<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660</id><updated>2026-02-26T20:43:28.089-08:00</updated><category term="Mekanika Tanah"/><category term="Mekanika Batuan"/><category term="Pengolahan Bahan Galian"/><category term="Batu Bara"/><category term="Download"/><category term="Pertanian"/><category term="Petrologi"/><category term="Sistem Informasi Geografis"/><category term="Teknik Pemboran"/><category term="Teknik Terowongan"/><category term="Genesa Bahan Galian"/><category term="Geologi Struktur"/><category term="Stratigrafi"/><category term="Teknik Pemetaan"/><title type='text'>PERTAMBANGAN</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><author><name>Ina Masyarakat Belajar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15911493744823176556</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>45</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-5173301751877295237</id><published>2018-10-25T04:46:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-25T04:46:41.849-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Batuan"/><title type='text'>Perilaku Batuan (Mekanika Batuan)</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Perilaku Batuan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/aside&gt;Batuan mempunyai perilaku (behaviour) yang berbeda-beda pada saat menerima beban. Perilaku batuan ini dapat ditentukan antara lain dilaboratorium dengan pengujian kuat tekan. Dari hasil pengujian dapat dibuat kurva tegangan-regangan, kurva “creep” dari pengujian dengan tegangan konstan, kurva “creep” dari pengujian dengan regangan konstan. Dengan mengamati kurva-kurva tersebut dapat ditentukan perilaku dari batuan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4aPvmNFOLg2qkPL4Tk_5J0P93_A8zHqfpKPNadGoz5_B15A5YfRI32kCrdsLKVSKrK71w8LisP_T32mH3jPgVfMDw38mwIkp3WMcgLNoj9aus9H8jmZExLngR-LiBLPC1ZqtdXA5Be507/s1600/Prilaku+Batuan+-+Mekanika+Batuan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;960&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4aPvmNFOLg2qkPL4Tk_5J0P93_A8zHqfpKPNadGoz5_B15A5YfRI32kCrdsLKVSKrK71w8LisP_T32mH3jPgVfMDw38mwIkp3WMcgLNoj9aus9H8jmZExLngR-LiBLPC1ZqtdXA5Be507/s400/Prilaku+Batuan+-+Mekanika+Batuan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan sedang melakukan penelitian tehadap prilaku batuan, Lokasi Parapat, Sumatera Utara.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elastik.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perilaku batuan dikatakan elastik (linier maupun non linier) jika tidak terjadi permanen pada saat tegangan dibuat nol.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ8IJQXHxMdkz9lpx4yDTjEFH5VTSwjT7-jRk4JQJWwiDiaxXZoPTFmXpHqD_Dn3oXsEonjv7Ky_5tdZtwJt9sqIw5JWsgcrqfVO6TibLKry4rujL0RO9T6jCEEGAw_0JSpwwpQZIvpwh0/s1600/Kurva+tegangan-regangan+dan+regangan-waktu+untuk+Perilaku+batuan+elastik+linier+dan+elastik+non+linier.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;158&quot; data-original-width=&quot;546&quot; height=&quot;115&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ8IJQXHxMdkz9lpx4yDTjEFH5VTSwjT7-jRk4JQJWwiDiaxXZoPTFmXpHqD_Dn3oXsEonjv7Ky_5tdZtwJt9sqIw5JWsgcrqfVO6TibLKry4rujL0RO9T6jCEEGAw_0JSpwwpQZIvpwh0/s400/Kurva+tegangan-regangan+dan+regangan-waktu+untuk+Perilaku+batuan+elastik+linier+dan+elastik+non+linier.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 1. Kurva tegangan-regangan dan regangan-waktu untuk Perilaku batuan elastik linier dan elastik non linier&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elasto Plastik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Plastisitas adalah karateristik batuan yang mengijinkan regangan (deformasi) permanen yang besar sebelum batuan tersebut hancur (failure). Perilaku batuan sebenarnya yang diperoleh dari pengujian kuat tekan digambarkan oleh BIENIAWSKI seperti pada Gambar 5. Pada tahap awal&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBL07Zjw7I97Zcd7CZejLaigPzYJcP0RJjDW-eMww5ch0Y7DcvbEgBHt2KrLFKN67gbXA5pdIUGFqVAx_pKm1915nFlHq46-vrljVWuibOqd7u0VcuiP3yC_iM6yDKoyg4JcVjssZe66X9/s1600/Kurva+tegangan-regangan+dan+regangan+waktu+untuk+Perilaku+batuan+elasto+plastik.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;180&quot; data-original-width=&quot;546&quot; height=&quot;131&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBL07Zjw7I97Zcd7CZejLaigPzYJcP0RJjDW-eMww5ch0Y7DcvbEgBHt2KrLFKN67gbXA5pdIUGFqVAx_pKm1915nFlHq46-vrljVWuibOqd7u0VcuiP3yC_iM6yDKoyg4JcVjssZe66X9/s400/Kurva+tegangan-regangan+dan+regangan+waktu+untuk+Perilaku+batuan+elasto+plastik.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 2. Kurva tegangan-regangan dan regangan waktu untuk Perilaku batuan elasto plastik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5w_NRrkkK9z6_7s6Abyb2HuYdp-xea4z-GWz7gmpirdd6faOWyR524ge2jiAbAc3B78QXmiUdild87ajj2XMN8pH9dSPZ1LhUtfynvDxo7oLWTxbHxg8JyZXgu4yYynkoNX34J2yJeQAG/s1600/Kurva+tegangan-regangan+untuk+perilaku+batuan+Elasto+plastik+sempurna.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;192&quot; data-original-width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5w_NRrkkK9z6_7s6Abyb2HuYdp-xea4z-GWz7gmpirdd6faOWyR524ge2jiAbAc3B78QXmiUdild87ajj2XMN8pH9dSPZ1LhUtfynvDxo7oLWTxbHxg8JyZXgu4yYynkoNX34J2yJeQAG/s320/Kurva+tegangan-regangan+untuk+perilaku+batuan+Elasto+plastik+sempurna.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 3. Kurva tegangan-regangan untuk perilaku batuan Elasto plastik sempurna&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ctcePprRbubATJj-kw7v5KFZMIGijoui8K_T9zqL6jNwhuNo-V4hf1lbJ_EPEG0n6CR1NGzI0lQOM2y9VPb0E3NENXmANpE1Ue6BNZm9zBHWiEdTrcCNQMvfTic9bjLTkfXxjKNnovu4/s1600/Kurva+tegangan-regangan+untuk+perilaku+batuan+elastik+%25E2%2580%259Cfragile%25E2%2580%259D.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;158&quot; data-original-width=&quot;313&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ctcePprRbubATJj-kw7v5KFZMIGijoui8K_T9zqL6jNwhuNo-V4hf1lbJ_EPEG0n6CR1NGzI0lQOM2y9VPb0E3NENXmANpE1Ue6BNZm9zBHWiEdTrcCNQMvfTic9bjLTkfXxjKNnovu4/s1600/Kurva+tegangan-regangan+untuk+perilaku+batuan+elastik+%25E2%2580%259Cfragile%25E2%2580%259D.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;Gambar 4. Kurva tegangan-regangan untuk perilaku batuan elastik “fragile”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Untuk menutup “crack”/”fissure” yang terdapat didalam batuan. Sesudah itu kurva menjadi linier sampai batas tertentu yang kita kenal dengan batas elastik (E). Terbentuk “fracture” baru dan perambatannya stabil sehingga kurva tetap linier. Sesudah batas elastik dilewati maka perambatan “fracture’ tidak stabil, kurva tidak linier lagi dan tidak berapa lama kemudian batuan akan hancur. Titik hancur ini menyatakan kekuatan batuan.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHmIMSI0DO0ua2GTuG-xF2n8SeuE6PC9LgKpVUUVZ-rDZXpPJZwzF0Y2HgNlWeCMRMqfa66DMxZpU7DJRUqioqMR-whF8gk5n5DBw3-ScoGXTFgmuJ7rCL8DKeh6aAyhi5rcoqM3w07Qqt/s1600/Tahap+utama+prilaku+dari+sebuah+batu+%2528BIENIAWSKI%2529.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;259&quot; data-original-width=&quot;485&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHmIMSI0DO0ua2GTuG-xF2n8SeuE6PC9LgKpVUUVZ-rDZXpPJZwzF0Y2HgNlWeCMRMqfa66DMxZpU7DJRUqioqMR-whF8gk5n5DBw3-ScoGXTFgmuJ7rCL8DKeh6aAyhi5rcoqM3w07Qqt/s400/Tahap+utama+prilaku+dari+sebuah+batu+%2528BIENIAWSKI%2529.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 5. Tahap utama prilaku dari sebuah batu (BIENIAWSKI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Kekuatan batuan yang diperoleh dari hasil pengujian kuat tekan dilaboratorium sangat dipengaruhi oleh lamanya pengujian tersebut berlangsung. Gambar 6 memperlihatkan bahwa makin lama pengujian berlangsung maka kekuatannya makin rendah, demikian juga dengan nilai modulus deformasinya.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1p465irkHd1J0_0JheTI6m-rWD03koGeGLOmXcq-ZB1gPRwKHV95dBqDSlpIAjMgY9xWmcxgYJqFnQGPEl2QuV6iEh8BIodFrEzhbG9uMUAHLGVKWOsyBT0wj_-A82ZlHcR81ir_lXCyi/s1600/Pengaruh+waktu+pengujian+terhadap+kekuatan+dan+bentuk+kurva+tegangan-regangan+batuan+%2528BIENIAWSKI%2529.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;262&quot; data-original-width=&quot;408&quot; height=&quot;256&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1p465irkHd1J0_0JheTI6m-rWD03koGeGLOmXcq-ZB1gPRwKHV95dBqDSlpIAjMgY9xWmcxgYJqFnQGPEl2QuV6iEh8BIodFrEzhbG9uMUAHLGVKWOsyBT0wj_-A82ZlHcR81ir_lXCyi/s400/Pengaruh+waktu+pengujian+terhadap+kekuatan+dan+bentuk+kurva+tegangan-regangan+batuan+%2528BIENIAWSKI%2529.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 6. Pengaruh waktu pengujian terhadap kekuatan dan bentuk kurva tegangan-regangan batuan (BIENIAWSKI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;C. “Creep” Batuan.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Didaerah I dan II pada kurva tegangan-regangan menyatakan tidak ada “creep” dan “creep” stabil (gambar 7). Sehingga didaerah tersebut kestabilannya adalah untuk jangka panjang, karena regangan tidak akan bertambah sampai kapanpun pada kondisi tegangan konstan. Daerah III terjadi “creep” dengan kestabilan semu yang pada saat tertentu akan terjadi “Failure”. Daerah IV terjadi “creep” yang tidak stabil dimana pada beberapa saat saja terjadi “failure”.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXrNMHZ1jsGQ7unaeyli99CNRieuQZXA3Y4NqH70s5UtcJ0eWoVQCQMgWIb_NNskUoFebk0n1ckyCMj8lE85TzMDQNpo2CJF3im4XAOta_U-NFSPz8zBt5WqjEo5LOUx4RnyGWMTC8w7Fb/s1600/Daerah+terjadinya+%25E2%2580%259Ccreep%25E2%2580%259D+pada+kurva+tegangan-regangan+dan+regangan-waktu.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;204&quot; data-original-width=&quot;565&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXrNMHZ1jsGQ7unaeyli99CNRieuQZXA3Y4NqH70s5UtcJ0eWoVQCQMgWIb_NNskUoFebk0n1ckyCMj8lE85TzMDQNpo2CJF3im4XAOta_U-NFSPz8zBt5WqjEo5LOUx4RnyGWMTC8w7Fb/s400/Daerah+terjadinya+%25E2%2580%259Ccreep%25E2%2580%259D+pada+kurva+tegangan-regangan+dan+regangan-waktu.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 7. Daerah terjadinya “creep” pada kurva tegangan-regangan dan regangan-waktu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 8 Daerah terjadinya “relaxation” pada kurva tegangan-regangan dan tegangan-waktu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;D.&amp;nbsp; “Relaxation” Batuan.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seperti pada “creep” batuan, “relaxation” batuan juga akan terjadi didaerah yang sama pada kurva tegangan-regangan (gambar 8).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;E.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hubungan tegangan dan regangan untuk perilaku batuan elastik linier dan isotrop.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Batuan dikenakan tegangan sebesar t1, pada arah (1), sedangkan pada arah (2) dan (3) = 0 (gambar 9)&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;2. Batuan dikenakan tegangan sebesar t2, pada arah (2).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 9. Tegangan monoaxial dan triaxial pada batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;Sedangkan tegangan pada arah (1) dan (3) = 0.&lt;br /&gt;
