moment. This can change at any time.

ERUPTION In Iceland! Fagradalsfjall ERUPTS

2021-03-19T13:14:00.026-10:00

About 1 hour ago, Mount Fagradalsfjall erupted. Some webcams are able to see the eruption including this one. Color video (not the best shot) can be seen here. A camera from RUV.is is here.

Location of the new fissure from MBL.is

A massive glow can be seen above the mountain, in the area that was predicted to be the most likely spot for an eruption to occur.

Fissure vent is feeding pahoehoe lava flows.

Screengrab from the IPCAMLIVE

Image from Icelandic Coast Guard chopper aerial flight.

A helicopter is apparently flying around as can be currently seen in webcam video.

While it is nighttime, it is impossible to see how high the lava fountaining is at the moment.

The Iceland MET Office has confirmed the eruption.

As stated in a previous post, it is not uncommon for quakes to stop, or slow once an eruption is imminent, and that was the case here. Seismicity dropped to lower levels with very few large quakes. Some scientists believed that an eruption would not occur. Others are theorizing that this may be a new phase for the entire peninsula. Seismicity is still quite low, even with lava now escaping to the surface.

Current seismicity remains lower than the last several weeks.

It is not known how long this eruption may last for, or where the new lava flow models predict that lava will go. We will likely know more once the sun rises in Iceland and more coverage begins.

There are a few possibilities:

- The eruption is short-lived, lasting only hours to days

- The eruption gains a steady, deep supply of magma and erupts for weeks, months, or years

- The eruption occurs in phases, in fits and starts, until ceasing altogether

As magma is theorized to still be coming into the dyke system, this eruption will likely at least last for a week or two, although it is anyone's guess at this point.

Currently, the magma appears to be fast-flowing pahoehoe style lava, similar to Hawaiian eruptions. Lava this fluid may travel fast.

I will update this post separately from my previous post on the quake swarm, as an eruption is now underway, however if you'd like to refer to the lead-up to the eruption, you can see my previous coverage here.

*****UPDATE 3/21/2020*****

The eruption at Fagradalsfjall continues. It is as expected, a low-threat eruption with little to no ash emissions. Iceland has cancelled the aviation warning. Many people are showing up to the sit to view the eruption up close. While the eruption may seem safe, this is not advised. New cracks, fissures, or vents can open at any time, as was the case in the Leilani Estates fissure eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii. People should avoid the area, and only take helicopter tours if possible. Of course, you cannot completely deter thrill-seekers, and this would be difficult to control around the clock.

The lava cone that has become the main vent collapsed earlier, spilling out a large pahoehoe flow which is advancing off-camera at ruv.is. It is unknown at this time whether this means the lava flow has found a new outlet and will drain further out of the main area. As lava flows cover the initial zone, it will create ledges, and lava will find a way to its lowest point. If the lava flows continue for weeks or months, it will likely flow to the lowest area it can find.

This part of the eruption is expected to last from days to weeks, but probably not much longer unless another large injection of magma feeds into the current system. Flow rates fluctuate slightly, but overall the eruption appear consistent in its flow rate.

Minor Strombolian and major pahoehoe effusive activity is occurring at the moment, with little to no change since the onset of eruption, although the number of active vents has now been reduced to around three or four.

The fact that pahoehoe is the main product of this eruption strongly suggests a mantle source, as this would not be 'old' magma erupting as lava, however that is yet to be determined by volcanologists. Lava samples are needed to determine crystallization, gas, and other metrics to show whether this is older lava that has been forced up by newer magma, or if this is a mantle sourced 'new' channel.

*****UPDATE 3/22/2021*****

The eruption continues at Fagrdalsfjall. The new eruptive center has been named for the Geldingadaulur valley, which roughly translates into 'Castration Valley' in English. While the eruption has occurred in Fagradalsfjall Pleistocene volcano, some sources theorize that the eruptive fissure is sourced from the more recent Krysuvik-Trolladyngja volcanic system, some miles to the East. However this is yet to be determined, as no chemical analysis is yet available, and data is still coming in.

What we do know at this point, is that base don historical data, activity in Reykjanes peninsula seems to come in long phases, followed by long periods of rest. It seems that the last period of rest is over. Some volcanologists and bloggers suggest that this could be the start of a new 'volcanic dynasty' in Reykjanes, or that eruptions should take place nearly every year for the next several hundred years.

I do not share that assessment, although it is too early to tell. In my own opinion, volcanism from this vent will continue for several weeks, to perhaps more than a month, followed by a period of quiet, perhaps more than several years, before another monogenetic event breaks out. This might continue for a couple of decades or so, with rare, but predictable events occurring down the peninsula. However there is no concrete evidence at this time that points to a prolonged volcanic period on the peninsula.

I of course could be flat wrong here, however I don't think that current events indicate a 'major' change in activity, but perhaps a rare avenue for a minor magma surge to emerge and create a spectacle.

This of course could change if major activity resumes after the eruption halts, or if a major tectonic event opens up wider avenues for magma to flow up to the surface. In any case, the current spectacle is simply amazing, and fun to watch. It is fortunate this eruption has not impacted any communities, and provided a bit of excitement for locals and media during what is probably the worst last couple years in human memory with the misery of COVID-19.

You can watch the eruption on YouTubelive from RUV.is below.

*****UPDATE 3/23/2021*****

A mantle source for the lava currently being erupted in Geldingadaulur has been confirmed, which completely changes the calculus for Iceland regarding the eruption. Fluid lava is issuing at a steady, if not increased pace at the current vent area, which now consists of a ~400 meter high lava cone (prone to frequent collapses yesterday), with an insulated lava vent on its side. A second vent opened up (to the left on the above camera) which is vigorously issuing lava at around the same rate as the 'main' vent.

It is now being theorized that due to the steady effusion, and fluidity of the magma, that this comes from a mantle source some 40-km deep (or deeper), and that this magma freshly broke through the crust, and could be a distinct magmatic system from nearby volcanoes like the Krysuvik-Trolladyngja system.

If this is true, Iceland could be in for a very long eruptive period with a shield-building event not unlike the long eruptions in Hawaii. When magma finds a steady channel to the surface, there is not a lot that will stop it from continuously flowing to the surface. The only things that could stop the eruption would be that magma injection slows to the point it can no longer erupt, and the dyke that was feeding the lava to the surface cools. This does not appear to be a likely outcome any time soon. If anything the rate of flow has increased since the onset of the eruption.

The other option is that this is a long-lived monogenetic event that persists for years, not unlike the Paricutin eruption in Mexico.

Gas in the area is now extremely hazardous as the winds have died down somewhat, and the lava field grows. Icelandic authorities are having to station police and emergency personnel near the eruption site to keep people from getting lost, or putting themselves in danger to see the volcano. It is advised that if you want to watch the eruption, simply stream it rather than putting yourself at risk.

New satellite imagery of the eruption site was also released by MBL.is today (image below)

NASA image of the eruption site.

*****UPDATE 3/24/2021*****

The eruption at Fagradalsfjall/Geldingadaulur continues. Effusive eruption continues at a steady rate, with no signs of weakening as of yet. Pulses of extremely vigorous emission have been observed. There have been several instances of lava tubes forming on the flanks of the main cone, which is now joined to a more vigorous, elongated vent which is just as active as the former main vent, if not more so.

The lava is pooling in an area with no outlet at the moment, so over time, lava channels will probably redirect the the lowest point on a perched table, which may speed up lava advances to lower valleys like the originally speculated eruption location of "The Night Pasture", or Nátthagi valley (Icelandic translation is not perfect here). If lave begins to enter this valley, it would likely become a main exit for new flows, but that of course could change if vent structure does.

For now, the lava is pooling in a relatively safe area, with no threat to infrastructure or residents. It could probably not have erupted in a more convenient area, which is quite fortunate for the town of Grindavik, which is the nearest to the eruption site.

*****UPDATE 4/1/2021*****

The eruption continues, with no sign of slowing down in terms of lava output. Tremor remains variable, and several quakes of up to magnitude 2.9 have occurred in the last several days. No news yet on whether deformation changes indicate any change in the rate of eruption, or any indication of whether or not this will continue for a long time.

Geldingadaulur vally is nearly filled with lava. A recent article by MBL.IS has posted the below photo of the current amount of lava filling the valley as seen on 3/31/2021.

Photo from RUV.IS showing the extent of the lava in Geldingadaulur valley.

The eruption will likely continue until the magma pressure is cut off, and the surrounding cooler rock solidifies the magma dyke. If the eruption continues, with mantle driven magma, there is every chance that the dyke will erode and melt its boundaries, becoming wider. If this indeed mantle driven magma from a deep source, this could indeed create a larger magma channel over time, if the pressure persists.

If a new, large magma channel is formed, this can create a shield volcano over time. Although it is too early to tell, some have speculated that this is the birth of a shield style eruption.

However, it should be noted that a similar eruption in Mexico of the Paricutin volcano, was similar in many ways. This could be a 'monogenetic' event where a new lava/spatter/cinder cone/lava dome is formed, and never erupts again.

The Reykjanes Peninsula is riddled with monogenetic cones with large lava flows. It stands to reason that this eruption might not be much different. But with volcanoes, and mantle-driven sources, the proof is only in the results, as we cannot truly see deep enough to know what to expect. This could end up being a very long eruption, the tip of something bigger, or a small eruption that entertained Iceland and petered out after several months or years.

