Yusufweb Tech

Menene Blockchain

2023-07-03T00:34:00.000-07:00

"Blockchain Fasaha ce ta ilimin computer 🖥️ dake amfani da lissafin algorithm wajen tattara bayanai da rarraba su zuwa kan "Nodes" wato Computoci kai tsaye (Decentralized) ba tare da wani mutum ko wasu mutane sun tsaya a tsakiya ba (Middlemen ko Central Authority), dukkan abinda aka aiwatar na hada hada yana taruwa ne akan dukkan Computocin da aka 'dora su akan tsarin a duniya, babu wani waje 'daya (Database) da ake ajiye bayanan, dukkan aiyukan da ake yi akan Blockchain ana amfani da ilimin Cryptography ne".

~ Blockchain tsarin rarraba bayanai ne zuwa kan Computocin a bayyana ne, shine abinda ake kira da "Distributed Ledger System or Technology" ko "DLT" a takaice.
~ A cikin blockchain a galibin lokuta baka bukatan izini, umarni, amincewa ko sahalewar kowa kafin ka fara amfani dashi, ka'idojin computer din ne kawai zaka cike, da zaran ka cike za kayi amfani dashi daga ko'ina a duniya. Shine "Permissionles" da kake ji ana magana akai.

~ Shi blockchain Fasaha ce ta ilimin rarraba bayanai kai tsaye (Decentralized System) akan internet da Computer, abinda ake nufi da Decentralized a nan shine kai tsaye, wato babu wata hukuma ko wasu mutane da suke da iko akan duk abinda ake yi akan Blockchain domin Decentralized System ne, domin fahimtar haka, sai mun tuno da menene Centralized system, misali:

~ Kana da Kudi a GT Bank, kana da Account dasu kenan, bayanan ka, sunan ka, hoton ka, shekarar haihuwar ka, da yawan Kudin da kake dashi, duk an ajiye su ne akan Database na Computar Bankin, ana iya aikewa da Kwafin (Copy) din bayanan zuwa CBN, NDIC da sauran hukumomi, wadannan bayanan naka idan anyi hacking din Database din Bankin ka toh akwai tashin hankali.
~ Domin bayanan suna kan Database din Computar Bankin ne kadai, a Blockchain bayanai suna kan Computoci ne da Allah kadai yasan yawan su, idan ana so a lalata bayanan dake kan Blockchain sai dai a nemi wadannan Computocin gaba dayan su daga ko'ina a duniya idan za a iya kenan.

~ Idan ka bude Facebook ko Email ✉️ zaka Saka Lambar wayar ka, da bayanan ka, wadannan bayanan suna taruwa ne a cikin Rumbun Adana Bayanai ko Database na Facebook da Email, babu inda zaka same su sai in kana da ikon ganin Database din su, su Facebook da Email din kenan.

~ Kamar Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, idan ta tattara bayanan 'daliban ta sai a ajiye su akan Database na hukumar makarantar a internet, babu me gani sai su, babu mai iya gyara kuskure akai sai su, babu mai gogewa sai su, wannan shine Centralized system kenan.

~ Idan aka yi Kutse a cikin "Rumbun Adana Bayanai" wato aka yi hacking Database din za'a iya sace bayanan, za'a iya Canza su, ko a goge su gaba daya su zama kamar ba'a yi ba. Yayin da hakan ba zai yuwu ba akan Blockchain, saboda baka San yawan Computocin da suke dauke da bayanan a duniya ba, idan aka lalata bayanan dake kan Computer guda daya da take da bayanan wannan Blockchain din, toh ya za'a yi da sauran Computocin dake fadin duniya?

~ Shi ma blockchain Database ne, amma "Open distributed ledger", a bude yake, kuma yana rarraba duk abinda ake yi na hada hada akan sa, baya ajiye bayanai a waje 'daya. Ba kamar Centralized system na Bankin ka ba, wanda ake tura bayanan ka zuwa waje 'daya, wato zuwa cikin "Rumbun Adana Bayanai" wato "Database" na Bankin ka.
~ A cikin blockchain kowa yana ganin abinda ake yi, babu wanda yake da ikon rufewa ko canzawa ko dakatarwa domin daga ko ina a duniya Computoci suke aikin, kuma suke ajiye bayanan abinda aka yi.

Me yasa ake kiran Blockchain da Kalmar "Block" da "Chain"?

Dalili shine saboda bayanan transactions ko hada hadar da ake yi akan Blockchain suna zuwa ne a warwatse sai tsarin wato "Protocol" din sai ya dinga hada su waje 'daya kadan-kadan kamar Blo ko Block, sai ya dinga jera su kamar jerin Sarka (Chain⛓️) daga wannan sai wancan, daga wancan sai wancan a jere haka, shine "Block Chain".

~ Kowane block yana 'dauke da bayanan hada hada ne da aka yi a wani lokaci da ya gabata, idan za ayi sabon block dole sai ya dace da asalin yadda tsarin block na farko akan wannan Blockchain din yake, wato sai ya dace da "Genesis Block".

~ Idan bai dace dashi ba toh Computocin zasu buge shi su watsar dashi, ba zasu yarda ba, saboda bai zo da Mathematical calculation ko Mathematical Puzzles irin wanda yake a asalin blockchain din ba tun na ranar farko, shiyasa zaka ji masu CORE Blockchain suna cewa "CORE DAO In Math We Trust", wannan mathematics din suke magana akai, saboda babu karya a Mathematics ba yaudara, basu yarda da kowa ba sai Math.

~ Idan kayi yunkurin shigar da wani tsarin calculation don kirkirar sabon block akan Blockchain wanda ba irin nasa ba toh ba zai karba ba, idan ka shigar da wanda ya dace kuma toh kowace computer a duniya zata mallaki wannan bayanin.

~ Idan kowace computer ta mallaki bayanin toh ba zaka iya yin komai na cutarwa akan Blockchain din ba. A cikin sha'anin Blockchain ba lallai ne canka yarda da mutumin da kake Hulda dashi ba, shin yana da gaskiya ko baya da ita? shin mai Amana ne ko mayaudari ne, baka bukatan wannan, domin zallan Mathematical calculations ne kawai suke aiki akan dubban Computoci, shine zaka ji ana cewa "Trustless system".
~ Wato an mika aiyukan a hannun Computoci da mathematics tunda ku mutanen baku da gaskiya yanzu😆, baku yarda Al-Qur'ani da Sunnah su dai daita ku kuyi gaskiya ba....🏃

Ginshikai guda uku wadanda blocks suka ginu akai

   ~ Kowane Block dake dauke da bayanai akan blockchain yana dauke da wasu abubuwa uku:

1. Data.
2. Nonce.
3. Hash.
Za muyi bayanin su a rubutu na gaba, in sha Allah.

~ A cikin blockchain akwai "Transparency" shine dai daito, duk abinda ake yi dai dai da dai dai ne, abinda yake kan wannan computer shi yake kan wancan, abinda ka duba ka gani shine irin abinda nima idan na duba zan gani, babu rufa rufa a ciki, hatta wadanda suka yi Blockchain ba zasu iya boye komai akai ba.
~ Ba kamar Rumbun Adana Bayanai na Bankin ka ba (Database), sai an nuna maka zaka gani, babu wanda yake da copy din bayanan sai su kadai.
Idan aka yi rashin sa'a hackers suka yi Kutse sai dai Allah ya tsare kawai.

~ Kuskure ne kayi tunanin cewa wai Crypto Currency kawai ake yi da Blockchain, No, No, No, ko kadan. Crypto Currency wani 'dan karamin abu ne a cikin Blockchain, kamar jihar Bayelsa ce mai local government 8 da mutane dubu Dari 500k a saka ta a cikin jihar Kano mai local government 44 da mutane kusan Miliyan 20.
   ~ Blockchain ana amfani dashi wajen harkar lafiya, magance rashin tsoro, Siyasa zabe Mai inganci, harkar kasuwanci, samar da receipt 🧾 da ajiye bayanan da har abada ba za'a goge su ba, kamar ajiye Al-Qur'ani da manyan littattafai masu muhimmanci wadanda ake jin tsoron nan gaba za'a iya bata su ko gurbata su.

An fara tattaunawa akan fasahar Decentralized Blockchain a farko farkon 1990s har zuwa wajen 1997. Sai a 2009 aka samar da Blockchain na farko a duniya, shine Bitcoin Blockchain. Wanda wani mutum da ba asan fuskar sa ba ya samar da Bitcoin Blockchain, shine "Satoshi Nakamoto", me yasa ya boye fuskar sa?
   ~ Saboda wannan fasahar ta Blockchain karfin ta yayi yawa, hikimomin dake cikin ta yayi yawa, idan Gwamnatocin kasashe suka san fuskar sa sai sun hallakar dashi, kafin su hallakar dashi kuma sai an nemi ya rusa wannan abun idan zai iya, wanda shi kansa ba zai iya ba.

~ A yanzu a hakan da ba'a san fuskar Satoshi Nakamoto ba Gwamnatocin kasashe suna ta fada da Crypto Currency, yayin da suke cewa basa fada da Blockchain, domin Blockchain yana dauke da alkhairai masu yawa, sai dai suna fadin haka ne don sun gagara kawo karshen fasahar Blockchain.
   ~ Tare da cewa wasu suna fahimtar cewa sunan Satoshi Nakamoto suna ne da wasu Injiniyoyi suka buya a bayan sa, sune suka kirkiri Bitcoin ba wai wani mutum 'daya ba. Amma anyi ittifaqi cewa sunan Satoshi Nakamoto sune na na 'yan kasar Japan.

~ Kasashen da suke ganin Bitcoin zai karya Darajar kudaden su da fallasa asirin su sai suke yakan Bitcoin amma galibi Bitcoin da Blockchain din gaba daya ne basa so. Da yawan kasashen duniya sun sadakar yanzu, sun mika wuya ba zasu iya dakatar da fasahar ba, sai suka koma cewa to a kawo gyara a cikin sa ta yadda ba za'a dinga cutar da mutane dashi ba ko boye kudaden ta'addanci da Miyagun Kwayoyi da Kudaden safarar Mutane da sauran laifuka.

~ Blockchains da suka biyo bayan Bitcoin sune irin su Ripple (XRP) da Ethereum Blockchain, Ethereum akan sa aka fara samar da Smart Contracts da Decentralized Applications.
~ Polygon Blockchain, Matic Blockchain, CORE Blockchain, RENEC Blockchain da sauran su.

Zamu tsaya a nan, amma nasan akwai tambayoyi....

1. Menene Cryptography?
2. Menene Database?
3. Shin za iya hacking Blockchain?
4. Yaya ake yin bincike aga abubuwa dake gudana akan Blockchain?
5. Tunda ance Blockchain ana ganin komai, babu sirri a cikin sa kenan ko yaya?

6. Menene Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).
7. Su menene EVM compatible Blockchains?
8. Menene Private Blockchain? Me ya bambanta Private Blockchain da Public Blockchain irin su Bitcoin Blockchain, CORE Blockchain, Ethereum, RENEC da sauran su?

Da sauran bayanan zamu dinga kawo su kadan kadan a rubuce, ba zamu dinga tsawaita rubutun kamar wannan ba, in sha Allah.
Allah yasa mu dace....

✍️: Credits: Sihad S.I.C

Bambancin Duniyar Earth Da Duniyar Mars

2022-08-16T07:47:00.001-07:00

Duniyar Earth

Hoton duniyar Earth

Duniyar Earth itace duniya ta uku dake kusa da rana, kawo yanzu ita kadai ce duniyar da abu mai rai ya tabbata a cikinta. Masana ilimin sararin samaniya sun dukufa shekara da shekaru wajen binciko wata duniya wadda za a iya samun halitta mai rai amma har yanzu abin yaci tura.

Duniyar Earth itace duniyar da dan Adam da sauran dukkan halittu masu rai ke rayuwa. A duk cikin duniyoyin da Allah ya halitta babu kamar Earth saboda ita kadai ce ta ƙunshi muhimman sinadaran rayuwa guda biyu wato ruwa da oxygen — Cikin kashi 71% na duniyar Earth ruwa ne ya mamayeta na daga tekuna da manyan rafuka, sai kuma sinadarin oxygen kashi 21% wanda itatuwa da tsirrai ke samarwa, Nitrogen kuma 78%, sinadarin argon kuma 0.93% sai sinadarin carbon dioxide 0.04%.

Duniyar Earth itace ta biyar a girma daga cikin gungun duniyoyin dake cikin falaki. Amma bata kai girman manyan duniyoyi masu kunshe da iskar gas ba irin su — Jupiter, Uranus Saturn da Neptune amma ta dara duniyoyin duwatsu guda uku irin su — Mercury, Mars da Venus.

Yadda duniyoyi ke tafiya a falakinsu suna zagaye rana

Kamar yadda duniyoyi suke zagaye rana itama haka duniyar Earth tana zagaye rana a bisa falakinta daga kusurwar kudu zuwa kusurwar arewa (South Pole and North Pole). Tana daukar awoyi 23.934 kafin ta gama kewaye daya na falaki (axis) wato shine kwana daya, tana kuma daukar kwanaki 365.26 kafin ta gama zagaye daukacin da'irar shataletalen falaki (Orbit) wato shekara guda kenan cif.

Daga cikin duniyoyin falaki kaf wacce tafi kama da duniyar Earth itace duniyar Mars ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu kamanceceniya da ita sosai, amma ga bayanai nan daki-daki game da wannan jar duniya.

Duniyar Mars

Hoton duniyar Mars wacce ake wa lakabi da Jar duniya

Duniyar Mars ita ce duniya ta huɗu da ke kusa da rana bayan duniyar ɗan Adam daga cikin duniyoyi tara kamar yadda masana ilimin sararin samaniya suka bayyana. Kuma wannan suna nata ya samo asali ne daga wani gunkin Romawa. Gaskiyar ita ce Romawan sun kwaikwayi mutanen Girka na zamanin baya waɗanda suka saka wa duniyar ta Mars sunan ubangijin yaƙinsu wato Ares, Sauran al'ummomi na mutanen farko su ma sun bai wa duniyar suna dangane da launin ta - Misali, mutanen Masar sun saka wa duniyar Mars suna "Her Desher," ma'ana "Ja," haka su ma ƴan sama jannti na ƙasar China na wancan lokacin sun mata laƙabi da "tauraruwa mai wuta." Haka kuma baki ɗaya girman duniyar Mars bai fi rabin girman duniyar da mutane ke zaune a ciki ba! sai dai kuma cike take da duwatsu da kwazazzabai waɗanda suka kera wanda ake dasu a duniyar ɗan Adam.

To har'ila yau kuma kwana ɗaya a duniyar Mars ya fi na duniyar ɗan Adam da awa 12. Wato kamar yadda kowa yasan cewa awa 24 suke kwana ɗaya a duniyarmu, ita duniyar Mars awa 36 kenan ke kwana ɗaya. Hakan ne kuma yasa kwanaki 687 ne ke shekara guda a Mars, saɓanin kwanaki 365 a duniyar dan Adam.

Ikon Allah ba shi da iyaka, domin kuwa har'ila yau duniyar Mars da akwai kwazazzabai da dama masu yanayi da wutsiyar koguna to sai dai a ƙafe suke sabo da tsananin sanyi wanda ke sa duk wani abu mai ruwa-ruwa na wurin ya sandare.

To mai yiwuwa mutum ya yi tunaniq cewa saboda tsananin sanyin da ake batu wannan wuri na da shi, ƙila za a iya hura wuta a ji ɗimi. To ko kusa ba shi yiwuwa saboda binciken masana ya nunar da cewa, ba a samun makamashi a duniyar Mars, kuma babu nau'in iskar nan ta (Oxygen) a sararin samaniyarta. To ba ma wannan ba kaɗai, ko da mutum zai yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar wani ɓangare na irin ƙanƙarar da ake samu a wanann duniya ya ce zai narka ta zuwa ruwa, ƙanƙarar za ta narke, to amma kuma mai makon ta zama ruwa sai ta zama iska duk dai sabo da rashin wasu sinadarai a sararin samaniyar duniyar Mars ɗin waɗanda za su ba da damar yin hakan.

Yanayin zafi ko sanyi na duniyar Mars

Duniyar Mars ta fi duniyarmu ta Earth sanyi matuƙa sakamakon nisan da duniyar ta Mars take da shi daga Rana. Matsakaicin yanayin da ake samu a Mars ya kai ƙasa da maki 60 a ma'aunin celcius (-60).

Mars na da iskar carbon dioxide mai matuƙar yawa wanda kaurinsa yana ƙasa da namu a nauyi, sai dai kaurin na iskar bai kai ya samar da yanayi kamar irinsu hadari da iska ba.

Yanayi na sararin samaniyar Mars yana sauyawa a lokacin da hunturu ke tursasa wa carbon dioxide ya bar sararin samaniyar Mars.

A baya, sararin samaniyar duniyar ta Mars na da nauyi matuƙa kuma yana har ruwa yana iya tafiya a kan duniyar. Bayan wani lokaci, abubuwa marasa nauyi a sararin samaniyar Mars sun gudu sakamakon ƙarfin iskan da ke tahowa daga rana wanda hakan ya yi tasiri ga sararin samaniyar duniyar ganin cewa Mars ba shi da ƙarfin maganaɗisu na riƙe abubuwa.

Sinadaran dake duniyar Mars

Rairayin kasar duniyar Mars kenan

Duniyar Mars na da sinadaran Iron da nickel da sulfur. Mayafin da ya rufe Mars yayi kama da wanda ya rufe duniyar Earth wato (Ozone layer) wanda akwai dutse wanda ya ƙunshi silicon da oxygen da iron da magnesium.

Yadda ƙasar Mars take akwai duwatsu irin masu aman wuta waɗanda akwai irinsu a duniyar Earth da kuma duniyar wata.

Duniyar Earth kuma ta fi ƙunsar sinadarin earth da kashi 32.1 cikin 100 sai kuma oxygen da kashi 30.1 cikin 100 sai silicon kashi 15.1 da magnesium da kashi 13.9 da sulfur da kashi 2.9 da nickel mai kashi 1.8 sai calcium da kashi 1.5 da alminum da kashi 1.4 sai sauran kason 1.2 ya ƙunshi sauran sinadarai.

Wadannan sune bambance-bambancen dake tsakanin duniyoyin nan biyu. Allah ne masani.

Rayuwar Kudan Zuma Da Mu'ujizozin Sa

2022-07-26T15:09:00.001-07:00

Kudan zuma suna daya daga cikin kwari dangin hymenopterans. Wadannan kwari sun kasance masu babbar mu'ujiza wanda dabi'unsu da yadda suke gudanar da rayuwarsu akwai wata babbar aya wanda duk wani mai hankali dole ya tsaya yayi nazari akan haka.

Abu na farko da kudan zuma suke yi mai matukar ban al'ajabi shine yadda suke gina gidansu da yadda suke zuba ruwa mai zaki wanda babu wani mutum ma'abocin hikima da zai iya aikata haka komai iliminsa, amma abin mamaki sai gashi dan karamin kwaro wanda bai fi kasa hannu ka murje shi ba yayi abinda zai gagareka.

Yaya duniyar kudan zuma take

Duniyar kudan zuma ta yi kamanceceniya da duniyar mutane kamar yadda yan Adam keda tsarin gwamnati da talakawa, jami'an tsaro, leburori, da sauran ma'aikata to haka suma suke gudanar da tsarin rayuwarsu. A duk cikin tawagar kudan zuma akwai nau'ukan zuma guda uku sune Workers, Queen da Drones.

Ga hoto nan a kasa wadda ke nuna bambancin tsarin halittar jiki na kowane daga cikinsu.

1. Worker bees (ma'aikata)

Wadannan sune gungun ma'aikata masu hidimar samo abinci da masu gina gida, sun hada da injiniyoyi da leburori masu debo ruwa da masu debo sinadarin necta wani irin sinadari ne dake taruwa cikin furannin filawa akwai masu daukowa da injiniyoyi masu sarrafawa da kuma masu gina saqa, da jami'an tsaro da kuma masu bada abinci ga kanana ko yan jariran zuma wato larvae.

wadannan sune ma'aikata masu gudanar da duk hidimar tafiyar da tawaga (colony). Daukacin workers dake rundunar kudan zuma mata ne zalla.

2. Queen (Sarauniya)

Wannan ita kadaice sarauniya a duk cikin zugar kudan zuma itace take saka kwayaye 2000 zuwa 3000 a rana guda. A iya tsawon rayuwar sarauniyar kudan zuma tana samar da kwayaye kimanin 250, 000 a duk shekara, tana samar da sama da miliyan 1 kafin ta mutu. Bayan ta tsufa ko ta mutu sai a zabi daya daga cikin yayanta sarauniyoyi, wacce aka zaba din sai ta maye gurbinta.

Sarauniya ta bambanta da saura ta fuskar fasalinta. Jikinta ya dara na saura tsayi da tsukakken zunbutu (abdomen) musamman idan lokacin saka kwai ya gabato, zakaga zumbutun bayanta yayi tsawo sosai. Sa'annan fuka-fukanta gajeru ne tsayinsu baya kaiwa kewayen abdomen dinta. Baya ga haka, bakinta ya danyi lankwasa kuma ya dara na workers tsayi. Sarauniya tana rayuwa mai tsawo kimanin shekaru har 5 a duniya kafin ta mace.

Wani Babban abinda ya kara bambanta queen da sauran zuma shine akwai wani irin ruwa datake fitarwa mai suna Pheromones yana matsayin wani gam na musamman wanda take yi musu shaida ga kowane kudan zumar dake tawagar. Sa'annan wannan sinadari datake fitarwa yana wani irin wari-wari wanda hakan ke kara bambantata da sauran kudan zuma.

3. Drones (Male bees)

Drones sune mazajen kudan zuma masu saduwa da queen wannan shine babban aikinsu a cikin tawaga. Su drones siffarsu da tsarin halittar gabobinsu ya sha bamban da queen da workers. Suna da tafkeken kai da faffadan abdomen kuma basu da maciza (stinger). Drones sun dogara ne da workers su suke ciyar da su, kuma sun fi workers cin abinci. Wadannan mazajen kudan zuma sune suka fi yawa acikin zuga, kuma basu cika tsawon rai ba galibi suna macewa da zarar sun gama saduwa da queen a lokacin mating flight.

Yadda kudan zuma ke saduwa

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata sarauniya daya ce rak a cikin tawagar kudan zuma ita take saka kwayaye. Idan lokacin saduwarsu yayi sai sarauniya ta fito daga farfajiyarta sai ta fice daga anya sai wasu daga cikin drones kamar guda 15 zuwa 20 sai su tashi su fira suna bin sarauniya suna saduwa da ita daya-bayan-daya, wannan shi ake kira mating flight a turance.

Wato kudan zuma suna saduwa ne yayin da suke tashi acikin iska idan sun gama saduwa sai su juyo su dawo gida, galibi sun fi aiwatar da wannan flight da rana tsaka. Drones suna gane queen ta hanyar warin jikinta yayin wannan tashi.

Bayan saduwa sarauniyar kudan zuma sai ta dawo anya ta fara saka kwai na tsawon awa 48. Duk kwan data saka cikin kaddarar Ubangiji dama can an riga an kadarta jinsin da zai zama, wasu workers wadansu kuma queens.

Duk kwan data tsallake bata yaryada maniyyi a kansu ba sai su zama drones amma wadanda ta zizara musu maniyyi sune suke zamowa queens.

Rayuwar Kudan Zuma Daga Haihuwa Zuwa Mutuwa

Daukacin kudan zuman dake cikin tawaga sai sun ketare matakai uku kafin su zama iyaye, wato tun daga matakin kwai, kyankyasa har zuwa girmansu. Wadannan matakai wato (stages) sune kamar haka: egg, larva da pupa. Ga bayanai daki-daki

Egg Stage

Sarauniya tana saka kwayaye a cikin kowanne rami guda. Yayin da ta saka kwan zaka gansu yan mitsi-mitsi kamar shinkafa, duk lokacin da ta saka yana kasancewa a mike kafin kwana uku sai kaga sun fara lankwashewa, a karshen kwana na uku ne sai su kyankyashe su zama wasu yan tsutsotsi kanana to wannan shine mataki na biyu wato larval stage.

Larva Stage

To bayan sun kyankyashe daga kwai zuwa tsutsotsi zakaga sunyi lankwasa kamar haka C sukan manne a cikin raminsu. Lafiyayyen larva zaka ganshi fari-fari, yayin da suka kai kwana biyar zuwa shida sai yan ramukan da suke ciki su toshe da wata farar yana. Yayin da kudan zuma yake matakin larva bazai iya aiwatar da komai ba hatta cin abinci daga cikin workers ne bangaren (nurse) sune suke ciyar

da yan jariran zuma wato larva.

Pupae Stage

Dama ita rayuwa mataki-mataki ce daga larval stage sai Pupae stage.

Tun lokacin workers suka gama rufe su da wannan farar yana to a hankali sai jikinsu ya fara rikidewa zuwa manya cikin yan kwanaki kalilan zasu gama hada fuka-fukai da duk wani sashe na cikar halittar kudan zuma kama daga allurar harbi dake dubura zuwa bakinsu da hannuwan da suke dauko sinadari daga filawa da sauran muhimman gabobi da suke basu damar aiwatar da kowanne irin aiki na yau da kullum.

Idanuwa sune suke fara sauyawa na daga launin fari zuwa launin kasa-kasa, daga nan sai sauran gabbai su sauya zuwa ainihin siffar balagaggen kudan zuma.

Wadannan sabbin kudan zuma a cikin su a kwai kowane irin jinsin kudan zuma queen, drones, da workers, suna gama girma cikin kwanaki 14 zuwa 21.

Adult bee

Lokacin da suka cika kwana ashirin da daya to sun gama girma kenan wato sun zama balagaggun kudan zuma wanda zasu iya aiwatar da kowanne irin aiki na tafiyar da tawagarsu. Saboda halittar sassan jikinsu ta gama cika irinsu stinger, thorax, pollen basket da kuma wax glands muhimman sassa ne dake baiwa zuma damar iya aiwatar da kowanne irin aiki. Daga cikin jinsin zuma drones ne kadai basu da pollen baskets da wax glands.

Abubuwan Da Zaku Bukaci Sani Game Da GPS

2022-05-02T09:33:00.001-07:00

Menene GPS Satellite?

Yadda Tauraron GPS yake zagaye saman duniyarmu

Ma'anar GPS na nufin Global Positioning System. Wato wani tsari ne, ko fasaha da ake amfani da tauraron dan Adam domin a gano bagire (location) ko wani abu a duk inda yake a doron kasa a cikin duniyan nan.

Fasahar GPS ta samo asali ne daga wani shiri na gwamnatin Amurka wanda zai taimakawa sojojin ta suyi aiki a ko ina a doron kasa, da zummar gano wasu muhimman abubuwa masu alaka da tsaro da sauran bayanan sirri. A wancan lokacin gwamnatoci ne kadai keda damar aiki da wannan fasaha.

Amma a shekarar 1980, gwamnati ta bawa mutane farar hula dama suyi amfani da GPS ga duk wanda ya mallaki na'urar.

GPS yana iya aiki ne da kididdigar lokaci yana lissafa kwanaki (days), sa'o'i (hours), mintuna (munites) da dakiku (seconds) haka zalika yana lissafa kwanan wata daidai batare da kuskure ba.

Sannan yana iya sanar da kai cewa lokaci kaza ka fara tafiya, lokaci kaza kuma zaka tsaya, kuma kayi tafiyar nisan kilomita kaza, zakayi minti kaza da second kaza kafin kaje inda zakaje in dai kana da GPS receiver a wajen ka.

Hatta kai da kake karanta wannan

rubutun GPS yana iya fada maka cewa kana kasa kaza, jaha kaza, a gari kaza, kuma kana cikin layi na kaza, sannan kana zaune a daidai nisan kilomita kaza tsakanin ka da tsakiyar garin ku, ko gidan gwamnatin garin da kake.

Akwai satellite sama da guda talatin wadanda gano inda wani mutum ko wani abu yake a doron kasa shine aikinsu. GPS satellite suna sama a nisan kilomita dubu ashirin (20,000 kilometres) tsakanin su da doron kasa na wannan duniyar da muke ciki.

GPS satellite suna amfani da network domin sadarwa tsakanin su da manya da kuma kananun na'urorin GPS da suke hannun mutane, domin nunawa mutum inda yake da kuma sanin nisan tafiyar kilomita nawa yayi.

Akwai kananun na'urorin GPS na

hannu masu kama da wayar salula, wadanda mutane suke siyowa suna amfani da su, wajen gano hanya. Wadannan kananun GPS din ana kiran su GPS receiver.

A cikin wayoyin hannu na zamani kamar su Android, da iPhone akwai irin wannan fasaha wato Maps, ko Google maps. Wanda take nunawa mutum hanya a cikin wayarsa.

Haka nan akwai agogon hannu na zamani masu dauke da Gps receiver, da kuma na'u'rori masu sarrafa kansu kamar misalin mota ko jirgin sama marasa matuki duk suna dauke da wannan fasaha.

Ta yaya GPS ke aiki?

Daukacin gungun taurarin dan adam rukuni 24 dake shawagi acikin shataletalen falaki guda shida dake tsakiyar duniya wato (six Earth-centered orbital planes). Kowane guda akwai taurari hudu a cikinsa suna zagayawa a saman duniya na tsawon mil 13,000, wato kilomita dubu ashirin (20,000 km) da kuma kimamin karfin gudu na 87,000mph wato (14,000 km) acikin awa guda.