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3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batuan dikenakan tegangan sebesar 3, pada arah (3), sedangkan tegangan pada arah (1) dan &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; ( 2)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; = 0&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1JAroEx6pAqfCZT2KWdUvarc_cLkX4R3QwmpYy7GqHqyyU7HurI3bxEgKvuH5n-CtbhvBMsSSANUojxtWqsSphaOgKCallp1n1OA98pEdsI9n20JFRpRoIRW9-TWiLL_yp906jem4CL7B/s1600/Persamaan+perilaku+batuan+elastik+linier+dan+isotrop+2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;60&quot; data-original-width=&quot;282&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1JAroEx6pAqfCZT2KWdUvarc_cLkX4R3QwmpYy7GqHqyyU7HurI3bxEgKvuH5n-CtbhvBMsSSANUojxtWqsSphaOgKCallp1n1OA98pEdsI9n20JFRpRoIRW9-TWiLL_yp906jem4CL7B/s1600/Persamaan+perilaku+batuan+elastik+linier+dan+isotrop+2.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batuan dikenakan tegangan :&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGPuPfbZnDTxrQ8fWzF3VwEBhtvhAIYZWVGiJ3Fcgh0Xsf4bn-AyVrw2EUwO-ZSPkHOc1gMO-WJOtWl5hsOJQPYHpptM8lg-JEjzSeWKgr57sxsZ-dAN2WKHIftm5NbNNnJ8ERg60XmbKV/s1600/Persamaan+perilaku+batuan+elastik+linier+dan+isotrop+3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;313&quot; data-original-width=&quot;527&quot; height=&quot;237&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGPuPfbZnDTxrQ8fWzF3VwEBhtvhAIYZWVGiJ3Fcgh0Xsf4bn-AyVrw2EUwO-ZSPkHOc1gMO-WJOtWl5hsOJQPYHpptM8lg-JEjzSeWKgr57sxsZ-dAN2WKHIftm5NbNNnJ8ERg60XmbKV/s400/Persamaan+perilaku+batuan+elastik+linier+dan+isotrop+3.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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i bervariasi dari 1 sampai 3. Jika tidak pada arah prinsipan maka hubungan antara regangan dan tegangan adalah :&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWRmJYaJD2InPn6OwJu-1ohue-9WWM880saCZxzAYvVSqxqAzx2iG1vfX8HYs4cWxC97XAU-KIaZiUXkU6scoGBHbeJpfLza3NWBuMPtdFmvFb6u1GrTVJYbnBuroXxmqtRcu3WB-QaRYN/s1600/Persamaan+perilaku+batuan+elastik+linier+dan+isotrop+4.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;701&quot; data-original-width=&quot;557&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWRmJYaJD2InPn6OwJu-1ohue-9WWM880saCZxzAYvVSqxqAzx2iG1vfX8HYs4cWxC97XAU-KIaZiUXkU6scoGBHbeJpfLza3NWBuMPtdFmvFb6u1GrTVJYbnBuroXxmqtRcu3WB-QaRYN/s640/Persamaan+perilaku+batuan+elastik+linier+dan+isotrop+4.png&quot; width=&quot;507&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Jika tidak pada arah prinsipal maka hubungan antara tegangan dan regangan adalah&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;F.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hubungan tegangan dan regangan pada bidang untuk perilaku batuan elastik linier dan isotrop.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menyederhanakan perhitungan hubungan antara tegangan dan regangan maka dibuat model dua dimensi dimana pada kenyataannya adalah tiga dimensi.&lt;br /&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Regangan bidang (plane strain).&lt;br /&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tegangan bidang (plane stress)&lt;br /&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “Symetrical revolution”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Regangan bidang (plane strain).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Misalkan sebuah terowongan yang mempunyai sistem sumbu kartesian x. y dan z dipotong oleh sebuah bidang dengan sumbu x, y (Gambar 4.10)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tegangan Bidang (Plane Stress).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada tegangan bidang maka seluruh tegangan pada salah satu sumbu sama dengan nol.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “Symetrical revolution”.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gambar 4.12 memperlihatkan jika sebuah benda berbentuk silinder diputar pada sumbunya maka benda tersebut dapat diwakili oleh sebuah bidang. Karena sumbunya merupakan sumbu simetri maka benda tersebut cukup diwakili oleh bidang yang diarsir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVhBvNC4Ex_vS_h85yEMfu0zF5fDEMRDz74bphbD29lt4gn1XjnGGvNiLGjQV9n3d0FDVcOeZKymLnsBM1N_PQNArpVdykfiboZ1Y64Pizc-vGjQT8-0xovwT4Q10LYTVPhviRD2GZGUNy/s1600/Tegangan+bidang.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;158&quot; data-original-width=&quot;313&quot; height=&quot;201&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVhBvNC4Ex_vS_h85yEMfu0zF5fDEMRDz74bphbD29lt4gn1XjnGGvNiLGjQV9n3d0FDVcOeZKymLnsBM1N_PQNArpVdykfiboZ1Y64Pizc-vGjQT8-0xovwT4Q10LYTVPhviRD2GZGUNy/s400/Tegangan+bidang.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 11 Tegangan bidang &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 12 Symetrical revolution&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Defenisi Tegangan Dan Regangan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Jika sebuah batang prismatik diberikan tarikan dengan gaya yang terbagi merata di sepanjang ujungnya dengan luas penampang mm &lt;i&gt;(Gambar 1)&lt;/i&gt;. Regangan (strain, &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) dari batang prismatik tersebut adalah pertambahan panjang dari batang prisma dibagi dengan panjang mula-mula &lt;i&gt;Gambar 1 &lt;b&gt;(a&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/i&gt;. Dapat ditulis sebagai berikut.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwCSC13DxHeztZNjFja3Qzm7tc4JQ2jSapnXulihAyyDZDfPzvCiodRUYRJgNl3NQmKq9MH8iJ4QF1Yoc4xMnd8lipdCXfagXyW3G9GwtnAgAqu6t2nLS4ejUz92zIKq75S9MXAXXR3SuI/s1600/persamaan+1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;196&quot; data-original-width=&quot;269&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwCSC13DxHeztZNjFja3Qzm7tc4JQ2jSapnXulihAyyDZDfPzvCiodRUYRJgNl3NQmKq9MH8iJ4QF1Yoc4xMnd8lipdCXfagXyW3G9GwtnAgAqu6t2nLS4ejUz92zIKq75S9MXAXXR3SuI/s1600/persamaan+1.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFEZtYJqm9WvOpledRF3WvYWGrkA_kJ_Q2F9V7i0DaXvoumJR3bUYHup226gc8XbsVCMxTfa_9N05LHQiFtdqW0F5dWx2gS2NeQMiN5GCJ_YUEDizACXgFG_2TYsD6ffPhfve3LT9quQVA/s1600/Batang+Prismatik+Mengalami+Tarikan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;381&quot; data-original-width=&quot;630&quot; height=&quot;385&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFEZtYJqm9WvOpledRF3WvYWGrkA_kJ_Q2F9V7i0DaXvoumJR3bUYHup226gc8XbsVCMxTfa_9N05LHQiFtdqW0F5dWx2gS2NeQMiN5GCJ_YUEDizACXgFG_2TYsD6ffPhfve3LT9quQVA/s640/Batang+Prismatik+Mengalami+Tarikan.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 1. Batang Prismatik Mengalami Tarikan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Dan tegangan (stress, &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) pada potongan penampang mm tersebut adalah gaya P dibagikan dengan luas potongan penampang A &lt;i&gt;Gambar 2 &lt;b&gt;(b&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; yang dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
Tegangan pada potongan penampang miring dengan luas penampang A’ terdapat ada dua buah tegangan yaitu tegangan normal &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;(normal stress, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; yang tegak lurus pada bidang potongan, dan tegangan geser &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;(shear stress, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; yang sejajar dengan bidang potongan &lt;i&gt;Gambar 1 (&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; Tegangan normal dan tegangan geser yang terjadi dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/349478730386991513/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/download-tegangan-dan-regangan.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/349478730386991513'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/349478730386991513'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/download-tegangan-dan-regangan.html' title='Download Tegangan Dan Regangan'/><author><name>Ina Masyarakat Belajar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15911493744823176556</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-7705816883564055709</id><published>2018-10-24T00:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-24T00:20:07.653-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Batuan"/><title type='text'>Pengertian Mekanika Batuan</title><content type='html'>&lt;aside class=&quot;element element-rich-link element-rich-link--not-upgraded&quot; data-component=&quot;rich-link&quot; data-link-name=&quot;rich-link-1 | 1&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;BATUAN DAN MEKANIKA BATUAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Defenisi Batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Berbagai defenisi batuan sebagai objek dari mekanika batuan telah diberikan oleh para ahli dengan disiplin ilmu yang saling berhubungan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Menurut para geologiwan :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Batuan adalah susunan mineral dan bahan organis yang bersatu membentuk kulit bumi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Batuan adalah semua material yang membentuk kulit bumi yang dibagi atas (1. Batuan yang terkonsolidasi (consolidated rock), 2. Batuan yang tidak tekonsolidasi (unconsolidated rock).)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Menurut para ahli teknik sipil khususnya para ahli geoteknik :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Istilah batuan hanya untuk formasi yang keras dan solid dari kulit bumi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Batuan adalah suatu bahan yang keras dan koheren atau yang telah terkonsolidasi dan tidak dapat digali dengan cara biasa, misalnya dengan cangkul dan belincong.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Menurut Talobre,&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; orang yang pertama kali memperkenalkan mekanika batuan di Perancis pada tahun 1948. Batuan adalah material yang membentuk kulit bumi termasuk fluida yang berada didalamnya (seperti air, minyak, dll).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdqmIe4S9iTn8qEDjBbNzc5NYAHjaR-t9Oq35WFRdaimPFivEkRoalUyeSjAUnoUWADJOJrM-GX_kvBfRvpb_ROknN_H3ovBmC8OMQqaaAVTfKc8n5eQzOB5llOV8W6cnXJoGvZxOPuzuw/s1600/Pengertian+Mekanika+Batuan.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;480&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdqmIe4S9iTn8qEDjBbNzc5NYAHjaR-t9Oq35WFRdaimPFivEkRoalUyeSjAUnoUWADJOJrM-GX_kvBfRvpb_ROknN_H3ovBmC8OMQqaaAVTfKc8n5eQzOB5llOV8W6cnXJoGvZxOPuzuw/s320/Pengertian+Mekanika+Batuan.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Menurut ASTM :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Batuan adalah suatu bahan yang terdiri dari mineral padat (solid) berupa massa yang berukuran besar atau pun berupa fragmen-fragmen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; adalah campuran dari satu atau lebih mineral yang berbeda, tidak mempunyai komposisi kimia tetap.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dari defenisi diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa batuan tidak sama dengan tanah. Tanah dikenal sebagai material yang mobile, rapuh dan letaknya dekat dengan permukaan bumi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Komposisi Batuan.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Kulit bumi, 99% dari beratnya terdiri dari 8 unsur&amp;nbsp; : O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, H.&lt;br /&gt;
Komposisi dominan dari kulit bumi tersebut adalah :&lt;br /&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
	mso-style-noshow:yes;
	mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
	mso-para-margin:0cm;
	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
	mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 73.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 73.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sio&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;= 59,8%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;=
  14,9%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;CaO&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;4,9%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 73.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;MgO&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;3,7%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;FeO&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;= 3,39%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;= 3,25%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 73.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;= 2,98%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;=