Hopefully, in the coming weeks and months, more and more data metrics will give a clearer picture of the mechanics of this eruption, and enhance volcano science for the better. It has been a long time since humans have witnessed a 'new' volcano being born, even if all of Iceland is in fact volcanic in origin. This remains an exciting event.

Iceland Has Major Quake Swarm At Reykjanes Peninsula [UPDATED]

2021-02-24T08:03:00.014-10:00

Reykjanes, Iceland is experiencing another major quake swarm, with the largest quake so far at magnitude 5.7. The swarm is in the same general area as previous seismicity within recent years, and is very probably related to more magma intrusion. Magma intrusion and system inflation has been going on for about two years in this area, which is frequented by tourist visiting the famous Blue Lagoon resort spa.

Screen snip from Iceland Met Office website showing the large quake swarm. Green stars denote temblors larger than magnitude 3.

The quake swarm is assumed to be related to the inflation of the Reykjanes volcanic system, however the area is host to numerous volcanic centers, and it is unclear whether they are also being activated by the recent magma intrusions. In the same area as the quake swarm is the Krisuvik volcanic system, and the Pleistocene Fagradalsfjall system. To the slight East of the swarm, there is the Brennisteinsfjöll system as well.

Icelandic news has reported that after an overflight of the Reykjanes area, new steaming vents have opened up under cooled lava flows, and could be seen from the air. A hazard level has been declared, to give the local authorities the tools they need to coordinate disaster management activities should more tremors cause damage to nearby towns, or, if an eruption should occur.

Eruptions in the area have occurred in historical times, with the most recent confirmed eruption occurring in 1830. The last quake of similar magnitude was a 5.6 quake that was followed by some 1,700 aftershocks in late October of 2020. This did not result in an eruption, however deformation was recorded, including uplift of several cm. Gas odors have also been reported after the large quakes, which suggests that either rock fracture is releasing stored gases, or new magma is increasing gas venting.

In either case, magma is certainly involved, and if the area continues to experience large dike intrusions, the likelihood of an eruption in the area increases with each swarm.

It is unclear whether this sequence will lead to an eruption. Reports from Jon Frimann's blog suggest that Iceland has raised the aviation color code over Reykjanes to Yellow (caution), so it does seem that at least some people think the situation warrants watching.

An eruption would probably threaten the Blue Lagoon, the town of Grindavik, and possibly the towns north of the eruption with pahoehoe lava flows, and gases. While submarine eruptions have had episodes of VEI 3-4, the land eruptions have been largely effusive, so it is probably not going to be the same as when Eyjaflallajökull or Grimsvötn erupted with large ash clouds.

*****UPDATE 2/26/2021*****

The quake swarm at Reykjanes continues, with renewed vigor this morning as several temblors over magnitude 4 have struck the region near the epicenter of the 5.7 quake of Wednesday.

Chart of today's more vigorous activity from Iceland Met Office.

It is unclear at this time whether the quake swarm is related to movement of magma, or regional faulting. The sheer number of quakes has created data problems for IMO, who are having some difficulty in cleaning the data up.

The more intense activity today suggests that this may continue on for some time. An eruption is certainly a possibility if the intense activity sustains, and if the Reykjanes/Krisuvik system is injected with more magma.

For now, all anyone can do is watch and speculate. The reality is the quakes themselves do pose dangers in the area from rockslides, falling rocks, ground cracking, and infrastructure damage, which is certainly enough to cause some problems.

*****UPDATE 3/1/2021*****

Magma injection at about 6km depth has now been confirmed on Reyjkjanes Peninsula between the Reykjanes and Krysuvik volcanic systems. This was confirmed by IMO, and their post can be seen here in Icelandic.

The English translation reads:

Quake-hit Reykjanes peninsula still ongoing

New evidence gives reason to take a closer look at the scenario facing a dynamic intersection beneath the area of Mount Fagradals

1.3.2021

Updated 01.03. at 18.15

The Scientific Advisory Council met at a remote meeting today to discuss the earthquake in the Reykjanes peninsula. The meeting was attended by representatives from the Icelandic Meteorological Office, the University of Iceland, the Environment Agency, Isavia-ANS, HS-Orka and ÍSOR.

Until the meeting, the Bureau of Meteorology's automatic earthquake system has measured about 1800 tremors since midnight, and they are mostly confined to areas SW of Keili and Trölladyngju. Of these 1800, 23 are magnitude 3 or larger, and about 3 tremors are 4 in size or larger. The largest from midnight was measured at 16:35, 5.1 magnitude and originated about 1 km ASA at Bowling.

The Scientific Council also reviewed satellite images (InSAR) received today. Processing from those images shows more entry than previously observed in the area in the last few days. The most likely explanation is that the dynamic is forming under the area where the greatest seismic activity has been in the last few days. This new data will be better processed, including modelling in order to shed clearer light on the progress of cases.

In light of these new data discussed at today's scientific council meeting and experts have reviewed, it is important to take a closer look at the scenario facing a dynamic intersection under the area at Mount Fagradals.

Possible scenarios:

It will reduce seismic activity in the coming days or weeks.
The devastations will be increasing with larger tremors up to 6 magnitude in the vicinity of Mount Fagradals
Tremor of sizes up to 6.5 occurs in the Sulfur Mountains
Dynamic interjections continue in the vicinity of Mount Fagradals:
- Dynamic insertion activity decreases and dynamic clots
- Leading to a flow eruption with lava flows that probably won't threaten settlements

Current activity in the Reykjanes peninsula is sectioned and it is difficult to predict accurate progress and whether one scenario is more likely than another. New data is expected later this week that may shed clearer light on the reasons for this push. The Scientific Council will meet again tomorrow to further evaluate the available data as well as evaluate new measurements.

The latest processing of satellite imagery from sentinel-1 received this morning. It shows more entry than previously observed in the area in the last few days and in the area where the greatest seismic activity has been.

*****UPDATE 3/4/2021*****

The IMO has raised the alert level of the Krysuvik central volcano on the Reykjanes peninsula to ORANGE as seismicity, and tremor remains sustained. Iceland is expecting that an eruption may occur in the area between the Pleistocene Fagradsfell volcano and

the minor volcanic tuya of Keilir.

As of the time of this writing no volcanic surface activities have begun. However this can change with little to no warning.

Iceland authorities have stated they do no expect that any eruption in this area will threaten any human settlements or infrastructure, however this is only a guess at this time.

RUV.IS has posted a link to its live camera feed of the suspected area where an eruption may break out. You can view that here.

The quakes and tremor continue with many quakes above 2.0 magnitude, several above 3.0 magnitude, and about 2 so far today above 4.0 magnitude.

If an eruption were to occur, it would likely be similar to Hawaiian style eruptions, with a fissure opening and lava oozing out at slow pace. The threat to human life, given the location will be minimal. The main effects in the area could be acrid air caused by SO2 and Florine gases, with the slight possibility of lapilli fall.

An eruption in this area would be significant only in the fact that that the Krysuvik system last erupted some 680 years ago, which would make this the first contemporary eruption in the area. Records in Iceland's historical archives record multiple eruptions that have occurred in the area since Vikings and settlers populated the area in the late 800's.

You can monitor the activity on Iceland Meteorological site at this link.

*****UPDATE 3/5/2021*****

No eruption has started yet despite some confusing reporting. New magma has been confirmed in the system, and is suspected to be at a depth of about 1.2 miles, or 2km, in a vertical magma dyke somewhere between Fagradalsfjall and Keilir Pliestocene volcanoes. However, reports have also suggested that magma may be rising in several volcanic systems on the peninsula, and not just Fagradalsfjall.

An article on mlb.is suggests that the magma has also shifted away from Fagradalsfjall to the SW, and could conceivably erupt in the Reykjanes volcanic system. Models have actually suggested that if an eruption were to occur here, this would threaten the famous Blue Lagoon (Bláa lónið), as well as the Southern town of Grindavik, which was previously assumed to be safe from the activity.

It is still too early to accurately tell whether an eruption is absolutely certain, and where it will erupt from. But if trends continue, an eruption is likely.

It will be interesting to see what Iceland does if lava threatens Grindavik. Previously on the island of Heimaey, in 1973, the Eldfell volcano erupted and lava threatened the main harbor, which would have effectively cut off the residents from their livelihoods. Icelanders fought back the lava flows with large seawater pumps, creating a cooled lava wall that actually ended up improving the safety of the harbor. While many homes were lost to the eruption, the Icelanders were able to save the main source of income for the island, preserving its way of life, and achieved for the very first time, a successful effort to stop of divert a lava flow.

If the town of Grindavik becomes threatened with encroaching lava, it will be interesting to see what Icelanders come up with. Grindavik is a coastal town, so it probably wouldn't be too big a challenge to install pumps that could cool a slowly advancing flow.

In any case, if an eruption does happen, we likely won't see it for a few days to weeks. And sometimes, activity like this doesn't end up resulting an eruption at all. Which of course is frustrating to those living in the area under that kind of uncertainty.

*****UPDATE 3/7/2021*****

Fagradalsfjall had a magnitude 5.0-5.2 (depending on if you're referencing IMO or USGS, respectively) tremor last evening, followed by a spurt of 3.0-4.0 temblors. A brief period of harmonic tremor was recorded which lasted for about 20 minutes.