Amma idan aka zo batun GPS kuwa kwatakwata taurari uku ake bukata masu samar da bagire (location) a doron duniya. Cikon na hudun yana aiki ne wajen tantance bayanan da taurari ukun suka samar. Hakan nan kuma wannan tauraro na hudun yana amfani wajen jagorantar mu zuwa kusurwa ta uku kuma yana bamu damar kayyade altitude na na'ura

Ginshikan abubuwa guda uku da suka hadu suka gina GPS

Fasahar GPS ta ginu ne karkashin wadansu ginshikai guda uku wadanda ake kira segments a turance, wadanda suke aiki kafada da kafada don samar da bayanin bigire a cikin duniya. Wadannan ginshikai sune kamar haka:

Space (satellites): Wadannan sune taurarin dan adam dake shawagi ko safa da marwa a sararin samaniya suna bankado bayanan dake wakana a doron duniya a bagire mabanbanta.

Ground control: Wato masarrafai a doron kasa Wadannan sune kamar antenna da kuma tashoshin dake karba da sarrafa sakon da tauraron gps ya aiko dashi duniya kafin ya isa ga mai amfani da kananan na'u'rorin hannu. Wadannan tashoshi suna sarrafa aikace-aikacen gps dake doron kasa kamar bin diddigin inda abu yake da kuma sarrafa taurarin gps, wato daga nan kasa ana iya sarrafa tauraron gps kamar yadda ake amfani da remote a sarrafa talabijin. A kowace nahiya ta duniya akwai tashoshi na musamman masu gudanar da aikace-aikacen taurarin gps. Wato wadannan nahiyoyin na duniya kamar haka North da South America, Africa, Europe, Asia da Australia.

User equipment: Wadannan sune kananan na'u'rorin hannu da mai son yin amfani da fasahar gps dole sai ya mallake su don samun damar karba da aika bayanai, ko gane inda abu yake, sune gps receiver da transmitters wanda suka hada da agogon hannu mai fasahar gps, wayoyin zamani masu dauke da fasahar gps da kuma na'u'rorin telematic.

Wannan hoto yana nuna yadda aikin tauraron dan Adam ke gudana tare da taimakon ginshikai guda uku (3 segments)

Yaushe aka fara harba GPS satellite? kuma ya siffar tauraron gps take?

An fara harba tauraron GPS na farko ne a shekarar 1978. Sa'annan kowanne daya daga cikinsu ana tsammanin zaiyi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma kafin a sauyashi.

GPS satellite yana da nauyin pound dubu biyu (2,000lbs) a takaice, daidai da nauyin kilogram dari tara da feet bakwai (907kg).

GPS satellite yana da solar panel masu tsayin kafa sha bakwai (17 feet) daidai da tsayin mita biyar da wani abu (5metres) wadanda suke samun wuta daga makamashin hasken rana kuma su suke samarwa GPS satellite wutar lantarki.

Bayanan GPS satellite suna tafiya ta cikin hadari ko giza gizai, da ruwa ko iska, da kuma ta cikin gilashi ko roba, sa'annan GPS satellite yana da karfin aiki (power) na watt hamsin (50 Watts) ko kuma abun da bai kai haka ba.

GPS satellite suna zagaye duniya sau biyu a kullum. Sannan kuma a takaice suna gudun mile dubu bakwai mile dubu bakwai duk sa'a daya (7000mp sa'a daya (7000mph), daidai da gudun kilomita dubu sha daya da dari biyu da sittin da biyar (11265kmph).

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama GPS satellite guda uku ne suke iya gano inda wani abu ko wani mutum yake a doron kasa. Sannan kuma sai sun zama su hudu ne suke iya samar da cikakkun bayanai akan duk abun da suka hango a doron kasa daga nan sai su samar da sauran bayanai kamar gano nisan da abin yayi, da kuma saurin abin a lokacin da yake tafiya da kuma daidai inda yake, tare da kwanan wata.

GPS satellite kamar kowane satellite ne suna aika bayanai ta hasken da idon mutum baya iya gani, wato Radiowaves.

Radiowaves yana iya tafiyar nisan mita miliyan dari uku a duk second daya (300, 000,000m/s) daidai da gudun kilomita dubu dari uku a duk second daya (300, 000km/s).

Ta Yaya Muke Iya Gani Da Idanuwanmu

2022-01-30T09:53:00.001-08:00

Cikakken hoton ido da abinda ya kunsa

A cikin muhallin da kake yanzu duba gefenka watakila zaka ga kujera, mota, mashin, dutse, bishiya da sauransu. A duk lokacin da idanuwanka suka tsinkayi abu to kasani cewa kwakwalwarka ce ke da alhakin iya tantance abinda idanuwanka suka gani.

Mafi akasarin mutane basu dauki gani a bakin komai ba, saboda rashin wahalar aiwatar dashi. Cikin kankanin lokaci idanuwanka zasu iya tsinkayar abubuwa fiye da dubu a lokaci guda. Amma abin tambaya a nan ta yaya muke iya gani da idanuwa har kwakwalwarmu take iya tantance abinda muka gani?

Kamar yadda muka sani

A gangar jikinmu akwai wasu muhimman gabobi guda biyar da suke taimaka mana wajen iya fahimtar abubuwan dake kewaye damu a muhallinmu, wadannan gabobi sune:

1. Gabar sauraro (Kunne)

2. Gabar tabawa (Fata)

3. Gabar Sunsunawa (Hanci)

4. Gabar gani (Ido)

5. Gabar dandano (Harshe)

Kowace gaba tana da matukar muhimmanci a jikin dan adam, sai dai yawancin mutane suna ganin cewa rasa gabar gani wato ido itace babbar matsalar da dan adam zai fuskanci rayuwa mafi muni idan ya rasata.

Idan baka gani ta yaya zaka iya kallon talbijin, ta yaya zaka iya kaucewa hatsari kamar afkawa rijiya, titi, wuta da sauransu. Sai dai duk da haka akan sami wasu mutane suna rayuwa batare da wannan gaba ba.

Alal hakika ido ginshiki ne na musamman mai jagorantar dan adam ya aiwatar da rayuwa cikin tsanaki. Tsarki ya tabbata ga Allah wanda ya suranta dan adam a bisa tsari mafi dacewa kuma mafi daukaka fiye da sauran halittun dake cikin duniya.

Abubuwan ban al'ajabi game da halittar ido

Allah Mahaliccin sarki ya halitta ido ya tsarashi cikin ban mamaki matuka saboda, cikin yan mintuna biyar kwayar ido takan iya aiwatar da ayyuka aƙalla fiye da ayyuka biliyan dubu, kuma inda mutum ya san abubuwan da suke faruwa waɗanda suke baiwa idonsa ikon ƙiftawa, da kuma abubuwan da suke faruwa yayinda yake jujjuya idanunsa wajen kallon abubuwa daban-daban, cikin ɗan lokaci ƙalilan, to da wani zai iya cewa ma a duk halittar da Allah yai a jikin mutum babu abin da ya fi ido ban mamaki. Daga kasa ga bayani game da kariya ta musamman da aka samarwa idon dan Adam.

Gashin ido: Shin ko mutum ya taɓa tunanin ni'imar dake tattare da gashin ido? ƙaddara ace an bar gashin ido yana toho kamar gashin kai, ace babu wani tsari da mahaliccin ido ya halitta wanda zai hana gashin ido ci-gaba da toho, to yaya mutum yake zaton zai tsinci kansa? Kafin ma ayi batun kariya da gashin idon yake baiwa idanu daga faɗawar abubuwa cikin ido irin su gashi ko ƙura ko kuma ɓurɓushin wani abu.

Idan akai nazari tun daga gashin ido zuwa fatar ido zuwa ƙwayar ido da abuwan dake cikin idon waɗanda suka haɗu suka haifar da gani, abubuwa ne na ban al'ajabi suke faruwa ba tare da mutum ya sani ba.

Fatar ido: Haka idan muka je ga fatar ido, mutane sukan ƙifta idonsu sau dubban lokaci a rana ba tare da sani ba. To wannan fata ta saman ido ita ce mataki na biyu na kariya ga ido wajen hana shigar wani datti ko burbuɗin wani abu.

Sannan kuma akwai wasu sinadarai na musamman da akoda yaushe suke tabbatar da cewa cikin fatar bai rabu da danshi ba, don haka a duk lokacin da mutum ya kifta idonsa to kamar yana goge idon ne. Kamar dai yadda magogin gilashin dake gaban direban mota yake aikin wanke gilashi idan ana ruwa ko kuma domin goge datti.

Da ace fatar ido ba tai dai-dai da ƙwayar ido ba, to da wataƙila ba za ta iya goge idon gaba ɗaya ba, kuma da ba zai taɓa yiwuwa mutum ya goge dattin da ya tattaru a cikin idonuwansa gaba ɗaya ba.

To kuma a ƙaddara ma fatar ba da kanta take wannan aiki ba, sai datti ya taru sannan mutum zai farga ya goge ko kuma ace babu fatar idon duk abin da ya taho haka zai faɗa kaitsaye, babu shakka da rayuwa ta yi wahala ƙwarai, amma mutane da dama ba su damu da tunanin wannan ni'ima ba.

Hawaye: Haka zalika hawaye na da matuƙar muhimmanci ba wai lallai sai na kuka ba, shi ya sa idan wani abu yai wuf ya faɗa ido kaitsaye, nan da nan sai hawaye su zubo dai-dai gwargwado yadda za su taimaka wajen kore wannan datti da ya faɗa cikin ido. Kuma hawaye suna kare ido daga kamuwa da cututtuka, hasalima wannan ɗanɗanon gishiri-gishirin da ake ji a cikin hawaye to wani sinadari ne mai kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na cikin ido wanda ƙarfinsa ya fi na sinadarin kashe kwayoyin cuta irin wanda ake amfani da shi a banɗaki, amma sai mahaliccin ido ya daidaita shi yadda zai yi daidai da ido batare da ya cutar da shi ba.

Kwantsa: Wannan wani sinadari ne mai kauri galibi yana taruwa ne yayinda muke barci, shi wannan sinadari na kwantsa yana taruwa ne sakamakon wata karkuwa ta musamman da aka samarwa ido, yayinda da mutum yake farke yana yawan kiftawa yana kore duk wani datti daya kawowa ido hari shi yasa kiftawar take hana kwantsa taruwa amma da zarar idanuwa sun daina kifta yayin barci to sai kwantsa ta sami damar bubbugowa, wannan sinadari yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tunkudo datti ku kura daga kwayar ido. Duk da yake ba a son yawaitar wannan ruwa, saboda idan yayi to alamu ne na rashin lafiyar ido. Sannan kuma wani abin dubawa a nan shine sai aka kaddara fitar kwantsa yayin barci, in da ace a farke kwantsa ke fita to da idanuwa bazasu taba kasancewa a tsaftace ba.

To idan muka yi nazarin yadda aka tsara gani ya tabbata, za mu ga cewa, tun ɗan Adam yana cikin mahaifa, mahaliccinsa ya tsara masa yadda tsarin ganinsa zai kasance.

Kuma an tsara gani akan yadda ƙwaƙwalwa zata iya ajiye abin da mutum ya gan shi ya kuma san shi. Misali abubuwan da mukan iya tunawa a rayuwarmu kamar su yarintarmu, makarantun da muka taɓa yi, gidajen da muka sani, muna gane su ne ta hanyar ganinsu da muka taɓa yi da kuma zama da suka yi a wani ɗan ƙanƙanin bigire a ƙwaƙwalwarmu.

Gane rahamar wannan ni'ima zai yiwu ne kawai idan mutum yai tunanin cewa, yanzu ace duk abin da mutum ya taɓa gani komai sanin da kai masa, sai ace kuma idan ka ɗauki wani lokaci shike nan ka manta shi, kuma ko da ka sake ganinsa ba za ka iya tuna cewa ka sanshi ba, to ai da rayuwa ta shiga ruɗu ƙwarai.

Yanzu bari muyi nazari game da yadda kwayar ido ke aiwatar da aikinta mai cike da ban al'ajabi.

Domin gudanar da wannan nazariyya cikin salo da kuma yadda za a fahimci abin cikin sauki za muyi amfani da kyamara, saboda ita kyamara da kake gani bature yayi satar fasaha ne na halittar kwayar ido ya kerata.

Da farko dai mun san kyamara kuma mun san amfaninta wata kila an taba daukarka hoto ko bidiyo da ita, idan ma baka taba daukar hoto ba lallai ka taba ganin hoto ko bidiyo wanda aka dauka da kyamara, wannan ba shakka acikin haka.

Ga bayanan yadda kyamara ke aiki dalla-dalla.

Ta yaya kyamara ke aiki?

Mu kaddara yanzu ga wata Filawa kyakkyawa tana sheki a cikin hasken rana sai mukayi sha'awar daukar hotonta, gashi mun tanaji kyamara mai kyau kamar haka 📷

Yadda surar da idanuwa ko kyamara ke kaftowa ke kasancewa a juye (upside down)

Kasani cewa kyamara zata iya aiki ne kadai yayinda haske ya ratsa ta cikin kwayar lens zuwa bayan kyamarar. Yayin da ka saita filawar dake cikin hasken rana da nufin daukar hotonta, hasken dake jikin filawar zai kunduma zuwa cikin kyamara ta mahangar lens, shi kuma lens nan take zai aika da hasken da ya nado zuwa bayan kyamara.

Kasani cewa haske baya lankwashewa kuma dole sai ya tafi a mike zuwa massarafa.

Kasancewar kuibin da lens ke karbar haske dan mitsitsi ne idan aka kwatanta da hoton da zai nado.

Saboda haka hasken da ya nado hoton nan take zai kirkiri wata sabuwar inuwar hoto a kaikaice kuma a juye wato sama a kasa (upside down). Hoton da retina wato zaibar idonka zata kafto shima a juye yake (upside down) to amma sai kwakwalwarka ta fassara hoton sai kaganshi a dai dai.

Saboda haka da zarar haske ya shiga kyamara sai lens ya kwafi surar abinda za a dauki hotonsa sai ya aika cikin masarrafa daga bayan kyamara, to kaga anan lens yana matsayin retina na kwayar ido kenan. To me zai faru? su kananan kyamarori sunada wani sashe na musamman wato sensor mai iya sinsinowa ko zuko haske zuwa kwakwalwar kyamara.

To daga nan kuma idan sensor ya zuko wani adadi na haske sai ya tunkuda zuwa masarrafai su kuma nan take sai su kirkiri hoton filawar da muke daukar hotonta.

Hoton yana samuwa ne yayinda masarrafa ta kirkiri wasu abubuwa yan mitsi-mitsi masu suna pixels. Wadannan pixels din sune suke shata fasalin hoton da ake dauka wanda idanuwa zasu gani a matsayin hoto.

Misali: Idan ka sami yashi da suminti ka kwaba zaka iya fitar da siffar bulo, kaga anan abubuwan da suka hadu suka gina bulo to sune misalin pixels din da muke magana yayinda suka taru suka shata fasalin hoto acikin kyamara. Pixels din yan kanana fiye da miliyan sai su taru a sami surar ta bayyana yadda idanuwa zasu iya tsinkaya.

Yadda ido ke gani

Dubi hoton dake kasa kaga yadda aka samu kamanceceniya tsakanin kyamara da ido

To kamar yadda kyamara ke aiki haka idanuwanka ke aiki, yayinda da haske ya shiga ta cornea na ido. Cornea wani sashe ne a gefen kwayar idonka dan siriri mai daidaita tafiyar haske cikin wasu masarrafai masu suna pupil da iris. Su kuma wadannan masarrafai sune suke aiki kafada da kafada wajen tantance adadin hasken da idanuwa suke karba.

Iris shine bangaren fari dake jikin kwayar ido, pupil kuma shine bangaren baki na tsakiyar kwayar ido.

Watakila ko ka taba lura wani lokaci zakaga sashen baki na kwayar idonka ya kara fadi wani lokaci kuma ya tsuke hakan yana da nasaba ne da yadda pupil da iris suke sarrafa adadin hasken da zai shiga kwayar ido. Yayin da pupil ya fadada sai kuma iris ya tsuke don baiwa haske damar shiga pupil idan bukatar hakan ta taso. Haka a cikin kyamara akwai abubuwa masu sarrafa shigar haske cikinta kamar dai yadda na idanuwa suke.

Dan haka da zarar haske ya shiga pupil yakan biyo ta kafar lens din ido kamar yadda kyamara take, kasancewar lens shine yake laso siffar hoto sai ya tunkuda hasken hoton zuwa masarrafa daga bayan ido. Shi kuma can cikin bayan ido ana kiransa retina wannan sashe yana da wasu sensors guda biyu wadanda ake kira cones da rod.

Wadannan masarrafai cones da rod sune ke da alhakin tantance launi, wato sune suke iya baiwa ido damar banbance launin abinda ya tsinkaya shin abinda ido ya gani fari ne, baki ne, shudi ne, ja ne nan take zasu tantance.

Da zarar cones da rod sun karbi hasken da retina ta laso nan take sai su gurza bayanan hasken sai ya rikide ya koma maganadisun lantarki wato electric information. To daga nan kuma sai su aika dashi zuwa jijiyar dake isar da sako zuwa kwakwalwa wato optic nerve. Wannan siririyar jijiya tana iya daukar sakon maganadisun lantarki zuwa wani gurbi a kwakwalwa mai suna visual cortex ko vision center. Wannan shine cibiyar dake iya karbar abinda ido ya gani sai kwakwalwa ta fassara abin.

Jijiyoyi daga ido wadanda suke kai sako zuwa occipital cortex na kwakwalwa.

Wannan sashe na vision center ya kasance daga bayan kwakwalwa ana kiran gurbin occipital cortex ko kuma lobe shine ke da alhakin fayyace sakon makamashin lantarki wanda retina ta aiko, daga nan kuma sai yayi interpreting din sakon daga hoton makamashin lantarki zuwa maganadisun gani.

Yadda jijiyoyin cones da rod ke tantance launi

Idan baka manta ba daga sama mun ambaci cones da rods a matsayin sune sanso (sensors) masu alhakin fayyace launin abinda ido ya gani. Wadannan jijiyoyi suna daga bayan retina wato jijiyar dake iya karbar abinda lens ya laso ita kuma sai ta tura zuwa kwakwalwa. Yanzu bari mu koma kan bayanin cones da rods.

Rods: Wannan jijiya tana aiki ne da haske mafi karanci wato ba sai da haske mai yawa ba take iya tantance abu, da ita muke iya ganin abu da dare saboda haske kalilan ya wadatar da ita. Rods ita take taka rawar gani wajen ganin abu mara launi shi yasa a duhun dare muke iya ganin komai ya zama mara kala (grey) sakamakon karancin haske wanda bazai iya gamsar da jijiyar cones ba sai dai rods kadai. Kwayar idon mutum tana dauke da kwayoyin halittar rod (rod cells) sama da miliyan 100.

Cones: Amma ita kuma jijiyar cones tana bukatar haske da yawa wanda zai bata damar fayyace kaloli. Muna da ire-iren cones guda uku sune; shudi, kore da ja. A idon mutum akwai jijiyoyin cones kusan miliyan 6 mafi yawa suna nan acikin wata kafa mai suna fovea (wata yar mitsitsiyar kofa ce daga kokowur ido mai taimakawa wajen ganin cikakken surar abu karara).

Yi nazarin hoton dake sama da wanda ke kasa. Zakaga cewa wadannan jijiyoyi masu tantance launi duk suna da wasu fayafayai (disks daga dama) masu kama da hakora, to wadannan disks a cikinsu akwai wasu sinadaran proteins masu zuko haske. Jijiyar rods tana da sinadarin protein mai suna rhodopsin ita kuma cones tana da photopsins.

Yadda rods da cones ke zuko haske zuwa cikin kayar ido daga bayan retina

Zaman jijiyoyin rods da cones a kokuwar ido daga baya akwai hikima mai girma gaske a bisa dalilai kamar haka:

Abu na farko shine faifan dake kunshe da sinadaran rhodopsin da photopsin suna sauya sinadaran a kowane lokaci yayin da wasu ke bubbugowa sai su maye gurbin na farko haka zasu tabbata suna jujjuyawa (recycling) domin baiwa gabban ido kariya da samun cikakkiyar lafiyar ido.

Abu na biyu shine daga gefen fayafayan nan akwai wasu kwayoyin halitta (epithelial cells (retinal pigmented epithelium: ko kuma RPE a takaice) wannan RPE shine yake sabunta wani bangare na fayafayan rods da cones idan sun tsufa.

Sa'annan kuma wannan cell na RPE yana nadar haske wanda yakan warwatsu (scattered lights) don ganin abu sosai, wanda hakan yana taimakawa idon karin zunzurutun matakan tsaro na kariya ga lalacewar jijiyoyin rods da cones.

Kamar yadda kake iya GANI shin ko kasan cewa lallai kwakwalwa tana shan aiki sosai kafin gani ya tabbata?. Godiya ga Allah mahaliccin sarki wanda ya wadata mu da wannan baiwa batare da mun biya ko sisin kwabo ba. Allah ka bamu ikon aiwatar da abinda ya dace da wannan ni'ima ta gani daka azurtamu da ita. Allah yasa mu dace.

Fasahar LAN Ko WLAN A Duniyar Networking

2021-09-18T21:51:00.001-07:00

A wannan karni na 21 kimiyya ta bunkasa ainun, abubuwan fasaha na kere-kere sun wadata ko'ina cikin fadin duniya birni da kauye.

Wannan karni shine makura wajen kere-kere na ban mamaki, duk karnukan da suka shude babu wanda aka sami bunkasar kimiyar zamani kamar na wannan karni namu, musamman ta fannin ilimin fasahar na'ura mai kwakwalwa.

A karnin daya gabata hanyoyin sadarwa na na'ura mai kwakwalwa sun kasance yan tsiraru ne, sune kamar fasahar INFRARED da ARPANET, BITNET da kuma NCP (Netware Core Protocol) da sauransu.

Daga baya ne fasahar internet ta kunno kai ta bunkasa ta maye gurbinsu. Yanzu dai a takaice wannan karni akwai muhimman abubuwan ban al'ajabi ta fannin kimiyyar na'ura wanda babu irinsu ta fannin computer networking karnukan baya.

Menene Computer networking?

A cikin harshe mai sauki computer networking shine jumullar taron na'u'rori da aka jona a kan titin network guda domin su rika musayar bayanai a tsakaninsu.

Wadannan na'u'rorin kan network sunada wata ka'ida ko siga wanda aka shimfida don samun aiwatar da ayyukansu mai suna Communications protocols wanda ke basu damar musayar bayanai na keke-da-keke wato (physical) ko kuma na cikin iska wato (wireless technologies)

A cikin wannan karnin duk wani mai mu'amala da wayoyin salula da na'urori na zamani, ba makawa ya taba cin karo da wadannan kalmomin LAN ko WLAN ko WIFI musamman a cikin wayoyin salalu na zamani wadanda ake kira smartphones.

Don haka muke so muyi bayani game da nau'ukan wadannan networks da muke amfani dasu a na'u'rorinmu ko wayoyin hannu na zamani, sanin sirrin wadannan network yanada matukar muhimmanci saboda zai taimaka mana wajen more romon kimiyya na yau da kullum. Ga bayanan nan a kasa kamar haka.

A karkashin settings na wayarka zakaga WiFi ko Wi-Fi hotspot duk suna karkashin fasahar WLAN wato network wanda na'ura zata iya aikawa da sako zuwa wata na'urar batare da cable a tsakaninsu ba, wato dai a takaice WiFi hotspot wani reshe ne na fasahar WLAN networks.

Menene LAN ko WLAN kuma menene banbancinsu

LAN shine (Local Area Network) wato fasaha ce ta raba network mai cin gajeren zango tsakanin na'u'rori, wanda ya kebanci waje guda kamar ofishi, ma'aikata, makaranta, ko gida kadai.

Network ne mai hada na'u'rori don tattaunawa tsakaninsu domin raba data ko files a tsakanin juna. Mafi akasari wannan network yana kasancewa mai takunkumi ne wato private network ne dole sai na'u'rorin da aka jona da hub, router, ko Switch ne kadai zasu iya isar da sako ga juna.

Wannan tsari na LAN yakan iya raba dan takaitaccen network na internet tsakanin kwamputoci dake muhalli guda zuwa ofisoshin dake cikin ma'aikata, kowace computer za a iya hadata da network din wanda za ayi amfani da waya mai suna Ethernet cable sai a jona tsakaninsu. Wayar da ake jonawa tana kasancewa coper wire, twisted pair ko fibre optic.

WLAN shine (Wireless Local Area Network) ko wireless LAN a takaice, wannan tsarin reshe ne daga fasahar networking na LAN saboda shi wannan tsari ne na hada alaka tsakanin na'urori a kan network guda mai cin gajeren zango ba tare da an jona waya a tsakani ba.

MAN ma'anar wannan kuma shine (Metropolitan Area Network) wannan reshen network ya kasance mai girma yana da range mai fadin gaske fiye da LAN karkashin wannan fasaha ta networking ana iya kulla alaqa tsakanin na'urori a cikin birni daya kamar daga unguwa zuwa unguwa mai nisa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin telephone exchange line.

WAN: Wannan kuma shine (Wide Area Network) Wannan fasaha ta dara sauran duka a karkashin wannan fasaha za a iya aika sako tsakanin na'u'rori daga wuri mai nisan gaske kamar daga jiha zuwa jiha ko daga kasa zuwa kasa. Mafi akasari wannan network manyan kamfanonin sadarwa irin su MTN ko GLO sune suke amfani dashi don tattara bayanan ofishinsu dake garuruwa ko jihohi daban daban. Internet yana daga cikin WAN network mafi girma.

Banbancin dake tsakaninsu duka

Ko da bamu tsawaita bayani ba kai kanka mai karatu zaka iya rabe banbance-banbancen dake tsakaninsu duka

To amma duk da haka bari muyi bayani a takaice.

Banbancin su anan shine LAN ana amfani da cable don sadarwa tsakanin na'u'rori yayinda WLAN kuma babu waya a tsakani, sako ne dake gudana ta cikin iska. Sai dai LAN yana da karfin tura sako fiye da saura, bayan haka yana da tsaro sosai.

Sai kuma MAN yanada fadin range na kilomita 5-60 yakan iya fadada zuwa waje mai nisa shi kuma LAN ya takaitu ne a muhalli daya kacal a tsakankanin na'u'rorin da aka dora kan network din da wayoyin Ethernet cable ko Fibre optic.

Yayinda LAN ake amfani da cable tsakanin na'u'rori amma MAN babu wayar da ake jonawa domin musayar bayanai tsakaninsu, yana aiki ne kai-tsaye ta cikin iskar maganadisu na electromagnetic waves ko infrared waves misali WI-FI network.

Menene wifi

Ko shakka babu mai karatu zai so sanin ainihin hakikanin ma'anar wifi da kuma amfaninsa. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama wifi wani sashe ne daga cikin jerangiyar tsarin network dake karkashin fasahar WLAN.

Wi-Fi fasaha ce dake baiwa computer ko sauran na'u'rori damar musayar bayanai (aikawa da karbar data) tsakanin juna ba tare da an hada waya a tsakaninsu ba. Fasahar wifi tana amfani ne da maganadisun iska (wireless signals).

Wannan fasaha ta samo asali ne karkashin hukumar gudanar da hadakar network ta IEEE karkashin kundin 802.11 standards wanda hukumar hadin guiwa ta Wi-Fi Alliance suka dabbaka.

Fasahar wifi tana da rassa, ajujuwa ko babi-babi kamar haka:

Kusan duk na'u'rorin zamani suna dauke da wannan fasaha ta wifi domin masu amfani da na'u'rorin su dandani romon kimiyyar zamani.

A yanzu zamu iya cewa kusan babu wata smartphone wanda bata dauke da wannan fasaha ta wifi, duk da yake mafi akasari masu amfani da wayoyin basu san amfaninsa ba, ko kuma basu san yadda zasuyi amfani da wannan fasaha ba. Saboda haka zamu dan yi takaitaccen bayani game da yadda ake amfani da WIFI.

Yadda ake amfani da fasahar wifi

Na'urar da ake amfani da ita wajen hada wifi ana kiranta wifi router ta kasance nau'i daban daban akwai manya da kuma kanana matsakaita. Na'ura ce mai karbar signal na internet kai tsaye daga cibiyar dake samar da internet wato (Internet Service Provider ko ISP) a takaice.

Yayinda aka kunna na'urar tana watsa maganadisun sigina na wifi hostpot cikin iska a kewayenta, dan haka duk wata na'urar komfiyuta ko wayar salalu mai dauke da fasahar Wi-Fi idan aka kunnata zata iya sunsino signal na wifi router domin samun joining na network din.

Kamar dai misalin yadda Bluetooth yake lalubo sunayen Bluetooth dake kewayensa, to shima haka wifi yake kasancewa.

Idan network din ya kasance free ne to basai ka saka kalmomin sirri ba idan zakayi join, amma idan private network ne wato (WPA2) ne to dole sai ka saka kalmomin sirri daidai da yadda yake ajikin router kafin ka iya sada na'urar ka da hotspot router din.

Kasani wannan fasaha ba a iya Wi-Fi router ta tsaya ba, akwai hanya mai sauki wanda zaka iya amfani da wayar salula ta zama wifi router wanda wasu masu amfani da na'urar computer ko wayar salula zasu yi joining da wayarka wannan hanya ce mafi sauki idan har baka da kudin sayen wifi router.