  2,02%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Batuan terdiri dari bagian yang padat baik berupa kristal maupun yang tidak mempunyai bentuk tertentu dan bagian kosong seperti, pori-pori, fissure, crack, joint, dll.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Defenisi Mekanika Batuan.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Defenisi Mekanika batuan telah diberikan oleh beberapa ahli atau komisi-komisi yang bergerak dibidang ilmu-ilmu tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Menurut TALOBRE&amp;nbsp; :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mekanika batuan adalah sebuah teknik dan juga sains yang tujuannya adalah mempelajari perilaku (behaviour) batuan ditempat asalnya untuk dapat mengendalikan pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang dibuat pada batuan tersebut (seperti penggalian dibawah tanah, dan lain-lainnya). Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, Mekanika batuan merupakan gabungan dari :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Teori + Pengalaman + Pekerjaan/Pengujian diLaboratorium + Pengujian in-situ.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sehingga mekanika batuan tidak sama dengan ilmu geologi yang didefenisikan oleh TALOBRE sebagai sains deskriptif yang mengidentifikasi batuan dan mempelajari sejarah dari batuan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Demikian juga mekanika batuan tidak sama dengan ilmu geologi terapan. Ilmu geologi terapan banyak mengemukakan problema-problema yang paling sering dihadapi oleh para geologiwan diproyek-proyek seperti proyek bendungan, terowongan. Dengan mencari analogi-analogi, terutama dari proyek-proyek yang sudah dikerjakan dapat menyelesaikan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi pada proyek yang sedang dikerjakan. Meskipun penyelesaian ini masih secara empiris dan kualitatif.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Menurut Coates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, seorang ahli mekanika batuan dari Canada :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mekanika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari efek dari gaya atau tekanan pada sebuah benda. Efek ini bermacam-macam, misalnya percepatan, kecepatan, perpindahan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu yang mempelajari efek dari pada gaya terhadap batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Efek utama yang menarik bagi para geologiwan adalah perubahan bentuk. Para ahli geofisika tertarik pada aspek dinamis dari pada perubahan volume dan bentuk yaitu gelombang seismik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bagi para insinyur, mekanika batuan adalah :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Analisis dari pada beban atau gaya yang dikenakan pada batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Analisis dari dampak dalam yang dinyatakan dalam tegangan (stress), regangan (strain) atau enersi yang disimpan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Analisis akibat dari dampak dalam tersebut, yaitu rekahan (fracture), aliran atau deformasi dari batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Menurut “US National Committee on Rock Mechanics (1964).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari tentang perilaku (behavior) batuan baik secara teoritis maupun terapan, merupakan cabang dari ilmu mekanika yang berkenaan dengan sikap batuan terhadap medan-medan gaya pada lingkungannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;U m u m&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu yang mempelajari sifat dan perilaku batuan bila terhadapnya dikenakan gaya atau tekanan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sifat Batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sifat batuan yang sebenarnya di alam adalah :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Heterogen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jenis Mineral Pembentuk batuan yang berbeda.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ukuran dan bentuk partikel/butir berbeda didalam batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ukuran, bentuk dan penyebaran void berbeda didalam batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Diskontinu.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Masa batuan dialam tidak kontinu (diskontinu) karena adanya bidang-bidang lemah (crack, joint, fault, fissure) dimana kekerapan, perluasan dan orientasi dari bidang-bidang lemah tersebut tidak kontiniu.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvhUE4wqF2VV1pGeH97xUoftVndKeryOXi8T3ZqBDcZMagEcdj-DZB1fXc4RB5WRwHOkm1Uc_YtBKOUBJ4fbJ-cArUkSVPkcLtfn9r0Ox9b1lMjqJomrJFZ0dXmQI7bsOyRXyA93PPzH3/s1600/Asumsi+batuan+ekivalen+untuk+mempermudah+perhitungan+didalam+mekanika+batuan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;233&quot; data-original-width=&quot;559&quot; height=&quot;165&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvhUE4wqF2VV1pGeH97xUoftVndKeryOXi8T3ZqBDcZMagEcdj-DZB1fXc4RB5WRwHOkm1Uc_YtBKOUBJ4fbJ-cArUkSVPkcLtfn9r0Ox9b1lMjqJomrJFZ0dXmQI7bsOyRXyA93PPzH3/s400/Asumsi+batuan+ekivalen+untuk+mempermudah+perhitungan+didalam+mekanika+batuan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 1. Asumsi batuan ekivalen untuk mempermudah perhitungan didalam mekanika batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anisotrope.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karena sifat batuan yang heterogen, diskontinu, anisotrope maka untuk dapat menghitung secara matematis misalnya sebuah lubang bukaan yang disekitarnya terdiri dari batuan, B1, B2, B3, yang mempunyai sifat homogen, kontinu dan isotrop &lt;i&gt;(Gambar 1).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Beberapa Ciri Dari Mekanika Batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Didalam ukuran besar, solid dan massa batuan yang kuat/keras, maka batuan dapat dianggap kontinu.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimanapun juga karena keadaan alamiah dan lingkungan geologi, maka batuan tidak kontinu (diskontinu) karena adanya kekar, fissure, schistoty, crack, cavities dan diskontinuitas lainnya. Untuk kondisi tertentu, dapat dikatakan bahwa mekanika batuan adalah mekanika diskontinu atau mekanika dari struktur batuan. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Secara mekanika, batuan adalah sistem “Multiple body” (Gambar 1.2).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Analisis mekanika tanah dilakukan pada bidang, sedang analisis mekanika batuan dilakukan pada bidang dan ruang.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mekanika batuan dikembangkan secara terpisah dari mekanika tanah, tetapi ada beberapa yang tumpang tindih.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mekanika batuan banyak menggunakan :&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Teori elastisitas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Teori plastisitas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dan mempelajari batuan, sistem struktur batuab secara eksperimen.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 2. Sistem batuan “single body” dan “ Multiple body”&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Beberapa Persoalan Dalam Mekanika Batuan.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Beberapa persoalan timbul didalam mekanika batuan dan erat hubungannya dengan aktifitas yang dilakukan oleh manusia pada batuan (Gambar 1.3) seperti persoalan fondasi pada batuan, penggalian batuan dibawah permukaan tanah baik untuk pekerjaan teknik sipil maupun pertambangan, pemakaian batua sebagai bahan bangunan dan sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijilPKpI1dgJGWoeyX2x1qlj4cME2ZEkjE15xC8nGvylvUuyzfc7tQ-UH0oUTCz9phU_Y-3eZdRLMWSTX2CfHUBTvgYHQDivkeCZZFSTwCGoJiAprTkQMH5YrXsUr686av9lWeDOL92abX/s1600/Beberapa+aktifitas+manusia+pada+batuan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;306&quot; data-original-width=&quot;634&quot; height=&quot;192&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijilPKpI1dgJGWoeyX2x1qlj4cME2ZEkjE15xC8nGvylvUuyzfc7tQ-UH0oUTCz9phU_Y-3eZdRLMWSTX2CfHUBTvgYHQDivkeCZZFSTwCGoJiAprTkQMH5YrXsUr686av9lWeDOL92abX/s400/Beberapa+aktifitas+manusia+pada+batuan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar 3. Beberapa aktifitas manusia pada batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adapun persoalan didalam mekanika batuan antara lain :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana reaksi dari batuan ketika diambil untuk dipergunakan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Berapa dan bagaimana besarnya daya dukung (bearing capacity) dari batuan dipermukaan dan pada berbagai kedalaman untuk menerima berbagai beban ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana kekuatan geser batuan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana sikap batuan dibawah beban dinamis ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana pengaruh gempa pada sistem fondasi didalam batuan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana nilai modulus elastisitas dan Poisson’s ratio dari batuan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana pengaruh dari bidang-bidang lemah (kekar, bidang perlapisan, schistosity, retakan, rongga dan diskontinuitas lainnya) pada batuan terhadap kekuatannya ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Metoda pengujian laboratorium apa saja yang paling mendekati kenyataan untuk mengetahui kekuatan fondasi atau sifat batuan dalam mendukung massa batuan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana memperhitungkan kekar dan sesar dalam perencanaan pekerjaan didalam batuan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana menanggulangi deformasi yang diakibatkan oleh perbedaan yang bersifat perlahan-lahan (creep) pada batuan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hukum apa saja yang menyangkut aliran plastik (plastic flow) dari batuan?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana pengaruh “anisotrope” terhadap distribusi tegangan dalam batuan?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana korelasi dari hasil-hasil pengujian kekuatan batuan yang telah dilakukan dilapangan dan dilaboratorium dalam menyiapkan percontoh batuan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana metoda pengujian yang akan dilaksanakan yang sesuai dengan kondisi lapangan terhadap sifat-sifat batuannya ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana mekanisme keruntuhan/kehancuran dari batian (failure of rock) ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dapatkah keadaan tegangan didalam massa batuan dihitung secara tepat, atau bahkan dapat diukur ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyangkut perencanaan kemiringan lereng dari suatu massa batuan ?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apakah “roof bolting” pada atap sebuah lubang bukaan dibawah tanah sudah aman sehingga lubang tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai instalasi yang permanen?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ruang Lingkup Mekanika Batuan.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Secara luas sasaran dari mekanika batuan adalah aplikasinya pada pemecahan persoalan-persoalan geoteknik, yang antara lain adalah :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menyelenggarakan penyelidikan yang bersifat teknik pada batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengembangkan cara pengambilan percontoh batuan secara rasionil dan metoda identifikasi serta klasifikasi batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengembangkan peralatan uji batuan yang baik dan metoda standard pengujian untuk kuat tekan serta kuat geser.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengumpulkan dan mengklasifikasikan informasi batuan dan sifat-sifat fisiknya dalam dasar ilmu mekanika batuan, teknik fondasi dan teknik bangunan air.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Berdasarkan hasil-hasil pengujian yang dilakukan pada batuan, dapat dipelajari sifat fisik, sifat mekanik (statik dan dinamik), elastisitas, plastisitas, perilaku batuan, dan bentuk kerusakan (failure) dibawah beban statik dan dinamik dari batuan tersebut.