Earthquake activity has shifted again to the WSW, and the dike intrusion is progressing at a steady but not breakneck pace. While an eruption is still likely to occur if seismicity persists, it is still not certain, and now, the seismicity is decreasing at a noticeable rate throughout the day.

A screengrab from IMO clearly shows the diminishing frequency and strength of quakes, however the left side of the graph shows a similar lull in activity before renewed, more powerful, and numerous quakes.

The lull in activity is very likely temporary, but of course this is not certain. All that can be said for now is that the energy in the swarm had a nice jolt about 48 hours ago now, but that it has since diminished significantly.

Deformation and GPS results in conjunction with INSAR measurements will probably be more crucial as time goes on, as many fissure eruptions are not necessarily detectable by seismicity alone. On the big island of Hawaii, in 2018, a quake series was detected under Leilani Estates, preceded by droppage in Halema'uma'u's lava lake. The quakes stopped after some time, and fissures quietly opened and began to issue lava flows of older, cooler magma from previous intrusions first, then, younger, hotter magma was able to escape, which caused faster flowing lavas. The resulting eruption left over 700 homes buried when the lava finally stopped flowing.

Whatever does happen in Iceland's Reykjanes peninsula, it will be of immense scientific interest, and hopefully, not a major threat to any human settlement. But as the eruption of Kilauea should teach us, you cannot predict what Madam Pele is going to do.

*****UPDATE 3/9/2021*****

Two periods of tremor have occurred within the past 48 hours. Just about an hour ago, a 4.0 magnitude temblor struck the SW area of Fagradalsfjall. Seismicity has been on the upward trend for the past several hours, with little sign now of slowing down. If the dike intrusion does not erupt during this swarm, it will become increasingly likely with ever subsequent tremor episode, as the magma is now thought to be less than 1km below the surface.

Currently the best webcam angle, in my opinion, is located here on Ruv.is website.

Screenshot from IMO showing an increase in seismic energy and quake frequency to the right.

While it cannot be predicted when the eruption might begin, it is looking more certain that one will happen in hours, days, or weeks.

**A 5.1 magnitude quake just struck, the strongest to hit the area in weeks. This was followed by a 4.5 and many smaller quakes below 3.0.

*****UPDATE 3/15/2021*****

Last evening there was a large 5.4 magnitude quake, followed some 24+ hours later by a ~4.3 magnitude quake. Many smaller quakes have occurred, however their frequency is diminishing quickly.

This could a be a precursor to the actual eruption. Quakes are not necessarily prevalent before the onset of a fissure/dyke eruption, as the ground may already have the cracks necessary for the magma to seep up through.

Iceland media has reported that the dyke width has increased by some 20cm after the large quake, which may have widened the magma corridor. This could mean that further quakes could be unlikely if the magma no longer requires rock-fracture events to advance upward out of the crust.

This is of course, not certain, as surges of magma injection can renew quakes at any time, or the weight and displacement factors of the magma dyke can spur more 'trigger tremors'.

It is now likely only a matter of time until an eruption occurs. There are no signs suggesting that the magma injection has slowed, or that the dyke intrusion has slowed its advance toward the surface.

An eruption can occur without warning, or maybe it gives a short one. Either way, it is increasingly like that one will occur.

*****UPDATE 3/17/2021*****

The quake activity has notably decreased after a 3.6 magnitude temblor struck the Fagradalsfjall area earlier today. After this quake, subsequent quakes have been few, and much lower in magnitude, with only 1 measuring 2.0 in the last several hours.

Graph from IMO showing the decreasing severity of the quake swarm in Reykjanes Peninsula.

Tremor, however, continues to indicate magma injection into the dyke between Keilir and Fagrdalsfjall, with reports of cracks appearing in the presumed intrusion area.

It is important to note that quakes occur due to the displacement of earth and crust, and do not necessarily indicate where magma is in the shallower depths. If the crust has been sufficiently weakened to the point that magma can ascend unimpeded by surface rock, it will not generate quakes. A similar situation occurred during the 2018 eruption of Kilauea volcano on the big island of Hawaii. Prior to lava erupting from fissures, seismicity notably decreased, and the lava quietly began to effuse in the Leilani Estates neighborhood.

It is unknown whether the current seismic decline in Reykjanes Peninsula means that an eruption is imminent, or won't occur at all. Only time will tell. In the meantime, the nearby towns are on edge.

Soufriere St. Vincent Volcano Begins To Build Lava Dome

2020-12-29T18:44:00.006-10:00

***UPDATE 12/30/2020***

News coverage has begun reporting on the developments at Soufriere St. Vincent. Some reports are falsely posting articles which show an ash column above the volcano, however the eruption is purely effusive/dome building at this time and no explosions have occurred as yet.

The alert level has been raised from Yellow to Orange, and scientists are intensely monitoring the volcano in an effort to give at least 48 hours notification to residents should an explosive eruption be imminent.

It seems that the island of Martinique has also decided to raise their alert level, as seismicity has recently been detected under the volcano. This is the first time the alert has been raised since its last eruption in 1932.

________________________________________________________________________________

Original article

Soufriere St. Vincent in the West Indies islands, NE of Venezuela has begun exhibiting lava dome growth, after decades of silence, having last erupted in 1979 after years of activity. The current dome growth appears to be occurring at the South end of the main crater of Soufriere St. Vincent. Vigorous steaming was observed, followed by slow uplift of land between the 1970's lava dome, and the crater wall.

A post from Facebook on the Vulcanología Esia page revealed the following sequence of events:

Image from Vulcanologia Esia Facebook group.

The last eruption of the volcano produced, in 1979, a VEI 3 scale eruption, and has had many eruptions of VEI 4 magnitude in the past.

Given scant news coverage of the volcano at this time, it is unknown how this eruption will progress. It could remain a mostly dome building, effusive event, or it could turn explosive if the dome event is succeeded by an explosive/pyroclastic event.

This page will be updated as more details come in.

The last major eruptive activity in the island chain was when Soufriere Hills on the island of Montserrat erupted unexpectedly, demolishing the capital city of Plymouth in 1995. Other submarine volcanoes may have exhibited minor activity recently, including the humorously named volcano, Kick 'em Jenny,

Kilauea Roars Back to Life!

2020-12-20T22:46:00.021-10:00

****BREAKING****

**UPDATE 12/28/2020**

There has been no significant change lately, except that weak summit inflation briefly dipped to deflation, and then back to inflation again. Down rift in the LERZ, the magma supply appears to be favoring the summit eruption, and gradual inflation is now trending towards deflation.

The lava lake level has remained steady, and the 'island' of cooled rock that has been floating on the lava lake continues to circulate and shrink over time.

The last active vent has 2-3 small steams of lava pouring out, and SO2 output has decreased significantly within the last day.

All updates can be found here at Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (usgs.gov)

**UPDATE 12/26/2020**

The lava lake rose to the level of the North fissure, and appears to have stopped it. Lava appears now to be draining back into the fissure, as a 'crust ledge' has formed around the lava lake, and the molten lava is lower than the ledge. The East fissure is slowly spattering lava out back into the lake. It is entirely possible given these developments that the eruption ceases within the next several days or weeks, as the lava lake cools, and the pressure in the shallow magma chamber decreases.

Thermal Time-lapse from HVO on 12/26/2020 shows the inundation and 'death' of the North fissure, while activity from the East (lower fissure resumes).

Summit inflation has also slightly resumed, which could be due to the North fissure now being 'plugged' or receiving lava back into it.

Summit changing from deflation to inflation, a DI event.

What this means for now is not certain, as this could be a minor inflation, deflation event, or could signal a positive pressure change. The next few days should be telling.

Down rift at Puʻu ʻŌʻō, a slight deflationary trend has been noted, likely due to lack of fresh magma supply as it erupts from the summit.

**UPDATE 12/22/2020**

The lava lake continues to rise, and it's surface is just beginning to overtake the North fissure's edifice. Hawaii health officials have begun resuming 'vog' (volcanic fog) warnings to residents.

By tomorrow, a new dynamic in the lake should unfold as the magma source becomes lower than the lava lake surface. Spatter cones may form, the lava lake may continue to rise, or it may stop and simply circulate. There is no way of knowing at this point. Summit deflation is consistent with magma release, with the latest subsidence readings at about 0.10 meters in the last several days.

Deflationary event post-fissure eruption and lava lake formation. Copyright HVO.

Down rift to the Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ), the inflationary trend near the 1983-2018 Puʻu ʻŌʻō vent continues a steady upward inflationary trend, apparently unaffected by the summit action at Halema'uma'u caldera. Time will tell if eruptive activity resumes at both vents, although at this point, HVO does not seem overly concerned with this.

Current inflationary trend at Puʻu ʻŌʻō. Copyright HVO.

HVO had been weighing raising the alert level at Kilauea in recent days/weeks, and purportedly were about to do so the night of the eruption, when the eruption occurred suddenly.

Neighboring Mauna Loa was raised to Yellow alert after the cessation of Kilauea's long-lived eruption which began in 1983 and ended in late 2018.

Lava lake surface approaching main fissure vent during 12/21-12/22, 2020.

The next few days should give an indication as to whther this lava lake and eruption will be sustained, or short lived. A minor magma intrusion did occur earlier this month at shallow depth, and on occasion, these do result in minor effusive eruptions.