Ta wannan hanya zaka iya hada komfiyutarka da wayarka ka shiga internet a kan na'urar komfiyutarka kai-tsaye batare da kayi amfani da modem ba.

Kuma zaka iya hada printer da komputarka a gadon wifi hotspot kayi printing ba tare da an jona waya tsakanin kwamfiyuta da printer ba.

Bugu da kari akwai lokacin da kake son shiga internet a wayarka ko a kwamputarka amma gashi baka da data, to idan abokinka yanada data zai iya doraka akan network din wifi na wayarsa domin kaima kayi amfani da datar cikin wayarsa.

Ga yadda zaku hada wayoyi biyu a network na WiFi hotspot

Akwai hanyoyi a kalla guda uku wadanda zamu iya bi don raba internet service tsakanin na'u'rori karkashin fasahar WLAN. Wadannan hanyoyi sune kamar haka:

1. Tsarin wifi

2. Tsarin Bluetooth tethering

3. Hanyar USB tethering

1. Tsarin Wi-Fi

Tsarin wifi hotspot hanyar raba internet ce tsakanin na'u'rori cikin sauki da kuma inganci.

Bi wadannan matakan daki-daki idan kana bukatar raba internet da wayarka zuwa ga wayar abokinka ko matarka ko computarka.

STEP 1: Wayar abokinka mai data sai ku shiga 'settings' na wayarsa sai ku shiga sashen 'network & internet'

STEP 2: Daga nan sai ku shiga 'hotspot & tethering' a wata wayar kuma zakuga Portable wifi hotspot

STEP 3: Sai ku kunna 'Wi-Fi hotspot'.

STEP 4: Don gudun kada wasu suyi joining su cinye maka data ba tare da amincewarka ba zaka iya saka security na hostpot dinka, kaga babu wanda zai iya amfani da datarka sai wanda ka bashi password. Daga kasa kadan zakuga Set up Wi-Fi hotspot

Sai ku goge password din da kuka tarar ku saka naku, ana bukatar a kalla haruffa takwas.

STEP 5: A dayar wayar kuma mara data sai ku shiga Wi-Fi a kunna

Da zarar an kunna zai kamo network na dayan wayar zakuga sunan wayar ko sunan network din ya bayyana sai ku taba ku saka password shikenan yayi connect sai ku cigaba da browsing abinku.

2. Tsarin Bluetooth tethering

Menene Bluetooth tethering?

Wannan fasaha ce da za a iya raba internet tsakanin na'u'rori biyu ko sama da haka ta hanyar Bluetooth.

Wato idan aka kunna tsarin Bluetooth tethering za a iya raba internet tsakanin na'u'rorin da aka sada su. Kamar yadda Wi-Fi ke aiki haka wannan tsari na Bluetooth tethering ke aiki banbancinsu kawai shine wannan ta hanyar Bluetooth ne dayan kuma ta WiFi ne.

3. Hanyar USB tethering

Wannan hanya ce ta raba internet musamman tsakanin wayar salula da na'urar computer ta hanyar jona kebur a tsakaninsu. Ta wannan hanya zaka iya shiga internet da kwamputarka batare da kayi amfani da modem ba ko router. Wayar salularka itace ta zama modem kenan.

Cikakken Bayani Game Da Yadda Na'urar ATM Ke Aiki

2021-09-11T02:01:00.001-07:00

Mece ce Na'urar ATM kuma menene amfaninta?

Na'urar ATM

Ma'anar ATM dai shine (Automated Teller Machine) Wato na'ura ce ta musamman wanda aka kirkira domin kwastomomin banki su sami damar aiwatar da wasu muhimman al'amaru da suka shafi asusun ajiyarsu kamar chanja kalmomin sirri PIN, cire kudi ko sakawa cikin akawun dinsu kai-tsaye daga na'urar batare da sun shiga wajen jami'an bankin ba.

ATM na'ura ce mai kaifin basira wajen iya taskance bayanan da ake shigarwa cikinta, duk umarnin daka bata zata aiwatar nan take ba tare da jinkiri ba, da wuya kaga wannan na'ura tayi kuskure saboda sha'ani na kudi dole sai an tsaurara matakan tsaro na samar da na'ura mai kaifin basira ta yadda babu yadda za a iya hilatar ta balle a yi kutse a cikinta.

Ta yaya na'urar ATM ke aiwatar da ayyukanta?

To kamar yadda muka sani kowace na'ura an sana'anta ta yadda zata iya gudanar da aikin da aka tsarata akai, to na'urar ATM tana da muhimman bangarori na musamman wadanda suka hadu suka zama na'urar.

Wadannan muhimman bangarori guda biyu ne wato bangaren ruhinta (wato software) sai kuma bangaren gangar jiki (wato hardware). Ga bayanai daki-daki da kuma aikin kowane sashe na wannan na'ura mai azanci kamar haka:

1. Bangaren ruhi (software part)

Shi wannan bangare ya rabu gida biyu akwai

(i) Massarafa: Wannan bangare shine dan jagora mai sarrafa akalar na'urar yayinda ake aiki da ita wato shine cibiyar dake dauke da gangar ruhi operating system ko OS a takaice. OS shine ruhin na'urar wanda aka girka a cikin kwakwalwarta.

Mafi akasarin na'urarorin ATM na wannan zamani suna amfani da manhajar kwamfuta na kamfanin Microsoft ne, windows XP professional ko kuma windows XP Embedded amma kuma akwai masu saka OS na Linux sai dai basu cika yawa sosai ba. Hakika Operating system shine jigo babu wata na'urar ATM da zatayi amfani batare da OS ba, saboda shine ruhinta.

(ii) Host processor (server): Shi kuma wannan bangare ne na biyu dake karkashin ruhin OS wanda ke hada na'urar ATM da babbar cibiyar gudanarwa ta internet (server). Duk mu'amalar da zakayi da ATM dole sai an samu yarjejeniyar gudanarwa tsakanin banki da na'urar ATM da kuma cibiyar gudanarwa (server) ta kafar internet wanda za a sami sadarwa a killace wato secure connections tsakanin host processor da ISP wato (Internet Service Provider ) gateway.

Duk na'u'rorin ATM wadanda ake hada-hadar kudi dasu a fadin duniya sun rataya ne a babbar cibiyar gudanarwa mai taskancewa da kuma adana dunkulallun bayanan sirrin na'u'rori wato centralized database system a turance.

Sigar yadda gudanarwa ke wakana tsakanin na'u'rorin cikin banki da ATM da kuma host processor

Idan ka saka katinka cikin na'urar ATM nan take zata taskance bayanan akawun dinka da kuma bukatar da ka nema na cire kudi ko sakawa sai ta tura bayanan zuwa cibiyar gudanarwa wato host processor, dama host processor yana kunshe da bayananka cikin database to sai ya duba shin bayanan da na'urar ATM ta turo ya dace da bayanan dake kunshe cikin server, idan ya dace sai ya maido da bayanan amincewa wato approval code zuwa na'urar ATM ita kuma sai ta amshi bukatarka na transactions.

2. Bangaren gangar jiki (hardware)

Kamar yadda muka sani hardware shine bangare na zahiri wanda muke iya tabawa ko sarrafawa a jikin na'ura wato gangar jiki da gabobi kenan dole sai an sami gangar jiki sa'annan ruhi ya sami matsuguni kaga kenan ashe babu yadda za ayi a sami na'ura dole sai da gangar jiki da kuma ruhi.

Gangar jiki ko hardware na ATM sun rabu gida biyu su ma akwai input devices wato abubuwan shigar da bayanai cikin na'urar da kuma output devices masu fitar da bayanai ko sakamako. bari mu fara da input devices kamar haka:

Input devices

1. Keypad: Wannan shine mazubin haruffa ko lambobi wanda mai amfani da na'urar zai saka bayanan akawun dinsa da kalmomin sirrinsa

Maballan da ake shigar da bayani cikin na'urar ATM

2. Card reader: Wannan bangaren da zaka saka katinka cikin na'urar inda zata tantace ingancin katin da kuma bayanan account dinka, bayan ta tabbatar sai ta baka damar zuwa mataki na gaba.

ATM Card reader

Output devices

Sune bangaren fitar bayanan abin da ake shigarwa cikin na'urar wanda zaka gani kuru-kuru ko jin sauti daga lasifika. Ga bayanansu kamar haka:

1. Speaker: Akwai lasifika ta musamman a jikin na'urar ATM wanda zaka rika jin sauti yayinda kake shigar da lambobin akawun ko kalmomin sirri.

2. Display screen: Wannan allon dake jikin na'urar kenan mai nuna abubuwan da kake shigarwa cikinta. Mafi akasari screen na ATM an fi yin amfani da kirar CRT ko kuma LCD

ATM display screen

3. Receipt printer: Wannan itace kafar dake tunkudo takardar shaidar cewa ka cire kudi ko saka kudi wato receipt, acikin takardar zakaga duk bayanan transaction daka aiwatar na adadin kudin da kwanan wata da sauran bayanai masu matukar amfani.

4. Cash dispenser: Wannan kuma kafa ce mai ingizo kudin daka nema, bayan ka shigar da bukatar nema ta wannan kofa zaka karbi kudinka iya adadin yadda ka bukata daga na'urar ba tare da an rage ko kara komai ba.

Cash dispenser

akwai wasu muhimman al'amura dake faruwa karkashin wannan gaba ta cash dispenser, game da yadda take iya lissafa adadin kudin da aka cira da sunan wanda ya cira da rana da kuma lokaci sai ta taskance bayanan duka wanda a turance ake kira journal print out.

Wannan kafa ta cash dispenser tana dauke da wasu yan akwatuna guda biyu wato reject bin da Cash vault a karkashin na'urar, aikin wadannan akwatuna shine kamar haka:

Reject bin: Wannan itace jakar dake ware duk wani kudi mara kyau wato na jabu ko yagagge ko kuma wadanda sun rududduge, to nan take sai na'urar ta tantance su ta watso su cikin kwandon shara mai suna reject bin.

Cash vault: Wannan shine akwatun dake dauke da duk kudaden da na'urar ke amayowa, shi dai wannan mazubi ya kasance a can karkashin na'urar babu wanda zai iya ganinsa ballantana ma ya iya tabashi ko sarrafa shi.

Har ila yau wannan na'ura tanada kwakwalwar dake iya kirga adadin kudin daka cira ko ka saka sa'annan tana iya tantance nau'in kudin da ake shigarwa ko fitarwa daga cikinta misali zata iya tantance nairori da daloli kuma zata iya tantance darajar kowane kudi shin yan dari-dari ne ko yan dubu-dubu ne, duka wannan yana faruwa ne ta karkashin cash dispenser na jikin na'urar

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Guguwa a kimiyyance

Kada ku manta kuyi sharing ga abokanku a social media domin suma su amfana

Matakan Yadda Refrigerator Ko Freezer Ke Aiki

2021-09-05T02:36:00.001-07:00

Refrigerator (fridge)

Shin ko ka taba yin tunani ko mamakin game da yadda freezer wato firish ke aiki?

Freezer da Refrigerator zamu iya cewa na'u'rori ne na sanyaya ruwa ko dangin kayan abinci irinsu danyen nama, danyen kifi, kankana, lemo, mangwaro, kashu da sauran yayan itatuwa wadanda bazai yiwu a ajiyesu cikin yanayi mai zafi na tsawon lokaci ba.

Firish yana daya daga cikin manyan-manyan kayan amfani a cikin gida na yau da kullum, da wuya a wannan zamani ka sami gidan da babu freezer musamman a cikin alkaryu ba kauyuka ba, kodayake yanzu har wasu kauyuka ma akan sami wadanda ke amfani dashi.

Ajiye abinci acikin freezer ko fridge yana hana lalacewar abinci da kuma hana kwayar cutar bacteria hayayyafa.

Ta yaya freezer da fridge ke aiki?

Freezer yana aiki ne da taimakon abubuwa masu yawa wadanda aka ginashi dasu wato Components a turance, abubuwan sune kamar haka:

1. Compressor

Compressor tamkar shine zuciyar freezer. Yana taimakawa wajen juya akalar freezer gaba daya sai ya tattara karfi wato pressure cikin tukunyar dake samar da zafi a sashen kututturen lantarki wato circuit, batare da bata lokaci ba sai mizanin zafi ya samu cikin injin freezer. Kamar dai misalin yadda idan kana buga iska cikin tub na tayar keke da fanfon buga iska. Zaka rika jin fanfon yana kara daukar zafi yayinda ka takarkare kana bugawa na wasu yan mintuna, saboda an takure iska.

2. Condenser

Condenser yana makale ne a bayan refrigerator, Yana aiki ne wajen ingiza zafi na refrigerant zuwa wani sashe kamar na tururin iska ko burbushin ruwa, sanadiyyar zafin dake ficewa daga cikinsa sai tururin gas ya rika narkewa zuwa ruwa, wato ma'ana sai ya rikide daga tururin gas zuwa ruwa-ruwa.

3. Evaporator

Evaporator wani bangare ne wanda yake jone cikin refrigerator aikinsa shine sanyaya sassan frish ya dauki sanyi. Yayinda ruwa-ruwa na Condenser ya sauya zuwa tururin gas na evaporation sai nan take tururin ya sanyaya sashen da ake ajiye kayan abinci ko abin sha.

4. Capillary tube

Capillary tube wani dan siririn kwaroro ne ko tube wanda yake zama a matsayin gaba mai rarrabawa ko watsawa. Yana sarrafa burbushin ruwa-ruwa sai ya rika bi ta cikin kwaroron ya gangara zuwa sashe mai karancin pressure na cikin gabar evaporator.

5. Thermostat

Thermostat wani sashe ne mai sarrafa mizanin sanyi yana kuma bin diddigin yanayin temperature yana kashewa ko kunna compressor. Idan na'urar cikin Thermostat ta sunsino cewa mizanin sanyi yayi daidai a cikin freezer to sai ta kashe compressor idan kuma ta fahimci cewa yayi kadan sai ta kunna compressor ya ci gaba da aiki.

Fashin baki game da tsarin na'u'rorin sanyaya abinci

Muhimman sassan fridge

Hakika anyi aiki da basira wajen kirkirar freezer kasancewar yadda kowane sashe yana aiwatar da aikinsa cikin salo mai ban al'ajabi.

A takaice dai freezer yana aiki ne yayinda aka samu hadin guiwa na aikin na'u'rorin da aka dasa a cikinsa wadanda suke zama sanadin sauyawar burbushin gas zuwa burbushin ruwa ko kuma daga ruwa-ruwa zuwa burbushin gas wanda ake kira evaporation.

Kamar yadda muka karanta a sama a kalla wadannan na'u'rorin sanyaya abinci sun rabu gida biyu a turance wato freezer da refrigerator amma wani lokaci ana takaita sunan refrigerator da 'fridge' kawai duk yadda ka ambace su yayi duk da yake dai wadannan na'u'rori sunada banbanci a wasu bangarori musamman ta fannin siffa da karfin mizanin temperature da kowane guda yake samarwa.

Amma kuma ta fannin amfanin ko manufar kirkirarsu duka ya ta'allaka ne kacokan wajen sanyayawa da kuma bada kariya ta musamman ga abinci ko abin sha, ina tsammani wannan dalilin ne yasa Bahaushe baya tsawa wahalar da kansa wajen banbanta tsakaninsu shi dai kawai abinda ya sani Firish a jumlance.

Amma duk da haka zamu kawo banbance-banbancen dake tsakanin wadannan na'u'rorin masuburbudar sanyi.

Banbanci tsakanin Freezer da Refrigerator

To banbancin su dai duka bai wuce na masarrafar temperature ba wato Thermostat.

Freezer: An sana'anta shi yadda zai iya rike abinci sama da 18°C na ma'aunin Celsius yayinda za a yi ajiya mai tsawo wato na kwanaki masu yawa. Sa'annan temperature cikin freezer iri daya ne saboda haka duk abincin dake cikinsa zasu karbi sanyi a mizani iri daya ne Wato dai mu kaddara freezer tamkar gida ne mai daki daya babu wani lungu da sako a cikin dakin, dan haka duk abinda ke ciki abu guda zasu karba kai tsaye.

Wannan freezer kenan (duk kayan da aka zuba acikinsa suna daukar sanyi bai daya)

Refrigerator: An sana'anta fridge yadda zai iya ajiye abinci na mizanin ma'aunin Celsius tsakanin 0°C da 5°C wato 32°F zuwa 41°F kenan na ma'aunin Fahrenheit. Bayan haka kuma yana da sassa na abinci daban-daban, wato shi kuma fridge kamar gidane mai dakuna da lunguna kowane daki temperature dinsa da ban dana sauran dan haka kowane kalar abinci akwai adadin mizanin sanyi da zai iya karba dai dai da sanyin da aka samar a dakinsa.

Wannan fridge kenan (kowane sashe yana da adadin mizanin sanyi da yake karba)

Me yasa freezer keda matukar muhimmanci a rayuwar dan Adam ?

Ko shakka babu rayuwar dan Adam ta bunkasa tun lokacin da wannan fasaha ta kunno kai.

Kafin zuwan wannan fasaha mutane sun fuskanci kalubale mai yawa ta fannin ajiye abinci, akwai dabaru da dama da mutane suke yi don ganin sun adana abinci na tsawon lokaci amma abin yaci tura Misali, a da kafin zuwan freezer mutane suna shanya abinci ya bushe kamar irin su kifi da nama sai dai ba kowane jinsin abinci ne wannan dabarar zata karbeshi ba kamar misalin wasu dangin yayan itatuwa ba zai yiwu a busar dasu ba.

Haka nan daga cikin dabarun ajiye abinci a da mutane suna saka gishiri, ko su turara abinci da hayaki ko su killace da wasu muhimman murafa, ko busawar to amma fa duk da haka wadannan dabaru basu kai na fasahar zamani aiki ba.

Kadan daga cikin amfanin freezer sun hada da:

Ana safarar abinci zuwa waje mai nisa ba tare da ya lalace ba.

Farashin abinci ya sauka saboda wadatarsa.

Ana ajiyar iri na tsawon lokaci domin dasawa idan damina ta sauka

Rashin lalacewa ko rubewar abinci na tsawon lokaci

Freezer yana baiwa abinci babbar kariya na hana abinci kamuwa da guba

An sami fadadar hada-hadar kasuwancin abinci daga kasa zuwa kasa.

Abubuwan Da Yakamata Kasani Game Da Fasahar IoT

2021-08-23T06:47:00.001-07:00

Fasahar IoT

Da farko menene fasahar IoT?

IoT wata sabuwar fasaha ce da aka kirkiro a yan shekarun nan na 1999 aka kuma assasata a 2010, fasaha ce mai matukar ban mamaki da burgewa gami da kayatarwa ta fannin inganta rayuwar dan adam a ban kasa.

Cikakkiyyar ma'anar IoT itace Internet of Things Fasaha ce wanda ta kai makura wajen nuna miyata da nuna kwarewa na masana fasahar zamani na wannan karni namu na kimiyya da fasaha.

IoT fasaha ce da aka kirkiro kuma aka sana'anta yadda kananan kayayyaki na gida zasu iya sarrafa kansu su rika karba da aika sako zuwa ga junansu ta hanyar internet batare da mutum ya sarrafa su ba.

A kasashen da suka ci gaba, kana iya samun gida mai dauke da hanyoyi da kayayyakin sarrafa gida masu amfani da tsarin Intanet. Misali, na’urar sarrafa talabijin a ko ina kake, ko sarrafa wutar lantarkin dake gidaje, daga wani wuri. Sai kaga mutum na zaune a ofishinsa, amma ya kunna wutar lantarkin dake dakinsa a gidansa. Ko ya kunna talabijin din gidansa ko kuma ya kashe, idan ya mance ya barshi a kunne, duk daga ofishinsa. Akwai kararrawa da ake jonawa a kofar daki ko kofar gida to yanzu akwai yadda ake iya hadata da wayar salalu ta yadda zaka iya sarrafata duk inda kake ta hanyar amfani da internet wannan ma duk misali ne na na'ura mai dauke da fasahar IoT.

Haka nan na'u'rorin IoT zasu iya sarrafawa gami da kula da dabbobin da aka ake kiwonsu a gidan gona da wata na'ura mai suna biochip transponder na'ura ce da ake sakawa cikin fatar dabba don tayi mata shaida wanda zata banbantata da sauran dabbobi yan uwanta, wato tamkar tana samar da identifications na kowacce dabba ba tare da an yanki kunnenta ko kahonta ko kuma daura mata wani zare don a ganeta ba,
to itama wannan naura tana daga cikin jerin na'u'rorin IoT.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Haske a mahangar kimiyya

Haka zalika akwai wata na’ura cikin motocin zamani mai sanar da direba idan iskar taya tayi kadan itama tana daga cikin internet of things.

Haka kuma motocin lantarki marasa direba (Driverless Cars) suna iya musayar bayanai tsakaninsu a ko ina suke, don gano bigire da tazarar ‘yar uwarta. Na’urori a asibitoci da manya da kananan makarantu na iya aiwatar da sadarwa tsakaninsu bisa tsarin fasahar IoT.

Yaya fasahar IoT ke aiki?

Na'u'rorin IoT wadanda ake aiki dasu a smart homes na zamani

Wannan fasaha ta IoT ta sami matsuguni ne karkashin fasahar 5G wato zango na 5 na karfin network na cellular. Su dai kayan masarufi na Internet of Things sun ta'allaka wajen iya sarrafa kansu ne yayinda suke jone a turken yanar gizo na IoT gateway. Wadannan na'u'rori suna dauke da wasu gaggan na'u'rorin yanar gizo irinsu sensor, processor da kuma gangar jikinsu (hardware) wanda an sana'antasu yadda kowane daya zai iya aiwatar da aikinsa ta hanyar aikawa da kuma karban bayanai ga junansu ta kafar internet.

Manyan wayoyin hannu na zamani wato smartphone suna taka muhimmiyyar rawa wajen inganta aikin IoT, saboda a ka'ida duk na'u'rorin IoT akwai application nasu acikin waya wanda mai su zai iya sarrafasu kai-tsaye ta cikin wayarsa.

Misali yayinda ka fita wajen aiki IoT device kamar freezer zata iya aika maka da sako ta cikin wayarka cewa mizanin sanyi ko zafi yayi yawa ko kadan, daga nan ofishinka zaka iya kashe na'urar batare dakayi tattaki ka koma gida ba.

Haka kuma akwai yar karamar na'ura ta IoT wanda likitoci suke dasawa a jikin maras lafiya na zuciya mai suna pacemaker

wannan na'ura tana taimakawa wajen daidaita bugun zuciyar dan adam, na'urar tana aiki da wireless network, wato tana iya aikawa da karbar sako daga clouds na yanar gizo. Shi yasa wadansu manazarta suke ganin yin amfani da wannan na'ura ajikin dan adam babbar barazana ce, saboda a kowane lokaci za a iya kutse cikin wannan na'ura.

Yadda ake dasa na'urar pacemaker a zuciyar dan adam

Bugu da kari manyan masana'antu suna girke na'u'rorin IoT don kara inganta kasuwanci na isar da kayan da kwastomomi suka saya garesu, wato na'urar dake iya sarrafa kanta wanda za a aiketa da kaya zuwa adireshin mai su ba tare da mutum ya sarrafata ba, duka wadannan suna daga cikin IoT devices.

Wannan kadan daga cikin irin fa'idojin wannan fasaha ta IoT kenan. Lallai wannan duniya da muke ciki ba aga komai ba tukuna in dai kayi tsawon rai a duniya to a kullum zakaga abubuwa ban al'ajabi na fasahar zamani. Allah yasa mu dace.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Guguwa a kimiyyance

Kada ku manta kuyi sharing ga abokanku a social media domin suma su amfana

Menene 5G Kuma Menene Amfaninsa A Duniyar Fasaha?

2021-07-28T15:36:00.001-07:00

Takaitaccen bayani game da fasahar 5G

Fasahar 5G

Da farko kafin mu tsunduma cikin bayanin 5G yanada kyau muyi dan takaitaccen bayani game da ma'anar network.

Network shine cibiyar hadakar na'urori domin basu damar musayar bayanai a tsakanin juna.

Idan akace na'ura ana nufin duk wani kerarren inji mai kwakwalwa wanda ke iya karba umarnin dan adam kuma ya aiwatar da aikin da aka umarceshi.

Ita dai wayar salula ta rataya ne kacokan bisa gadon da aka shimfida don aiwatar da ayyukan sadarwa ta cikin iska wato network wadda shine jigo wanda ya zama tamkar ruhi ko jinin jikin wayar salula wanda idan babu shi to tabbas amfanin wayar salula zai zama takaitacce ne.

Network fasaha ce da aka girka cikin na'ura ko wayar salula don baiwa na'u'rori damar isar da sako ko karban sako daga wata na'ura zuwa wata na’ura.

Wato a takaice network shine titin da aka shimfida don na'urar salula ko na'ura ta sami damar isar da sako ga yar uwarta.

Fasahar network mataki-mataki ne tun daga zango na daya zuwa na biyar wato 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G da kuma zango na karshe a yanzu wato 5G.

Wadannan matakai sune mizanin dake banbance girman ajin kowane daya daga cikin rabe-raben network wanda ke bayyana rata dake tsakaninsu ta fannin bunkasa da karfin aiki.

2G ya dara 1G sauri, kamar yadda 3G ta dara 2G har zuwa fasaha ta karshe kuma ta ban mamaki wato 5G.

5G shine zango mafi girma daga cikin jerin ajujuwan network an sana'anta shi yadda na'urar salalu ko computer zasu rika karban sako ko aika sako cikin sauri daga kowace irin na'urar dake kafar internet.

5G ya kunshi abubuwa kamar haka

Saurin shiga internet

Ingancin tafiyar gbps na data

Saurin sauke abu daga internet

inganta tsaron yanar gizo

Fadada hanyar sadarwar GPS

Inganta aikin na'urar cikin mota

Fadada fasahar wifi

Inganta aikin na'u'rorin Fasahar IoT

Inganta masana'antu da asibitoci

Inganta aikin na'u'rori masu hangen nesa a ma'aikatar tsaro

Wa ya kirkiro fasahar 5G?

Babu wani kamfani ko mutum daya tilo da yake da hakkin mallakar fasahar 5G, sai dai akwai kamfanonin sadarwa da dama suna bada gudummawarsu don ganin fasahar 5G ta samu tudun dafawa a cibiyar hadakar na'u'rorin sadarwa (ecosystem).

Amma kamfanin Qualcomm shine yayi fice ta fannin kirkiro na'u'rori da dabaru iri-iri don fadada fasahar 5G a duniya.

Yaushe fasahar 5G ta fara samuwa

5G shine zango na biyar na kimiyyar fasahar ingacin karfin network bisa turken na'u'rorin sadarwar internet. Kamfanonin sadarwa sun fara kirkirar shine a shekarar 2019, wanda ya maye gurbin takwaransa 4G wanda kusan duk wayoyin salula a shekarar 2019 suna kan tsarin zangon 4G ne kafin zuwan 5G. Ana hasashe daga yanzu zuwa shekarar 2025 masu cin gajiyar fashar 5G a duniya adadinsu zai kai 1.7 million a cewar kungiyar GSM Association.

Tarihi da kuma dalilan da suka sa aka kirkiro fasahar 5G

A shekarun baya ana amfani da turakun sadarwa, daga baya aka samu ci gaba ake amfani da satellite wajen sadarwa. To a lokacin da ake aiki da turakun sadarwa mutane masu amfani da network sunyi yawa, sai ya zamanto cinkoso yayi wa network yawa, saboda sakonnin kiraye kiraye da sakonnin SMS da MMS, sun yi masa yawa.

To wannan yasa aka kara kafa wasu sabbin turakun sadarwa to hakan sai ya dan kawo sauki. Ana nan masu amfani da waya yawansu yana habbaka, shi kuma network duk lokacin da adadin masu amfani dashi ya karu karfinsa dada raguwa yake, to wannan dalilin yasa aka kirkiro satellite wadanda zasu taimaka wajen samun sadarwa.

Da aka fara amfani da satellite a fannin sadarwa sai ya zamanto an samu network mai karfi, kenan generation din network ya canza daga 2G zuwa 3G. To duk lokacin da masu amfani da waya suka karu bukatar network tana karuwa, kuma daman da radio frequency ake amfani wajen sadarwa, Sai ya zamo radio frequency ayyuka sun yi masa yawa, saboda dashi ake amfani wajen sadarwar talabijin, da rediyo, da jirgin sama, da jirgin ruwa, da jirgin ruwan yaki (submarine), da kiran waya da sakonnin SMS da MMS.

Sai wasu kamfanonin da su ke samar da network kamarsu OneWeb suka kara harba satellite cikin sararin samaniya, wasu kamfanonin kuma suka kirkiro optical fiber cable.

Optical fiber cable wasu cable ne wadanda aka kera da wasu irin siraran wayoyi da basu kai kaurin gashin mutum ba, kuma suna daukar sakonnin sadarwa ta hanyar hasken da idon dan Adam yake gani wato (visible light).

A lokacin 3G da radiowaves da microwaves ake amfani wato hasken da idon dan Adam ba ya iya gani. To ana fara amfani da optical fiber cable sai generation na network ya canza daga 3G zuwa 4G.