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mempelajari sifat batuan dibawah kondisi thermal dan sistem keairan (water regimen).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menyangkut struktur statik dan dinamik dari batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengembangkan metoda pengukuran dilapangan (Institu dari sifat deformasi statik dan dinamik batuan serta tegangan sisa didalam batuan dibawah kondisi lingkungan yang bermacam-macam seperti pelapukan, “leaching”, seisimik dan tektonik.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menyelenggarakan penelitian terhadap mekanisme kerusakan/kehancuran batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengorganisir penelitian tentang perkuatan batuan dan pengukuran tegangan institu.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengganti dengan metoda ilmiah dari perencanaan teknik pada batuan yang banyak menggunakan metoda empiris sebelumnya, sehingga turut memberikan kontribusi terhadap kemajuan disiplin ilmu mekanika batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Merangsang dan menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan tentang batuan dan mekanika batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mempergunakan mekanika batuan untuk memecahkan persoalan-persoalan teknik secara praktis.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mempelajari sikap massa batuan asli dibawah kondisi beban dan kondisi lingkungannya.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menyangkut struktur statik batuan dan kestabilan batuan sangat penting ditinjau dari sudut keamanan (safety) dan ekonomi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/7705816883564055709/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/pengertian-mekanika-batuan.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/7705816883564055709'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/7705816883564055709'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/pengertian-mekanika-batuan.html' title='Pengertian Mekanika Batuan'/><author><name>Ina Masyarakat Belajar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15911493744823176556</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdqmIe4S9iTn8qEDjBbNzc5NYAHjaR-t9Oq35WFRdaimPFivEkRoalUyeSjAUnoUWADJOJrM-GX_kvBfRvpb_ROknN_H3ovBmC8OMQqaaAVTfKc8n5eQzOB5llOV8W6cnXJoGvZxOPuzuw/s72-c/Pengertian+Mekanika+Batuan.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-1721483364052790816</id><published>2018-10-23T19:35:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-23T19:35:12.622-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Petrologi"/><title type='text'>Proses Pembentukan Batuan Beku</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Batuan Beku&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Batuan beku adalah merupakan kumpulan (agregate) mineral-mineral silikat dari hasil penghabluran magma yang mendingin (W.T.Huang, 1962).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;
Magma&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Magma adalah larutan silikat pijar yang terbentuk secara alamiah, bersifat mobile, bersuhu 900&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; - 1600&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; dari dasar kerak bumi atau dari selubung bumi atas bagian atas. Magma terdiri dari unsur-unsur O, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, K, senyawa berupa &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; dan berupa gas H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S,
HCL, CH&lt;sub&gt;4,&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt; dan CO. Beberapa dari bahan itu berupa volatil (gas) dan yang lainnya adalah non volatil, terutama silikon oksida, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K dan Na.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Oksida-oksida tersebut dalam kombinasi tertentu kemudian membentuk mineral-mineral yang sekarang kita jumpai di batuan beku. Bahan-bahan tersebut untuk setiap jenis magma jumlahnya berbeda-beda dan akibatnya batuan beku yang dihasilkan sebagai akibat pembekuan magma akan berlainan pula.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZpBL2w5COe-6vhOECBTWGAAvNCPq60ELXnbdAabce6ydjkga_2wEZqK9qtNdtjmhSssTD-IMnLpiNnUuttLDWjnS5avcr7gCSuOdPmagQVaUVQrRUholCSzl7Z9OBm8pytPzKrIskX2GH/s1600/Proses+Pembentukan+Magma.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;316&quot; data-original-width=&quot;475&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZpBL2w5COe-6vhOECBTWGAAvNCPq60ELXnbdAabce6ydjkga_2wEZqK9qtNdtjmhSssTD-IMnLpiNnUuttLDWjnS5avcr7gCSuOdPmagQVaUVQrRUholCSzl7Z9OBm8pytPzKrIskX2GH/s400/Proses+Pembentukan+Magma.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Proses Pembentukan Magma&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bila magma bergerak naik dan mendekati permukaan, maka berarti bahwa keadaan tekanan dan temperatur akan berkurang. Pengurangan suhu menyebabkan bahan-bahan non volatil mengkristal dalam bentuk-bentuk kristal-kristal mineral.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada keadaan tertentu magma di dalam bumi dapat naik dan mencapai permukaan bumi melalui rekahan-rekahan atau peledakan gunung api. Magma yang keluar tersebut disebut dengan lava.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Magma tidak sama dengan lava, karena magma masih mengandung gas-gas dan unsur volatil lainnya yang kemudian hilang pada waktu magma mencapai permukaan. Berdasarkan atas komposisi mineral pembentuk batuan bervariasi, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa magma bervariasi juga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada saat magma mengalami pendinginan akan terjadi kristalisasi dari berbagai mineral utama yang mengikuti suatu urutan atau metode yang umumnya di kenal sebagai Seri Reaksi Bowen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgyTx6WXxKxY_j704OGoyFx5ym5CFyOC6sWkoR_YRWdCXYRYFmJWZjRO1xGLxZHEcFBvqntEUVVnQL_CByK4FwpIHO3BWrrk4YgDVVmOfhYi4MYFoWxoj9JJoY5VEWHesu22rbcI0l3x17/s1600/Seri+Reaksi+Bowen.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;551&quot; data-original-width=&quot;569&quot; height=&quot;386&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgyTx6WXxKxY_j704OGoyFx5ym5CFyOC6sWkoR_YRWdCXYRYFmJWZjRO1xGLxZHEcFBvqntEUVVnQL_CByK4FwpIHO3BWrrk4YgDVVmOfhYi4MYFoWxoj9JJoY5VEWHesu22rbcI0l3x17/s400/Seri+Reaksi+Bowen.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Seri Reaksi Bowen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Discontinous Series:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mineral terbentuk secara tidak terus menerus. Pada suhu yang tinggi terbentuk mineral Olivin. Kemudian suhu menurun terus menerus hingga terbentuk mineral Piroksen dimana mineral Olivin sudah tidak terbentuk lagi. Begitu seterusnya sampai terbentuk mineral Biotit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Di dominasi oleh mineral-mineral Mafik (mineral gelap).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Continous Series:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mineral terbentuk secara terus menerus. Pada suhu yang tinggi terbentuk mineral Anortit (Plagioklas Ca). Kemudian suhu terus menerus turun hingga terbentuk mineral Bitownit, tetapi mineral Anortit masih terbentuk. Begitu seterusnya sampai terbentuk mineral Albit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Disebut juga dengan kelompok Plagioklas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Didominasi oleh mineral Felsik (mineral terang).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sampai pada suhu yang rendah, mineral Biotit dan mineral Albit saling bertemu dan terbentuklah kemudian mineral K. Feldspar, Muskovit dan Kuarsa.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Komposisi Mineral Batuan Beku&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Menurut W. T. Huang 1962, komposisi mineral pada batuan beku ada tiga kelompok , yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;1. Mineral Utama ( Essential mineral )&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Merupakan mineral–mineral yang terbentuk langsung dari kristalisasi magma, berdasarkan warna, densitas ( H. William, 1982 ) dapat dikelompokkan menjadi :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mineral&amp;nbsp; Felsik, antara lain kwarsa, plagioklas, albit, feldspar.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mineral Mafik, antara lain olivin, piroksin, amphibol, dll.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;2. Mineral Sekunder ( Secondary mineral )&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Merupakan mineral – mineral tambahan atau mineral ubahan dari mineral utama ( mineral hasil dari hasil kristalisasi magma ) dapat juga hasil dari pelapukan, reaksi kimia atau hasil dari metamorfosisme.&lt;br /&gt;
Contoh : kalsit, magnesit, siderit, kaolin, serpentin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;3. Mineral Tambahan &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Merupakan mineral – mineral yang terbentuk pada kristal – kristal magma, tetapi kehadirannya dalam jumlah yang sedikit ( kurang dari 50 % ) dan tidak menentukan nama, sifat batuan. Termasuk dalam golongan ini antara lain : hematit, kromit, muskovit, magnetit. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tekstur Batuan Beku&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Tekstur adalah kenampakan atau ciri batuan yang berkaitan dengan hubungan antara komponen batuan baik yang kristalin maupun non kristalin dan dapat mencerminkan cara terdapatnya ataupun cara pembentukan batuan. Hal tersebut di karenakan tekstur batuan beku menunjukan derajat kristalisasi, ukuran butir atau ganularitas dan fabrik (kemas).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;1. Drajat Kristalisasi (Degree of cristalliniti)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Mencerminkan proporsi antara komponen kristalin dengan non kristalin (amorf), dibedakan atas:&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Holokristalin, bila batuan di susun oleh selurihnya kristal. &lt;br /&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hipokristalin atau merokristalin, bila batuan di susun oleh sebagian kristal dan sebagian gelas.&lt;br /&gt;
c.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Holohialin atau hipohialin atau merohialin atau mesohialin, bila batuan di susun oleh seluruhnya gelas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;2. Ukuran butir atau Granularitas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Ukuran butir pada batuan beku di bedakan atas:&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fanerik, bila batuan mempunyai ukuran butir kasar, di bedakan atas: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fanerik sangat kasar, bila diameter berukuran &amp;gt;3 cm &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fanerik kasar, bila diameter berukuran 5mm-3 cm&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fanerik sedang, bila diameter berukuran 1mm-5mm&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fanerik halus, bila diameter berukuran &amp;lt;1mm&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Afanitik, bila batuan mempunyai ukuran butir halus hingga tidak dapat di bedakan dengan mata kasar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;3. Fabrik (Kemas)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Merupakan tekstur yang memperlihatkan hubungan geometri antara bentuk dan proporsi butir-butir penyusun batuan.&lt;br /&gt;
Secara individu bentuk butir mineral di bedakan atas:&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Euhedral, bila mineral di batasi oleh bidang atau bentuk kristal yang sempurna &lt;br /&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Subhedral,bila mineral di batasi oleh sebagian bidang atau bentuk kristalnya &lt;br /&gt;
c.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anhedral, bila mineral tidak di batasi oleh bidang atau bentuk kristalnya&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sedangkan fabrik kemas di bedakan atas :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