More updates will follow.

**UPDATE 9:06pm HST 12/21/2020**

The latest image shows that the lava lake has risen even further. The rate of rise has slowed either due to less lava output, or due to the diameter of the crater widening as levels rise. It appears at least one fissure is issuing lava from beneath the lava pool surface, while two fissures on the crater rim are continuing to issue lava as well. Earlier reports indicated one fissure had ceased, but it is difficult to tell from the images whether this is still the case.

It is still unknown how long the eruption will continue for, and whether other phases will occur.

At this time there is minimal danger to the public as, according to HVO, "The eruption has stabilized" and ash emissions have ceased. HVO lowered the aviation color code from RED to ORANGE in response, after the former water lake had been completely evaporated and lava/water interactions ceased.

**UPDATE 12:05PM HST 12/21/2020**

Animated GIF From HVO shows the rapid rise of the lava in the crater.

**UPDATE 11:00am HST 12/21/2020**

The caldera floor has now been filled up to the N eruptive fissure, according to the latest Summit Webcam shot (the quality is low, and the HVO web server appears to be under some stress at the moment).

It appears the SW fissure may now be underneath the lava lake, and that the lava lake is now nearly up to the point of overtaking the largest fissure at the N wall of the caldera. The lava lake has greatly exceeded the level of the former water lake.

Image from approximately 8am HST

It is not known how long the eruption will continue.

Image from about 11am HST

As you can see above, the lava lake is rapidly rising. If the eruption continues throughout the day, there is the possibility that it will overtop the new collapse crater and fill the caldera in further.

**UPDATE 8:00am HST 12/21/2020**

According to USGS, the eruption currently consists of three crater wall fissure vents, and the lake is completely gone. A lava lake is forming within Halema'uma'u crater. The eruption so far is limited to the summit, although it is unclear whether any activity may start down rift.

The eruption in 2018 was spurred by rapid summit lava drainage down rift to Pu'u'O'O crater, which then drained further down the LERZ to the Leilani Estates area. Given that magma still exists down rift from that eruption, and that it is still reasonably hot, it is always possible that the 2018 system can receive a new injection of magma.

It is too soon to tell what the return of a summit lava lake will mean, or if this eruption will be long lived, or a shorter episode resulting from the minor magma dike intrusion a couple weeks ago. The eruption could go for only days, or go for on for weeks to years. The previous eruptive period on Kilauea was from 1983-2018, with lava present first at Pu'u'O'O, and then simultaneously with Halema'uma'u, ultimately resulting in the LERZ fissure eruption.

**UPDATE 11:57pm HST 12/20/2020****

Local News now reporting Hawaii Island erupting again, new eruption in Halema'uma'u (khon2.com)

A 4.4 Mag temblor was recorded downrift on the LERZ preceding the summit eruption. It is unclear how this is related at this time.

***UPDATE 11:09pm HST 12/20/2020****

HVO Has now raised the alert level to RED for Kilauea. Kīlauea - Volcano Updates (usgs.gov)

Shortly after approximately 9:30 p.m. HST, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) detected glow within Halemaʻumaʻu crater at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano. An eruption has commenced within Kīlauea’s summit caldera. The situation is rapidly evolving and HVO will issue another statement when more information is available.

Accordingly, HVO has elevated Kīlauea’s volcano alert level to WARNING and its aviation color code to RED.

Alert levels and aviation color codes are explained here: https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/about-alert-levels

HVO continues to monitor the volcano closely and will report any significant changes.

Stay informed about Kīlauea by following volcano updates and tracking current monitoring data on the HVO web page (https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/volcano-updates) or by signing up to receive updates by email at this site: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vns2/.

HVO is in communication with Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park as this situation, which is taking place within the park, evolves.

HVO is in contact with the County of Hawai‘i Civil Defense Agency.

Recent Observations:

For the past several weeks, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) has recorded ground deformation and earthquake rates at Kīlauea Volcano’s summit and upper East Rift Zone that have exceeded background levels observed since the conclusion of the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption and summit collapse.

Beginning in September 2020, increased rates of uplift were observed by GPS stations in Kīlauea’s upper East Rift Zone. In the past month, increased uplift has also been measured at GPS stations in Kīlauea’s summit region. While uplift related to post-collapse inflation of the summit reservoir has been occurring since March of 2019, rates have been steadily increasing in recent months and are currently higher than they have been since the end of the 2018 eruption.

In late November 2020, increased earthquake rates began when seismic stations recorded an average of at least 480 shallow, small-magnitude earthquakes (97% of which were less than or equal to magnitude-2) per week occurring at depths of less than 4 km (2.5 miles) beneath Kīlauea's summit and upper East Rift Zone. This compares to a rate of fewer than 180 per week following the end of Kīlauea’s 2018 eruption and through early November 2020.

On December 2, 2020, GPS stations and tiltmeters recorded a ground deformation event at Kīlauea’s summit. Accompanied by earthquake swarms, the patterns of ground deformation observed were consistent with a small dike intrusion of magma under the southern part of Kīlauea caldera. The injection resulted in about 8 cm (3 inches) of uplift of the caldera floor, and modeling suggests that it represented 0.4–0.7 million cubic meters (yards) of magma accumulated approximately 1.5 km (1 mile) beneath the surface. Though the intrusion did not reach the surface and erupt, it represented a notable excursion from trends observed in Kīlauea summit monitoring data streams following the end of the 2018 eruption.

On December 17, 2020, seismometers detected a notable increase in occurrence and duration of long-period seismic signals beneath Kīlauea’s summit, which are attributed to magmatic activity. Whereas this type of seismicity was observed on average once every few weeks following the 2018 eruption, rates have increased to over a dozen in the past several days.

Other monitoring data streams including volcanic gas and webcam imagery were stable until this eruption.

An earthquake swarm began on the evening of December 20, accompanied by ground deformation detected by tiltmeters. An orange glow was subsequently observed on IR monitoring cameras and visually beginning approximately 21:36 HST.

***Original post below***

10 minutes ago HST, Kilauea has now roared back to life, according to HVO.

This marks the first resumption of eruptions from Kilauea since the cessation of eruptive activity after the 2018 Leilani Estates/LERZ eruption, which destroyed over 700 homes and displaced twice as many people.

It is unknown what role the water lake has had in the eruption at this time, however according to the above image, it appears to have been vaporized. There appears to be no trace of it in new images, and due to the time of night, is it unclear if a phreatic eruption has occurred, which was hypothesized.

Current screen grab from HVO's Kilauea Summit Cam

More news will follow.

Right now, you can follow the Facebook page of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park for updates.

Kilauea was previously at Green alert, after a little over two years of quiescence. Following the 2018 eruptive episode, long periods of inflation were recorded, including a recent dike intrusion event. These events were apparently not enough for HVO to become concerned that a new eruption may take place, even though the intrusion was quite shallow, as had been many recent quakes.

Hawaii Island has been hit both by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the recent eruption of Kilauea in its Lower East Rift Zone, which erupted in the middle of a neighborhood development, and near a geothermal power planet, the Puna Geothermal Plant. This plant only recently reopened for power generation, and it is unclear whether or not renewed activity at Halema'uma'u will change this.

I expect that the aviation color code will be raised to orange/red, and that the local code be changed accordingly as well in the next USHS HVO Update.

This is a developing situation, and more updates will be posted as the eruption progresses.

Mauna Loa is also on Yellow alert at this time. A recent deflation event at the summit may or may not have contributed to pressurization of Kilauea, but it is possible. Mauna Loa had been consistently inflating until just a few days ago when a dike intrusion was detected at Kilauea Summit. Whether this is a true correlation is a mystery at this time.

Residents near the volcano should heed the warnings of local authorities, and evacuate immediately if necessary. Kilauea's behavior of late is not exactly predictable, and quakes have been detected down-rift of last as well. A 2.8 quake, and many smaller magnitude, but still over 2.0 quakes had been detected today down to Mauna Ulu, the site of the eruption preceding that of Pu'u'O'O in 1983.

This is a rapidly developing situation, and many new updates will be posted.

Hawaiian local news is not yet reporting on the eruption.

Quake Swarm And Rapid Surface Deformation Continues In Iceland

2020-01-31T14:00:00.001-10:00

On Iceland's Reykjanes Peninsula, an ongoing swarm of concentrated temblor activity, coupled with rapid surface inflation is raising the possibility of the first volcanic eruption in nearly two centuries near the famed Blue Lagoon. The area has many geothermal features and is once of Iceland's largest producer of geothermal energy.

According to an article released on January 26th, 2020 on Iceland's Met Office website, "An inflation has been detected since January 21st and is centred just west of Mt. Thorbjorn on Reykjanes peninsula. The inflation is unusually rapid, around 3-4 mm per day and has accumulated to 2 cm to date. It has been detected both on continuous GPS stations and in InSAR images. The inflation is most likely a sign of magma accumulation at a depth of just a few km. If magma accumulation is causing the inflation, the accumulation is very small, with the first volume estimate is around 1 million cubic meters (0,001 km3)."

However, that was then, this is now...

Today's quake sequence now records larger quakes up to magnitude 4.4, with three others measuring 4.0, 3.4 and 3.2. Dozens of smaller magnitude temblors dare occurring at the moment.