Sai dai shi optical fiber bai kai satellite saurin tafiyar da sakonnin sadarwa ba, amma kuma satellite ya fi shi jinkiri. Duk electromagnetic radiation suna tafiyar mita miliyan dari uku duk second daya (300, 000, 000m/s), a cikin iska amma saurinsu yana canzawa idan su ka zo wucewa ta cikin ruwa ko gilashi ko giza-gizai.

To optical fiber cable da glass aka

hadasu kuma visible light yana wucewa da saurin mita miliyan dari biyu duk second daya (200, 000, 000m/s) a cikinsu.

To amma a lokacin aiki radiowaves suna yin jinkirin rabin second domin idan ka tura sako a wayarka zaiyi sama ya shiga cikin iska kafin ya karasa wajen satellite din da ya ke cikin sarari sai ya wuce ta cikin gajimare, ko hadari da sauransu, kuma duk lokacin da electromagnetic radiation ya shiga wani abu kaman ruwa, ko glass, ko gajimare, ko giza-gizai zai wuce saurinsa yana ragewa (refraction), amma yana wucesu saurinsa na asali zai dawo.

Kuma a haka zai je ya taba wani satellite, sannan satellite din ya juyo da sakon zuwa kasa (reflection), daga nan sakon zai dawo kasa ya sake shiga ta cikin giza-gizan ya dawo kasa zuwa wajen wanda aka aika shi.

Amma ita optical fiber duk wannan reflection da refraction din yana faruwa a cikinta wanda ake kira total internal reflection. Saboda haka yanzu kaso mafi yawa na sakonnin internet ta optical fiber cable yake tafiya.

To a takaice idan aka ce 5G ana nufin generation na network na 5, Kuma bawani banbanci a zahirance tsakaninsa da 4G.

Saboda 4G ne aka fadada ya koma 5G.

Kamar yadda 4G ya ke amfani da satellite da turken sadarwa da optical fiber, shima 5G haka yake sai dai adadin yawan satellite da optical fiber din 5G yafi na 4G yawa, shi yasa yafi 4G karfi da sauri.

Kuma ko da yau ne aka samu mutum biliyan sun karu a cikin masu amfani da waya ko network, sai an kara adadin satellite da optical fiber kenan network zai tashi daga 5G zuwa 6G.

Shin da gaske ne 5G nada illa ga lafiyar jiki?

Kamar yadda muka sani tun lokacin da sabuwar cutar annobar coronavirus ta bayyana an yi ta samun rade-radin cewa wai cutar tanada alaka da karfin maganadisu na tururin 5G dake fitowa daga wayoyin salalu masu dauke da fasahar 5G.

Alal hakika wannan zargi sam ba haka yake ba, masana ilimin kimiyya sun karyata wannan zargi sun ce hasali ma shirme ne alakanta cutar da covid-19.

Tashar BBC dake London sun bayyana cewa Babban Daraktan hukumar lafiya ta Ingila, Stephen Powis ya bayyana wannan kutinguilar ta 5G a matsayin "labarin kanzon kurege mafi muni."

Zargin kullalliya

Yawancin wadanda ke yada kullalliyar da ke ikirarin cewa 5G - tsarin Intanet mai karfi da wayoyin salula ke amfani da shi- shi ne dalilin cutar coronavirus.

An fara yada wannan kullalliyar ne a Facebook a karshen watan Janairu, lokacin da aka fara samun bullar cutar a Amurka.

Zarge-zargen sun kasu rukuni biyu:

Wani ya yi ikirarin cewa 5G na karya garkuwar jiki wanda zai kasance hanya mafi sauki da mutane za su kamu da cutar.

Dayan kuma ya yi zargin cewa ana iya yada cutar ta hanyar amfani da fasahar 5G.

Dukkanin wadannan tunanin "shirme ne," a cewar Dr Simon Clarke, Farfesa a bangaren nazarin kwayoyin halittu a Jami'ar Reading da ke Birtaniya.

"Tunanin cewa 5G na karya garkuwar jiki bai ma cancanci a yi bincike ba," in ji Dr Clarke.

"Garkuwar jikinka na iya raguwa daga abubuwa da dama - ta hanyar gajiya wata rana, ko rashin cin abincin da ya dace. Wadannan ba su da girman da zai sa har ka kamu da cututtuka."

"Duk da yake tururin da waya ke fitarwa mai karfi na iya haifar da zafi, amma 5G ba ya da karfin da zai zama illa ga mutane."

Tururin da wayar salula ke fitarwa na iya shafar halittar jikinka yayin da zafinsu ya shafe ka, ma'ana garkuwar jikinka ba za ta yi aiki ba. Amma karfin tururin 5G kanana ne kuma ba su da karfin da za su yi illa ga garkuwar jiki. An yi nazari sosai kan wannan."

Sakon maganadisu da ya shafi 5G da sauran fasahohi da suka shafi wayoyin salula ba su da karfin da za su lalata kwayoyin halitta - sabanin hasken rana wato Sun rays da kuma na hoton gabobi wato x-rays.

Adam Finn, Farfesa a fannin nazarin lafiyar yara da cuttukan da suka shafe su a Jami'ar Bristol ya kara da cewa abu ne mai wahala 5G ya yada cuta.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Cikakken bayani game da Na'ura mai kwakwalwa

Abubuwan Ban Al'ajabi Game Da Hawainiya

2021-07-25T00:58:00.001-07:00

Hawainiya kenan (chameleon) a turance.

Hawainiya wata halitta ce daga cikin jinsin kadangarun iguana masu launin kala iri-iri. Wannan halitta tana daga cikin jinsin dabbobi masu dauke da nau'in jini mai sanyi wato cold blooded animals a turance.

Duk halittar dake da nau'in jini mai sanyi tana daga cikin jinsin kananan halittu na reptiles ko amphibians wadanda basa iya sarrafa akalar temperature na jikinsu da kuma muhallin da suka tsinci kansu dan haka basa bukatar zafi kuma ba zasu iya jure zama a kowane irin muhalli ba, sabanin sauran halittu wadanda ba reptiles ba wato mammals su sukan iya sarrafa zafi ko sanyin cikin jikinsu dai dai da muhallin da suka sami kansu a ciki, dan haka su zasu iya jure kowane irin yanayi.

Halittu jinsin reptile sun hada da kadangare, kulba, maciji, hawainiya, tsari, kada, kunkuru da sauransu.

To kaga idan ka duba itama hawainiya ta shigo cikin jerin reptile masu dauke da sassanyan kwayoyin jini.

Yaya hawainiya ke haihuwa

Wannan tambaya ce da mafi akasarin mutane suke bukatar samun amsar ta, saboda akwai shaci-fadi da ake yawaita yi musamman a kasar Hausa game da batun yadda hawainiya ke haihuwa misali akwai wadanda ke ganin idan hawainiya ta dauki ciki sai mijinta wai ya haka rami ya turata ciki da karfin tsiya ya binne ta a haka zata mutu a cikin ramin har ta rube daga nan kuma sai yayan dake cikinta su rika fitowa daya bayan daya sai su cigaba da rainon kansu har suyi girma.

To a gaskiya wannan ba daidai bane ba haka haiwaniya ke haihuwa ba. Masana ilimin kimiyyar dabbobi sun fayyace yadda tsarin rayuwar hawainiya take dalla-dalla.

To yaya abin yake?

Macen hawainiya tana haihuwa cikin hanyoyi biyu kodai ta hanyar saka kwai su kyankyashe ko haihuwa kai tsaye - Tsarin haihuwar yanada nasaba da irin jinsin hawainiya wato wasu kwai sukeyi wasu kuma haihuwa sukeyi kamar yadda sauran dabbobi ke haihuwa.

Jinsin hawainiya masu saka kwai ana kiransu Oviparous kuma sune jinsin da suka fi yawa sai jinsin masu haihuwa su kuma ana kiransu Ovoviviparous. Bayan saduwa da mijinta na wasu lokuta karanci sati uku (3 weeks) mafi yawa sati shida (6 weeks) - amma hakan yanada nasaba da jinsin hawainiyar, to daga bisani sai su saka kwai da yawa kimamin 20 zuwa 200.

Hawainiya jinsin panther idan cikinta yayi kwari sai ta daina cin abinci na tsawon kwana 10 zuwa 15, alamu ne dake nuna cewa lallai tana gab da saka kwayaye. Idan lokacin sakan kwan ya kusa sai ta nemi wani waje ta haka rami bayan ta gama sakawa sai ta binnesu zuwa wasu lokuta bayan sun kyakyashe sai su rika fitowa daga ramin.

Ga dabi'u da siffofinta kamar haka:

1. Takan saka kwai sa'annan kuma ta kyankyashe tsawon shekara biyu

2. Harshenta ya kasance dogo ya ninka gangar jikinta tsayi har sau biyu

3. Takan chanja kala da siffar irin duk muhallin data tsinci kanta sai ta saje zuwa kalar muhallin domin kubuta daga muggan kwari.

4. Tafi son kasancewa cikin ruwa mai gudana sama da wanda yake tsaye cik.

5. Suna da jinsi da ban da ban, akwai masu zama a kan bishiyoyi a dokar daji mai yawan ruwa (rainforest) akwai kuma masu zama a tudu ko kan tsaunuka.

Abincin Hawainiya

Dangin abincin hawainiya sune kwari da tsuntsaye. Takan yi sanda a hankalinki don farautar abincinta sa'annan sai ta zaro dogon harshenta ta cafko abin ta jawoshi zuwa bakinta ta hadiye kasancewar cikinta akwai sinadarin acid bada jimawa ba sai abinda ta hadiya ya narke.

Don samun cikakkiyyar koshin lafiya da kuma saurin girma hawainiya suna bukatar ruwa sukan yi amfani da dogon harshensu suna laso ruwa a haka suke sha iya daidai bukatarsu.

Inda Hawainiya ke rayuwa

Suna iya rayuwa dokar daji mai duhuwa da sarkakiya, ana kuma samunsu a sahara ko kan tsaunuka musamman a nahiyar Africa, Asia, Madagascar, Portugal da Spain. Suna zama a kan ganyaye da bishiyoyi wasu jinsin kuma a dandamalin kasa.

Dabi'un Hawainiya

Hawainiya tana amfani da dogon harshenta don cafko abinci daga nesa

1. Mafi akasari suna da doguwar wutsiya wanda suke nannadewa a reshen bishiya. Hannaye da kafafuwan hawainiya tafka-tafka ne masu fadi wanda ke taimaka musu wajen hawa saman itaciya ko dutse.

2. Bayan sauya kalar jikinta sa'annan kuma tana juya kwayar idonta domin ganin abinda ke bayanta saboda bata iya waiwayawa. Sukan hangi abu cikin sauri kamar misalin lens na cikin kyamara.

3. Suna daga cikin dangin dabbobi masu son kadaici. Macen hawainiya ba kasafai take bari namiji ya matso kusa da ita ba a mafi yawan lokuta sai dai yayin saduwa.
Namijin hawainiya mai cikakken kala shine yafi samun nasarar saduwa da macen hawainiya sama da kodadde mara kala sosai.

Tsarin Rayuwar Hawainiya

Gungun jariran hawainiya saman reshen bishiya suna shakatawa

Duk da yake hawainiya sun rabu jinsi-jinsi to amma duka sunada tsarin rayuwa iri daya. Duka sun ta'allaka ne kacokan a kan cin kwari kamar irinsu fari, farin danga, kudaje, filfilo, dokin almajirai (mantis) da kuma sauran kananan kwari. Idan har basu sami abinci ba to suna iya dogaro da ruwa kadai.

Rayuwar Hawainiya daga haihuwa zuwa mutuwa

Rayuwar hawainiya bata da banbanci da mafi akasarin sauran kadangaru. Yar jaririyar hawainiya takan yi saurin girma cikin wata 3 zuwa 12.

Haka nan kuma balagaggun yanyawa sukan cigaba da hayayyafa har zuwa lokacin mutuwarsu.

To akwai jinsin hawainiya da yawa wasu sukan dade wasu kuma basa dadewa a duniya.

Akwai sabubban da suke sawa hawainiya bata jimawa a duniya sune kamar muggan kwari masu cinyesu irin su macizai da tsuntsaye sun kasance babbar barazana ga rayuwar hawainiya. Sai kuma sauyin yanayi na muhalli da kuma wasu cututtuka da suke samunsu.

Hawainiya masu rayuwa cikin dokar daji sun fi fuskantar hatsari fiye da wadanda aka killace su a gida don kiwo, wadanda suke cikin daji duka-duka basa wuce shekara 2-3 a duniya.

Amma wadanda ake kiwatawa a gida suna dadewa sosai saboda sun kubuta daga sharrin muggan kwari da kuma sauran masifu.

Yanzu bari mu jero jinsin hawainiya da kuma adadin shekarun da sukeyi a killace.

►Jackson’s chameleon shekara 6 zuwa 10

►Veiled Chameleon shekara 6 zuwa 8+

►Panther chameleons shekara 3 zuwa 6+

►Carpet chameleons shekara 2 zuwa 3

►Fischer’s chameleon shekara 3 zuwa 5

►Parson’s chameleon shekara 10 zuwa 20

►Meller’s chameleon shekara 8 zuwa 12

►Senegal Chameleon shekara 3 zuwa 5

A takaice wannan shine jerin tsawon rayuwar jinsin hawainiyoyi mabanbanta bisa la'akari da irin kulawar da suka samu.

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Menene Guguwa A Kimiyyance?

2021-07-18T09:24:00.001-07:00

Menene guguwa

To a takaice zamu iya cewa guguwa wata irin iska ce mai kadawa a murde da sauri da kuma karfin gaske takan yi rimi ta rika juyawa a bagire guda ko kuma ta rika gudu a murde irin misalin yadda agogo yake juyawa ko sabanin haka wato (clockwise or anticlockwise). Tana kadawa na wasu yan mintuna ko awanni.

Kwatankwacin yadda guguwa ke juyawa kenan

Wannan iska mai suna guguwa tana faruwa ne sakamakon sauyin yanayi na zafi ko sanyi da akan samu a sararin samaniya.

Karfin wannan iska yana iya bata damar daukar abubuwa manya ko kanana kamar irinsu ganyaye, burbushin kura, burbushin hazo idan tayi karfi sosai har tana iya dibar ruwa da kifaye ta tafi dasu. A wasu lokuta idan guguwa ta tashi a kusa da wuta takan debi harshen wuta sai ta rikide ta zama tamkar guguwar wuta.

Photo credit: National Geographic. Wannan wata guguwar harshen wuta kenan

Ire-iren guguwa

Guguwa ta rabu gida-gida akwai kananan guguwoyi akwai kuma manya, sun dangata da yanayin musabbabin faruwarsu da kuma yanayin karfi ko saurin gudunsu. Ga bayanansu daki-daki kamar haka:

1. Karamar guguwa (Minor Windwhirl)

Wannan guguwa ce mai tashi akai-akai yayinda ake iska ko yayinda hadari ya taso ta kasance bata daukar manyan abubuwa sai dai kamar irin su shara, laidoji ganyaye da sauran kananan abubuwa, wannan shine yasa aka ayyanata a matsayin karamar guguwa wato minor whirlwind a turance. Irin wannan guguwar bata da wani hatsari.

Karamar guguwa

2. Guguwar ruwa (Waterspouts)

Wannan guguwa ce mai tashi a cikin kogi ko teku, sam bata da alaka da sauyin yanayi daga gajimare na supercell kamar sauran guguwoyi. Waterspout takan debi ruwa tayi rimi dashi yayinda zata rika juyawa da ruwa da karfin gaske a cikin tsakiyar teku.

Waterspout tana faruwa ne yayinda iskar kusurwoyi biyu suka ci karo da juna a wata magama mai suna convergence line nan take zasu sarkafe juna sai su cure suyi sama saboda basu da wata hanya face sama a haka guguwar take ci gaba da wanzuwa tana dibar burbushin ruwa sai kaga tayi kaimi tana gudu cikin ruwa da masifar gudu an kiyasta wannan guguwa takanyi gudun kilomita 100 a cikin awa guda.

Guguwar cikin ruwan teku

Waterspout babbar barazana ce ga ma'abota tukin jiragen ruwa takan haifar da mummunan hatsarin jirgin ruwa, musamman kananan jirage irin su boat da canoe.

3. Mahaukaciyar guguwa (Tornado)

Wannan guguwa ce mai karfin tsiya da ban tsoro yayinda take mamaye sararin samaniya da wata irin siffa mai kama da curarren zoben hayaki mai fadin gaske, takan taso daga cikin gizagizai ta rika saukowa kasa har ta dire da dandamalin kasa, daga nan kuma sai ta zama kamar wani bangajejen bututu mai tsawo da fadi wanda ya tokare sama da kasa

Dubi yadda mahaukaciyar guguwa ke gangarowa daga gajimare na supercell har ta dire da doron kasa

Wannan guguwa sunan da aka bata ya dace da ita kasancewar takan yi awon gaba da duk abinda ta ci karo dashi komai girmansa, kamar misalin bishiyoyi da gine-gine ko gada ko motoci da sauran abubuwa masu tarin yawa.

Idan wannan guguwa ta gangaro daga sararin samaniya takan iya dibar ruwan teku yayin da mummunar ambaliya zata auku a teku sai kaga ruwa yana gudu cikin azababben gudu wanda ya wuce misali, ruwan yakan rusa birane da manyan itatuwa da manyan dogayen gine-gine.

A sanadiyyar wannan guguwa akan tafka asarar rayuka da dukiya mai dinbin yawa. Irin wannan mahaukaciyar guguwa tana faruwa duk shekara a nahiyar Amurka musamman a yankin Oklahoma da New York da kuma yankin Tornado Alley.

Yadda mahaukaciyar guguwa ke aukuwa

Masana ilimin sauyin yanayi sun bayyana yadda tornado take faruwa wato musabbabin faruwarta kamar haka:

Sun ce "idan busasshiyar iskar dake cikin duniya ta haura sama cikin gizagizai sai ta ci karo da wata iska mai damshi wadda take ketowa daga cikin wani shamaki mai suna supercell dake cikin gajimare, wannan karon da sukayi shi zai haddasa murdewarsu sai su rika juyi suna gangarowa kasa har su dire a doron duniya to daga nan kuma sai mai aukuwa ta auku".

4. Guguwar Sahara (Dust devil)

Guguwar Sahara (desert tornado)

Wannan guguwa tana dibar burbushin kura da sauran tarkace marasa nauyi ta rika juyi tana gudu dasu wannan guguwa tafi yawan kasancewa a tsandauri ko sahara inda busasshiyar kasa take. Dust devil ba kasafai take zama mai hadari ba sai dai wasu lokuta takanyi karfi sosai har tayi barna.

Tashin wannan guguwa a sahara babbar barazana ce ga fatake masu balaguro a kan rakuma musamman fatake a shekarun baya masu safarar kaya daga kasa zuwa kasa a rakuma, babban tashin hankali ne yayin da suka hangi wannan iska ta dumfari inda suke, saboda idan tayi karfi sosai tana iya rufe rukumi ko mutum da yashin data rarumo.

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Menene Haske A Mahangar Kimiyya?

2021-07-06T17:11:00.001-07:00

Menene Haske?

Kwayoyin hasken lantarki na photons

Shin a matsayinka na dalibin ilimi ko irin wannan tambaya ta taba darsuwa a ranka kuwa?

To ga cikakken bayani a kimiyyance game da yadda haske ke samuwa.

Haske: Maganadisun lantarki ne mai kyalkyali wanda idanuwa zasu iya gani a zahiri. Maganadisun lantarki yana tabbatuwa ne yayin da aka samu fadadar kewayen mahadar zango (wavelengths) na gamma rays wanda wavelength dinsa kasa da metre 1 × 10^−¹¹ na maganadisun radiowave wanda aka gwada da ma'aunin metre.

Wato dai haske wani irin makamashi ne wanda yake wanzuwa ko bubbugowa daga taskar kwayoyin halittar lantarki na kwayar zarra (atom) yayinda maganadisun lantarki suka hadu da juna a mahadar zango (wavelength).

Ba kowane irin haske ne idanuwan dan Adam suke iya gani ba. Haske ya kasu a kalla rukuni bakwai daga cikin sansanin electromagnetic radiations sune kamar haka:

° Visible light: Wannan shine kadai hasken da kwayar idon mutum zata iya gani, yana daga dangin electromagnetic spectrum wanda idon mutum zai iya tsinkaya. Ya kasance maganadisu mafi tsukakken nuɗuqi (range) a kewayen mahadar zango (wavelengths) a fasali ko nisan zango na ma'aunin nanometer dari hudu (400) zuwa dari bakwai da hamsin (750). Wannan haske yana da rukunnai ko launuka shida kamar haka: ja, ruwan lemo, rawaya, kore, shudi da ruwan bayaleti (violet). Launin Ja shine yafi tsayin zango na (wavelength) amma kuma shine mafi karancin nuɗuqi (frequency) yayin da launin bayalet kuma yake da mafi gajartar wavelength da kuma frequency mafi fadi. Visible light an kadarta shi yadda idanuwan mutum zasu iya gani kuma ta dalilinsa har dan adam ke iya tsinkayar haske.

Haske baya bukatar magudana yayinda zai yi balaguro daga tushen lantarki zuwa bagire mai nisa ko kusa, yana tafiya ne a bisa mikakke layi cikin fankon sarari (vacuum). Haske shine abu mafi saurin tafiya daga cikin duk wani abu me tafiya ko gudu wanda idanuwa zasu iya gani. Har yanzu ba a sami wani abu wanda ya dara haske saurin gudu ba.

° Radio waves: Yana da sama da 0.1 m na fadin mahadar zango (wavelength). Shine maganadisun lantarki mafi tsayi daga cikin maganadisan samar da haske, wanda kwatankwacin fadinsa yana kamawa kamar fadin filin kwallo zuwa girman wata duniya. Wannan maganadisun haske ana amfani dashi wajen fasahar sadarwa na radio da talabijin.

° Microwaves: Wannan maganadisu yafi radio waves kankantar nisan zango sa'annan kuma yana da nuɗuqi (frequency) wanda ya kama daga 10³*³ Hz zuwa 10⁴*³ Hz. Wannan kuma yana amfani ta fannin sadarwar tauraron Dan Adam (satellite).

° Infrared waves: Wannan maganadisun haske idon mutum baya iya ganinsa, yana samuwa ne tsakanin visible light da microwaves. Ma'anar kalmar "infrared" shine kasa da launin ja; wato kasa da jan haske na visible light yake wanzuwa.

° Ultraviolet rays: Yana wanzuwa ne sama da visible light na violet, sa'annan fadin zangonsa yana farawa ne daga 400 nm zuwa 10 nm. Shima wannan haske idon mutum baya iya ganinsa, amma akwai wasu kwari irin su bumblebees da suke amfani dashi wajen ganin abubuwa.

° X-rays: Wannan ana samunsa tsakanin hasken ultraviolet dana gamma rays sa'annan yana da fadin wavelength daga 10(-8) zuwa 10(-12)m. Hasken X-rays yanada kaifi da karfin iya ratsawa cikin abu fiye da ultraviolet, shi yasa yake tasiri ga kwayoyin halittun jikin dan adam (cells). Ana amfani da x-rays a na'urar scanning ta asibiti da kuma ma'aikatar tsaro.

° Gamma rays: Hasken maganadisun gamma yana da gajeren wavelength sosai amma yana da mafi girman nuɗuqi (frequency) wannan yasa ya zama haske mafi karfi wajen iya ratsa abubuwa fiye da kowane haske a sansanin maganadisan hasken lantarki wato (electromagnetic radiation). Ana samun wannan haske a yayin fashewar wasu taurarin neutron da supernova. Ana amfani da wannan maganadisu a fannin nuclear medicine, tsaro da kuma maganin cancer saboda karfin wannan sinadarin haske.

Yaya Saurin gudun Haske yake?

kwayoyin halittar haske sune abu mafi saurin tafiya a duniya

Haske (visible light)yana tafiyar meter 299,792,458 a duk cikin dakika guda wato kenan yana gudu na tsawon mita miliyan dari biyu da casa'in da tara da dari bakwai da casa'in da biyu da dari hudu da hamsin da takwas a cikin kiftawar ido bisa ma'aunin daidataccen makunsar vacuum.

Wannan ya nuna kenan haske yana tafiyar mil 186,282 wato daidai da kilomita 299,792 a duk sakan guda na agogo. Kaga kenan a misali in har zaka iya gudu irin na haske to zaka iya zagaye duniya sau 7.5 a cikin sakan guda.

Ta yaya Haske ke wanzuwa a cikin kwan lantarki?

Fasalin yadda haske ke wanzuwa a cikin kwan lantarki

Haske na wanzuwa ta hanyar kwayar halittar lantarki na electron masu caji da kuma marasa caji wadanda sun samo asali ne daga cikin dunkulen kwayar zarra (atom) mai dauke da nau'in kwayar halitta dake tsakiyar zarra managarciya wato (nucleus) wanda shi kuma nucleus kwayoyin halittu biyu ne suka hadu a cikinsa (protons) da (neutrons). Proton yana kunshe da chajin lantarki mai nagarta (+1e) sai electron yana dauke da mara chaji yayin da neutron yake kunshe da lantarki marasa chaji (n) kwatakwata.

Kwayoyin electron na atom suna da rabe-raben energy mabanbanta, kawai ya dangata da yanayin nau'ukan dabi'u kamar sauri (speed) da kuma tazara (distance) daga kokuwar nucleus.

Jinsin Kwayoyin electron mabanbantan karfi energy sukan cike gurbi ko muhallin da'ira (orbitals) bai daya.

Electron masu karfin energy suna kaucewa ko kauracewa da'irar neutron da tazara mai nisa sosai, to kaga kenan idan atom ya rasa energy ko ya samu karin energy nan take za a samu sauyi na tafiyar kwayoyin lantarki na electrons.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Guguwa a kimiyyance

Idan wani abu ya ratsa ta cikin energy din atom nan take kwayar electron guda daya zata iya fadada (boost) na wucin gadi zuwa matakin kewaya da'ira mai karfin gaske (higher orbital) da tazara mai nisan gaske daga da'irar nucleus. Kwayar electron zata rike wannan matsayin ne na kankanin lokaci, cikin yan sakwanni sa'annan sai ta dawo kan hanyarta cikin da'irar nucleus.

Idan haka ta kasance nan take electron zai amayar da wasu sabbin energy na kwayoyin lantarki, Wadannan kwayoyin halittar lantarki wadanda aka matsosu daga jikin atom na samuwar haske ana kiransu da suna photons a turance.

yayinda electrons suka kwaranya

cikin kwan lantarki to akwai wata yar siririyar waya mai suna filament a cikin kwan idan ta dauki zafi sosai a bisa ma'aunin zafi na 2000k zuwa 3000k wanda hakan keda wuya sai filament din ya fitar da kyalli (glow) a matsayin haske. Kaga heat energy ya rikide ya zama light energy kenan.

Photons sune ainihin kwayar samammen haske sun kasance sunada fasali ko siffa amma basu da nauyi ko gangar jiki.

Photons yan mitsi-mitsi ne fiye da biliyan dari, sune asalin madarar hasken wanda idanuwan dan Adam ke iya gani a zahiri (visible light).

Ta yaya Haske ke isa ga idanuwanmu?

Yadda haske ke ratsa cikin idanuwa a bisa siririn layi na rays of light

Kamar yadda muka sani haske bashi da nauyi amma yana da fasali, kuma bashi da alkibla (bazuwa yakeyi ta ko'ina), bashi da gangar jiki saboda haka ba zai yiwu a damkeshi da hannu ba, Sai dai abin samar da hasken yanada gangar jiki misali kwan lantarki.

Haske bashi da magudana wanda yake gangarawa kamar yadda ruwa yakeyi amma yana tafiya ne a fankon sarari wato (vacuum) a turance.

Haske yana tafiya cikin siririn layinsa mai suna ray, cikin fankon sarari tafiyar miliyoyin mitoci kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a baya. Ray of Light suna tafiya a cikin mikakiyyar hanya (straight line) kafin hasken ya daki wani abu (object).

Idan rays na (visible light) ya bugi kwayar ido ta cikin wani gilashi dake tsakiyar kwayar ido mai suna cornea akwai masarrafai biyu pupil da iris dake taimakawa wajen daidaita hasken sai ya zarce zuwa cikin retina daga bayan ido, sai kuma retina ta tura shi zuwa vision center na kwakwalwa, nan take sai ta fassara irin hasken da ido ya gani.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Ta yaya muke iya gani da idanuwa

Shin ko Capacitor zai iya aiki cikin kwan lantarki?

Rabe-raben capacitors wadanda ake amfani dasu a na'u'rori da ban da ban

Da farko menene capacitor?

Capacitor wani dan karamin abu ne mai kama da batiri da ake jonawa cikin kusan kowace irin na'ura mai aiki da wutar lantarki, dan karamin abu ne mai matukar amfani yana dauke da bangarori biyu na karfe wato (metallic plates) mai chaji (+) da kuma mara chaji (-) sai dielectric (abinda wutar lantarki bata iya ratsawa ta cikinsa) wanda ya raba tsakaninsu da juna kamar haka (+|-).

Metallic plate zai iya kasancewa ko dai dan siririn karfe ko aluminium ko disk (abubuwan da wutar lantarki zata iya ratsawa ta cikinsu). Amma bangaren dielectric kuwa zai iya kasancewa ko dai gilashi, ko roba ko takarda ko kuma iska (abubuwan da wutar lantarki bazata iya ratsawa ta cikinsu ba).