a. Equigranular, bila batuan disusun oleh butiran-butiran mineral yang relatif seragam,&amp;nbsp; di&amp;nbsp; bedakan atas :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Panidiamorfik granular, bila batuan disusun oleh mineral yang berbentuk euhedral dan ukuran butir relatif seragam.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hipidiamorfik granular, bila batuan di susun oleh mineral yang berbentuk subhedral dan ukuran butir relatif seragam &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Allotriamorfik granular, bila batuan di susun oleh batuan yang berbentuk anhedral dan ukuran butir relatif seragam&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp; Inequigranular, bila batuan di susun oleh butiran-butiran mineral yang relatif tidak seragam, Seperti :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Porfiritik bila kristal/mineral yang berukuran besar (fenokris) tertanam dalam masadasar (matriks) kristal-kristal yang berukuran lebuh halus.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Vitroferi, seperti tekstur porfiritik, tetapi masadasarnya berupa gelas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;Gravik, tekstur yang umu pada batuan granitis di mana kwarsa tumbuh bersama dengan K-felspar.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ofitik, tekstur di mana mineral berukuran besar di inklusi oleh mineral yang berukuran lebih kecil&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Diabasik, tekstur yang khas pada batuan diabas di mana fenokris plagioklas hadir secara radial.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Struktur Batuan Beku&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Secara umum struktur merupakan tekstur dalam skala yang lebih luas yang dapat diamati di lapangan, seperti : struktur aliran lava yang di bedakan atas pillow, ropy, blocky lava maupun sheeting joint dan&amp;nbsp; columnar joint.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam pelaksanaan praktikum dimana pengamatan batuan hanya dilakukan pada contoh setangan (hand speciement), maka penganmatan struktur akan sangat terbatas seperti :&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Struktur masiv, di mana batuan tidak memperlihatkan adanya struktur aliran atau struktur lain.&lt;br /&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Xenolit, struktur di mana terdapat fragmen batuan lain atausejenis di dalam Batuan beku.&lt;br /&gt;
c.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Struktur rongga yang di bedakan atas :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Vesikuler, struktur di mana terdapatnya lubang-lubang gas yang relatif teratur. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Scoria, struktur di mana terdapatnya lubang-lubang gas yang tidak teratur.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Amikdoloidal, Struktur di mana lubang-lubang gas yang di isi oleh mineral lain. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Klasifikasi Batuan Beku&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Berbagai klasifikasi telah ditemukan oleh beberapa ahli sehingga lubang – lubang suatu batuan, pada klasifikasi–klasifikasi lain namanya. Dengan demikian, seorang ahli petrologi harus benar–benar mengerti akan dasar penamaan yang diberikan pada batuan beku antara lain :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Klasifikasi berdasarkan tempat terbentuknya:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1.1. Batuan Beku Lelehan (Vulkanic Rock)&lt;br /&gt;
Merupakan batuan beku yang berasal dari permukaan dasar magma pada permukaan bumi. Contoh: Andesit, Ryolit, Basalt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Batuan Beku Korok (Gang)&lt;br /&gt;
Merupakan batuan yang berasal pada daerah antara batuan beku dalam dengan batuan beku lelehan. Tekstur batuan beku korok umumnya hypokristalin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batuan Beku Dalam (Plutonic Rock)&lt;br /&gt;
Merupakan batuan yang terbentuk atau berasal dari dalam permukaan bumi, atau magmanya membeku sebelum mencapai permukaan. Umumnya bertekstur holokristalin. Contoh : Granit, Diorit&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;2. Klasifikasi berdasarkan kandungan silika SiO2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Klasifikasi ini telah lama menjadi standar dalam geologi dan dibagi dalam empat bagian golongan yaitu : &lt;br /&gt;
1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batuan beku ultra basa, mengandung &amp;lt; 40% SiO2&lt;br /&gt;
2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batuan beku basa, mengandung 40 – 50% SiO2&lt;br /&gt;
3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batuan beku intermedier, mengandung 50 – 66% SiO2&lt;br /&gt;
4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batuan beku asam, mengandung lebih 66% SiO2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Klasifikasi yang dipakai di laboratorium petrologi:&lt;br /&gt;
Pengamatan megaskopis terutama dilakukan terhadap komposisi mineral dan kemas maka klasifikasi itu yang dipakai mengikuti klasifikasi yang dikemukakan oleh W.T. Huang 1962 yaitu berdasarkan kandungan kuarsa bebas atau dilika serta alkali feldspar dan plagioklas, serta mineral utama yang lain.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;A. Batu Beku Asam&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Batuan beku asam terbentuk dari hasil pembentukan magma yang mempunyai kandunga kuarsa lebih dari 10% dan banyak mengandung mineral yang berwarna terang ( felsik ) misalnya : kuarsa, orthoklas, plagioklas.&lt;br /&gt;
Contuh batuan:&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fanerik (ukuran butir kasar), terbagi atas:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Granit (kandungan orthoklas lebih besar daripada plagioklas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Granodiorit (kandungan plagioklas lebih besar daripada orthoklas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Afanitik (ukuran butir halus), terbagi atas:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Rhyolitik (kandungan orthoklas lebih besar daripada plagioklas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dasit (kandungan plagioklas lebih besar daripada orthoklas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;B. Batuan Beku Intermedier&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Batuan beku intermedier merupakan batuan dari hasil pembekuan magma yang mempunyai kandungan kwarsa 52 – 66 %.&lt;br /&gt;
Contoh batuan:&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fanerik (ukuran butir kasar), terbagi atas:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Syenit (kandungan orthoklas lebih besar daripada plagioklas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Diorit (kandungan plagioklas lebih besar daripada orthoklas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Afanitik (ukuran butir halus), terbagi atas:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Trakit (kandungan orthoklas lebih besar daripada plagioklas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Andesit (kandungan plagioklas lebih besar daripada orthoklas).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;C. Batuan Beku Basa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Batuan beku basa mempunyai kandungan kwarsa yang amat sedikit bahkan pada beberapa jenis kwarsa jarang hadir. Batuan beku basa mempunyai warna gelap, karena hanya mengandung mineral gelap jadi batuan tersebut dapat mudah dikenali.&lt;br /&gt;
Contoh batuan:&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fanerik (ukuran butir kasar), terbagi atas:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gabbro (plagioklas dan piroksen melimpah,olivine mulai hadir).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Afanitik (ukuran butir halus), terbagi atas:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Basalt (mempunyai struktur rongga).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Diabas (mempunyai struktur diabasik).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;D. Batuan Beku Ultra Basa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Batuan beku ultra basa mempunyai kandungan kuarsa yang amat sangat sedikit&amp;nbsp; (&amp;lt; 40% ) bahkan pada beberapa jenis kwarsa jarang hadir. Batuan beku basa mempunyai warna gelap, karena hanya mengandung mineral gelap jadi batuan tersebut dapat mudah dikenali. Semua batuan beku ultra basa bertekstur fanerik.&lt;br /&gt;
Contoh batuan:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Serpentin (warna hitam, kilap lemak,mineral utamanya serpentin).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dunit (warna hitam kehijauan, kilap lemak, mineral utamanya olivin).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Piroksenit (warna hitam, kilap kaca, mineral utamanya piroksen).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Peridotit ( kandungan piroksennya lebih dominan dari pada olivin).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tahapan Penamaan Batuan Beku&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Dasar yang di gunakan untuk penamaan/klasifikasi batuan beku yaitu berdasarkan komposisi mineral penyusun batuan dan berdasarkan tekstur batuan.&amp;nbsp; Kedua kriteria tersebut tidak hanya berguna untuk pemerian (penamaan) batuan tapi juga untuk asal kejadian batuan. Berdasarkan kedua hal tersebut ada beberapa klasifikasi yang dapat digunakan seperti:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;1. Klasifikasi IUGS (International Union of Geologikal Sciences), 1980, dibedakan atas batuan beku berstruktur kasar (fanerik) dan berstruktur halus (Afanitik).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;a. Untuk Tekstur Fanerik.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Batuan bertekstur fanerik merupakan batuan beku yang ukuran butirnya dapat di amati dengan mata biasa atau dengan loupe.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penamaan batuan dengan menggunakan diagram segi tiga double (klasifikasi batuan secara umum), dan diagram segi tiga untuk kelompok&amp;nbsp; batuan ultramafik, gabroik dan anortosit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dasar penamaan batuan berdasarkan kehadiran mineral kuarsa (Q), Feldspartoid (F) Alkali feldspar(A) dan plagioklas (P). &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cara Penamaan Batuan :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menghitung persentase kehadiran mineral utama, dimana jumlah Q + A + P atau F + A + P harus 100%.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bila jumlah persentase mineral utama tidak 100% maka jumlah mineral utama di hitung kembali untuk di 100%-kan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Plotkan harga persentase mineral utama ke dalam diagram untuk mendapatkan nama batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;b. Untuk Tekstur Afanitik.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Batuan umumnya berukuran halus &amp;lt; 1mm yang tidak dapat di amati oleh&amp;nbsp; mata biasa ataupun dengan loupe, sehingga persentase kehadiran mineralnya sulit atau tidak dapat ditentukan secara megaskopis. Untuk menetukan persentase dan komposisi mineralnya dapat dibantu dengan melihat warna dari batuan seperti warna terang menunjukan mineral felsik dan warna gelap menunjukan mineral mafik.&lt;br /&gt;