Screenshot from Iceland Met Office

Today's activity marks a large increase from the initial activity. While magma accumulation has been confirmed, it is far too soon to say whether this will result in an eruption. The activity after the first rash of quakes subsided significantly in the past few days, but today it has surged with some of the strongest quakes in the sequence to date.

The town of Grindavik lies near the swarm, as does the Blue Lagoon geothermal pools. If an eruption should occur, it would likely form along a SW-NE trend as a fissure eruption, as is the most common eruption type in this area. The lava would likely resemble a Hawaiian style effusive eruption. The area of activity is related to the Reykjanes volcanic system.

The last confirmed historical eruption in this system was a VEI 3 eruption in March of 1831, with two unconfirmed (VEI 0) eruptions in 1966 and 1970 - although the Smithsonian GVP may consider these to be doubtful.

The Reykjanes system is part of the Mid-Atlantic rift, a spreading rift between the European and American tectonic plates, of which the entirety of Iceland is a result.

Taal Volcano in Philippines Has Phreatic Eruption

2020-01-12T00:10:00.000-10:00

**LIVE CAM NOW AVAILABLE**

Three hours later, a stronger explosion occurred.

The last major eruption of Taal occured in 1965, which sent pyroclastic flows and tsunami style waves through the lake which surrounds its currently active center. This was one of the Philippines most deadly eruptions.

The current statement from PHIVOLCS is below:

Several social media posts have shown first hand footage and imagery:

The last historical eruption of Taal was in 1977 with a VEI of 2. The largest historical eruption occurred in 1965 with a VEI of 4, killing many.

The new activity suggests there has been new magma injected into the system. This does not necessarily mean that a larger eruption is imminent, but it does typically mean that enough magma that has a heat flashpoint with water got close enough to flash water into steam, creating the latest explosion.

Phreatic eruptions are the result of a minor (or major) volume of water coming into close contact with molten rock. The rock could be older 'crystal mush', or cooler magma which did not have enough gas content to erupt until it came into contact with a water source, or in rare cases fresh magma from the injection source.

Taal volcano has been inflating, and the lake temperatures in the middle vents fluctuating, for years so this eruption is not entirely surprising. PHIVOLCS is monitoring the situation closely, and will be providing updates as soon as they can.

In the last several minutes, it appears an even larger eruption is now underway.

*****UPDATE 1/12/2020*****

Lava fountaining is now observed in the main crater of Taal:

Everyone on the central island has been evacuated. There is not currently an evacuation mandate for the residents around the larger lake (the central crater lake is now completely obliterated).

The latest (Translated to English) update from PHIVOLCS:

"DOST-PHIVOLCS indicates an increase in Alert Level 4 (hazardous eruption imminent) from Alert Level 3 (magmatic unrest) to the current status of the Long Range. Starting at 5:30 pm (PST), volcanic activity is intensified which includes continuous eruption of steam-laden tephra columns with a height of 10 to 15 kilometers with occasional lightning and rainfall. ash extends north of the volcano to Quezon City. Volcanic tremor was also recorded starting at 11:00 am, with two earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 (6:15 pm) and 3.9 (6:22 pm) in Tagaytay City and Alitagtag, Batangas in force Intensity III.

In the event, DOST-PHIVOLCS raises Alert Level 4 to the state of the High Volcano where dangerous eruption is possible within hours to days. DOST-PHIVOLCS strongly recommends total evacuation from Taal Volcano Island and further evasion of hazardous or high-risk areas within a 14-kilometer radius from Taal Main Crater due to possible threat of having a pyroclastic density current (fast waves of very hot smoke and ash) and volcanic tsunami. Areas north of the Taal Volcano are advised to guard and beware of the effects of continuous and long-term rainfall. Civil aviation authorities should advise aircraft to avoid flying around the volcano because of the danger of ash and ballistic fragments from the eruption column. DOST-PHIVOLCS will continue to monitor the Taal Volcano's activity and release an update to the public."

Next update:

"Taal Volcano entered a period of intense unrest beginning with phreatic or steam-driven activity in several points inside the Main Crater at 1:00 PM of 12 January 2020 that progressed into magmatic eruption at 02:49 AM to 04:28 AM of 13 January 2020. This magmatic eruption is characterized by weak lava fountaining accompanied by thunder and flashes of lightning. At 2:00 PM yesterday, booming sounds were heard at Talisay, Batangas.

The Philippine Seismic Network has recorded a total of seventy-five (75) volcanic earthquakes in Taal region as of 5:00 AM, January 13, 2020. Thirty-two (32) of these earthquakes were felt with intensities ranging from Intensity II – V in Tagaytay City, Cabuyao, Laguna, Talisay, Alitagtag, Lemery and Bauan, Batangas. Such intense seismic activity probably signifies continuous magmatic intrusion beneath the Taal edifice, which may lead to further eruptive activity.

Alert Level 4 still remains in effect over Taal Volcano. This means that hazardous explosive eruption is possible within hours to days. DOST-PHIVOLCS strongly reiterates total evacuation of Taal Volcano Island and areas at high risk to pyroclastic density currents and volcanic tsunami within a 14-kilometer radius from Taal Main Crater. Areas in the general north of Taal Volcano are advised to guard against the effects of heavy and prolonged ashfall. Civil aviation authorities must advise aircraft to avoid the airspace around Taal Volcano as airborne ash and ballistic fragments from the eruption column pose hazards to aircraft. DOST-PHIVOLCS is continually monitoring the eruption and will update all stakeholders of further developments."

The following live feed is now available:

*****UPDATE 1/12/2020*****

The interest in Taal volcano has apparently brought he Smithsonian Global Volcano Program (GVP) offline, this is likely due to too much Internet traffic.

*****UPDATE 1/12/2020*****

There is now a live camera provided by rt.com https://www.rt.com/on-air/478090-taal-volcano-eruption-philippines/

*****UPDATE 1/13/2020*****

Taal volcano is still erupting. PHIVOLCS has recommended a 17-km (10.5 mi) exclusion zone around the eruptive center, which covers the towns and villages around the larger Lake Tall. Despite the urgent warnings from PHIVOLCS, some people are sneaking back to their homes in desperation, attempting to grab belongings or livestock.

Heavy ash mixing with rainfall has created a black sludge rain made of ash and mud which is making life miserable for many. The fine ash mixed with water is extremely heavy, so building collapses are now a serious risk. Ash suspended in air is hazardous to breathing, as volcanic ash is made of small volcanic glass shards. Inhaling these seriously damages lungs, so masks are essential.

PHIVOLCS is expecting a larger eruption 'within hours or days', which could end up being as large, or larger, than the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.

Their latest update is below:

The main airport is reportedly reopened after the winds shifted to the SW, so there is an opportunity for some to flee the volcano while there is still time.

*****UPDATE FROM PHIVOLCS 1/14/2020 (Philippines Local Time)*****

"For the past 24 hours, Taal Volcano’s activity has been characterized by continuous eruption of the Main Crater due to magmatic and hydrovolcanic activity. This ongoing eruption generated 500-meter tall lava fountains topped by dark gray steam-laden plumes reaching approximately 2 kilometers tall that dispersed ash to the southwest and west of the Main Crater. Flashes of volcanic lightning were observed at the base of the degassing plumes this morning. New vents opened up on the northern flank where short 500-meter lava fountains, and within the main crater where steam plumes, have emanated.

Since the last update, heavy ashfall from the ongoing continuous activity of Taal Volcano has reportedly fallen on the municipalities of Lemery, Talisay, Taal, and Cuenca, Batangas.

The Philippine Seismic Network has recorded a total of two hundred twelve (212) volcanic earthquakes in Taal region as of 2:00 AM, January 14, 2020. Eighty-one (81) of these earthquakes were felt with intensities ranging from Intensity I – V in Tagaytay City, Cavite. Such intense seismic activity probably signifies continuous magmatic intrusion beneath the Taal edifice, which may lead to further eruptive activity.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission was measured at an average of 5299 tonnes/day on 13 January 2020.

Alert Level 4 still remains in effect over Taal Volcano. This means that hazardous explosive eruption is possible within hours to days. DOST-PHIVOLCS strongly reiterates total evacuation of Taal Volcano Island and areas at high risk to pyroclastic density currents and volcanic tsunami within a 14-kilometer radius from Taal Main Crater. Areas in the general north of Taal Volcano are advised to guard against the effects of heavy and prolonged ashfall. Civil aviation authorities must advise aircraft to avoid the airspace around Taal Volcano as airborne ash and ballistic fragments from the eruption column pose hazards to aircraft. DOST-PHIVOLCS is continually monitoring the eruption and will update all stakeholders of further developments."

*****UPDATE 11/14/2020*****

A live video stream is now available at the top of the blog.

PHIVOLCS is now reporting that 'fissures and cracks' have appeared SW of Taal Volcano Island, near the coastal cities. This could mean that the magma intrusion under Tall extends beyond the boundaries of the larger caldera Lake Taal. This of course could mean that a much larger eruption is possible.

I did look up the names of the mentioned towns on Google Earth, and all but one were closely clustered to the SW, which may suggest that these reports are accurate, and that new cracks and fissures are opening up a long distance from the central eruptive vent. Time will tell. If this is true, the magma chamber has made multiple paths to the surface, and effusion of lava will be likely.