Capacitor yana kasancewa tamkar wani asusun lantarki ne na musamman a taskar wutar lantarki, cajin da capacitor yake ajiyewa shine electrostatic energy a kan uwar lantarki (electric field).

Yadda Capacitor ke iya adana Wutar lantarki

Aikin capacitor shine karbar wutar lantarki na wucin gadi kafin ya rabasu zuwa wasu sassa yayinda bukatar hakan ta taso. Wutar lantarki zata iya ratsawa cikin capacitor ne kadai yayin da karfin voltage na wuta yana sauyawa.

Yayin da madarar kwayoyin voltage na lantarki suka gudana cikin conductive plates (faifan da wutar lantarki take iya ratsawa ) nan take sai asalin wutar lantarki ta fara ratsawa tsakanin bangon metallic plates mai chaji managarci (positive) (+) da mai chaji mara nagarta (negative) (-). Daya bangon zai kasance managarci (positively charged) saboda ya rasa kwayoyin lantarki (electrons lost). Yayin da daya bangon kuma zai kasance mara nagarta (negatively charged) saboda ya sami kwaranyar kwayoyin lantarki (electrons gained). To tunda an sami banbanci na nau'in kwayoyin lantarki a bangwayen nan biyu to nan take sai yarjejeniya ta kullu tsakanin juna sai a sami gogayya da juna (attraction). Kada ka manta dama akwai insulator (abinda wuta bata iya ratsawa ta ciki) wanda ya raba tsakanin positive (+) plate da negative (-) plate dan haka wutar lantarki bata watsuwa daga sashe zuwa sashe sai dai su tabbata a zaman yarjejeniya ta keke-da-keke (mutual attraction) yayin da capacitor yake tsaye baya aiki, to a haka capacitor yake iya adana wutar lantarki acikinsa.

Kwayoyin electron na atom su kan kwaranya cikin ma'adanar wuta (capacitor) wanda aka makala cikin na'ura mai amfani da lantarki yayinda zai sarrafa akalarsu zuwa sashe da sashe na kuibin metal plate to a haka capacitor ke sarrafa saurin tafiyar electrons akan hanyar uwar lantarki (circuit).

Dan haka a takaice capacitor bashi da wani amfani acikin kwan lantarki shi yasa da wuya ka sami kwan lantarki mai dauke da capacitor.

Kadan daga cikin kayayyakin dake aiki da capacitor

° Computer (Na'ura)

° Radio (Rediyo)

° Television (Talbijin)

° Wristwatch (Agogon hannu)

° Ceiling fan (Fanka)

° Compressor (Kwamfiresa na frish)

° Wiper (Abin goge gilashin mota)

° Amplifier (Amfilifaya)

Da sauran abubuwa birjik wadanda bazai yiwu a lissafo su duka ba.

Banbanci tsakanin capacitor da batiri

Sassan capacitors

Capacitor: zai iya karbar chaji ya adana sa'annan ya raba zuwa wasu sassa amma bazai iya hayayyafar wasu sabbin kwayoyin lantarki ba.

Saboda haka idan aka hada capacitor da kwan lantarki ba shakka kwan zai iya kawo haske amma zai rika dusashewa yayinda chajin dake cikin capacitor yake raguwa, sannu a hankali har sai kwan ya dawo kiri-kiri saboda shi capacitor yana iya karbar wuta ne na wucin gadi kafin ya zuke gaba daya (discharge).

Batiri: amma kaga batiri kuwa zai iya karbar chaji ya adana tsawon lokaci sa'annan kuma ya kan kirkiri wasu sabbin kwayoyin halittar lantarki masu caji da marasa chaji.

Sassan batiri da yadda lantarki ke gudana a cikinsa

Capacitor ya kan tsiyaye dukkan kwayoyin lantarki gaba daya a lokaci guda amma battery kuwa yana tsiyayesu ne a hankali mataki-mataki har su fice gaba daya.

References

CIE (1987). International Lighting Vocabulary Archived 27 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Number 17.4. CIE, 4th edition. ISBN 978-3-900734-07-7.
By the International Lighting Vocabulary, the definition of light is: "Any radiation capable of causing a visual sensation directly."
^ Pal, G.K.; Pal, Pravati (2001). "chapter 52". Textbook of Practical Physiology (1st ed.). Chennai: Orient Blackswan. p. 387. ISBN 978-81-250-2021-9. Retrieved 11 October 2013. The human eye has the ability to respond to all the wavelengths of light from 400–700 nm. This is called the visible part of the spectrum.
^ Buser, Pierre A.; Imbert, Michel (1992). Vision. MIT Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-262-02336-8. Retrieved 11 October 2013. Light is a special class of radiant energy embracing wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm (or mμ), or 4000 to 7000 Å.
^ Uzan, J-P; Leclercq, B (2008). The Natural Laws of the Universe: Understanding Fundamental Constants. Translated by Robert Mizon. Springer-Praxis, Internet Archive: 2020-06-14 AbdzexK uban. pp. 43–4. Bibcode:2008nlu..book.....U. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74081-2. ISBN 978-0-387-73454-5.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Guguwa a kimiyyance

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Wanene Mamallakin Kamfanin Google

2020-12-28T14:16:00.001-08:00

Google Inc. Mountain View, California.

Kamfanin Google shine kamfani mafi girma kuma mafi shahara daga cikin tashoshin yanar gizo a duniya!

Mashahurin inji ne na bincike mai ban mamaki wanda miliyoyin masu amfani da intanet ke amfani da shi kowace rana wajen binciko abubuwan da suke bukata daga taskokin yanar gizo!

Shi dai Google wani injin bincike ne wanda duk wani mai amfani da intanet ke bukata don taimaka masa wajen binciko bayanan da yake nema daga shafukan intanet mabanbanta.

Da zarar mai bincike ya rubuta abinda yake nema cikin akwatin bincike nan take injin Google zai tattaro bayanai wadanda ke da alaka da abinda kake nema cikin rabin sakan daga rumbunan shafukan intanet sai ya jibge maka su, babu abinda ya rage maka illa iyaka ka cigaba da bankadawa kana nazari a wadannan makalai (links) har ka zakulo shafin da ya dace da abinda kake nema.

Wanene ya kirkiri Google?

Sergey Brin da Larry Page sune suka kirkiro Google a shekarar 1998 lokacin suna daliban PhD. a jami'ar Standford dake California. Amma daga bisani an sami wasu canje-canje game da mallakar Google.

Sergey Brin da Larry Page Kenan

A farkon fari kamfanin Google ya kasance kamfani ne na cikin gida wato na kasar California ita kadai, an kaddamar da kasancewarsa kamfanin riko na California ranar 4/9/1998 wanda daga bisani aka kaddamar dashi a matsayin na bainar jama'a a watan August,19,2004 tun daga wannan ranar aka maida hedkwatarsa zuwa birnin Mountain view dake kokuwar birnin California, mai lakabi da googleplex

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Cikakken Bayani Game Da Na'ura Mai Kwakwalwa

A takaice dai sannu a hankali kamfanin Google ya ci gaba da samun daukaka a duniya. kamfanin ya mamaye gurbi mai girma a intanet.

Abubuwan da Google ya mallaka sun hada da: Manhajar wayar Android, Google search, Youtube, Gmail, Play store, Google chrome, Google drive, Google slides, Google calendar, Google docs, Google sheets, Duo, Hangout, Google plus, Google Earth, Google postcard, Blogger, Google translate da kuma dinbin wasu ababen.

Wanene shugaban Google a yanzu?

Sundar Pichai Kenan shugaban Google

Mr. Sundar Pichai shine shugaban Google a yanzu ya zamo shugaban kamfanin ne bayan da a ka kirkiro uwar kamfanin mai suna Alphabet. Shi dai Pichai dan asalin kasar India ne shine yake rike da madafun iko na kamfanin Alphabet kafin daga bisani aka zabe shi ya zama shugaban Google a yau.

Karfin tattalin arzikin Google

Google economic impact

Wadanda suka kirkiro kamfanin na Google Larry Page da Sergey Brin sun tara arzikin da ya kai dala biliyan 34.6 da kuma dala biliyan 33.9, kamar yadda mujallar da ke bayyana attajiran duniya ta Forbes ta wallafa.

Pichai ya zama zakaran gwajin dafin attajiran duniya a yau, yana daga cikin miloniyoyi na duniya kasancewar yawan hannun jari da ake bashi, Wannan kyautar hannun jarin da ake bawa Mr Pichai ta sanya hannun jarinsa ya karu inda ya kai dala miliyan 650.

An cigaba da rinka bawa mr Pichai ikon mallakar hannun jari a dukkan wattani uku na shekara har zuwa karshen shekarar 2019.

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Sana'ar Kiwon Kifi A Saukake

2020-12-26T22:33:00.001-08:00

Kiwon kifi alheri ne

Dukkan godiya ta tabbata ga Allah mahaliccin komai. Tsira da aminci su tabbata ga Annabin rahma da iyalansa da bayi nagari wadanda suka biyo bayansu da kyautatawa har zuwa ranar alkiyama.

Menene Kiwon kifi?

To da farko dai idan mu kace kiwon kifi to wannan na nufin hanyar sarrafa kananan kifaye ta hanyar basu kulawa har sukai munzalin balaga, ta yadda zasu cigaba da hayayyafa su kara yawa, wanda dama wannan shine babban dalilin kiwon nasu.

Shin ko akwai kalubale a kiwon kifi

Kamar yadda muka sani bisa al'ada kusan kowace irin sana'a tana cike da kalubale da matsaloli masu dinbin yawa dole sai anyi hakuri gami da juriya musamman a lamari wanda ya shafi kiwo.

Atakaice dai zamu iya cewa hakuri shine makami kuma jigon nasarar manomi, kaga a misali Bafulatani mai kiwon shanu a kullum sai ya fitar da shanunsa zuwa kiwo, komai sanyi, komai ruwa, kuma komai zafin rana bazai huta ba koda na rana guda dole sai ya fita kiwo, a haka zai cigaba da rainonsu yana basu kulawa shekara da shekaru har sukai daruruwa Zuwa dubunnai ba don komai ba sai don ya jure ya kuma yi hakuri da irin kalubalen daya fuskanta.

Haka zalika mai kiwon kaji shima dole kullum sai ya tsaftace makwancinsu sa'annan ya zuba musu sabon abinci da safe, da rana da yamma batare da gajiyawa ba.

To haka mai kiwon kifi wajibi ne sai ya zama mai juriya kafin ya kai ga nasara. Hakuri da bin komai sannu a hankali shine babban makami a sana'ar noman kifi

YADDA AKE FARA NOMAN KIFI

To noman kifi dai iri-iri ne akwai hanyoyi daban daban na noman kifi saboda dalilan kiwonsa na kara yawa a kullum a duniya.

Kadan daga cikin dalilan kuwa sune kamar haka a kullum ana samun karuwar adadin jama’a mabukata kifi da sauran albarkatun cikin ruwa wadda suke amfani dashi a matsayin abinci ko kuma sana'a wadda zasu dogara da ita, bayan haka mutane na kara fahimtar muhimmancin cin abinci mai dauke da kifi a ciki.

Maganin zaman kashe wando, kamar yadda muka sani rashin aikin yi da zaman kashe wando yayi kamari a cikin matasa musamman dalibai wadanda suka kammala karatunsu amma basu sami aikin yi ba, to daga ire-iren wadannan matasa akwai masu zuciyar neman na kansu dan haka suke ta'allaka a noman kifi domin samun rufin asiri.

Mutane da dama dai kowa yana noman kifi ne a bisa ra’ayinsa kodai dan a ci ko a sayarwa dan samun biyan bukatar rayuwa ta yau da kullum, ko kuma saboda nishadi, wasu kuma suna noman kifi ne don ilmantarwa musamman a manyan makarantu don koyar da dalibai yadda ake kiwon a aikace wato (Practically).

Matakan farko na noman kifi sune kamar haka

1. Ka tabbatar ka tantance irin gonarka, wato inda zaka noma kifin shin a bayan gida ne? ko kuma a tafki ne? sa'annan yaya wajen yake ta fuskar yanayin zafi ko sanyin wajen.

Sa'annan dole sai ka zayyana dalilin da zai sa ka fara noman kifin wanda ta hakane zaka fi samun cikakken kwarin guiwa a harkar.

Bayan haka dole ka tantance irin kalar kifin da kake so ka kiwata saboda akwai hanyoyi iri iri wajen noman kifi, saboda haka akwai bukatar sanin wanne irin kifi kake so ka noma, da kuma rubuta tsari da manufofinka na kiwon.

Duk mai bukatar ya fara wannan sana’a yana bukatar amsa wadannan tambayoyin:

a. Me zaka yi da kifin bayan ka noma? Abinci za’a yi da shi, sayarwa, ilmantarwa ko kuma kawai don kawa (kwalliya)?

b. Shin kana da nufin gina dan karamin tabkin kifi da kanka ne, ko kuma niyyar ka itace kafa katafaren kamfani domin samun riba mai yawa da shahara a duk fadin duniya?

2. Ka tantance irin jinsin kifin da kake so ka noma. Saboda tabkin noman kifin da zaka gina ya danganta ne da irin kalar kifin da zaka noma.

Sa'annan kuma akwai bukatar fahimtar wadannan:

a. Idan har ka fara tantance irin kifin da kake so ka noma, to akwai bukatar tuntubar wanda yake noma irin wannan kifi domin su baka karin haske akan yiwuwar sa da irin karfin da kake da shi. Domin masu iya magana sun ce da nagaba ake gane zurfin ruwa.

b. Ka rubuta kuma ka tantance duk kudin da ake kashewa akan kowanne irin jinsin kifi, kuma ya zama wajibi kasan cewa farashin kowane daga ciki ya sha banban da kowane irin jinsin kifi da zaka noma.

c. Ka kuma yi la’akari da irin yanayin da kake so ka noma kifi. Akwai kifin dake bukatar ruwa mai sanyi, akwai kuma mai bukatar ruwan dumi saboda haka kana bukatar gujewa duk wani kasha-kashen kudi dake da alaka da salon sanyayawa ko dafa ruwa.

KADA KA KARAYA AKAN NEMAN ILIMIN KIWON KIFI

Idan kai bako ne a wannan fanni, to kana bukatar samun fahimta da kwarewa a wannan fanni na neman karin haske daga manoma wadanda sun dade a harkar kafin ka fara naka.

kodayake alal hakika kiwon kifi ba ya bukatar wani kudi mai yawa kafin fara shi. Sai dai ya danganta da karfin aljihunka da kuma kwatankwacin yadda ka ke son ka aiwatar da shi. Kamar yadda masana a fannin ke bada shawarar farawa da karamin jari shi ya fi.

Ba komai ya sa masanan bada wannan shawara ba, sai dai farawa daga mataki na kasa zai baka damar fahimta tare da kwarewa kafin ka tsunduma ga mataki na gaba.

Ko da ka taba harkar, mallaka da kuma tafiyar da gonar kifi na bukatar ilimi mai yawa akan yadda sana’ar take.

Idan kuma niyyar ka itace ka mallaki sana’ar, sannan ka ringa lura da bangaren sha'anin wannan gona, to hakan ma yana bukatar ka fadada iliminka akan sana’ar sannan ka dauki mutum wanda yafi kuzari a cikin ma’aikatan ka domin tafiyar da wannan harka sai an sami mutum tsayayye mai juriya.

Tafkin kiwon kifi don ado

Ga wasu hanyoyin neman ilimin noman kifi a takaice:

a. Ka nemi aiki a gonar dake noma irin jinsin kifin da kake da niyyar nomawa. Hakan zai taimaka ka kara fadada iliminka ta fannin sanin dabi'ar kifayen, da kuma sanin tsarin rayuwar kifayen.

b. Ka nemi ilimi akan yanar gizo da littatafan da aka buga wadanda mafi yawancin su na binciken bayanai takai-mai-mai akan yadda ake noman ire-iren kifaye.

c. Ka lazimci kasancewa ajujuwa a jami’a ko makarantu musamman akan noman kifi. Wannan yana da matukar amfani idan aka yi da wuri, saboda zai fede maka biri har wutsiya akan wannan sana’a baki dayan ta.

ABUBUWAN DA AKE BUKATA DON KIWON KIFI

Yanki mai yawan ruwa marasa kafewa

Kafin a fara noman kifi, dole manomi ya tabbatar ya tanadi wadannan abubuwan:

1. Tsabtataccen ruwa mara yankewa, ko dai ta hanyar amfani da bututun zuba ruwa ko kuma ta hanyar rijiyar burtsatse.

2. Samar da lafiyayyar hanya wacce zata saukake shiga da fice daga gonar.

3. Bayan haka kuma ya kamata a ajiye gonar kusa da kasuwa domin saukake shige da fice da iya hanzarta kai kifi kasuwa (idan bukatar hakan ta taso) don kiyaye lalacewarsu.

4. A tabbatar an yi gonar a wurin da yake fili ne kuma a kiyayi yin gonar a kan tuddai.

5. A tabbatar da sa ido a gonar wato ta sami cikakken kulawa.

6. Irin kifi da za a zuba ya kasance irin da ke da juriyar karancin iska ne kuma irin wanda ke matukar bukata.

ZABEN FILIN KIWON KIFI MAFI DACEWA

1. A nemi fili marasa tudu, kuma a guji wuri mai yawan tuddai dame daji-daji domin gyaransa zai haifar da karuwar kudin noman. A saukake zaka iya gina kududdufin kiwon a bayan gidanka don samun saukin kulawa.

2. A nemi wurin da ke da saukin shiga da abin hawa don shiga ko fita da kifin domin hana saurin lalacewa.

3. Dole kuma ya zama babu matsalar ruwa a wurin don hana yawan asara.

YADDA AKE GINA TAFKIN KIFI

Yi nazari akan hotunan dake kasa, tun daga matakin farko har zuwa na karshe. Hakika gina tafkin kifi yana bukatar kwarewa da kuma kayan aiki managarta.

Ka tabbatar ka cire sauywoyi da sauran ciyawun dake wajen kaf

2. Bayan ka gama share filin kuma ka gama gwaje-gwaje, to sai ka fara gina rami kana fitar da kasar gefe ta yadda zaka fitar da siffar ramin

3. Mataki na gaba shine gwada fasalin tsayi da fadin tafkin

4. Ka gwada tsayi da fadin kowacce kusurwa cikin hikima

6. Ka tabbatar ka daidaita tudun ramin kada ya gaza 1.5 metre

7. Bayan ka kammala ginin tsayi da fadin ramin sai ka zana magudana daga tsakiyar ramin wanda zaka rika fitar da lalataccen ruwa da sauran datti.

8. Sassan kammalallen kududdufin kiwon kifi na zamani.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Koyi Yadda Ake kiwon Kaji A Zamanance

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Menene Bitcoin? Ko Kun San Amfanin Bitcoin?

2020-09-25T14:48:00.001-07:00

Bitcoin kenan

SHIN KASAN MENE NE BITCOIN???

Bitcoin wani tsarin kudi ne da ake amfani da shi a intanet kadai, kuma yana amfani a duk duniya ta hanya bai daya, kuma babu wani banki guda daya da yake kula da wannan nau’in kudin.

Wani masanin fasaha mai suna Satoshi Nakamoto ne ya kirkiro fasahar Bitcoin a shekarar 2009, kuma masu ta’ammuli da nau’in kudin suna yi a tsakanin su ba tare da wani mutum na uku ba wanda zai lura da ta’ammulin tsarin. Sakar sama na intanet ne kawai ke kulla ta’ammulin.

Ana yin amfani da kudin Bitcoin wajen musanyar kudade a kafar intanet, ana iya siyan hajoji ma, a shekarar 2015 kadai ‘yan kasuwa kimanin 100,000 ne suka yi mu’amala da kudin Bitcoin, ana iya amfani da kudin na Bitcoin domin zuba hannun jari a wasu kamfanoni.

A wani bincike da jami’ar Cambridge ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ta gano akwai akalla kusan mutum sama da miliyan biyar da suke amfani da kudin na Bitcoin.

Ta Ya Ya Wannan Nau'in Kudin Yake Aiki?

Wannan itace tambayar da kowa yake yi in ya ji maganar wannan nau’in kudin, kamar dai yadda wadanda su ka san yadda ake kulla cinikayya ta kafar intanet, mutum zai sayi abinda yake so sai ya biya ta account dinsa a shagunan da suke kafar intanet (Online Stores).

To haka shima Bitcoin ake cinikayya da shi akwai shagunan kafar intanet da suke yarda da cinikayya da nau’in kudin na Bitcoin, ta yadda mutum in ya ga abinda yake sha’awar siya a shagunan kafar intanet da suke karbar nau’in kudin sai kawai ya shiga bayanen jakar ajiyar kudin shi na Bitcoin (Wallets) a take zasu cire kudin su daidai da cinikayyar da ya yi.

A takaice....

Bitcoin wani nau'i ne na kuɗin intanet. Ba shi da siffa ta zahiri. Madadin haka, ana sayar da rukunin kuɗin a intanet da sauran shafukan sada zumunta

Ba shi da wata iyaka, ma'ana iya shafukan da za a iya amfani da su, sannan ba su da banki, kamar kudin zahiri da aka sani.

A maimakon haka, yana aiki ne a hanyoyin intanet da wasu dubban na'urori da ke hadawa da ajiye bayanan yadda ake kasha kuɗin.

Dubban na'urorin ke hana samun bayani dangane da yadda kuɗin ke shiga da fita - amma akwai wata fasaha da ake kira 'blockchain' da ke iya ba da damar gano shiga da fice kuɗin.

Blockchain bayanai ne da ake iya aikawa kan yadda aka kashe bitcoin - yana hana wani 'kashe kuɗin bitcoin sau biyu' kuma zai yi matukar wahala wani ya iya sauya bayanan shige da ficen kuɗin. Da wahala, a iya cewa ma ba zai yiwu a sauya shi ko a wawushe shi ba.

Daga ina ya samo asali?

An fara wallafa Bitcoin ne a wani jerin sakonni na intanet ga masana kimiyyar komfuta da ke karantar yadda za a iya aika sako ta intanet cikin tsaro a 2008.

Wanda ya fara wallafa shi na da wani suna na bogi Satoshi Nakamoto amma babu wani mutum ko mutane kawo yanzu da aka tabbatar shi ne Satoshi.

Ana amfani da shi har yanzu kuma a ina ake amfani da shi?

Ana amfani da Bitcoin har yanzu kuma ana sayen shi a matsayin kuɗin da ba na zahiri ba, wanda ke ba masu amfani da shi damar sauya kuɗin zahiri da aka saba da shi zuwa bitcoins.

Don amfani da Bitcoins, matakin farko shi ne bude abin da ake kira 'wallet' ko lalita (wadda ke iya zama a intanet ko a manhajar waya ko a wata na'ura mai tsaro). Wannan na kare duk wani sirri da ake amfani da shi wajen hadahadar bitcoins.

Lalitarka za ta kunshi 'adireshi' wanda yake aiki kamar lambar asusun banki sannan ana iya amfani da shi wajen karbar bitcoins. Haka kuma zai kunshi password din da ake bukata wajen aika bitcoins (ana kiran wannan private key).

Idan ka manta da wannan private key din, ko kuma aka sace, kana iya rasa bitcoins dinka, kamar dai yadda idan ka batar da lambar ka ta PIN ta katin ATM.

Me zai sa mutum ya fi son Bitcoin maimakon kuɗin da aka sani?

Kuɗin da muke amfani da shi a yau na da tarihi da daban idan aka yi batun kuɗi, wato ba abu ne mai wahalar samu ba kamar sulallan zinare.

Yanzu idan ka duba abin da aka rubuta a kan £10: "Na yi alƙawarin biyanmai wannan kudin fam goma da zarar ya tambaya."

Wannan ba wani alkawarin a zo a gani ba ne idan ka duba cewa abin kawai da hukumar da ke kula da kuɗin (kamar Babban Bankin Ingila) za ta yi shi ne ta sake buga wani kuɗin don cika wannan alƙawarin.

Yayin da ake sake ƙirƙirar kuɗi, yana rage daraja kuɗin da ake da shi. Ba lallai ne mutane su gane wannan raguwa a darajar kuɗin ba saboda kuɗin na nan yadda suka san shi; amma za su iya lura cefanen da suke yi duk mako da farashin abincin da suke saye na ƙaruwa.

A nan ne Bitcoin ya sha bamban.

Ana samar da bitcoin ne sannu a hankali kuma a ƙayyade, sannan babu wanda zai iya ƙirkirar bitcoin a lokacin da ya so.

Ba a taɓa iya samar da bitcoin sama da miliyan 21 ba; kuma ana iya raba ko wane bitcoin zuwa kashi miliyan 100, wanda ake kira Satoshis. Wannan zai hana raguwar darajarsa kamar yadda kudin da muka sani ke yi (lamarin da 'yan Zimbabwe da Venezuela suka fi kowa sani).

Bitcoin na iya mayar da kai miloniya?

Bitcoin kadara ce mai hatsari. Kamar ko wane hannun jari, yana faɗuwa da tashi kuma ya danganta da lokacin da ka siye shi. Yana iya mayar da kai miloniya kuma yana iya talauta ka.

A farko farko, an sayar da Bitcoin daya kan $1; farashinsa ya hau kusan $20,000 ko £15,400 a 2017 kafin farashinsa ya faɗi warwas zuwa kusan $3,000 ko £2,300 sannan ya koma $8,000 ko £6,200.

Me ake nufi da haƙar bitcoin? (wato bitcoin mining)

Bitcoin mining

Kalli bidiyon dake kasa, zai taimaka maka sosai wajen fahimtar abinda ake nufi da Bitcoin mining

Haƙar bitcoin na nufin samar da sabbin bitcoin ta hanyar amfani da wasu abubuwa da ake kira 'blocks'.

Ko yaushe a faɗin duniya akwai gasa da ake yi wadda ake kira 'gasar haƙa' don lashe damar ƙara 'block' ga 'blockchain' wato jerin ko tarin 'blocks'.

Shiga gasar na buƙatar masu amfani su sayi wata na'ura da aikinta shi ne kawai 'hakar' bitcoin wadda kuma take shan wutar lantarki sosai.

Ana iya cewa ma an fara daina yayin na'urar saboda sabbin ƙirƙire ƙirƙire da ake ci gaba da yi don haka hakar bitcoin bai fiye kawo wa mutane riba sosai ba.

Mutanen da ke wannan aikin ana kiransu masu haƙar bitcoin. Suna shiga wannan gasar ne saboda abu biyu:

Don su samu riba (a halin yanzu ribar bitcoin 12.5) da ake bai wa duk wani mai haƙar bitcoin.

Haka kuma, haƙar na ƙara wahala idan mutane da yawa suka sa hannu; ana haka ne don a takaita bayar da sabbin bitcoins cikin gaggawa.

Haka kuma, ribar ko wane 'block' na raguwa da rabu duk shekara 4, wannan na sa wa samar da su ya ƙara tsada.

Shin muna iya amincewa da kuɗin bitcoin?

Kamar ko wace sabuwar ƙirƙira da ke ci gaba, akwai mai inganci akwai masu ƙarancin inganci.

A fagen kasuwanci irin wannan na fasaha, mutane da yawa na shan wahalar fahimtar wane bitcoin ne mai inganci sannan ba kowa ne ya gama fahimtar yadda su ke aiki ba da sahihancinsu.

Wani lokaci, tsare tsare kamar One Coin sun yi iƙirarin kasancewa kuɗaden bitcoin amma daga baya aka gano na bogi ne.

Kuɗin bitcoin na iya shahara fiye da kuɗi na zahiri nan gaba?

Na'u'rorin hakar bitcoin

Ana iya hasahsen haka, amma akwai yiwuwar za a iya kwashe kwanaki tsawon shekaru kuma sai an duba abubuwa sosai da suka shafi tattalin arziƙi da shari'a kafin a cimma haka.

Misali, 'blockchain' na Bitcoin a yanzu ba sa iya daukar shige da ficen bitcoin da yawa idan aka haɗa da yadda ake amfani da kuɗi ta hanyar intanet kamar Visa da Mastercard.

Wani ɓangare na kuɗin intanet da ke shahara kuma ke da yiwuwar shahara fiye da kuɗi na zahiri shi ne 'stable-coins', wanda ake alakanta darajarsa da kuɗin da muka saba amfani da shi kamar dalar Amurka da Euro da Fam, ba kamar bitcoin ba, yadda ba a iya cewa darajarsa ɗaya ta kai £26,000 a wannan shekarar sannan bayan shekara biyu a cewa ya faɗi ya koma £6,000.

Yaya ake sayen bitcoin?

Ana sayen waɗannan kuɗaɗe na lantarki don a sayar da su ga wasu duk lokacin da buƙatar hakan ta tashi. Saboda yadda waɗannan kuɗaɗe suke tashi, misali yadda Dala (Dollar, $) take tashi a yanzu, sayenta zai iya zama riba ga mutum – ta yadda za a saya kashegari kuma a sayar musamman idan ta ƙara kuɗi. Haka nan ita ma wannan harkar take.

Ta Yaya Za a Fara?