Penamaan batuan mengunakan diagram segitiga dan didasarkan pada kehadiran mineral utama kuarsa (Q), Plagioklas (P),dan Alkali feldspar (F). Cara penamaan sama seperti cara penamaan untuk tekstur kasar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;2. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Klasifikasi untuk batuan beku plutonik (Streckeisen, 1974) berdasarkan kehadiran&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; mineral kuarsa (Q), Plagioklas (P), Alkali feldspar (A), dan Feldspatoid (F)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; dengan&amp;nbsp; mengunakan segitiga rangkap (dobel).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Klasifikasi menurut W.T.Huang 1954 berdasarkan pada tekstur dan komposisi batuan beku.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Klasifikasi berdasarkan komposisi mineral (dominan).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Klasifikasi&amp;nbsp; berdasarkan komposisi SiO2 dan mineral.&lt;/i&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/1721483364052790816/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/proses-pembentukan-batuan-beku.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/1721483364052790816'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/1721483364052790816'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/proses-pembentukan-batuan-beku.html' title='Proses Pembentukan Batuan Beku'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZpBL2w5COe-6vhOECBTWGAAvNCPq60ELXnbdAabce6ydjkga_2wEZqK9qtNdtjmhSssTD-IMnLpiNnUuttLDWjnS5avcr7gCSuOdPmagQVaUVQrRUholCSzl7Z9OBm8pytPzKrIskX2GH/s72-c/Proses+Pembentukan+Magma.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-4570019180976486257</id><published>2018-10-22T20:55:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-22T20:55:44.371-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Soil Sampling</title><content type='html'>SOIL SAMPLING&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penyelidikan ini dilakukan di laboratorium, dan untuk kepentingan ini perlu mendapatkan contoh dari lubang bor atau lubang-lubang percobaan, dan membawanya ke laboratorium. Contoh-contoh ini ada dua macam, contoh tidak asli dan contoh asli.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9r7BeX3PAA_5PKAbM6ra4DZv3GoDRzHhKWuyy-kqok0mg1NiimODaqF2HDcxkFHsmelDE5W3ldVpAlj2KlufJHjfz1zJOPiYS2BBVFCvLJ7om9xSU_pFZoNfO8zaXPSlW2r9UrYu5D8i/s1600/Soil+Sampling+.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1200&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9r7BeX3PAA_5PKAbM6ra4DZv3GoDRzHhKWuyy-kqok0mg1NiimODaqF2HDcxkFHsmelDE5W3ldVpAlj2KlufJHjfz1zJOPiYS2BBVFCvLJ7om9xSU_pFZoNfO8zaXPSlW2r9UrYu5D8i/s320/Soil+Sampling+.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Proses pengambilan sampel tanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Contoh Asli (Undisturbed Samples)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Masih menunjukkan sifat-sifat asli dari tanah yang ada padanya&lt;br /&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tidak mengalami perubahan dalam struktur, kadar air, atau susunan kimia&lt;br /&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kerusakan-kerusakan terhadap contoh bisa dibatasi sekecil mungkin&lt;br /&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Contoh asli dapat diambil dengan :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sample tubes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alat ini berupa silinder berdinding tipis yang disambung dengan stang-stang bor dengan suatu alat yang disebut pemegang tabung contoh. Dipakai untuk lempung yang lunak sampai yang sedang.&lt;br /&gt;Tabung contoh ini dimasukkan kedalam dasar lubang bor dan kemudian ditekan / dipikul ke dalam tanah asli yang akan diambil contohnya pada dasar lubang bor. Setelah tabung contoh ditekan ke dalam tanah, dibiarkan dulu selama beberapa menit. Dengan tujuan untuk memberi kesempatan bagi terjadinya pelekatan antara tanah dengan permukaan dinding tabung.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kemudian tabung contoh ini diputar kira-kira 180º untuk memotong tanah pada dasar tabung, sebelum mencabutnya kembali. Setelah contoh diambil dari lubang bor, kemudian tabung ditutup parafin pada kedua ujungnya. Kemudian dibawa ke laboratorium untuk diselidiki.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Core Barrels&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Inti yang diambil dengan alat ini ditempatkan dalam kotak kayu yang bersekat, diletakkan&amp;nbsp; di udara terbuka. Kemudian inti akan kering dalam beberapa hari. Apabila inti contoh tersebut nantinya akan diperiksa / diselidiki, maka untuk kepentingan ini harus diambil tindakan untuk mencegah tindakan pengeringan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Block Samples&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dilakukan pemotongan / pengambilan tanah secara langsung dengan tanah, baik pada permukaan / dasar lubang percobaan.&lt;br /&gt;Contoh harus ditutup dengan parafin, dan ditempatkan dalam tempat yang kuat. Keuntungan pengambilan contoh dengan bentuk bongkah-bongkah (block sample):&lt;br /&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; kerusakan yang terjadi kecil &lt;br /&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; contoh yang diambil lebih besar&lt;br /&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; dapat tepat memilih kedalaman dan posisi dari mana contoh tesebut akan diambil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Contoh Tidak Asli ( Disturbed Sample )&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diambil tanpa adanya usaha-usaha yang dilakukan untuk melindungi struktur asli dari tanah tersebut. Contoh ini dibawa ke laboratorium dalam tempat terutup, sehingga kadar air tidak berubah. Contoh tidak asli ini dapat dipakai untuk segala penyelidikan yang tidak memerlukan contoh asli, seperti : batas-batas atterbang, ukuran butiran, pemadatan dan berat jenis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;c.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Percobaan Geser Sisa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Percobaan ini dapat dilakukan dengan memakai alat kotak geser pada suatu kecepatan regangan yang sangat rendah.&lt;br /&gt;
Berikut ini grafik&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;hubungan antara teegangan geser dengan regangan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ0dQMsQJEXcEJtF1QYuTLs-vh3vnWvuDjiReJwsSgLEWLQJtGidevYjVgwCuRGosMbYd7ligm3nZLulJOug748c89zYa13wVrSh2AN14ZRo17zX9_dNmRTbJnmV3H3hn6Fi3Xe6SCxZgh/s1600/Grafik+hubungan+antara+teegangan+geser+dengan+regangan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;228&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ0dQMsQJEXcEJtF1QYuTLs-vh3vnWvuDjiReJwsSgLEWLQJtGidevYjVgwCuRGosMbYd7ligm3nZLulJOug748c89zYa13wVrSh2AN14ZRo17zX9_dNmRTbJnmV3H3hn6Fi3Xe6SCxZgh/s320/Grafik+hubungan+antara+teegangan+geser+dengan+regangan.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Grafik hubungan antara teegangan geser dengan regangan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Dapat dilihat bahwa tegangan geser mencapai suatu&amp;nbsp; nilai puncak, dan kemudian menurun sampai ke nilai sisa. Percobaan kekuatan geser biasanya dilakukan dalam dua tingkat sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pemberian tegangan normal&lt;br /&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pemberian tegangan geser sampaai terjadi keruntuhan (tegangan geser mencapai maximum)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Percobaan kekuatan geser dapat dibagi dalam 3 macam :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Percobaan tertutup (undrained test)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada percobaan ini air tidak diperbolehkan mengalir dari contoh sama sekali baik pada tingkat pertama maupun kedua.&lt;br /&gt;Tegangan air pori biasanya tidak diukur pada percobaan semacam ini.&lt;br /&gt;Dengan demikian hanya kekuatan geser “ undrained “ yang dapat ditentukan dengan percobaaan ini. Pentingnya kekuatan geser sangat diperhatikan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Consolidated undained test&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada percobaan ini contoh diberikan tegangan normal dengan air diperbolehkan mengalir dari contoh. Tegangan normal ini bekerja sampai konsolidasi selesai, yaitu sampai tidak terjadi lagi perubahan pada isi contoh tanah.&lt;br /&gt;Kemudian jalan air dari contoh ditutup dan contoh diberi tegangan geser secara “undrained” yaitu secara tertutup.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Drained test (percobaan terbuka)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada percobaan ini diberikan tegangan normal dan air diperbolehkan mengalir sampai konsolidasi selesai. Kemudian tegangan geser diberikan dengan jalan air terbuka. Untuk menjaga agar tegangan air pori tetap nol</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/4570019180976486257/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/soil-sampling.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/4570019180976486257'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/4570019180976486257'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/soil-sampling.html' title='Soil Sampling'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9r7BeX3PAA_5PKAbM6ra4DZv3GoDRzHhKWuyy-kqok0mg1NiimODaqF2HDcxkFHsmelDE5W3ldVpAlj2KlufJHjfz1zJOPiYS2BBVFCvLJ7om9xSU_pFZoNfO8zaXPSlW2r9UrYu5D8i/s72-c/Soil+Sampling+.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-1809151105541925064</id><published>2018-10-22T20:43:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-22T20:45:46.092-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teknik Pemboran"/><title type='text'>Jenis Jenis Pengeboran (Boring)</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;BORING (PENGEBORAN)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pemboran adalah salah satu mata kuliah teknik pertambangan dan merupakan kegiatan ekplorasi dan eksploitasi dalam dunia pertambagan. Seperti yang telah dipaparkan pada materia &lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.219/02/teknik-pemboran.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;TEKNIK PEMBORAN&lt;/a&gt; sebelumnya, kita masuk ketahapan berikutnya mengenal lebih dalam tentang pemboran.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Proses Pengeboran Guna Memperoleh Data Core yang dilakukan di area konsesi KP PT. Dairi Prima Mineral Parongil Kabupaten Dairi Prov Sumut&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ada bermacam-macam cara untuk membuat lubang-lubang bor, yang prinsipnya adalah sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Bor Tangan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pemboran ini dapat dilakukan sampai kedalaman 5-10 m.&amp;nbsp; Pemboran dengan tangan merupakan metode yang cepat dan murah untuk tanah lunak, sehingga dapat dilakukan di daerah yang sulit dilalui oleh transportasi alat berat.&lt;br /&gt;
Bor tangan menggunakan “auger” pada ujung bagian bawah dari serangkaian setang-setang bor.&amp;nbsp; Bagian atas dari setang bor ini mempunyai handle yang dipakai untuk Memutar alat tersebut.&amp;nbsp; Gambar di bawah ini menunjukkan macam-macam auger yang dipakai untuk melakukan pemboran tangan.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb5was300KDZkAeXrNkjTvVin6p_0Fx8fZVVQv908eqF0bXZzSg1ojppUCHg2616pWzjx5rMZy6aCipl-fFC2oOyNulUqkiFjryJb3tJz4uRluYw16MoiYmBUkMcsXmXX-t_nKklHBhW_w/s1600/Bor+Tangan+.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb5was300KDZkAeXrNkjTvVin6p_0Fx8fZVVQv908eqF0bXZzSg1ojppUCHg2616pWzjx5rMZy6aCipl-fFC2oOyNulUqkiFjryJb3tJz4uRluYw16MoiYmBUkMcsXmXX-t_nKklHBhW_w/s400/Bor+Tangan+.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Proses pengeboran secara manual dengan menggunakan tangan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pemboran dengan Mesin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pemboran ini dapat dilakukan sampai kedalaman 50 m tergantung dari kemampuan alat dan mata bor.&lt;br /&gt;
Motor penggerak alat bor pada umumnya terdiri dari bagian-bagian berikut :&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Alat yang dapat mamutar setang bor, dengan kecepatan yang bisa diatur dan dapat memberikan gaya ke bawah.&lt;br /&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pompa, untuk memompakan air pencuci ke bawah, melalui bagian dalam setang bor.&lt;br /&gt;