Large Quake Swarm At Iceland's Askja Volcano

2019-11-11T16:43:00.004-10:00

ASKJA VOLCANO - ICELAND

A large quake sequence totalling hundreds of tremors is ongoing at Askja volcano since 11/9/2019. The largest quake so far has been a magnitude 3.2 quake. The swarm appears to be on the NE margin of the main caldera in an area that has in the past issued lava flows through fissures. There is no clear answer from the Iceland Meteorological Office or other sources as to whether or not this is magmatic or tectonic in nature.

Blogger Jon Frimann seems to indicate the swarm is tectonic, while VolcanoDiscovery.com seems to suggest this is related to magma dike intrusion. Again, no official source has confirmed any of this.

Screen grab from Iceland Meteorological Office showing current state of swarm at Askja caldera.

Askja caldera has seen dramatically increased seismicity since the eruption of Bardarbunga (Holuhraun fissure) commenced and ended and has had minor seismicity daily since. The last eruption of Askja was a VEI 2 occurring in Oct 1961, however it has proven capable of much, much larger eruptions, with a VEI 5 on New Years of 1875. Any current eruptive cycle would likely be a VEI 2 or 3, depending on the interactions with water/ice and magma supply.

Quake swarms and dike intrusions often amount to no activity on the surface of a volcano, so until the Iceland Met Office chimes in with an official prognosis, anything should be considered speculative at this point, however this is indeed a dramatic rise in activity even from the rise in activity post-Bardarbunga. The Bardarbunga dike intrusion has been theorized by some to have affected or influenced the Askja system, so it's anyone's guess at this point.

An eruption of Askja will not likely threaten any population in Iceland, but as seen with Grimsvotn and Eyjafjallajökull, it could conceivably pose a threat to air travel around Europe.

Keep your eyes on the sequence here: https://en.vedur.is/earthquakes-and-volcanism/earthquakes/vatnajokull/

*****UPDATE 11/12/2019*****

The swarm is still ongoing at this time. Volcano Discovery has updated their news feed to include the following report (although take it with a grain of salt as there is still no official word out of Iceland regarding the quake sequence):

"An swarm of earthquakes is occurring near the Askja caldera, in an area approx. 10 km ENE from the rim and at depths around 5 km. More than 550 small quakes have been recorded during the past 5 days, but so far, most quakes have been tiny. The largest events were two shocks with magnitudes 3.2 and 3.4, felt by local residents. The swarm is likely caused by an intrusion of magma into an underground fissure (dike), which could but not necessarily must (and most often does not) lead to an eruption."

Today's largest tremors have been around the 2.5 range, with most quakes much smaller.

*****UPDATE 2 - 11/12/2019*****

The Iceland Meteorological Office has issued the following statement, which more closely suggests that this is tectonic - not volcanic - in nature:

"Specialist remark

An earthquake swarm started the 7th of November just east of Askja volcano and is still ongoing. Around 700 earthquakes have been recorded in the area since the swarm started. The largest earthquake was about M3.4 and occurred on the 9th of November. In addition to that earthquake, one earthquake > M3.0 has been detected during the swarm until now. No volcanic tremor has been detected in the area. This is more like brittle type tectonic earthquakes related to continental drift. Earthquake swarms occur regularly around Herðubreið and Askja. The IMO is monitoring the activity 24/7.

Written by a specialist at 12 Nov 17:11 GMT"

Small Quake Swarm SW Of Mount Hood

2019-07-09T12:48:00.001-10:00

MOUNT HOOD, OREGON, US

A small seismic sequence of quakes is occurring on the SW flank of Mount Hood, Oregon today, with the largest quakes registering at magnitude 2.1. Around 60 quakes (at the time of this writing) have been registered so far. USGS CVO reports that this is likely purely tectonic in nature and is not the result of magma movement.

"On the afternoon of July 8, 2019 a swarm of small earthquakes started near Mount Hood, Oregon. As of 11:00 AM PDT on July 9, the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network has located more than 30 earthquakes, all occurring about 1 mile ENE of Government Camp and about 5 miles south of the Mount Hood summit. The earthquakes are relatively shallow (2-3 miles) and are likely too small (maximum magnitude 2.1) to be felt. Swarms in this area have occurred multiple times over the past two decades, most recently in 2014, with the largest event being a M 2.9 on September 14, 2001.

The largest event ever recorded near Mount Hood was a M 4.5 on June 29, 2002, at a location 3 miles south of the summit. Based on similarity to past seismic sequences near Mount Hood and on past studies of seismicity in the Mount Hood area, we infer that these earthquakes are occurring on tectonic faults and are not directly related to volcanic processes occurring beneath Mount Hood. http://ow.ly/PqBZ50uWRtz Mount Hood earthquake map: http://ow.ly/GY6u50uWRtI PNSN TDH webicorder http://ow.ly/n1xk50uWRtA"

Mount Hood, along the Cascades arc of volcanoes, was last confirmed to have erupted in 1865 with an unconfirmed eruption in 1869, according to the Smithsonian GVP.

Large Quake Sequence Hits Southern California

2019-07-05T18:33:00.001-10:00

A large sequence of temblors is striking Southern California at the moment. This sequence so far is tectonic, not volcanic in origin, however it is striking very close to two dormant volcanic fields: The Coso Volcanic Field, and the Lava Mountains Volcanic Field.

The first major temblor, a magnitude 6.4 quake, spawned many aftershocks along the adjascent fault lines on 7/4/2019, and the second, larger shock struck at very shallow depth to the NW, at a magnitude of 7.1. Multiple aftershocks have since occurred, closer to the epicenters of the Coso Volcanic field, with the largest so fat at magnitude 5.5.

What this means for the area is not known. If this is purely a tectonic sequence, not much damage should occur outside of the immediate area. The Coso Volcanic Field has active geothermal power plants, and a few military installations.

The last identified eruptive period in this area was some 33,000 years ago, although suspected Holocene centers are inferred through morphology. It is tough to gauge the age of these volcanoes due to the desert climate, which can make older volcanism look younger than it actually is.

Google Earth screenshot with USGS quake overlay, and my volcano database.

More, larger quakes are possible. As has been theorized in the past, large quakes at the Southern end of the San Andreas fault line can propagate to the NW, creating a chain of events, although it is far too soon to see if this is the case.

Earthquakes, fault lines, and volcanic systems can and have interacted with each other in the past, however, given the age of the last eruption at the Coso Volcanic Field, an eruption still remains highly unlikely to occur.

Residents in the vicinity should check their preparedness plans, and have an evacuation kit ready, if necessary, in the event of a larger quake.

Scientists in CA have long stated that CA is locked and loaded for 'The Big One" a quake of 8.0-9.0 in magnitude - and have advised that people have a plan in case of this event. California on average has had a large quake of 8.0 or more every 100 years or so, and for this, they are overdue.

It is important to note that USGS requires ample time to study each significant event, review the waveforms, and study factors like depth, whether these are purely fault slips, and whether subsequent events are purely tectonic in nature. No conclusions can be reached until all the data is in. Again, it is unlikely that this sequence would result in an eruption of nearby volcanic systems, but this is not unprecedented.

******UPDATE 7/8/2019*****

USGS CALVO Released the following statement regarding the Coso Volcanic Field:

"July 06, 2019 An earthquake swarm started on the evening of July 5 at the southern margin of Coso Volcanic Field in Inyo County, California. The swarm activity was triggered by a magnitude M5.4 earthquake at 9:19 PM PDT located 20 km (~20 miles) ESE of Little Lake, which itself was likely an aftershock of the M7.1 earthquake that occurred about an hour earlier 17 km NNE of Ridgecrest, and south of the Coso area. An average of about 30 earthquakes per hour have been detected since, most within the range of magnitude M1 to M3. No ground deformation indicative of volcanic activity has been detected, and there is no imminent threat of an eruption. The California Volcano Observatory will continue to monitor the situation for any sign of volcanic activity and provide updates as warranted.

The Coso Volcanic Field is located on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada mountains at the northern end of the Mojave Desert, about 64 km (~40 miles) north of Ridgecrest. The field covers about 150 square miles primarily within the Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake, and is comprised of lava domes, lava flows, and cinder cones erupted over the past 250,000 years. The most recent eruption was about 40,000 years ago."

Many large earthquakes have hit California in it's very long history. While this can and does create a lot of quake activity near the field, the 'crystal mush' in the magma chamber would still need fresh injection of magma into its chamber to trigger an eruption.

While Coso is not a good candidate for eruption, other volcanoes around the world remain 'primed', or close to an eruption, and a large earthquake sequence could indeed initiate an eruptive event. One such volcano is Mt. Fuji in Japan, which, according to Japanese authorities, is pressurized, and a large earthquake along its intersecting fault line could weaken the pressure on the chamber, thus causing an eruption.

Stromboli Has Large Explosion, One Confirmed Dead

2019-07-03T10:05:00.001-10:00

STROMBOLI, Italy

A large eruption has left one tourist dead, and several injured, also prompting evacuations on the island of Stromboli in the Aeolian Islands in Italy. Stromboli has frequent minor eruptions, but reports indicate this was a paroxysmal eruption with large amounts of ash fall. Lava emission was reported from all five summit vents preceding the explosive activity.

A large plume and pyroclastic flow seen from neighboring area.