Kuɗaɗen lantarki na wannan harkar ta cryptobusiness suna da dama, a cikin mafiya shahara sun hada da:

Kuɗaɗe	Adadin Kuɗin Lantarki	Farashin Kuɗi a Naira
Bitcoin	BTC 0.00005383	₦1,000
Litecoin	LTC 0.012274	₦1,000
Ethereum	ETH 0.001682	₦1,000
Bitcoin Cash	BCH 0.00459	₦1,000
Ripple	XRP 6.10	₦1,000

…da sauransu.

Abun ake fara yi da farko shi ne, a matsayin mutum na ɗan-koyo sai ya dubi wanne ya kamata ya fara saya a cikinsu? Sannan kowane akwai tsarukan yadda ake amfani da shi da yadda ake kasuwancinsa. Idan aka ɗauki Bitcoin musamman yadda yake ruruwa kullum a kasuwa, zai fi sauƙin harkar sai dai yana da tsada. A yanzu haka Bitcoin 1 ya kai N18,670,562. Ana lissafinsa da 0.1 zuwa sama. Sannan ana buɗe masa asusu da ake ƙira wallet a shafukan da ake harkar. Haka nan su ma sauran kuɗaɗen lantarkin kamar su Ethereum, Litecoin da sauransu.

Yaya Ake Fara ‘Bitcoin Trading’/‘Cryptobusiness’

Wasu lokutan mutane suna ruɗuwa daga jin sunan Bitcoin Mining, Bitcoin, CMDX, Bitcoin Trading, Cryptocurrency da sauransu. Bari in kore shakkun: duk harkar ɗaya ce, dukkaninsu kasuwancin lantarki ne da ake ƙira Cryptocurrency ko Cryptobusiness sai dai bambancin tsari kawai.

Bitcoin sunan kuɗin lantarki ne. Bitcoin Trading kuma shi ne kasuwancin Bitcoin, yadda ake juya Bitcoin ɗin ya koma riba. Misali idan aka sayi na ₦1,000 yadda za a mayar da shi na N1,500.

To a kullum ina bada shawarar cewa duk abunda za a yi to a yi bincike a kanshi kada a fada kai-tsaye. A nan nake cewa abu na farko da ya kamata a yi tunda an fahimci mene ne Bitcoin kuma mene kasuwancin lantarki wato cryptocurrency, to a ƙara faɗaɗa bincike ta yadda za a ƙara sanin wasu muhimman abubuwa game da lamarin a wurin wasu.

Abu na biyu kuma shi ne buɗe asusu wato wallet, wanda za a rinƙa amfani da shi wajen karɓar kuɗi da tura shi. A Nigeria idan za a yi harkar nan zan bada shawarar ayi amfani da asusun Luno, wanda mutum zai iya sayen kuɗin lantarki kuma ya sayar ko yana kwance a ɗakinsa. Yadda tsarinsu yake shi ne, mutum zai iya neman sayen Bitcoin (ko wani nau’in kuɗin lantarki daban) ta hanyar sayensu da kuɗaɗensa na banki kuma ya biya da katin cirar kuɗinsa. Akwai hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da suka haɗa da biya da Paystack; wanda ya kasance dama ne da ke shiga tsakanin kamfanin da za biya kuɗi da bankin mutum.

GARGAƊI: babu yadda za a iya yi wa mutum sata a asusunsa ba tare da ya ba da haɗin kai ba. Kada wani ya ɗauki lambobin asusunsa ya bayar ga wani face sahihan kamfanoni. A tabbatar wani bai ƙira mutum yace ya faɗa masa lambobin sirrinsa, kuma ya ɗauka ya bayar ba.

Idan ba a gida Nigeria ba ne, ko kuma wani dalili daban akan iya amfani da asusan Coinbase ko na Binance.

Yadda Za a yi Rajista da Asusun Luno.

Kamar yadda na ce asusun Luno yana da sauƙi musamman idan mutum yana son kasuwancin gida Nigeria, sannan yana da wasu alfanu da yake ba wa mutumin da ke amfani da shi. Abunda za a yi shi ne rajista da wannan asusun ta hanyar ziyartar shafinsu na yanar gizo https://www.luno.com wanda daga nan za a shigar da adireshin imel da lambobin sirri, sannan sai su tura saƙo zuwa adirenshin imel ɗin don tabbatarwa.

Bayan an yi rajista da Luno kuma an tabbatar da shaida, abu na gaba shi ne jarraba sayen kuɗin lantarki domin komai sai an jarraba shi a kan dace. Za a iya sayen kuɗaɗen Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash da Ripple a wajensu kuma a biya kai tsaye cikin sauki.

Sannan kamar yadda wannan hoto na ƙasa ya nuna yadda na buɗe akawunt da asusun Luno, kuma na buɗe asusun Bitcoin (za a iya gani a BTC 0. 000000 a ƙarƙashin kalmar Cryptocurrency)

Wato duk kuɗin lantarki da za a yi musayarsa (kasuwancinsa) sai ya kasance yana da asusu wato an buɗe masa wallet kamar su Litecoin ko Ripple kamar yadda yake a hoto na sama Add a new wallet (a ƙarƙashin kalmar Cryptocurrency) A hoto na ƙasa kuma an nuna waɗanne kuɗaɗen lantarki ne za a iya buɗe musu asusu wato wallet da Luno:

Bayan an buɗe asusu za a iya shigar sa a inda za a ga babu komai a cikinsa, kamar yadda wannan asusun Bitcoin ɗin yake:

Sannan idan aka danna BUY BTC a hoton da ke sama za a shigo nan inda za a iya saya ta hanyar biyan kuɗi kai-tsaye:

Kamar yadda ake gani a sama, za a iya saya da kuɗaɗen Nigeria (kuɗaɗen mutum na banki) ta hanyar danna NGN Wallet. Sannan a ƙara dannan Top up Wallet kamar yadda ake gani a hoto na ƙasa:

Sannan a nan kuma za a ga yadda za a iya biya ta hanyar amfani da Paystack da katin cirar kuɗin mutum na ATM:

Idan aka shiga sai a shigar da adadin kuɗaɗen da ake so a saya, misali ₦2,000 ko sama da haka. Za a iya sayen na N10 zuwa ₦100,000 a lokaci guda.

Abu na gaba shi ne amfani da code din mutum domin tara kuɗaɗe. Kamar yadda yake a hoton da ke ƙasa, za a iya ganin yadda idan an shiga Rewards inda aka ajiye waɗannan lambobi QKNFPZ, kuma a ɗaya gefen akwai Enter a Code, wanda nan ne inda za a sanya code ɗin:

Idan aka sanya waɗannan code ɗin, shi mai asusun (wato wani abokinka da ya gayyace ka) zai samu ₦250 a asusunsa kuma kai ma ka samu.

Don haka idan ka ji daɗin wannan rubutun ka sanya wannan code ɗin nawa a wannan sashe na ENTER A CODE.

Rubutu na gaba zamu yi bayani kan yadda za a iya sayar da kuɗaɗen lantarki ga wasu kuma a samu riba sannan a iya amfani da kuɗaɗen.

kai dai Cigaba da bibiyarmu a wannan shafin. Idan kuma akwai abinda baka gane ba zaka iya tambaya ta sashen comment a kasa ko kuma a tuntubemu kai tsaye ta shafin Customer's Support namu.

Reference

>>>BBC Hausa

>>>Flowdiary

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Yadda Tsawa da Walkiya ke faruwa A Kimiyyance

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Tauraron Dan Adam

2020-08-24T07:09:00.001-07:00

Menene tauraron dan Adam?

Kumbo a sararin samaniya

Da farko dai, tauraron dan Adam shi ne duk wata na'ura mai cin gashin kanta da ake harbawa zuwa sararin samaniya don mikawa da karbo bayanan yanayi ko dauko hotunan wasu wurare da dan Adam ba ya iya kaiwa gare su ta dadi ko kuma sunsuno irin yanayin da muhalli zai kasance a wasu lokuta na daban ko kuma don yada bayanan sadarwa daga wani bagire na duniya zuwa wani bagiren.

Ire-iren wadannan taurari suna shawagi ne a cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu ko duniyar wata da taurarin da Allah Ya halitta, ko kuma cikin falakin wasu duniyoyi makamantan namu.

A halin wannan shawagi ne suke gudanar da ayyukansu na nemo bayanai, ko karbowa daga wani bangaren wannan duniya don yada bayanan zuwa wasu bangarorin daban, ko kuma nemo bayanan da ke da nasaba da falakin da suke shawagi a ciki, don aiko sakon da suka taskance zuwa gare mu a wannan duniya, ko kuma a wasu lokutan, su dauko mana hotunan abin da ke faruwa ga manya-manyan tekunan da ke zagaye da mu a duniya gaba daya.

Yaushe aka fara harba tauraron dan Adam sararin samaniya

An fara harba ire-iren wadannan taurarin wucin-gadi ne zuwa cikin falaki shekaru kusan hamsin da tara da suka gabata (1957), kuma ya zuwa yanzu, an harba wajen dubunnai masu zuwa don karbowa da aikawa da bayanai ko sunsuno yanayi ko kuma dauko hotunan sararin samaniya, don amfanin dan Adam.

Yadda tauraron dan Adam ke shawagi a cikin falaki

A karon farko ana amfani ne da roket ne mai dauke da kumbo, don cilla wani tauraro zuwa sararin samaniya. Daga baya aka zo ana amfani da jiragen sama masu masifar gudu, duk da yake shi ma wannan tsari na bukatar roket wanda ke harba jirgin zuwa wani mizanin nisa cikin samaniya, kafin wannan jirgi ya ingiza tauraron cikin falaki.

Ana cikin haka sai kuma masana kimiyyar sararin samaniyar Amurka suka bullo da wata hanya wacce ta sha bamban da sauran wajen sauki da inganci. Wannan hanya kuwa ita ce ta cilla tauraron dan Adam daga babbar kumbon tashar binciken sararin samaniya da ke can sararin samaniya, wato US Space Shuttle.

Hakan na faruwa ne domin masana na iya kera tauraron dan Adam a halin zamansu cikin wannan kumbo da ke tashar, har su harba shi. Haka idan ya lalace ko ya gama aikinsa, suna iya sanya shi cikin wani kumbo karami don aikowa da shi wannan duniya tamu don a gyara shi yadda ya kamata.

Nan gaba, masana harkar falaki a Amurka na tunanin bullo da wani tsari mai suna Single Stage to Orbit, wato tsalle daya zuwa falaki� a misali.

Single stage to orbit rockets

Wannan tsari zai rage yawan tashoshin da tauraron dan Adam zai bi kafin kaiwa ga falakin da aka tunkuda shi don gudanar da aikinsa. Idan har suka dace, wannan tsari zai zo ne da kumbon sararin samaniya guda daya, tafkeke, mai iya daukar taurarin dan Adam da dama, don aikawa da su zuwa cikin falakin da ya dace da su, cikin harbawa guda!

Me yasa tauraron dan Adam yake da matukar amfani?

Amfanin tauraron dan Adam bazai kididdigu ba

Kowane tauraron dan Adam yana dauke da wasu idanuwa kamar na tsuntsu wanda a turance a ke kira bird-eye view Wadannan idanuwa su kan taimakawa tauraron dan Adam domin ya iya hango abubuwa masu nisan gaske dake doron Duniya a cikin lokaci guda.

Wannan kenan yana nuni da cewa tauraron dan Adam shine abu mafi sauki kuma mafi sauri da zai iya karbar bayanai ko aikawa da bayanai cikin kankanin lokaci kana ya yada bayanan cikin sauki wanda zai yi wuya wata na'urar dake girke a doron kasa ta iya wannan aiki.

Bayan haka kuma tauraron dan Adam yana iya ganin cikin sararin samaniya karara fiye da yadda na'urar telescope za ta yi, saboda shi tauraron dan Adam ya ketare gajimare da kuma feshin ruwa dake saman wannan duniya tamu, shi yasa nan da nan zai ya ganowa ko sunsuno sararin samaniya karara ba tare da wani abu ya kawo masa cikas ba.

Kafin zuwan kimiyyar tauraron dan Adam, maganadisun dake samar wa TV makamashi wato TV signals baya cin dogon zango saboda layin maganadisun yana tafiya ne a mike (straight line ) saboda haka dogayen gine-gine ko tsaunaka suna iya kawo tangarda, amma yanzu kuwa kimiyyar tauraron dan Adam ta magance wannan matsalar.

A da kafin zuwan kimiyyar tauraron dan Adam hanyar sadarwa da wayar salula zuwa waje mai nisa ya kan zamo tashin hankali ne babba Sakamakon rashin signals masu karfi, amma yanzu kuwa tauraron dan Adam yana karbar sakon waya da talbijin (TV) zuwa sararin samaniya a yayin da kuma zai sarrafashi sa'annan ya rarraba sakon zuwa ga inda a ke so ya isa a fadin duniya duka cikin abinda bai wuce yan dakiku ba.

Ya ya siffar tauraron dan Adam take?

Taurarin dan Adam sunada siffofi bila'adadin

Ana kera samfurin tauraron dan Adam cikin siffofi mabanbanta da kuma fasalin girman jikinsu. Amma akwai bangarori guda biyu wadanda dole ne a samesu a kowane irin samfurin tauraron dan Adam sune; Sandar sunsuno bayanai (antenna) da kuma Ruhin jikinsa (power source).

Aikin antenna shine karbar bayanai da kuma aikasu cikin duniya ko sararin samaniya, shi kuma power source dole ne kodai ya kasance battery ko kuma inji mai aiki da hasken rana wato (solar panel). Gangar Solar engine ya kan juya sinadarin hasken rana ya zama sinadaran lantarki dake iya aiki a jikin Na'ura (electricity).

Mafi akasarin tauraron dan Adam mallakin NASA an kera shi da wasu irin gaggan kyamarori da sanso (sensor) wadanda wani lokaci suke duban duniya domin su rika karbar bayanai daga duniya suna sunsuno fasalin ruwan dake gudana a tekuna da iskar dake kadawa ko kuma fasalin muhalli, wasu lokuta kuma kyamarorin suna juyawa su rika duban sararin samaniya domin sunsuno abubuwan dake wakana cikin falaki.

Ta ya ya tauraron dan Adam yake zagaye duniya?

Yadda tauraro dan Adam ke kewaya duniya cikin falaki

Mafi akasarin tauraron dan Adam ana aika shi sararin samaniya ne a cikin kumbo (rocket). Tauraron dan Adam ya kan iya zagaye duniya ne yayinda ma'aunin gudunsa sukayi kunnen doki da adadin karfin maganadisun cikin kasa (Earth's gravity).

Idan har ba a sami wannan daidaiton ba to da tauraron dan Adam zai dinga lulukawa cikin sararin samaniya ne babu kakkautawa ko kuma ya dawo ya fado cikin wannan duniya tamu.

Tauraron dan Adam ya kan zagaye duniya a bisa ma'aunin tsayi (heights) mabanbanta da kuma mizanin karfin gudu (speeds) mabanbanta da kuma hanyoyi mabanbanta (paths).

Hanyoyi guda biyu sune sanannu wadanda mafi akasari tauraron dan Adam yake zagayewa sune "geostationary" (gee-oh-STAY-shun-air-ee) da kuma "polar."

Tauraron dan Adam mai bin hanyar geostationary ya kan yi tafiya daga yammacin duniya zuwa gabashi daura da gurun da ya ratsa duniya wato (equator). Yana tafiya ne a kusurwa daya kuma da karfin mizanin gudu daidai da yadda duniya ke juyawa.

Amma shi kuma tauraron dan Adam mai bin hanyar polar ya kan yi tafiya ne daga kusurwar kudu zuwa kusurwar arewa. Yayin da duniya ke juyawa daga kasa su kuma taurarin dan Adam sai su taskance abinda ke cikin duniya gaba daya a lokaci guda.

Shin ko taurarin dan Adam kan yi karo da junansu?

Tabbas, suna iya karo da juna. Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya (NASA) da (U.S) da kuma wasu hukumomi masana ilimin taurari sukan bi diddigin hanyoyi wadanda tauraron dan Adam ke bi a sararin samaniya. Kowane tauraron dan Adam an dasa shi ne bisa falakinsa domin kiyaye karo da juna, to amma wasu lokuta hanyoyin sukan sauya, sai dai an gano cewa yawaitar jefa taurarin dan Adam a sararin samaniya shine musabbabin abinda ke haifar da karo da juna saboda su kan yi yawa a bagire guda a cikin falaki.

A cikin Fabarairun shekarar 2009, an sami wasu taurarin dan guda biyu mallakar Amurka da Rasha sun yi karo da juna a sararin samaniya. A tarihi wannan shine karo na farko da aka samu taurarin dan Adam sun yi karo da juna bisa hatsari.

Wane tauraron dan Adam ne aka farawa harbawa sararin samaniya?

Tauraron dan Adam na Sputnik-1 kenan

Watakila wannan tambayar zata iya darsuwa a ranka duk sa'adda ake zancen tauraron dan Adam. To ga amsar tambayar kamar haka; Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka fara harbawa sararin samaniya shine kirar Sputnik 1 wanda hukumar Soviet Union suka harba zuwa sararin samaniya a shekarar 1957.

Menene tarihin tauraron dan Adam mallakar hukumar NASA?

Tauraron dan Adam na TIROS-1 kenan

Ba shakka hukumar NASA ta taka rawar gani sosai a fagen kimiyyar sararin samaniya, sun aika da daruruwan taurarin dan Adam cikin falaki, na farko shine samfurin explorer 1 wanda aka aika a shekarar 1958. Wannan tauraron dan Adam na explorer 1 mallakar Amurka, shine tauraron dan Adam na farko wanda mutum ya kera.

Manyan na'u'rorin da aka jibge a jikin wannan tauraron dan Adam sune, na'urorin sunsuna (sensors) an sana'anta shi da nufin nadowa da kuma tattaro bayanan wani sinadarin haske dake cikin falaki mai suna cosmic rays.

Tauraron dan Adam wanda ya fara daukar hoton duniya a shekarar 1959 shine samfurin explorer 6 mallakin hukumar NASA. Sai kuma samfurin TIROS-1 a shekarar 1960.

Duk da yake dai hotunan basu fita da kyau ba amma sun taimaka sosai wajen kara fadada ilimin binciken masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya wajen gano yadda duniya take da kuma abubuwan dake kewayenta.

References
AA Office of Commercial Space Transportation
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Association of Rocketry (US)
Tripoli Rocketry Association
Asoc. Coheteria Experimental y Modelista de Argentina
^. Yadda ake harba tauraron dan Adam cikin falaki - Baban Sadik
KARANTA WANNAN: ► Illoli Da kuma Amfanin Hasken Rana Ga Dan Adam

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Yadda Tsawa Da Walkiya Ke Faruwa A Kimiyyance

2020-08-17T23:46:00.003-07:00

Tartsatsin Walkiya

Menene Walkiya da Tsawa?

Da farko dai walkiya itace hasken dake wanzuwa lokacin da hadari ya dauro. ita kuwa tsawa sauti ce ko karan da ake ji mai tsanani bayan walkiya.

Ana kiran tsawa da suna aradu ko araduwa Kamar yadda muka sani.

A wadansu lokutan za'a iya samun walkiya ba tare da tsawa ba ko kuma tsawa ba tare da walkiya ba.

Musabbabin abinda yake haddasa walkiya

Gane musababbin abinda yake jawo walkiya yana bukatar ilimin kwayar halittar lantarki (wanda ake kira electron a Turance). Kamar yadda idan mutum ya hada bakar wayan wuta negative (-ve) da kuma ja, wato positive (+ve), zai ga cewa, wani haske ko tartsatsin wuta ya auku, to haka itama walkiya ke faruwa.

Tartsatsin wutar lantarki

Masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya sun yi ittifaki kan cewa gajimare, wato clouds a Turance, sun kunshi negative charges da kuma positive charges.

A duk lokacin da gajimare da yake dauke da positive (+ve) charge ya hadu da wanda yake dauke da negative (-ve) charge, za'a samu tartsatsi, wato spark wanda shine muke kira walkiya. Kuma a duk lokacin da aka yi walkiya, kwayoyin halittar wutan lantarki wato electrons suna watsuwa a iska.

Shin ko walkiya tanada amfani ga dan Adam

Tsirrai na matukar bukatar walkiya

Hakika Ita dai walkiya tanada matukar amfani ga rayuwar mutum, dabbobi da kuma tsirrai. Amfanin kuwa sune kamar haka:

1. Ko kasan cewa idan an daina walkiya, da mutanen duniyannan sun dade da mutuwa? Bil adam da kuma sauran dabbobi wasu halittu ne da ake kira heterotrophs a Turance.

Sun dogara ne akan tsirrai wajen samun abinci domin suna bukatar abinda ake kira a Turance, body metabolism a jikinsu don rayuwa. Wannan yana nuna cewa idan babu tsirrai, dabbobi da mutane rayuwarsu zai yi wuya, sannan su kuma tsirrai zai yi wuya su rayu babu walkiya.

Yaya butakar walkiya take ga tsirrai?

An fi samun tsawa da walkiya yayinda ake tafka ruwa kamar da bakin kwarya

2. Tsirrai da shukoki suna matukar bukatar walkiya don girma da yin yabanya. In ba walkiya duk tsirrai da shukoki zasu mutu saboda ta hanyar walkiya kawai suke samun sinadaran "nitrates” da kuma “nitrites" wanda idan ba su, ba za su taba tsirowa ba.

Iskar da take duniyannan tana dauke ne da iskar nitrogen, oxygen, carbon4oxide da kuma kadan daga argon dasu kryfton. A duk lokacin da aka yi walkiya, nitrogen dake iska yana haduwa da oxygen ya bada iskar nitrogen4oxide (No2) wanda shi kuma yake narkewa a cikin ruwan sama ya bada HNO2 da kuma HNO3 wanda suke shiga cikin kasa.

Da taimakon kwayoyin halittu kamansu "Rhizobium leguminosarium," Clostridium, da kuma Nostoc, suna maida su zuwa "soil nitrates," su kuma jijiyoyin tsirrai da bishiyoyi sai su dauka don amfani wajen yin abinci.

Masana kimiyyar lantarki suna nan suna bincike akan yadda za su maida "energy" dake cikin walkiya zuwa makamashi, wato lantarki, da za a iya amfani dashi a gidaje da kamfanoni.

Kada ka manta cewa, bayan walkiya, kwayoyin halittar wutan lantarki (electrons) suna watsuwa a iska, ita kanta wutan lantarki da muke amfani da ita a gidajenmu, flow ne na su electrons, wato kamar dai su electrons din ne suke dunkulewa suke tafiya.

Don haka, binciken yana so ya gano yadda za a tara wadannan electrons din a waje daya su zama makamashi. Idan akayi nasara akan haka, to bisa kiyasi, a walkiya daya za a iya samun makamashi da zai yi amfani ga duk kasashen nahiyar afrika na shekara biyar.

Masanan na ganin cewa a nan gaba dole ayi amfani da wannan makamashi saboda shi tsabtatacce ne ba zai jawo wata matsala ga muhallin dan Adam ba. Kuna iya karanta wannan makala don sanin yadda formular wutan lantarki take, ko kuma wannan da ta yi bayanin akan nau’ukan wutan lantarki.

Abin lura anan

Wani abin lura kuma dangane da wakiya da tsawa shine, a duk lokacin da aka samu tsawa da walkiya, za'a iya ganin cewa ana riga ganin walkiyan ne kafin a ji sautin tsawar.

Abinda yasa haka ke faruwa shine, shi haske yana gudun kilomita dubu dari uku ne a kowane second (300000km/s), shi kuma sauti yana tafiyar mita dari uku da talatin ko da arba'in ne a ko wani second (340 or 330 m/s).

Don haka, idan negative charge da positive charge suka hadu, sai mu fara ganin hasken walkiyar kafin tsawar ta biyo baya.

Tarihin yadda aka kirkiro lightning conductor

Menene lightning conductor?

Lightning conductor dai wani ginshikin karfe ne ko curin wayoyi, wanda ake kafashi a jikin gini domin baiwa gini kariya daga tsawa da walkiya.

Yadda lightning conductor ke aiki

Advance lightning conductor

A shekarun da suka gabata a kasashen Turai, a garin su Michael Faraday, wani masanin kimiyya dan kasar Ingila wanda ya bada gudunmawa kwarai wajen fahimta da binciken electromagnetism, Allah ya saukar da bala'in walkiya da tsawa wanda yayi sanadiyyar rushewar gidaje da dama.

Mutane da malaman addini suka yi hasashen abunda ke jawo haka da cewa "fushin da Allah ya yi ga mutane ne saboda basa kula da dakinsa, wato coci (church).

A wannan lokacin ne Michael Faraday ya yi bincike akan hakan kuma ya gano cewa ba haka bayanin yake ba, sannan ya yi amfani da kimiyyar lightening conductor da zai iya kare rushewar gidaje idan walkiya da tsawa sun auku. Kana ya baiwa coci-coci shawara da su saka lightning conductor a saman gine-ginensu.

Wannan bayanin da ya yi har saida ya sa cocinsa suka kore shi. Bayan sun kore shi bai daddara ba, ya je ya sanya lightining conductor a wani gida.

A lokacin da aka sake yin tsawa sai gashi coci-coci da wasu gine-gine sun rushe, amma wannan gida da ya sa wa lightning conductor bai rushe ba. Wannan yasa mutane da dama abin al’ajabi har wasu suka soma kauracewa zuwa coci.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was an English chemist and physicist born in a working class south London neighborhood on September 22, 1791.

Shi dai lightning conductor, kirkirowar masanin kimiyya dan kasar Amurka, Benjamin Franklin, wani karfe ne ko curin waya da ake sawa a saman gidaje kuma a ja shi har cikin kasa a binne shi, yana maganin rushewar gidaje a sanadinyar walkiya da tsawa.

Kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da ita shine, a duk lokacin da aka yi walkiya, duk electrons din da suka watsu baza su taba ginin ba, zasu wuce ta wannan karfen da aka jona shi ne zuwa kasa. Karfen an yi shine da aluminum ko kuma coper.

Don sune suka fi daukan wutan lantarki da wuri, duk da cewa silver ya fisu, amma ba a yi amfani dashi ba saboda tsadarsa.

Saman karfen ana yin shi ne da tsini saboda su electrons sunfi taruwa a wajen. Idan gini na dauke da lightning conductor, zai yi wuya walkiya ko tsawa ya rusa shi.

Wannan shine takaitaccen bayani yadda walkiya da tsawa ke faruwa a kimiyyance Allah Shine Masani.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Mecece Tauraruwa Mai Wutsiya?

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Cikakken Bayani Game Da Na'ura Mai Kwakwalwa

2020-08-13T23:43:00.025-07:00

Menene Computer ?
Computer wata na’ura ce ko inji wanda tana sarrafuwa ne da taimakon ajiyayyun dokoki da aka tsara mata. Wadannan dokokin sune suke bata damar iya aiwatar da umarnin da aka bata har takai ga fitar da sakamakon.

Muhimman bangarori a computer wadanda in basu baza tayi aiki ba

1. Processor: Wannan shine massarafi mai juya akalar na'ura, shine jagaba wajen ingiza na'ura ta iya aiwatar da aiki tsakanin gangar jiki da ruhi (Hardware and software)

2. Memory: Wannan itace kwakwalwar dake taskance bayanan dake shige da fice tsakanin gundumar kwakwalwar na'ura (CPU) da ma'ajiya (Storage)

3. Motherboard: Wannan shine uwar gangar jikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa wanda ya kunshi duk karikitan da aka jona har suka hadu aka samar da na'urar.

4. Storage Device: Wannan shine duk wani abu wanda za'a iya ajiye bayanan computer acikinsa na dindindin kamar hard disk da sauransu.

5. Input Device: Wannan shine duk wani abu wanda zai taimaka wajen shigar da bayanai cikin na'ura, misali keyboard da sauransu.

6. Output Device: Wannan kuma shine duk wani abu mai taimakawa wajen fitar da bayanai ko sakamako daga cikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa misali Monitor, Speaker da sauransu.

Ajujuwan Computer

Computer ta rabu zuwa ajujuwa a kalla guda biyar ta fuskar la'akari da girma ko kankanta sune kamar haka:

1. Micro Computer

2. Mini Computer

3. Mainframe Computer

4. Super Computer

5. Workstations

Ta yaya kwamfiyuta ke sarrafa bayyanai?

Kwamfiyuta tana sarrafa bayani ne da taimakon wani shiryayyen siddabaru wanda ake kira "Program" Shine yake nunawa na'ura abinda zatayi da kuma kaifiyyar yadda zatayi. Program ana amfani da yaren computer wajen shiryashi. Ilimin yaren kwamfiyuta daya shafi shirya program shi ake kira programming, wanda yake shiryawa kwamfiyuta dokoki kuma shi ake kira programmer.

Misalin yadda kwamfiyuta take aiki shine:-

Misali: Dan adam yana shakar iska ta hanci wannan iskar acikinta akwai wani sinadari wanda jini yake bukata wato (oxygen) bayan mun shaki iskar sai hunhu ya cire Oxygen daga cikin iskar sai mu numfasar da wani sinadari da ake kira Carbondioxide, wato hunhu ya sarrafa iskar ya tace wanda zai amfanemu kenan.

Abin dubawa anan shine yayin da ka shaki iska ta shiga cikin hunhu an sarrafata, sannan ka dawo da ita kaga anan akwai mashiga (input), sarrafawa (process), da kuma fitarwa (output), to itama Computer haka take aiki akwai inda za’a shigar mata da bayani sa'annan ta sarrafa bayanin sa'annan ta fitar da sakamako.