c.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Roda pemutar (winches) dan derrick atau tripod untuk menarik dan menurunkan setang-setang dan alat-alt bor ke dalam lubang.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv3w9fcP5ZfT4Q7fTt-CWFGUN4XbbK4RGBlfh_ynRTIGcK5ke6lUeQVBnz4lcn-fXEbHzBCDCAJOlIOLmNXUgqWvKTz7-zeJPxwX03a17cWqaHoekudafkexe4oyHXR323d6PTvSDq5n24/s1600/Pengeboran+Core+Di+PT.+Dairi+Prima+Mineral.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1200&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv3w9fcP5ZfT4Q7fTt-CWFGUN4XbbK4RGBlfh_ynRTIGcK5ke6lUeQVBnz4lcn-fXEbHzBCDCAJOlIOLmNXUgqWvKTz7-zeJPxwX03a17cWqaHoekudafkexe4oyHXR323d6PTvSDq5n24/s400/Pengeboran+Core+Di+PT.+Dairi+Prima+Mineral.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pengeboran Core Di PT. Dairi Prima Mineral dengan menggunakan mesin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cara dan macam alat yang dipakai pada penggunaan alat-alat bor dengan motor penggerak :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pemboran Tumbuk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dilakukan dengan menggunakan bermacam-macam auger&amp;nbsp; dan cable tools.&lt;br /&gt;
Cable tools dikaitkan pada ujung kabel dan diturunkan atau dijatuhkan ke dalam lubang bor dengan menggunakan roda pemutar dan tripod/ derrick.&lt;br /&gt;
Pemboran tumbuk biasanya dilakukan pada kerikil dan pasir.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pemboran Tumbuk, umumnya digunakan dalam tahapan konstruksi pembuatan pancang atau paku bumi dalam konstruksi sipil&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pemboran dengan Air &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Air dipompakan ke bawah melalui setang-setang bor ke alat pemotong atau pahat pemotong dan air pemboran ini mengangkut potongan-potongan/ hancuran tanah tersebut kembali ke atas permukaan tanah.&lt;br /&gt;
Bahan-bahan yang dipadatkan ini bercampur dengan air, dengan hal ini kita tidak mungkin memperoleh keterangan-keterangan yang dapat dipercaya mengenai keadaan asli bahan-bahan tersebut di dalam tanah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;c.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Flight Auger dan Core Cutters&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Flight Auger&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Biasanya digunakan apabila dibutuhkan kemajuan yang cepat.&amp;nbsp; Pada pemboran ini tidak menggunakan air.&amp;nbsp; Walaupun tanah yang didapatkan tidak asli, tetapi tanah tersebut menunjukkan kadar air yang asli.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Core Cutters&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dipakai untuk mendapatkan inti yang sambung menyambung dan dalam keadaan yang hampir asli.&amp;nbsp; Dalam bahan yang lunak core cutters dapat mudah ditekan langsung ke dalam tanah tanpa diputar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;d.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Core Barrels&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Core barrels dikembangkan untuk pemboran dalam batuan.&amp;nbsp; Core barrels terdiri dari 2 tabung yaitu tabung dalam terkandung inti, tidak berputar, sedangkan tabung luar berputar memutar pahat yang sebenarnya melakukan pemboran.&amp;nbsp; Air dipompakan ke bawah melalui bagian dalam dari setang bor dan mengalir terus ke bawah di antara kedua tabung tersebut, lewat pahat dan kembali ke atas melalui bagian luar dari barrel.&amp;nbsp; Fungsi air untuk mendinginkan dan sebagai pelumas pahat, untuk mengangkut potongan-potongan tanah ke atas permukaan tanah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjON9jDP-agdgD5DVJA0yhHODNCOA96PrF2sbBKCUS9DlZn_OYWo1do-8hYpRzDckbZJ-clS29x_cQ-qZhi5WUf4VTOAb2bZDaGGsaoOs3HJ5omyuQPSCZhdKg376huLuvLAOZP0k1yvSip/s1600/Pemboran+Core+Barrels.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1200&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjON9jDP-agdgD5DVJA0yhHODNCOA96PrF2sbBKCUS9DlZn_OYWo1do-8hYpRzDckbZJ-clS29x_cQ-qZhi5WUf4VTOAb2bZDaGGsaoOs3HJ5omyuQPSCZhdKg376huLuvLAOZP0k1yvSip/s400/Pemboran+Core+Barrels.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Core Barrels hasil dari pemboran eksplorasi yang dilakukan di Anjing Hitam daerah KP PT. Dairi Prima Mineral&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/1809151105541925064/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/jenis-jenis-pengeboran-boring.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/1809151105541925064'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/1809151105541925064'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/jenis-jenis-pengeboran-boring.html' title='Jenis Jenis Pengeboran (Boring)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbS9ui4Ey-5m5_0-k8GY5tiesdX0EEMZMOLravMmslWrmzHFsHlFyixy6YUZ4WFjHiogU3FCdRFus2XIXmCKST1s0QcxJcltuMniw1x_h_jsZplV1VrXaCSJVvsGhVSCm9TCafnCoSvDm-/s72-c/Proses+Pengeboran+Di+PT.+Dairi+Prima+Mineral.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-5090108302765273631</id><published>2018-10-22T20:00:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-22T20:00:50.345-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Lengas Tanah</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;LENGAS TANAH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Lengas tanah adalah air yang terikat oleh berbagai gaya, misalnya gaya
ikat matrik, osmosis dan kapiler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMTJk1Z6GQgLomhqfDH4yNMwYF6bxf8de_TE2qXCXavuY14svO9OonERPmURJ_ypJXR99IaR58-fOE4Cq7edbMeNS85TU3exyrl8F9GD70eJsvwT-jU9O41icB28oy_-SSQ_lvOglfQZ8O/s1600/Lengas+Tanah+.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;228&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMTJk1Z6GQgLomhqfDH4yNMwYF6bxf8de_TE2qXCXavuY14svO9OonERPmURJ_ypJXR99IaR58-fOE4Cq7edbMeNS85TU3exyrl8F9GD70eJsvwT-jU9O41icB28oy_-SSQ_lvOglfQZ8O/s320/Lengas+Tanah+.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lengas Tanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Gaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; ikat matrik berasal dari tarikan antar partikel tanah dan
meningkat sesuai dengan peningkatan permukaan jenis partikel tanah dan
kerapatan muatan elektrostatik partikel tanah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Gaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; osmosis dipengaruhi oleh zat terlarut dalam air maka meningkat
dengan semakin pekatnya larutan, sedang gaya
kapiler dibangkitkan oleh pori-pori tanah berkaitan dengan tegangan permukaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Jumlah ketiga gaya tersebut disebut
potensial lengas tanah atau tegangan lengas tanah, dan menjadi ukuran kemampuan
tanah melawan gaya
gravitasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ukuran lengas tanah adalah cm Hg, bar, dan pF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1 bar
= 0,9869 atm = 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; Pascal = 75,007 cm Hg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;satuan
cm air dibagi 1000 menjadi satuan bar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pF =
log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Klasifikasi lengas tanah berdasar tegangan lengas tanah :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;b&gt;Kapasitas menahan air
maksimum&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Jumlah air yang
dikandung tanah dalam keadaan jenuh, semua pori terisi penuh air. Tegangan lengas tanah
= 0 cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 0 bar atau pF 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;b&gt;Kapasitas lapang&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Jumlah air yang
terkandung tanah setelah air gravitasi hilang. Tegangan lengas = 346 cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O;
0,3 bar atau pF 2,54.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Titik
layu tetap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tingkat kelengasan tanah yang menyebabkan tumbuhan mulai
memperlihatkan gejala layu. Tegangan lengas tanah = 15,849 cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O;
15 bar; pF 4,17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4. &lt;b&gt;Koefisien higroskopik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Jumlah lengas tanah yang
dijerap permukaan partikel tanah dari uap air dalam atmosfer yang berkelembaban
kira-kira 100%. Tegangan lengas tanah = 31 bar; atau pF 4,5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;5. &lt;b&gt;Kering angin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kadar air tanah setelah diangin-anginkan di tempat teduh sampai
mencapai keseimbangan dengan kelengasan atmosfer. Tegangan lengas&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;= 106 cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O; 1000 bar; pF 6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;6. &lt;b&gt;Kering oven&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kadar air tanah setelah dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu 105-110 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;°&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C sampai tidak ada lagi air yang menguap (timbangan tetap;
biasanya membutuhkan waktu 16-18 jam). Tegangan lengas tanah = 107 cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O;
10.000 bar; atau pF 7,0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Klasifikasi
fisik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(1)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;air bebas (air gravitasi)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; : air yang diatus oleh gaya
gravitasi. Air dalam kondisi jenuh dan berada diantara pF 0 dan pF 2,54
(diantara jenuh air dan kapasitas lapang)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(2)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;air kapiler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; :
air dalam pori-pori tanah dengan tegangan antara pF 2,54 dan 4,5 (kapasitas
lapang dan koefisien higroskopis) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(3)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;air higroskopis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; :
air di permukaan tanah yang dipegang antara pF 4,5 dan 7,0 (antara koefisien
higroskopis dan kering oven)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Klasifikasi
biologi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(1)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;air tidak berguna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
: setara dengan air bebas menurut klasifikasi fisik. Kelas ini tidak berlaku
bagi padi di sawah dan hidrofit yang hidup dalam jenuh air &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(2)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;air tersedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; :
air yang terdapat diantara kapsitas lapang dan titik layu tetap (pF 2,54 dan
4,17), dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(3)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;air tidak tersedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
: air yang berada pada tegangan diatas titik layu tetap (diatas pF 4,17). Air
dipegang tanah dengan tegangan lebih kuat dibanding kekuatan akar menyerap air.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kandungan air dalam tanah mempengaruhi sifat tanah seperti