Photo credit Amelia Morris

According to some reports, two large explosions and over two dozen smaller ones have occurred. Hot ash fall caused several wildfires, and local firemen responded. Boats from neighboring islands have been making their way to assist with the evacuation of the town of Ginostra on the WSW side of the island, where tourists were reportedly hiding in the ocean to escape the hot ash.

Residents on the nearby island of Panarea reported fear of tsunami, and evacuating to higher elevations, however no tsunami was generated by this event.

This is possibly the largest explosive event on Stromboli since the year 2007, however the volcano has been in continuous eruption since Feb 2, 1934, according to the Smithsonian GVP. The activity appears to have declined dramatically after the large explosions and is apparently returning to 'normal' at this time.

Known widely as "The Lighthouse of the Mediterranean", the volcano has reliably lit up the night sky with explosive lava fountains and lava emissions throughout most of historical time, and is a reliable place to witness an active volcanic eruption. Strombolian eruptions are named for the volcano and is used as a baseline comparison for similar eruptive events at similar volcanoes.

HVO Raises Mauna Loa Alert Level To Yellow (Watch)

2019-07-02T08:57:00.002-10:00

HAWAII, US

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) raised the alert code to yellow (advisory) and the aviation code for Mauna Loa today to Yellow due to increased rates of inflation and seismicity under the summit and Soutwhest Rift zone. Deformation data since the end of the Kilauea eruption shows a steady increase in inflation.

Screengrab from HVO's Mauna Loa monitoring page.

HVO reports:

"For the past several months, earthquake and ground deformation rates at Mauna Loa Volcano have exceeded long term background levels. An eruption is not imminent and current rates are not cause for alarm. However, they do indicate changes in the shallow magma storage system at Mauna Loa.

Following a significant earthquake swarm in October 2018, HVO seismic stations have recorded an average of at least 50 shallow, small-magnitude earthquakes per week beneath Mauna Loa's summit, upper Southwest Rift Zone, and upper west flank. This compares to a rate of fewer than 20 per week in the first half of 2018. Shallow earthquakes are occurring in locations similar to those that preceded Mauna Loa's most recent eruptions in 1975 and 1984.

During this same time period, GPS instrumentation and satellite radar have measured ground deformation consistent with renewed recharge of the volcano's shallow magma storage system. The current rate and pattern of ground deformation is similar to that measured during inflation of Mauna Loa in 2005 and again from 2014 - 2018.

Together, these observations indicate the volcano is no longer at a background level of activity. Accordingly, HVO is elevating the Mauna Loa alert level to ADVISORY and the aviation color code to YELLOW.

Alert levels and aviation color codes are explained here: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html

This increase in alert level does not mean that an eruption is imminent nor that progression to an eruption is certain. A similar increase in activity occurred between 2014 and 2018 and no eruption occurred."

Mauna Loa, towering over Kilauea, is one of the most active volcanoes on the Big Island of Hawaii, and last erupted in 1984 in conjunction with resumed activity from Kilauea, however it has been dormant (but restless) since then.

An eruption from Mauna Loa could put structures at risk, due to it being one the of the largest shield volcanoes in the world, coupled with fast moving basaltic lavas.

Footage of previous Mauna Loa Eruption

HVO continues:

"Prognosis

As has happened before, it is possible that current low-level unrest will continue and vary in intensity for many months, or even years without an eruption. It is also possible that the current unrest is an early precursor to an eventual eruption. At this time, we cannot determine which of these possibilities is more likely.

HVO expects that days or weeks prior to an eruption, monitoring instruments will detect signs of an increased potential for eruption. These signs could include further increases in rates of earthquakes and ground deformation, increases in the sizes of earthquakes, an increase in surface temperatures, or an increase in visible steam plumes or sulfur dioxide emissions.

However, it is also possible that the timeframe to eruption could be shorter - hours to days. All communities on the flanks of the volcano should be prepared.

HVO continues to monitor the volcano closely and will report any significant changes. HVO is in close touch with Hawaii County Civil Defense and other agencies responsible for public safety.

Stay informed about Mauna Loa by following volcano updates and tracking current monitoring data on the HVO web page (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/activity/maunaloastatus.php) or by signing up to receive updates by email at this site: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vns/

Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency is in constant communications with HVO. If anything develops that may affect your safety, you will be informed.

Please sign up for Civil Defense notifications by visiting Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency webpage at http://www.hawaiicounty.gov/civil-defense/."

Due to this upgrade in status to Yellow, HVO will now be issuing weekly instead of monthly updates on the volcano.

It had been rumored for some time that HVO would be looking more closely at Mauna Loa after the end of eruptive activity from Kilauea, and the increased activity has been going steady since the end of that eruption. The steady rate of inflation coupled with many small quakes, and some over 3.0 in magnitude over the past year is the cause for this concern.

The eruption in 1984 crossed several roads, and threatened the town of Hilo. Development on the island since that eruption will increase the likelihood that Mauna Loa will be a threat to property. However as with most eruptions on Hawaii, it is rare that lives are threatened, except of course for the last eruptive episode on Kilauea, which resulted in a fissure system opening under a neighborhood. While some injuries did occur, no lives were lost.

The current activity seems to be centered however on the opposite side of the volcano from the 1984 eruption, which occurred on the NE rift zone and summit caldera. The current focus of seismicity seems centered on the summit caldera, and the Southwest Rift zone. This could threaten the mountainside neighborhood of Ocean View, which resides on old flows from the SWRZ, the town of Pahala (surrounded by farmland), and Naalaehu. The most likely scenario should a SWRZ eruption occur would be encroachment of lava to Ocean View, however it is far too soon to speculate.

Residents should pay close attention to HVO alerts and updates, and have a preparedness plan should Mauna Loa erupt with short warning. As was the case with the Kilauea eruption, you'd likely have weeks, days, or hours of clear signs before an eruption will be declared imminent, as this is one of the best monitored volcanoes in the world.

Ulawun Volcano In Papua New Guinea Explodes

2019-06-26T08:54:00.002-10:00

NEW BRITAIN, PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Ulawun Volcano erupted today with a VEI 5 paroxsysmal eruption, ejecting ash over 50,000 feet into the air today, creating a dire situation for the nearby villages of Ulamona, and Sule. Ashfall is widespread, falling on neighboring islands.

Plinian style paroxsysmal eruption of Ulawun - 6/26/2019 @ approx 8am. Photographer unknown.

Ulawun eruption from air - Photographer credit Eroli Tamara

Deep eruption plume of Mount #Ulawun volcano🌋 Papua New Guinea 🇵🇬is expanding as the sun goes down, with bits of it beginning to move southward in light northerly upper level winds as seen by Himawari-8🛰️with RAMMB Slider. #eruption #volcano #PapuaNewGuinea pic.twitter.com/zJfSvlFW6O
— YouStorm (@YouStormorg) June 26, 2019

This is the largest eruption of Ulawun since it's 2000 episode. Eruptions of VEI 5 or larger can affect global climate, should enough gas and ash be ejected high into the stratosphere. The 1996 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo caused such an effect, lowering the global temperature average by a couple degrees for around 1 year. These effects are quite temporary however, and do nothing in the long run to counter man-made climate change, contrary to some bad reporting.

*****UPDATE*****

A statement I obtained from USGS indicates this was a VEI 4, sub-plinian eruption, with a maximum height of 43,000, not 50,000 ft as previously reported. The eruption is ongoing, and USGS is on site with local government to assist with disaster mitigation.

"Extinct" Kamchatcka Volcano Wakes Up

2019-06-07T10:34:00.000-10:00

In Kamchatka, Russia, a volcano long believed to be extinct is 'waking up' according to Ivan Koulakov, a geophysicist from Russia's A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics. According to a CNN article, the scientist states that "At any moment, an eruption can occur".

The volcano in question is Bolshaya Udina, which is located SE of Tolbachik volcano, and South of Bezymianny volcano. Bezimianny volcano, like Udina, was previously considered to be extinct, prior to a period of eruption from 1955-56. That eruption was quite similar to Mount St. Helens, with a ESE facing collapse followed by lateral blast, and culminating in a dome-building event.

Bolshaya Udina has no recorded holocene eruptions, which is typically the threshold to write off a volcano as 'extinct', however as previously noted - no volcano can truly be considered extinct without monitoring data to back this up.

Indeed, many volcanoes previously considered to be extinct have erupted in historical time, which just goes to show that 'extinct' is never truly such. Chaiten in Chile, and Nabro in Eritrea were both considered to be probably extinct, but erupted with little warning. In the case of Chaiten, it was a very large and destructive eruption. In the case of Nabro, it disrupted flight plans, and issued a long lava flow that forced evacuations of lower-flank villages.

The news about Bolshaya Udina is somewhat fortunate, in that seismicity has been detected due to its closely monitored and more active neighbors. Otherwise this may have gone unnoticed until the volcano erupted.

Udina is not currently erupting, and Ivan Koulakov stated in the CNN article that there is about a 50% chance that this volcano will erupt. There are small villages nearby, which could be impacted, but the area is very sparsely populated.

If Udina does erupt, it is very possible that this would disrupt air traffic due to ash emissions, much like the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland affected much of Europe. But due to its remote location, the impacts would likely be limited to Alaska and the Aleutian islands.