Muhimman wuraren da ake aiki da Computer yau da kullum

Computer ta zama jigo a rayuwar mu musamman a wannan zamani na kimiyya da fasaha, ana amfani da Computer a wurare da dama kamar haka:-

(i) Buga jarida: Ana amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa wajen buga jaridu, ba don akwai computer ba da ba zamu samu damar karanta labaran duniya a jarida ba.

(ii) Makarantu: Ana amfani da kwamfiyuta a makarantu da dama domin buga lissafin maki na dalibai, gami da tattara sakamakon daliban makaranta gaba daya sa'annan a maka sakamakon, sai a fitar da yawan makin kowane dalibi, daga nan sai a fitar da sakamakon wanda yai nasara tun daga na farko har zuwa na karshe duk acikin Computer bayan haka ana ajiye sunaye da bayanai na dalibai, da sunayen abubuwan makaranta, ko kuma koyar da dalibai, da sauransu.

(iii) Asibitoci: Ana amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin taskance bayanan marasa lafiya, yawan gadaje, adadin likitoci da nas, da kuma tantance adadin kudaden da marasa lafiya suka bayar haka zalika kwamfiyuta (Robot) tana iya rarraba abinci ga marasa lafiya wadanda ba a cika son mutum ya kusancesu ba.

(iv) Bankuna: A bankuna ana amfani da na'urori domin taskance bayanan akawun na kwastomomi, bawa kwastomomi kudi ta hanyar amfani da na'urar ATM da sauran muhimman bayanai game da tafiyar da harkar bankin baki-daya.

(v) Gidaje: A gidaje ana amfani da kwamfiyuta domin yin karatu, bincike, kallon finafinai, wasannin gem, lissafi, tura sakonni ko wasika (email), aiwatar da kasuwanci ta Internet kana daga kan gadonka, da sauran abubuwa mara adadi.

(vi) Gwamnati: Ma’aikatu na gwamnati suna amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin ajiye bayanai game da ma’aikata, da lissafin salarin ma'aikata, da sauran abubuwa masu yawan gaske.

(vii)Tsaro: A ma'aikatar tsaro irin su bariki ko gidan shugaban kasa (Villa) akwai na'urori na musamman masu hangen nesa na duk wani hatsarin daya tunkaro za'a ga ko menene sai a dauki mataki cikin gaggawa.

(viii) Kamfanoni da Ma’aikatu: kamfanoni da ma’aikatu suna amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin lissafin abubuwan da suke kerawa, ko amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin kera wani abu, misali kwamfanin kera motoci da jirage suna amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin kera motoci ko jirage, sa'annan kuma kwamfiyuta (Robot) na iya kera kwamfiyuta da sauransu.

Tarihin yadda aka kirkiro kwamfiyuta

Kafin zuwan Computer dan adam ya kera abubuwa da dama wurin aikawa da sako, ko nuna sako, misali a farko dan Adam yana amfani da yatsun hannu guda goma wurin yin lissafi, da aka samu ci gaba sai ya koma yana aiki da duwatsu idan zai kirga dari sai ya hada dutse guda dari tukunna.

Idan zai tara saba’in da talatin sai ya samu dutse guda saba’in sannan yakara talatin akan saba’in din sannan ya kirga yawan duwatsun sai yaga dari.

Bayan ya sake samun ci gaba sai ya koma amfani da farin dutse da kuma bakin dutse kamar haka:

Farin Dutse = 10

Bakin Dutse = 1

Idan zai kirga ashirin da uku sai ya hada:

Fari+Fari+Baki+Baki+Baki = 23

10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 23

Farare guda biyu Bakake guda uku idan aka tara ya zama 23 kenan.

Bayan kamar misalin shekaru dari uku da suka shige dan adam ya fara tunanin kera wasu injina na lissafi kamar su:

1. Abacus: Wannan shine injin na'ura na farko wanda aka kirkira a kasar Sin kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata. An ginata da wasu karafa da kuma kulalai masu kama da 'ya'yan charbi ana sarrafasu bisa ka'idojin lissafi. Har yau har gobe ana amfani da wannan na'ura a kasashen Sin, Rasha da Japan. Ga hoton daga kasa.

Na'urar Abacus

2. Pascaline: Wannan injin lissafi wasu lokuta ana kiransa da arithmetic machine ko kuma adding machine. An kirkire shi tsakanin shekarar 1642 zuwa 1644 wanda wani Philosopher bafaranshe masanin lissafi mai suna Biaise Pascal ya kirkira. Ga hoton injin a kasa kamar haka:

Na'urar Pascaline

3. Napier's Bones: Wannan injin lissafi ne wanda aka kirkira da kasusuwan giwa wanda wani masanin lissafi mai suna John Napier ya kirkira a shekarar 1550 zuwa 1617. An gina injin da kasusuwa tara wanda akayi musu alama da lambobi ana amfani wajen lissafin rubanyawa da rabawa (Multiplication and division). A tarihi wannan inji shine na farko da aka fara amfani dashi wajen lissafin decimal point.

Napier' Bones

4. Stepped Reckoner: Wani bajamushe philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz shine ya kirkiri na'urar a shekarar 1673. Ya kirkiri na'urar don ta maye gurbin pascaline ta fuskar bunkasa da cigaba. Hakika anyi amfani da fasaha sosai wajen kera wannan na'ura.

injin Stepped Reckoner

5. Difference Engine: A farko-farkon shekarar 1820s Wani masanin lissafi mai suna Charles Babbage wanda ake masa lakabi da (Father of modern computer) ya kirkiri wannan na'urar mai ban al'ajabi. Wannan injin na'ura yana iya lissafa ka'idojin logarithm table. Wannan shi ake kira karni na farko na kwamfiyuta wato (1st Generation of Computers).

Difference Engine

6. Analytical Engine: Bayan Charles Babbage ya kera Difference Engine sai kuma ya sake kirkirar wata na'ura wanda ta dara ta farko mai suna Analytical Engine a shekarar 1830. Wannan na'ura ta kasance mai matukar ban mamaki, tana iya aiwatar da duk wani dangin ilimin lissafi kuma tana amfani da Punch-cards a matsayin input device, sa'annan tana iya aje bayanai na dindindin a cikin kwakwalwarta wato memory. Ga hoton na'urar daga kasa.

Analytical Engine

7. Tabulating Machine: A shekarar 1890 wani mai suna Hermann Hollerith ya kirkiri wannan na'ura mai kaifin basira bayan an samu cigaba sosai a fannin kimiyya. Itama an kirkireta ne bisa tsarin amfani da punch-cards tana iya tsara lissafi da kuma kayyadewa gami da rarrabe bayanai cikin sauri. Wannan na'ura anyi amfani da ita a census na Amurka na shekarar 1890.

Tabulating Machine

8. Differential Analyzer: Wannan itace farkon electronic computer wato na'ura mai amfani da lantarki an kaddamar da ita a kasar Amurka a shekarar 1930. Tana daga cikin jinsin analog computer wanda ya kerata shine Vannevar Bush. Na'urar tanada wasu tube wanda ake kunna siginan lantarki don fara aiwatar da lissafi. Bayan haka tanada karfin gudanar da lissafe-lissafe har guda 25 cikin yan mintuna.

9. Mark I: Babban sauyin da aka samu a duniyar kere-keren na'urori shine tun shekarar 1937 yayin da wani gwarzo a fagen kimiyya mai suna Howard Aiken ya kirkiri na'ura mafi karfin iya lissafi mai zurfi na manyan lambobi. A 1944 an samu kulla kawance tsakanin na'urarorin Mark I computers da IBM da Harvard. Sa'annan itace na'ura ta farko mai dauke da manhaja wato (First programmable digital computer).

Generations of Computers

Generations of computers na nufin karnuka ko zamunnan da aka fara samar da na'urorin computer masu amfani da lantarki tun daga karni na daya har zuwa na biyar.

Kafin lokacin ana kera mechanical computer ne, wato na'urorin da ana sarrafasu ba tare da lantarki ba saboda basu da transistor ko IC.

Ga misalan sauyi ko cigaban da aka samu tun daga karni na farko zuwa na biyar na generations of computers a takaice.

1. First Generation of Computer: Karnin farko na computer ya fara ne daga (1946 zuwa 1959). Na'urorin da aka kirkira a lokacin galibi suna aiki ne da punch-cards, magnetic tape da paper tape a matsayin output da input device.

A karni na farko Computer girman ta a kalla yakai kamar gida guda lokacin sai manyan ma’aikatu ne suke aiki da ita. A karni na Biyu kuma an rage girman Computer da taimakon wani abu wanda ake kira TRANSISTOR. An kera na'urorin computer na electronic na farko kamar haka:

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
UNIVACI( Universal Automatic Computer)
IBM-701
IBM-650

2. Second Generation of Computer: Karni na biyu na computer kuwa ya fara ne daga (1959 zuwa 1965). A wannan zamanin aka fara amfani da na'urorin farko masu amfani da transistor. Sun kasance masu inganci da saurin aiwatar da aiki fiye da na'urorin karnin na 1. Ga jerin computocin da aka samar a zamanin:

IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108

3. Third Generation of Computer: A wannan karni na 3 kuma an samar da na'urori masu amfani da IC wato (Integrated Circuit) a madadin transistor. IC kwaya daya rak sai ya aiwatar da aikin da transistoci goma zasuyi, saboda haka lallai an samu ci gaba ta fannin ingancin na'urori da saurin gudanar da aiki fiye da na'urorin karni na 2. Ga kadan daga cikin ire-irensu:

IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316

4. Fourth Generation of Computer: A karni na hudu kuwa (1971 zuwa 1980) an kera na'urori masu ban mamaki wajen cika aiki, saboda an kera su da sabuwar fasaha na amfani da wani abu mai suna Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI circuits) wannan abu yana dauke da transistoci fiye da miliyan ajikinsa dan haka yake baiwa computer kuzari da ingancin aiwatar da duk wani aiki da aka umarce ta. Kuma a wadannan jinsin na'urorin ne aka fara aiki da fasahar programing language na C, C++, DBASE da sauransu. Ga kadan daga cikinsu:

DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

5. Fifth Generation of Computer: Karni na 5 na computer ya fara ne tun daga shekarar (1980 har zuwa yau) an samu sabuwar fasaha ta amfani da ULSI wato (Ultra Large Scale Integration) wanda ya maye gurbin VLSI. Wannan fasaha ta bada damar saka microprocessor chips da kuma miliyoyin kayayyaki masu amfani da lantarki acikin na'urar Computer. Na'urorin wannan zamani suna amfani da fasahar AI (Artificial Intelligence) fasaha ce mai ban mamaki wanda na'ura zata iya aiki cikin salo irin na tunanin dan Adam. Kuma suna aiki karkashin programming language na C, C++, Java, Python, Net da sauransu. Ire-iren wadannan na'urorin zamani sune:

Desktop
Laptop
NoteBook
UltraBook
ChromeBook

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Bitcoin, ko kunsan amfanin Bitcoin?

Halaye ko dabi'un kwamfiyuta

Kamar yadda kasan dan Adam yana da dabi'u na musamman wanda yake dabi'antuwa dasu wajen aikata abubuwa a rayuwarsa to haka itama computer tana da dabi'u masu yawa.

Duk wata na’ura da zata iya taimakawa wajen aiwatar da abubuwa cikin sauri kwamfiyuta ce zaka iya gane halayen kwamfiyuta kamar haka:-

Sauri: kwamfiyuta tana da matukar sauri domin zata iya sarrafa abubuwa kamar miliyan daya a cikin sakan, batare da tayi kuskure ko daya ba.

Adanawa: kwamfiyuta tana iya daukan abubuwa masu dimbin yawa, akwai kwamfiyutar da zata iya daukan abu guda Biliyan dari uku, a cikin ma’ajinta (HARD DISK).

Sarrafuwa: kwamfiyuta ana sarrafata ta hanyoyi da dama, duk yadda kakes on ka sarrafata, misali zaka iya jin labaran rediyo, zaka iya kallon labaran TV, idan kasaka katin kallon labarai, zaka iya buga waya da ita, zaka iya buga lissafi, zaka iya amfani da ita wurin kunna makunnin lantarki na dakinka, zaka iya koyan karatu da ita, da sauransu.

Ba ta umarni (Programming): zaka iya shiryawa kwamfiyuta umarni ta rinka bin umarninka, ko ka koyar da ita abu, misali zaka iya mayar da ita Hausa, zaka iya sata ta karanta maka Hausa, zaka iya mayar da rubutunta daga turanci zuwa Hausa, zaka iya kera taskarta (OS) na Hausa.

kwamfiyuta zata iya abubuwan ban mamaki, domin ankera kwamfiyuta mai siffar dan adam wato (ROBOT) wacce, zata iya shiga aji ta koyar da karatu, wato ta koyar da dalibai ko wane darasi, sa'annan akwai wacce an kera ta kamar likita zata iya yin aikin likitanci, misali zaka fada mata abubuwan da suke damunka ta rubuto maka magungunan da zaka nema, kuma akwai wadanda an kerasu kamar sojoji, zasu iya fita suyi yaki sosai kamar yadda sojoji suke yaki, kuma duk kwamfiyuta ce, har zasu iya tuka mota, akwai irin su (AI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) wadanda zasu iya dafa abinci su rarraba abinci a hotel da sauransu.

Abubuwan da suka hadu suka gina taskar na'ura mai kwakwalwa

Abubuwan da suka hadu suka gina ilimin na’ura mai kwakwalwa abubuwa ne guda biyu wato Hardware da Software.

Hardware: Sune bangaren gangar jikin kwamfiyuta wanda kake gani sa'annan kake iya tabashi da hannu misali:- Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, da sauransu.

Software: wannan shine bangaren ruhin computer wato wasu dokoki ne da kwamfiyuta take aiki dasu domin ta sarrafa kanta, wanda wadannan dokokin sune suke ba hardware damar aiwatar da aiki.

Wadannan dokokin shiryasu akeyi wanda zasu rinka ba kwamfiyuta damar yin abubuwa, sune a turance ake kira Programs ko application wato manhaja da Hausa misali akwai softwayar da zata taimaka maka wurin rubuta wasika da Computer,

yi nazarin manhajojin dake kasa da amfanin da zasuyi maka a Computer:

Email = aika sakon wasika

Excel = Buga Lissafi

Flashtool = Gyara waya

Gom player = Kallon fim

Corel Draw = zane-zane

Encarta kid = Karatu

Nero = Girka file a faifain CD

Converter = Juya bidiyo zuwa audio, ko daga babban bidiyo zuwa karami ds.

Akwai miliyoyin software a duniya mara adadi kuma kowacce akwai aikin da zata iya yi maka a computer, kai dai idan kana son kayi wani abu sai ka nemi softwayar. Iya kwarewarka a computer iya yadda zaka amfana da ita saboda ta kasance mai zurfin gaske.

Da programs ne kadai na'ura zata iya aiki saboda idan babu software hardware kadai bazata yi aiki ba.

koda mutum ne idan babu jini da ruwa a jikinsa to kasusuwan jikinsa kadai baza su yi aiki ba, to itama haka na'urar computer take software shine ruhinta yayin da hardware kuma gangar jiki.

Abubuwan da suka hadu suka zama kwamfiyuta

1. Mouse

(mawus) Wani dan karamin massarafi ne mai kama da bera da ake motsashi wajen sarrafa kwamfiyuta, shine massarafa ko stiyari wanda mai amfani da computer zai rike ya rika zabar abinda yake so ko inda yake son shiga. Yana da madannai biyu ta bangaren dama da hagu (Right and left click). Wannan abu yana daga cikin output devices, ya rabu a kalla gida uku kamar haka:

(i) Trackball mouse 🖱: Wannan yana da wata yar kwallo a tsakiya domin saukakewa mai amfani da shi wajen gangarawa ko haurawa sama a cikin allon computer.

(ii) Mechanical mouse 🖲: Wannan kuma yana da tsarin kwallo shima amma yana kunshe da masarran gangarawa rollers da dama, yanada karfin aiwatar da aiki fiye dana farko.

(iii) Optical mouse 🖱: An tsara wannan mouse din wajen gudanar da aiki da tsarin optical electronic domin damar sarrafa na'ura.

(iv) Cordless or wireless mouse 🖲: Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna wannan mawus ne wanda ake amfani dashi ba tare da an jona shi da na'ura ba yana aiki kamar remote da tsarin fasahar irDA (infrared) ko radio (Bluetooth ko Wi-Fi) domin sarrafa computer.

2. Keyboard

(Kibod) Wani dogon abu ne mai madannai ajikinsa dashi ake amfani wajen shigarwa da kwamfiyuta rubutu, ko sarrafa computer wajen bata umarnin gudanar da wasu daidaikun al'amura cikin sauri.

Akwai ire-iren keyboard har guda uku akwai mai tsarin QWERTY da kuma AZERTY da DVORAK.

Abinda ya banbanta su shine yadda aka jera haruffan amma a wajen aiki duk daya ne. Sai dai Qwerty keyboard da turanci aka tsara shi kamar yadda Azerty kuma da Faransanci aka tsara shi.

3. Monitor

Wannan shine allon na'urar computer 🖥 mai kama da talbijin (TV) shi yake nuna duk abubuwan da suke faruwa acikin kwamfiyuta.

4. System Unit

Wannan shine CPU (Central Processing Unit) cibiyar dake gudanar da na'urar gaba daya duk abinda ka shigar (input) zai shiga cikin masarrafar system unit a sarrafashi sa'annan a fitar da sakamakon (output).

5. Speaker

Ta cikin speaker zaka rika karbar sakon sauti na audio ko video ko helper voice.

6. Printer

Injin dake amayo da takardar da aka rubuta ko duk wani documents da aka tsara cikin computer

7. UPS

(Ultra Power Supply): Wani ma'adanin wutan lantarki ne yana taimakawa idan kana aiki da kwamfiyuta ko an dauke wuta zaka iya ci gaba da aikinka ba tare da na'urar ta dauke har tsawon a kalla minti 15, yadda zaka sami damar rufe abubuwan da kake aiki da su har ka kashe kwamfiyutar ka. To kaga a nan da zarar an dauke wuta nan take UPS zai cigaba da aiki a computarka batare da computar ta dauke ba.

Amfanin kwamfiyuta

Ana amfani da kwamfiyuta a abubuwa da dama misali:-

(a) Buga Takardu

(b) Lissafi

(c) Bincike

(d) Aikin bankuna

(e) Shirya sakamakon jarrabawa

(f) Kere-kere

(g) zane-zane

(h) Koyon karatu

(i) kasuwanci

(j) shiga Intanet

(k) Tuka jirage da motoci

(l) Tiyata a asibiti

(m) Sarrafa makamai

Da dai sauran abubuwa masu dinbin yawa.

Rashin amfanin kwamfiyuta ko illolinta

Kamar yadda yawancin abubuwa a duniya suna da amfaninsu kuma suna da rashin amfani haka ita ma kwamfiyuta tana da amfaninta kuma tana da rashin amfani.

Rashin amfanin kwamfiyuta sune:-

Tsada: Kwamfiyuta tana da tsada musamman Laptop

Kashe aiki : Aikin da ma’aikata goma zasuyi a wata a rinka basu albashi kwamfiyuta zata iya yinsa a kwana daya, kaga su ma’aikata sun rasa aiki.

Wuyar sha'ani: kwamfiyuta tana da abubuwa da yawa kafin ace ka koyi wannan, sannan ka koyi wannan sai ka dau lokaci sosai.

Zurfi: karatunta akwai zurfi, karatun kwamfiyuta akwai zurfi, misali akalla kwamfiyuta tana da programming language sama da dari kafin ace ka koyi daya sai kadau watanni.

Virus:- kwamfiyuta tana diban cuta (Virus) idan cuta ya kamata zata rinka wasu abubuwa daban kamar goge maka fayil canza fayil satan kalmomin sirri da sauransu.

Bata lokaci: Tana bata lokaci musamman ga yara kanana tana hanasu damar yin karatu a lokacin daya dace sai su bata lokaci mai yawa suna wasan gem ko dadewa a yanar gizo.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Illoli Da kuma Amfanin Hasken Rana Ga Dan Adam

Kada ku manta kuyi sharing ga abokanku a social media domin suma su amfana

Kamfanin Google Ya Sayi Fitbit

2020-08-05T05:28:00.007-07:00

EU ta kaddamar da bincike kan shirin Google na sayen Fitbit kan dala biliyan 2

Wallafawa ranar: 05/08/2020 - 10:38

Wasu daga cikin na'urorin da kamfanin fasaha na Fitbit ke kerawa Hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar tarayyar Turai EU, ta kaddamar da bincike kan shirin da kamfanin fasahar sadarwa na Google ke yi na saye kamfanin Fitbit mai kera agogunan hannu masu amfani da manhajar waya kan dalar Amurka biliyan 2 da miliyan 100.

Makasudin binciken dai shi ne tantance ko cinikin zai baiwa Google wata damar da ta zarce ka’ida wajen tserewa sauran kamfanoni takwarorinsa.

A watan Nuwamban shekarar bara, kamfanin Google ya sanar da cimma yarjejeniyar saye kamfanin Fitbit dake kera agoguna masu dauke da na’urorin aiki kai tsaye da manhajojin tantance lafiyar jikin dan adam.

Sai dai shi kansa kamfanin na Google yana kera manhajojin da agogunan zamani masu dauke da fasahar tantance lafiyar jiki ke amfani da su, abinda ya sanya kungiyar kasashen Turai, bayyana damuwa kan cewar kamfanin na Google zai samu damar da ta zarce ka’ida a kasuwar fasahar sadarwa, wajen fin karfin sauran kamfanoni takwarorinsa, muddin ya mallaki rumbun fasahohin kamfanin Fitbit.

A halin yanzu hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar kasashen Turan EU na da wa’adin watanni 3, na gudanar da binciken tantance katafaren cinikin da Google ke shirin yi, wanda bayan kammala shi za ta tantance yiwuwar gindayawa kamfanin wasu ka’idoji don baiwa abokan hamayyarsa a kasuwar fasahar sadarwa kariya.

Sai dai shi kansa kamfanin na Google yana kera manhajojin da agogunan zamani masu dauke fasahar tantance lafiyar jiki ke amfani da su, abinda ya sanya kungiyar kasashen Turai, bayyana damuwa kan cewar kamfanin na Google zai samu damar da ta zarce ka’ida a kasuwar fasahar sadarwa, wajen fin karfin sauran kamfanoni takwarorinsa, muddin ya mallaki rumbun fasahohin kamfanin Fitbit.

A halin yanzu hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar kasashen Turan EU na da wa’adin watanni 3, na gudanar da binciken tantance katafaren cinikin da Google ke shirin yi, wanda bayan kammala shi za ta tantance yiwuwar gindayawa kamfanin wasu ka’idoji don baiwa abokan hamayyarsa a kasuwar fasahar sadarwa kariya.

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Illoli Da Kuma Amfanin Hasken Rana Ga Dan Adam

2019-06-15T05:04:00.004-07:00

Hasken Rana

Da yake Allah ya a jiye mu a tsakiyar duniya, kan wani guru da ya raba duniyar kashi biyu zuwa Arewa ko kuma Yamma, wanda masana taswirar duniya ke cewa "equator", dole ne mu hasken rana zai fi shafa fiye da sauran kasashe da ke nahiyoyin Arewa ko Kudu.

A irin wadannan kasashe namu da ke kan wannan guru, zafin yanayi kan kai maki 35 zuwa 45 a ma’aunin santigred.

Idan aka hada kuma da zafin Hamada ta Sahara da ke busowa daga Arewa, wadda ta fara cin wasu sassa na arewacin kasar nan, abin ya kan iya wuce misali.

Layin equator kenan cikin taswirar Duniya

Kasashen da suke sama ko kasan wannan guru na ekuator sun fi mu saukin jin zafin rana. A irin wadannan kasashe zafin rana baya wuce maki 30 zuwa 35 a ma’aunin na santigred.

To a wadannan ’yan shekaru kuma sai masu binciken yanayi suka gano ma yanayin namu kara dumama yake. Suka kara da cewa yawan hayakin masana’antu da na ababen hawa a birane yana yin illa ga wani shamaki a sararin samaniya da ke kare mu daga illar zafin rana.

Wannan shamaki da suka kira ozone layer yana karewa a hankali a hankali. Wasu daga cikinsu sun tabbatar da cewa rabon da a yi zafi irin na wadannan shekaru a irin kasashenmu ya kai shekaru talatin. Su kuma kasashe masu sanyi, suna samun rikicewar yanayi, daga karuwar sanyi zuwa karuwar ruwan sama wanda kan haddasa ambaliya.

Shamakin Ozone layer kewaye da Duniya, yana baiwa duniya kariya daga tsananin zafin rana.

A cewarsu, dumamar yanayi ce ke sa yanayin zafi yake ta karuwa a kasashe masu zafi kuma na sanyi yake ta karuwa a wurare masu sanyi. Yanayin zafi zai iya yin illa ga lafiya idan ya yi yawa, idan ba a dauki matakan kariya ba, kamar yadda yanayin sanyi sosai kan yi wa jiki illa idan ba a dauki matakan kariya ba. Zai iya kawo wata matsala a likitance ake kira heat stroke wato bugun rana.

A wannan yanayi maimakon jiki ya yi zafi kamar na zazzabi, an fi samun kwakwalwa ce kawai take daukar zafi, idan abin ya yi mata yawa sai ta dan dakata da aiki, shi ya sa a kan samu suma, amma da jiki ya bar zafin sai ta dawo.

Ya kamata kuma mu san cewa ba zafin rana ne kawai ke nan zai iya kawo wannan matsala ba, duk wani wuri da mutum zai shiga ya sha zafi abin zai iya karuwa.

Misali, a kan samu haka a ma’aikatan gidan buredi saboda zafin wurin ko na kamfanoni wadanda injinansu kan yawan daukar zafi.

Alamomin da mutum zai ji a yanayi na zafi sun hada da:

Madarar sinadarin hasken rana

(1) Yawan bushewar baki da makogwaro.

(2) Yawan zufa.

(3) Fitowar kurajen gumi musamman ga yara kanana.

(4) Dusashewar fata wato duhun fata.

(5) Yawan ciwon kai.

(6) Karancin fitsari ko kuma canjin kalar fitsari zuwa ruwan dorawa.

Amma idan tsananin ya yi yawa, kwakwalwa ta kasa daukar zafin yanayin, a kan samu alamu na wannan tsanani kamar haka:

👉 – Bayan ciwon kai sai a samu gigicewa.

👉 – Ba za kuma a ga zufa ba, tunda ruwan jiki ya kusa karewa.

👉 – A wasu lokutan ana iya suma musamman ma ga yara.

👉 – Baki da Lebba za su yi fari fat.

👉 – Jin muguwar kishirwa.

Hanyoyin kariya daga wannan yanayi.

Tasirin hasken rana

1. ► Yana da kyau mutum ya rika sa kaya marasa nauyi kuma masu haske ba masu duhu ba, domin kaya masu haske suna rage yawan zafin da ke shiga jiki ta fatarmu, haka kuma kaya masu duhu su kan kara wa fatarmu jin zafin rana.

Shi ya sa za a ga mutan da suna yawan sa ’yar shara fara a yanayi irin na zafi.

2. ► A guji yawo ko motsa jiki cikin rana sai dai can da yamma ko da sassafe lokacin da babu zafin rana sosai.

3. ► Idan ta kama sai an shiga rana yana da kyau mutum ya rike lema ko ya sa hula malafa wadda za ta yi masa inuwa. Mutane da yawa sun fi rike lema a yayin da ake ruwa saboda gudun bugun ruwa, amma da mutum ya san illar da zafin rana take ga jikinsa da zai rika amfani da lema a cikin rana ma.

4. ► A rika ajiyewa ko tafiya da ruwa mai sanyi a kusa domin a rika sha a kai-a kai.

5. ► Kamar kuma yadda wasu da yawa suke tambayar amfanin na’uraur sanyaya wuri, to a irin wannan yanayi a gidajenmu da wuraren ayyukanmu wannan na’ura tana matukar taimakawa kwarai da gaske wajen sanyaya wuri da jiki ma baki daya.

6. ► Idan babu irin wannan na’ura a kan samu fanka, wadda a yanzu a kan samu mai caji ko rike wuta a batir ko da ba a samun isasshiyar wutar lantarki.

7. ► A guji fita da yara unguwa ko cefane a irin wannan yanayi. A kuma lura idan an fita da su, a daina barin su a mota idan za a fita, don kada zafin mota ya buge su. Ana yawan kawo irin wadannan yaran da aka bari cikin mota suka suma asibiti a lokutan zafi.

8. ► Yana da kyau idan an shiga rana a yanayi mai zafi, da an dawo gida a watsa ruwa mai dan sanyi a jiki, don kwakwalwa ta huce.

9. ► Idan mutum yana aiki a wuri mai zafi kamar gidan biredi ko kamfani inda injina ke zafi ko wadanda ke karkashin kasa wajen hakar ma’adinai, dole yan nemi yanayi da zai saukaka zafin kamar na’urar sanyaya wuri da maka-makan tagogi da sauran dabarun sanyaya wurin.

Amfanin hasken Rana ga dan Adam

Yadda hasken rana ke amfani ga tsirrai

Haka zalika idan muka dawo ta wani bangare amfanin hasken rana yafi illarsa yawa, idan mukayi la'akari da gudummawar da hasken rana ke badawa, atakaice dai dan Adam ba zai iya rayuwa mai inganci ba ba tare da hasken rana ba kasancewar akwai sinadarai na musamman da muke samu daga hasken rana wadanda su suke taimakawa kwayoyin halittun dake cikin fatar jikunanmu wadanda suke bamu kariya da kamuwa daga cututtuka masu yawa.