According to the Smithsonian GVP:

"The Udina volcanic massif consists of two conical stratovolcanoes constructed along a WNW-ESE line at the south end of the Kliuchevskaya volcanic group, SE of Tolbachik volcano. The andesitic western volcano, Bolshaya Udina, has a prominent lava dome on its SW flank. The basaltic Malaya Udina rises above a low saddle at the eastern end of the complex; small lava domes also occur on its flanks. This volcano is located within the Volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage property.

The Global Volcanism Program is not aware of any Holocene eruptions from Udina. If this volcano has had large eruptions (VEI >= 4) prior to 10,000 years ago, information might be found on the Udina page in the LaMEVE (Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions) database, a part of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA)."

HVO Shifts Monitoring Efforts To Mauna Loa

2019-04-17T12:42:00.000-10:00

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has noted increased rates of inflation at Mauna Loa after the 2018 eruption of Kilauea. Inflation rates are still below the rates observed from 2014-2017, however increased earthquakes and ground deformation have been detected after the Kilauea eruption ended, and show a consistent trend.

The shallow magma reservoirs of Mauna Loa have undergone several periods of inflation since its last eruption in 1984, but all have paused without an eruption.

It is unknown what, if any, connection Mauna Loa and Kilauea share in terms of interactions. Kilauea's magma chamber draining may have allowed more pressure to build at Mauna Loa, or caused changes in the magmatic system. Some scientists have noted that when one volcano stops erupting, the other will begin an inflation phase, occasionally leading to eruption.

HVO scientists are looking at the current state of the volcanoes to test this theory. If Mauna Loa enters into an eruptive phase while Kilauea is dormant, this would lend more credence to the theory that the two volcanoes have an effect on each other. However there have been periods, such as the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, where the two have emitted lava simultaneously, but simultaneous activity is somewhat rare, and short-lived.

Currently both volcanoes are at 'Normal' levels of background activity, and no eruption from Manua Loa is imminent or predicted to occur in weeks or months. With Hawaii volcanoes though, activity seems to quickly ramp up before an eruption, so vigilance is always warranted.

You can monitor the inflation of both volcanoes on HVO's website:

For Kilauea:
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/monitoring_deformation.html

For Mauna Loa:
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna_loa/monitoring_deformation.html

What Is Happening Off Of Mayotte Island?

2019-04-05T09:37:00.001-10:00

A small French territory island between Africa and Madagascar is making some big news. For several months, the volcanic island of Mayotte, in the Comoros Islands (which has not had a confirmed surface eruption since 2050 BCE) is getting very noisy. So noisy in fact that the earthquakes and seismic noise it is generating has been detected worldwide. And now, scientists say this could be the result of the largest ever underwater eruption in modern history.

Mayotte Island is a volcano, however it has had no eruptive activity in historical times. Offshore however, scientists are detecting very unusual activity, and large earthquakes (a 5.0 temblor struck today following months of other strong quakes), which have generated a 'huge rumble heard all around the world'. A 5.9 magnitude quake struck on May 15, 2018, and since then, the activity has continued. The seafloor off the coast of the island is sinking at a rate of about 0.4 inches per month as well.

This has been interpreted by geologists to mean that there is a large movement of magma, and possible offshore eruption - the largest ever recorded. Due to the depths and pressure, it is unclear whether the magma has broken through the sedimentary layer, or generated a new seamount, but given the length of the activity and amount of magma involved, it is quite possible. No underwater observations have yet occurred, so this is impossible to know at the moment.

Image from the March 12, 2019 scientific publication showing three distinct seismic crisis offshore of Mayotte.

According to the summary of a detailed study published at EarthArXiv, "We believe that the 2018 crisis is associated to an eruption, despite the fact that we do not have direct observations so far. It might be the offshore eruption with the largest volume ever documented."

As for the safety of the island of Mayotte, "If the eruption lasts one year, which is typical for volcanic eruption, the subsidence of Mayotte will exceed 0.1 m which is large but not critical for the inhabitants and infrastructures, and the total volume emitted will exceed 2 (square kilometers). Such volcanic event (sic) near the coast is the largest ever observed and it may be a major teacher for the understanding of how off-shore volcanoes work."

As of today, the activity continues with a 5.0 magnitude quake. Several other large (4.0+) quakes have occurred within the week. USGS does not have instrumentation to show the smaller quakes, but local geologists are monitoring the situation intensely.

Google Earth capture with my volcano database and USGS plugin showing the location of the last large 5.0 earthquake.

At present, there is no danger to life or property, and the island is safe. With more instruments being deployed worldwide, and with the continuing discovery of underwater volcanoes and their activities, it is likely that we'll be detecting more and more underwater eruptions with better accuracy as time goes on.

This particular eruption however, will fascinate for a long time.

Iceland's Tjörnes Fracture Zone Having Massive Quake Swarm

2019-03-28T13:19:00.002-10:00

ICELAND

The Tjörnes Fracture Zone has recently reactivated with two separate quake swarms. The first, starting sometime in the last couple of weeks, had been occurring offshore near Grimsey Island. Yesterday, another swarm began taking place near the town of Kopasker, Öxarfjordur, NE Iceland, which has now generated a very long lasting swarm of quakes. Largest quake in this swarm so far had a magnitude of 4.2.

Statement from Iceland Meteorological Office

At the time of this writing, nearly 2000 events have now been recorded, with the swarm ongoing. There has been no determination whether these are purely tectonic quakes in nature, although there has also been no mention of volcanic tremor. This is of course, Iceland though, so anything can happen, as it is part of the Atlantic rifting zone. If there was ever anywhere most likely for a new volcano to pop up, it's Iceland.

Screen grab from Iceland Meteorological Office detailing the ongoing quake sequence

Tectonic swarms like this are not uncommon around the world. In highly volcanic areas though, they are always worth watching. This particular area does not have any Holocene (past 10,000 years) eruptive centers, although some long lava flows from distant centers are present. There is a Pliocene-Pleistocene ridge to the NW of Kopasker, which appears to have formed subglacially.

New volcanoes can form in Iceland where there were previously no obvious volcanoes. The island of Surtsey was formed to the SW of Vestmannaeyjar in 1967 in a similar fracture zone. Vestmannaeyjar itself had a new volcano, Helgafell, form in 1973 with little warning, forcing the evacuation of residents, and prompting an ambitious (and ultimately successful) effort to slow and cool advancing lava with cold ocean water, to protect the harbor.

Until new data analysis emerges however, speculation is just speculation. It is likely that the swarm will eventually end, with no volcanic activity. But you never, never, discount that possibility in a place like Iceland until the facts are in. There is a concern that if the quake continues for a long period of time, it could generate up to a 6.0 magnitude quake.

****UPDATE 3/29/2019****

Statement from Iceland Meteorological Office:

Earthquake swarm in Öxarfjordur, NE-Iceland.

The earthquake swarm in Öxarfjordur is ongoing, about 6 km SW of the town of Kópasker. The swarm began on last Saturday 23 of March.

Eight earthquakes of magnitude 3 or higher have been measured, the largest of which measured M4.2 on March 27th. Around 2200 earthquakes have been detected since the earthquake swarm started.

Today ( March 29th ) around 350 earthquakes have been detected, the largest one M2.7 at 07:18. During the last 24 hours the intensity has decreased a lot. The swarm is still ongoing. Monitoring of the earthquakes will be followed closely during the week-end.

Kilauea Alert Downgraded To Lowest Since 1983

2019-03-27T11:35:00.002-10:00

HILO, HAWAII

USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has downgraded Kilauea to the lowest level (Green - background) since the start of the Pu'u'O'o eruption began in 1983. This officially marked the end of the long eruptive period of Kilauea volcano, which ended in August of 2018.

Kilauea remains an active volcano, and will certainly erupt again. It is currently in an inflation phase, where the East Rift Zone's deep magma chamber is recharging at a fairly consistent rate.

USGS HVO scientists estimate that lava will return first to the summit caldera within several years,based on the rate of magma influx to the volcanic system.

Hazards remain in the area as the caldera is still a bit unstable, and the eruptive vents of Pu'u'O'o, and the LERZ vents responsible for the Leilani Estates eruption are still quite hot, and are still releasing heat. The entire zone is still off-limits to residents without escort, and off-limits absolutely to tourists.

Locals In Ngora, Uganda Claim 'Volcanic Activity'

2019-03-25T15:24:00.001-10:00

NGORA, UGANDA

Locals in Ngora, Uganda have apparently reported what they claim is 'volcanic activity' at a rock locally known as Moru Otukei rock, which sits just outside of the main village center. Reports like these can in many cases turn out to be false, as fear and local gossip spreads without the presence of geologists and volcanologists to confirm or debunk these claims.

A few years back, a similar claims were made in Burma, India, and Nigeria, which ended up being some sort of effort to get government assistance in a remote part of the country (why they claimed a volcanic eruption was occurring in an area with no history of holocene volcanism is beyond me).

Several videos of locals jumping around on the rock have been posted to Youtube, and Ugandan news sties have started running with the story.

It is highly unlikely that the claims of volcanic activity are accurate. The nearest volcano, Mt. Elgon, is a miocene volcano which, while beautifully preserved, has absolutley no holocene activity associated with it.

Oh, Internet, you're such a strange window into strange places.

*****Update*****

According to a local cartoonist, a geophysicist has attributed the cracking rock to a rather simple explanation. Dry weather, and high heat.