Hasken rana shi yake ratsa sassan jikinmu har jini yake samun gudana, a misali da ace babu hasken rana a duniya to da jini zai daskare ne a jikinmu bazai iya gudana ba.

Yadda hasken rana ke ratsa cikin tsirrai

Bayan haka idan muka zo fannin tsirrai da bishiyoyi to lallai a wannan fagen hasken rana ke taka rawarsa kasancewar bishiyoyi da ganyaye suna karbar sinadrin chlorophyll daga hasken rana, shi yasa har kake ganin ciyawa ko ganye ya zama kore, wanda badan hasken rana ba to da ganye ko ciyawa bai zama kore ba.

Haka zalika hasken rana shi yake tallafawa tsirai su kasance cikin yanayi managarci, idan har tsiro ya rasa hasken rana to zai kasance mai rauni kuma zai kasance siriri ta yadda bazai iya amfanuwa ba kwata-kwata.

Yadda karancin hasken rana ya raunana tsirrai

A misali koda acikin gona ne kayi la'akari da shukar data ratsa ta karkashin bishiya mai inuwa zakaga yadda tsirran dake cikin inuwa suke zama a sanadiyar rashin samun ingantaccen hasken rana. Godiya ta tabbata ga Allah mahaliccin rana.

Amfanin Sinadrin Vitamin D

Amfanin hasken rana bai tsaya ga tsirrai ba ko bishiyoyi, hatta rayuwar dan Adam zata tagayyara matukar ya rasa hasken rana, haka zalika sauran dabbobi su ma suna bukatar hasken rana domin samun ingantacciyar rayuwa.

Yanzu dai ga misalin irin sinadarin da fatar dan Adam ke zukowa daga hasken rana. Wannan sinadari kuwa shine Vitamin D

Sinadarin vitamin D da ake samu daga hasken rana yana da muhammanci ga lafiyar kasusuwan mutum, amma kuma yana da amfani wajen inganta garkuwar jiki.

A wani sharhi da aka wallafa a mujallar lafiya ta Birtaniya, ya ce ya kamata a rika cin abinci mai dauke da sinadarin Vitamin D.

Sinadarin Vitamin D daga hasken rana

Garkuwar jiki na amfani da sinadarin Vitamnin D wajen samar da halittar da ke kashe kwayoyin cuta da ke haddasa rami a kwayoyin cututtuka na Bacteria da Virus.

Amma da yake ana samar da Vitamin D a fatar mutum ne a lokacin da yake rana, mutane da dama suna da karancin sinadarin a lokacin hunturu.

Gwaje-gwaje da dama da mutane suka yi wajen yin amfanin da mangunan da zai samar da sinadarin Vitamin D domin kare kansu daga kamuwa da cututtuka ya haifar da sakamako mai rudani.

Sakamakon hakan ne yasa masu binciken suka fito da kididdigar mutane 11,321 daga gwaje-gwaje daban-daban domin su samu kwakkwarar amsa.

Tawagar jami'ar Queen Mary da ke London, ta duba kwayoyin cututtuka da ke da alaka da sanyi, wadanda ke haddasa cututtuka kama daga kan mura zuwa ciwon sanyi.

Binciken ya ce mutum daya zai iya kubuta daga kwayoyin cuta a cikin ko wacce kwayar Vitamin D 33 da aka sha.

Hakan ya fi inganci a kan rigakafin mura, wanda ke bukatar sai an magance na mutum 40 domin kare mutum guda daga kamuwa da shi, duk da dai kamuwa da sanyi yafi azaba sosaifiye da murar da aka saba yi.

Mutanen da ke shan kwayar kullum ko kuma duk mako sun fi cin moriyarsa a kan wadanda suke sha duk wata da kuma ma wadannan da ma can suke da karancin sinadarin a jikinsu.

Yadda ake samar da wutar lantarki da amfani da makamashin hasken rana

Yadda hasken rana ke zama makamashin lantarki

Amfanin hasken rana ya fadada musamman a wannan karni na

Kimiyya da fasaha wani abu ne da ba yadda mutum zai rayu a ce bai amfana da shi ko ta yaya ba.

Wannan amfanin kuwa ya hada da fannoni daban daban na rayuwa kama daga abinci da mu ke ci har izuwa da magunguna da mu ke sha a asibitocinmu.

To a fannin wutan lantarki, wadda dama ya samo asali ne daga kimiyya da fasahan, yanzu an samu cigaba ta yadda ake iya mai da hasken rana zuwa wutan lantarkin da taimakon shi dai cigaban kimiyya da fasahar. Amma ya abin ya ke ne?

Babu shakka hanyar amfani da hasken rana wajen samar da wutan lantarki shi ake ta faman ya yi a gidaje da asibitoci da dai sauran gurare domin samun wutan lantarki na bukatun yau da kullum.

Shi irin wannan wutan lantarki na hasken rana ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar amfani da wani sinadari wanda ake kiransa da suna silicon.

Hakika ana amfani da silicon sau dayawa wajen hada na'uran dake samar da wutan lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana.

Faifan silicon mai zuko hasken rana

Shi wannan silicon jama'a sun san shi musamman ma wadanda suka yi karatun chemistry, akan sinadari ne wanda yana cikin rukuni na hudu, wato group 4 element.

Haka kuma duk wani element dake cikin group 4 babu shakka ana kiransa da suna "metalloid."

Silicon yana da wasu halaye tattare dashi, musamman wajen hada kayan cikin na'uran lantarki domin yana taka rawan gani.

Mota mai amfani da hasken rana

Daga lokacin da hasken Rana ya haska shi wannan sinadari mai suna silicon, to sai electrons, wato kwayoyin halittun wutan lantarki dake cikinsa, wadanda zamu iya kiransu a matsayin 'charges,' sai su fara kokarin motsi daga wuri zuwa wuri, wato suna moving from one point to another point.

Irin wannan halaye da yake dashi shine sai ake amfani dashi arufe shi da gilashi ta yadda da zaran hasken Rana ya haska wannan silicon sai charges din da suke jikinsa su fara yunkurin tafiya.

A wannan lokacin akan sanya waya wanda wutan charges din zasu bi kuma shine zai zama wutar lantarki.

Karamar tochila mai amfani da hasken rana

Gwargwadon yanayin hasken rana shine gwargwadon karfin wutan lantarki da za a iya samu daga solar. Yawanci akan yi amfani da batura wanda zasu yi caji a jikin abin solar din ta yadda idan dare yayi baturan zasu baka wuta mai karfi wanda zai isheka bukatunka.

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Koyi Yadda Ake Kiwon Kaji A Zamanance

2019-06-08T15:48:00.022-07:00

kajin Gidan gona

Yau za mu kawo muku bayani a kan yadda ake kiwon kajin da aka fi sani da kajin gidan gona, ma’ana kajin Turawa, wato Broilers da Layers a harshen Ingilishi.

Kiwon kaji ya samu karbuwa a ‘yan shekarun nan saboda alhairin da ake samu a gudanar da shi, saukin lamarin kuma shi ne kowane bangare na al’umma na iya fadawa harkar kiwon kaji ba tare da an samu wani horo na musamman ba, abin nufi a nan shi ne za ka samu matashi mace ko namiji in dai ya yi himma to zai iya samun dukkan alhairin da ake samu a kiwon kaji.

Asalin fasahar Kajin zamani (agric)

Fasahar inganta kiwon kajin zamani ta samo asali ne ganin yadda yawan al’ummar duniya ke bunkasa, wanda kai tsaye ke nuna karuwar bukatar abinci da nama a tsakankanin jama'a.

A bangare guda kuma ta dalilin yadda ilimi ke kara habbaka da saukaka, shi ne ya sa masu ruwa-da-tsaki a harkar dabbobi kamar Malaman noma da kimiyyar halittu, da kuma Likitocin dabbobi (Animal Scientists, Agric Engineers, Animal Doctors, Genetic Engineers etc), suka zauna suka tattauna a kan yadda za’a inganta kiwon kajinmu na gida, su zama suna kwai a kowane lokaci, kuma suna saurin girma a kankanen lokaci ta yadda za’a sami isasshen kwai da nama ga al’ummar duniya.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Haske a mahangar kimiyya

Wannan kuwa fasahar ta fara samuwa ne a kasashen da suka cigaba musamman kasashen Turai da Amurka fiye da shekaru dari da suka wuce.

A sakamakon haka, an samu ci gaba sosai a harkar kiwon kaji da sauran tsuntsaye da ma dabbobi gaba daya.

Yanzu alkaluma sun nuna cewa, sama da kaji biliyan hamsin ake kiwatawa a duniya duk shekara.

Nijeriya kuma na sahun gaba a Afirka wajen harkar kiwon kaji da tsuntsaye.

Rabe-Raben Kajin Turawa

Za a iya kasa kajin gidan gona ta la’akari da amfaninsu kamar haka:

1. Kajin kwai ko Layers :

Layers kenan

Layers sune wadanda ake renonsu daga rana ta farko har tsawon sati 16-18 kuma sukan fara saka kwai a tsakanin sati na 16 zuwa 20.

Suna cigaba da yin kwai har shekara daya ko daya da rabi, in dai akwai kula sosai suna iya kai wa fiye da haka.

2. Kajin nama ko Broilers:

Broiler kenan

Sune Wadanda ake renonsu har tsawon sati 7, 8 ko sati 10 gwargwadon yadda mai kiwo ya bayar da dama.

A wannan lokacin ake sayar da su a kasuwa. Galibi ana kiwatasu ne don namansu.

3. Kwankwaras ko (Cockerels)

namijin cockerel kenan

Wadannan su ne mazajen layers masu kwai. Kwankwaras su ne wadanda kamfanin kyankyasa baya bukatarsu sosai, saboda da haka ake sayar da su da matukar araha, su ma suna daukar sati 16-20, kafin su girma.

Kuma sun hada da launin farare da bakake masu dishin-dishin fari ko wake-wake.

Yadda za a yi kiwon kaji ba tare da samun matsala ba

Kajin zamani suna son tsafta

Domin kiwon kaji na tattare da matsaloli da daman gaske, yawan asarar da ake tafkawa ya sa mutane da dama ke gudun shiga harkar kiwon kaji, amma wadanda suka jure matsalolin da a kan fuskanta a kiwon kaji suna bayar da labarai masu dadin ji a kan alkhairin da suke samu a harkar kiwon kaji.

Domin karfafa gwiwa ga masu hankoron fada wa kiwon kaji, mun dan tsakuro maku wasu matakai masu mahimmanci da ya kamata mai sha’awar fara kiwon kaji yakamata ya bi domin samun alkhairin da ke ciki . Matakan sun hada da:

(i) Shawarar irin kajin da kake son fara kiwo

A nan yana da matukar mahimmanci kasan wadanne irin kaji kake da sha’awar fara kiwo, kuma mene ne makasudinka na shiga harkar kiwon, kana son mai kwai ne ko domin nama ko kuma zaka yi ne domin kaci kai da iyalinka?

Sanin wadannan bayanai, yana da mahimmanci, da yawa wasu na shiga harkar kiwon kaji ne ba tare da sun san ainihin abin da suke so ba.

(ii) Zana bangaren da Kake Son ka shahara a kai

Bazai yiwu ka mamaye dukkan bangaren da ya shafi harkar kiwon kaji da muke da shi ba, akwai bukatar ka zayyana bangaren da kake son ka bayar da karfinka a kai, yin haka kuma zai taimaka sosai ya ba ka damar da zaka amfana da kuma sanin bangarori da dama da ya shafi bangaren da ka zaba.

Saboda haka bayan ka tanaji kajinka kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, daga irin tanajin da kayi zaka san irin kalar abincin da ya kamata kaba su.

Wadanda za a yi kiwonsu domin a samu kwai abincinsu daban da wanda ake bukatar nama daga gare su.

Sannan kaji na bukatar kulawa ta musamman ta hanyar tsaftace gurin kiwo da basu magunguna da wadatatccen abinci.

Shirye-shiyen fara kiwon kaji kowane iri

Kalli wannan bidiyo dake kasa zai taimaka maka sosai wajen fara kiwon kajin gidan gona cikin sauki

A lura da kyau wannan tsarin ana yi wa kowanne kiwon kaji ko ne misali Broilers da layers da noilers da brahma da kajin gida da talotalo da sauran su.

Da farko dole kana bukatar inda za a ajiye su. DAKI KO KEJI.

In keji ne dole ya zamana an yi shi da inganci kuma wadatacce ta yadda hannunka zai kai ko’ina ba tare da matsala ba.

In daki ne ya zama yana da wadataccen hanyoyin iska ta ko'ina.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Abubuwan da yakamata kasani game da fasahar IoT

Shirye-shiyen zuwan kaji

Kafin a je a yi “booking” kaji a wajen diloli ko kamfanin samar da kaji ya kamata a tanadi wasu muhimman abubuwa…

Me za a tanada?

Wadannan abubuwan sune kamar haka:

(1) Abin shan ruwan kananan kaji (Chick drinkers)

(2) Abincin su (chick feeders)

(3) Jarida (newspapers)

(4) Fitilar kwai (lanterns) ko risho (Stove) ko gawayi (Charcoal)

(5) Kwali

(6) Kashin kafinta (wood shaving) ko garin katako ko buntun shinkafa (rice husk)

Bayan an tanadi wadannan kayan an ajiye. Sai a je a yi “booking” a wajen dilolin kaji na gaskiya kowanne irin kaji ne. Za a ba ka rasit kuma a fada maka ranar da za kaje ka dauka. Baya wuce kwana bakwai. Kwana uku ko biyu kafin zuwan kaji

A lura da kyau:
👇

Wannan gabar ita ce kashin-bayan kiwon kaji.

In aka samu matsala a wannan gabar to komai ya lalace!

Za a tanadi fitila wato joni ko duk wani abu da za a haska dakin da shi.

Da kuma Silifa wanda za a rika shiga dakin kajin da shi. Ba a shiga da takalmin da ake amfani da shi yau da kullum.

Sai safar hannu wato ta asibiti (glove)

Duk ana bukatar su a dakin kaji.

Kuma kofar dakin kajin dole ta kalli Kudu ko Arewa. Ba a so rana tana haska cikin dakin ko kejin.

Kwana uku ko biyu kafin zuwan kaji

Za a wanke dakin sosai za a yi amfani da kowanne irin maganin kwari. In an wanke za a bar dakin a bude ya sha iska sosai amma kar a bari bera da kadangaru su shiga.A

Kwana biyu ko daya kafin zuwan kaji

wanke duk abubuwan shan ruwansu da na cin abincinsu (a kula kar a yi amfani da sabulu ko omo) a wanke abubuwan da ruwa a sa hannu kadai ya wadatar. A shanya su a rana.

Awa biyu ko daya kafin zuwan kaji

Sai a shiga dakin a buga kwalayen a gewayen dakin.

Sannan sai a zuba kashin kafintan ko abinda aka tanada. Sai a shimfida jaridar nan a cikin dakin; a tabbatar an rufe ko’ina saboda ba a so kajin suna cin diddigar katakon; za a iya likewa da koko mai siga

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Cututtukan Dake Addabar Kaji Da Maganinsu

Daga nan sai a kawo kayayyakin reno ( brooding equipment). Kananan kaji da aka kyankyasa a ranar suna bukatar dumin da ya kai 35.5 centigrade. Shine dumin da iyayensu in sun kyankyashe za a ga suna rufe su da gashinsu don ba su wannan dumin.

Za a yi amfani da fitilar kwai guda uku shine zai ba kaji dai-dai wannan dumin. Ko a yi amfani da risho biyu shima zai yi wa kaji Dari dai-dai amma kar a bari ya yi hayaki.

Yadda ake rataye fitila ko kwan lantarki a dakin kaji

Ko wutar lantarki kwai mai 100 watt bulb guda biyu zai ba kaji Dari wannan dumin. Ko gawayi a sa shi a kasko ko wani mazubi. Da gawayi da risho za a dora su akan abu mai tudu wanda kajin ba za su tarar ba.

Haka fitilar kwai da kwan wutar lantarki za a rataye su yadda kajin ba za su tarar da shi ba.

Awa daya kafin dauko kaji

A tabbatar an sa duk abin dumama daki kuma yana aiki yadda ya kamata.

Dauko kaji: a je a dauko kaji da safe ko da Yamma kar a yarda a dauko su da rana.

Isowar kaji: In an zo da kajin sai a bude su a kwalin daga kofar dakin nasu sai a zuba ana kirga su. Da zarar an gama a yi nesa da kwalin ko ma a kone shi ya fi.

Sai a sa musu ruwan sha amma za a yi amfani da kowanne irin “anti stress” ana samun sa a kowanne shagon sayar da magungunan dabbobi.

Ko a zuba musu “Glucose D”

Ko a zuba musu siga a maimakon “anti stress” duk amfanin su daya ne.

In za a yi amfani da “Glucose D” sachet daya ya ishi lita hudu na ruwan shansu. (abin shan ruwan kananan kaji lita hudu yake ci)

Sai a zuba musu abinci in kajin broilers ne a ba su BROILERS STARTER in kuma Layers ne a zuba musu CHICK MASH.

A kula a zuba musu abinci biyu bisa uku na muzubin abincinsu (feeder)

Sai a tsaya a kalle su da kyau a ga ya yanayinsu yake.

Wacce Illa Dumamar Yanayi Ke Yiwa Gonakin Kaji

Yadda Ake Hada Abincin Kaji

Cututtukan Dake Addabar Kaji Da Maganinsu

Gudunmawar Kimiyya A Fannin Kiwon Kaji

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Ta yaya muke iya gani da idanuwa

Kimiyya Da Fasaha Ina Aka Kwana A Nigeria

2019-06-01T04:32:00.002-07:00

Ilimin Fasaha da Inji Mai Kwakwalwa A Nigeria

A Najeriya kamar a wasu kasashen Afirka an dukufa wajen samar da tsarin ilimin inji mai sarrafa kansa da zai taimaka wa yara su fahimci ilimin fasaha.

Tsarin inji mai kwakwalwa da ke iya sarrafa kansa da ake kira Robot, ta hanyar amfani da na'urar kwamfuta, wani tsari ne da ake son amfani da shi ga tafiyar da tsarin ilimi a mafi yawa daga cikin kasashen nahiyar Afrika.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Haske a mahangar kimiyya

Sai dai hakan bai samu ba sakamakon rashin kayayyakin fasaha. A Najeriya ma ana ta kokarin samar da tsarin wanda kuma zai taimaka wa yara su fahimci ilimin fasaha a nan gaba.

An yi gwajin wani inji mai kwakwalwa da ke iya sarrafa kansa a wata cibiya da ke a jihar Lagos ta Tarayyar Najeriya inda ake koya wa yara yadda za su hada injin.

Fasaha mai muhimmanci ga inganta ilimin yara Kalu Chidebere Kalu wani yaro dan shekaru 16 da haihuwa da ya kirkiri wannan inji ya bayyana cewar wannan fasahar na da muhimmanci tare da kuma yadda yake gudanar da aikin. "Kamar yadda ka ga yana tafiya haka zai ta tafiya da kansa ba tare da wani na jan akalarsa ba.

A takaice dai da kansa yake iya tafiya, kuma yana tafiya da kayan da ya dauka tare da ajiye su a inda aka umarce shi ya ajiye."

Shi dai wannan shirin manufar ita ce 'yan makarantun gaba da Firamare su samu kwarewa a kansa kuma zai taimaka wa dalibai musamman wadanda suka fito daga gidajen marasa galihu, haka kuma zai iya canja rayuwarsu ta wannan fanni.

Nakaltar ilimin inji mai sarrafa kansa Daya daga cikin wadanda suka amfana da shirin Okeke Desmond, ya bayyana cewar a shirye yake ya yi amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa wajan samar da wani tsari da ake bukata wajan sarrafa inji mai kwakwalwa da ka iya sarrafa kansa.

"Tsintar kaina da na yi a cikin shirin ya bani damar sanin ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa sosai, wadda kuma take taka muhimmiyar rawa wajan sanin ilimin.

Haka kuma na samu kwarewa a kan siddabarun kwamfuta wanda kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin shika-shikan tsarin." Desiree Craig wata jami'a ce a cibiyar koyar da shirin ta bayyana cewar tsarin ka iya canja rayuwar yara, wadanda za su yi amfani da abin da suka koya wajan kawo cigaba mai ma'ana a fannin tsarin kimiyya da fasahar Najeriya a nan gaba.

"Ta wannan shirin na sanin ilimin inji mai kwakwalwa da ka iya sarrafa kansa ake kokarin cusa wa yara dalibai wata akida da za ta taimaka ta fannin fasahohin cigaban kasar u kai har ma da duniya baki daya."

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Cikakken bayani game da Na'ura mai kwakwalwa

Matukar dai al'amarin ya bibiyin yara masu tasowa, Najeriya za ta zama mai alfahari.

Abin da kawai ya rage wa kasar shi ne ta yi kokarin dawo da 'yan kasar kwararru ta fannin kimiyya da fasaha da suka yi kaka-gida a kasashen duniya ta yadda za su taimaka mata don cimma burin da aka sanya a gaba.

Madogara: DW

Me cece Tauraruwa Mai Wutsiya?

2019-05-31T17:20:00.000-07:00

Tauraruwa mai wutsiya

A kimiyyance tauraruwa mai wutsiya wata irin tauraruwa ce wanda ta samu ne ta sanadiyyar dunkulalliyar kankara da shekin kura (dust) da baraguzan duwatsu da kuma wasu sinadaran iskar gas irinsu carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, da ammonia.

Wannan halitta mai kama da kwallo mai cin wuta (snowballs) ta kasance tana tashi a sararin samaniya tana ratsawa ta kusa da rana, yayin da ta kusanci rana sai zafin rana ya dumama jikinta wanda hakan ke bata damar narkewa sai ta rika fesar da wani gas wanda yake zama tamkar wutsiya. Wannan shi ake kira outgassing a harshen Ingilishi.

Amma idan har tayi nesa da rana sosai to wutsiyar bata bayyana, kasancewar dama zafin rana ne silar narkewar sinadaran nucleus dake gareta har wutsiya ta samu bayyana.

Wannan shine dalilin da yasa daga duniya muke iya ganin tauraruwa mai wutsiya ta gifta, kuma taurari masu wutsiya sun kasu gida biyu akwai masu cin dogon zango (long-period comet) da kuma masu cin gajeren zango kafin su zagaye rana (short-period comet).

Tauraruwa mai cin dogon zango takan kwashe shekaru kusan 200 kafin ta zagaye rana a cikin shataletalenta (orbit) amma mai gajeren zango takan bayyana cikin yan shekaru kalilan.

Masana ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya sun hakikance cewa tauraruwa mai cin dogon zango ta samo asali ne daga cincirindon giza-gizai na Oort cloud wanda yake gefen duniyoyin cikin falaki (edge of our solar system) amma ita kuwa mai cin gajeren zango ta samo asali ne daga baraguzan dake ballewa daga duniyar Kuiper Belt ko duniyar Pluto, abubuwa da dama sukan balle daga wadannan duniyoyi yayin da aka samu wani sauyin yanayi wato (gravitational changes) a cikinsu.

Tauraruwa mai wutsiya, mai cin dogon zango (long-period comet)

Alal misali akwai wata tauraruwa mai wutsiya mai cin dogon zango mai suna Hyakutake ta bayyana tun a shekarar 1996 shafin Space.com da NASA sun bayyana cewa wannan tauraruwa zata dauki lokaci mai tsawo kusan kimamin shekaru 14,000 nan gaba kafin ta sake bayyana, kodayake dai alkaluman lissafin zasu iya raguwa ko karuwa a bisa hasashen.

Akwai kuma wata tauraruwa mai suna Halley wannan sananniyar tauraruwa ce tana daga cikin gungun taurari masu cin gajeren zango wanda kwata-kwata shekaru 75 ko 76 take dauka kafin ta gama zagaye shataletalen falaki (orbit)

Tauraruwa mai wutsiya, mai cin gajeren zango (short-period comet)

Haka zalika dangin taurari masu wutsiya masu gajeren zango sun kasu gida biyu akwai Halley-type comets da kuma Jupiter-type comets kamar yadda aka bayyana a shafin NASA.

Siffar tauraruwa mai wutsiya

Tauraruwa mai wutsiya yayin da take narkewa a sararin samaniya

Fasalinta kamar mulmulalliyar kwallo mai ci da wuta haka mai kallo zai hangeta yayin da take cillawa cikin falaki. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata abubuwan da suka hadu aka sami tauraruwa mai wutsiya sune kankara, shekin kura (dust) da kuma duwatsu su suka hadu aka sami gangar jinkinta mai kunshe da sinadarin nucleus, hasken rana shi yake haddasa narkewarta yayin da wutsiya zata bayyana Sakamakon narkewar gas dake gareta.

Ginshikin jikinta sinadarin nucleus ne wanda girmansa ya wuce kima bayan wasu gaggan sinadarai masu yawa dake cikin wannan halitta mai ban al'ajabi.

Shin taurari masu wutsiya suna da adadi a cikin sararin samaniya

A'a, gungun taurari masu wutsiya ba zasu kidayu ba a sararin samaniya, hatta masana ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya sun tabbatar cewa babu yadda za a iya tantance adadin taurari masu wutsiya, mafi akasarinsu ba a iya ganinsu ma daga nan duniyarmu wasu kuma daga cikinsu har sai an yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta telescope sa'annan a ke iya ganinsu daga duniyarmu.

Tarihin tauraruwa mai wutsiya

Shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata, mutane basu hakikance mecece tauraruwa mai wutsiya ba kuma basu fahimci ta ya ya take tafiya a sararin samaniya ba. Sai dai al'ummomi da dama da suka shude da irin fahimtar da suka yi game da tauraruwa mai wutsiya.

Alal misali al'umar Hausawa sun fahimci tauraruwa mai wutsiya a matsayin wata irin tauraruwa ce mai ban al'ajabi kasancewar tasha banban da sauran taurarin dake sararin samaniya.

A kasar Hausa an gano cewa ita tauraruwa mai wutsiya tana da siffa wadda ya dace da sunan da aka lakaba mata saboda ita tauraruwa ce da a ke cilla ta a sararin samaniya daga wani sashe zuwa wani sashe a sararin samaniya bisa kudirar Allah mahalicci.

Sai dai duk da haka akwai canfe-canfe na musamman da a ke alakantawa da ita, an sha yin bayanai akanta tun zamanin baya har zuwa wannan zamani da muke ciki.

Al'umar Hausawa dai sun bayyana cewa idan har aka ga tauraruwa mai wutsiya ta gitta to wai akwai wani mummunan abu da zai faru shi yasa ma har kirari a ke ma ta "tauraruwa mai wutsiya ganinki ba alheri ba"

Wadannan canfe-canfe gami da siffanta tauraruwa mai wutsiya ba al'umar Hausawa ne kadai ke yi ba kusan duk kabilun duniya da yadda tunaninsu yake darsuwa a lamarin wannan tauraruwa mai abin al'ajabi. Misali idan mu kayi duba zuwa al'umar kasar Sin su ma tunaninsu iri daya ne da al'umar Hausawa wato su na kwatanta tauraruwa mai wutsiya da alamar faruwar annoba.

To amma kasancewar yanzu zamani ne na kimiyya tsantsa mafi akasarin jama'a sun sauya tunaninsu a game da tauraruwa mai wutsiya da abinda ta kunsa. Yanzu an fahimci yadda take da yadda take kasancewa a cikin sararin samaniya ta fuskar kimiyyar zamani.

References
The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. 26. The Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1920. pp. 162–163.
^ Greenberg, J. Mayo (1998). "Making a comet nucleus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 330: 375. Bibcode:1998A&A...330..375G.
^ "Dirty Snowballs in Space". Starryskies. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ "Evidence from ESA's Rosetta Spacecraft Suggests that Comets are more "Icy Dirtball" than "Dirty Snowball"". Times Higher Education. 21 October 2005.
^ ^a ^b Clavin, Whitney (10 February 2015). "Why Comets Are Like Deep Fried Ice Cream". NASA. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
^ Meech, M. (24 March 1997). "1997 Apparition of Comet Hale–Bopp: What We Can Learn from Bright Comets". Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
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Wani Shirgegen Dutse Ya Gitta Ta Saman Duniya

2019-05-31T07:00:00.001-07:00

Wani shirgegen dutse mai girman kilomita biyu da digo bakwai ya mirgina ya wuce duniyar Bil’Adama.

Dutsen da aka lakabawa suna mai lambar 1998 QE2 bai yi barazana ga duniyarmu ba domin nisan ta inda ya wuce da duniyar mutum kusan kilomita milyan uku ne, kamar nisan duniya zuwa wata har sau 15.

Masana kimiyya da suke aiki a hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta Amurka suka ce sunan da aka lakabawa wannan dutsen bashi da wata dangantaka da wani abu a doron kasa.

Sunayen da ake baiwa irin wadan nan duwatsu sun hada harda shekarar da aka fara gano su, da wata da kuma wace rana a cikin watan da aka gano shi.

Labaran irin wannan gilmawar suna taimakawa wajen kara fadakarda jama’a irin wadannan duwatsu da suke wucewa kusa da duniyar mutum.