plastisitas, kembang dan kerut tanah, konsistensi, kepadatan, dan aerasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Air tanah juga sangat berperan dalam siklus hidrologi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/5090108302765273631/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/lengas-tanah.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/5090108302765273631'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/5090108302765273631'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/lengas-tanah.html' title='Lengas Tanah'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMTJk1Z6GQgLomhqfDH4yNMwYF6bxf8de_TE2qXCXavuY14svO9OonERPmURJ_ypJXR99IaR58-fOE4Cq7edbMeNS85TU3exyrl8F9GD70eJsvwT-jU9O41icB28oy_-SSQ_lvOglfQZ8O/s72-c/Lengas+Tanah+.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-2289804437458481957</id><published>2018-10-22T19:42:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-22T19:42:57.097-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Konsistensi Tanah</title><content type='html'>KONSISTENSI TANAH&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Konsistensi Tanah adalah derajad kohesi dan adhesi antara partikel-partikel tanah dan ketahanan massa tanah terhadap perubahan bentuk oleh tekanan dan berbagai kekuatan yang mempengaruhi bentuk tanah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Konsistensi ditentukan oleh tekstur tanah dan struktur tanah. Cara penentuan (1) lapangan : memijit tanah dalam kondisi kering, lembab dan basah (2) laboratorium : Angka-angka Atterberg&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Penentuan di lapangan :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kondisi kering : kekerasan (lepas, lunak, keras)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kondisi lembab keteguhan (lepas, gembur, teguh)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kondisi basah : kelekatan dan plastisitas&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjDErzX5tAEvI2cKPXhh1UKw-VkPIxtg-RGbzMLTUKyBnrfkmIyKaHSaIiFd8IakHY7h2eQG_8i6iHjX5cPjfFVravu-BXo05SbM3Guk1cDi7MsyS-UZBV018cibDBHx2_LrUsIlhu-L2/s1600/Konsistensi+Tanah+.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;228&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjDErzX5tAEvI2cKPXhh1UKw-VkPIxtg-RGbzMLTUKyBnrfkmIyKaHSaIiFd8IakHY7h2eQG_8i6iHjX5cPjfFVravu-BXo05SbM3Guk1cDi7MsyS-UZBV018cibDBHx2_LrUsIlhu-L2/s320/Konsistensi+Tanah+.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Konsistensi Tanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Penentuan di laboratorium : menentukan Batas Cair (BC), Batas Lekat (BL), Batas Gulung (BG) dan Batas Berubah Warna (BBW).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Batas Cair : kadar air yang dapat ditahan oleh tanah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Batas Lekat adalah kadar air dimana tanah tidak melekat ke logam&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Batas Berubah Warna adalah batas air dimana air sudah tidak dapat diserap oleh akar tanaman karena terikat kuat oleh tanah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Jangka Olah (JO) : kadar air dimana tanah mudah diolah (BL-BG)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Derajad keteguhan (DT) : BC-BG&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Surplus positif : Bl &amp;gt; BC artinya tanah mudah merembeskan air; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Surplus negatif : BL &amp;lt; BC : tanah sukar merembeskan air&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/2289804437458481957/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/konsistensi-tanah.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/2289804437458481957'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/2289804437458481957'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/konsistensi-tanah.html' title='Konsistensi Tanah'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjDErzX5tAEvI2cKPXhh1UKw-VkPIxtg-RGbzMLTUKyBnrfkmIyKaHSaIiFd8IakHY7h2eQG_8i6iHjX5cPjfFVravu-BXo05SbM3Guk1cDi7MsyS-UZBV018cibDBHx2_LrUsIlhu-L2/s72-c/Konsistensi+Tanah+.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-120580202047834944</id><published>2018-10-22T19:37:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-22T19:39:51.530-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Tekstur dan Struktur Tanah</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;TEKSTUR TANAH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Sifat kimia, fisika dan mineralogi partikel tanah tergantung pada ukuran partikelnya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Semakin kecil ukuran partikel maka luas permukaannya semakin besar. Jadi, luas permukaan fraksi liat &amp;gt; fraksi debu &amp;gt; fraksi pasir&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkjIH50GYPvh3Z5gElit3D5E6PnaCImBuK-uM89TlHpIgt4sRtJ4p9EsXSVAqpax8aNcOuzbxuZAGi37KC2JyQPdlM0TEZ9OZjLbAESWXHYmPZte4KcSaN816ZXemO8nqbL_wXEbRFZCc/s1600/Segitiga+Tanah+.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkjIH50GYPvh3Z5gElit3D5E6PnaCImBuK-uM89TlHpIgt4sRtJ4p9EsXSVAqpax8aNcOuzbxuZAGi37KC2JyQPdlM0TEZ9OZjLbAESWXHYmPZte4KcSaN816ZXemO8nqbL_wXEbRFZCc/s400/Segitiga+Tanah+.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Segitiga Tanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sebagai contoh :&lt;br /&gt;
Partikel bentuk bola dengan berat 1 gr dengan bulk density 2,65&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt; dipecah menjadi 10&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; partikel yang lebih kecil berbentuk bola dengan berat masing-masing partikel 10&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; g.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maka :&lt;br /&gt;
Luas permukaan untuk partikel dengan berat 1 gr adalah sbb :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;style&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Volume
= (1 g)/(2,65 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) = 0,377 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Volume bola = 4/3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; r&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; sehingga r&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; = (0,377 x 3)/4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; = 0,0901&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Radius
= r = 0,448 cm = 4,48 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-3 &lt;/sup&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Luas
permukaan (Surface area/SA) = 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
= &lt;b&gt;2,52 x 10-4 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Setelah dipecah menjadi
partikel yang lebih kecil :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Volume = (10&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;)/(2,65
g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) = 3,77 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;r&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
= &lt;u&gt;3,77 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; x 3&lt;/u&gt; = 9,01 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 106.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;4p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;r
= 4,48 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;SA dari masing-masing partikel kecil
= 4pr&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;=
4 x p
x (4,48 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; m)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 2,52 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/partikel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kolektif SA = 2,52 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt;
m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/partikel x 106 = 2,52 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dengan kata lain,&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Pemecahan
partikel seberat 1 gr menjadi 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; partikel kecil dapat meningkatkan
luas permukaan 100 kali lipat dari 2,52 x 10-4 m&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;menjadi&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;2,52 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Klasifikasi
Ukuran Partikel &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sumber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Soil&amp;nbsp; separates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kerikil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pasir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;134&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;debu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;liat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;
  2mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2
  mm–50 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;134&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;50
  mm-2
  mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;
  2mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ISSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;
  2mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2
  mm-20 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;134&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;20
  mm-2
  mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;
  2mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;USPRA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;
  2mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2
  mm-50 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;134&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;50
  mm-5
  mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;
  5mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;BSI,
  MIT, DIN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;
  2mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2
  mm-60 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;134&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;60
  mm-2
  mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;
  2mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tekstur tanah diartikan sebagai proporsi pasir, debu dan liat&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Partikel ukuran lebih dari 2mm, bahan organik dan agen perekat seperti kalsium&amp;nbsp; karbonate harus dihilangkan sebelum menentukan tekstur&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tanah bertekstur sama misal geluh berdebu mempunyai sifat fisika dan kimia yang hampir sama dengan syarat mineralogi liat &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tekstur tanah ditentukan di lapangan dengan cara melihat gejala konsistensi dan rasa perabaan menurut bagan alir dan di laboratorium dengan metode pipet atau metode hidrometer &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tekstur tanah menentukan tata air, tata udara, kemudahan pengolahan dan struktur tanah&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;STRUKTUR TANAH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Merupakan gumpalan tanah yang berasal dari partikel-partikel tanah yang saling merekat satu sama lain karena adanya perekat misalnya eksudat akar, hifa jamur, lempung, humus, dll. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Ikatan partikel tanah berwujud sebagai agregat tanah yang membentuk dirinya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pengamatan struktur tanah di lapangan (SSS, 1975) terdiri dari :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pengamatan bentuk dan susunan agregat tanah = tipe struktur (lempeng, tiang, gumpal, remah, granuler, butir tunggal, pejal)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Besarnya agregat = klas struktur (sangat halus, halus, sedang, kasa, sangat kasar)Kuat lemahnya bentuk agregat = derajad struktur (tidak beragregat, lemah, sedang, kuat)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/120580202047834944/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/tekstur-dan-struktur-tanah.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/120580202047834944'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/120580202047834944'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/tekstur-dan-struktur-tanah.html' title='Tekstur dan Struktur Tanah'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkjIH50GYPvh3Z5gElit3D5E6PnaCImBuK-uM89TlHpIgt4sRtJ4p9EsXSVAqpax8aNcOuzbxuZAGi37KC2JyQPdlM0TEZ9OZjLbAESWXHYmPZte4KcSaN816ZXemO8nqbL_wXEbRFZCc/s72-c/Segitiga+Tanah+.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-3638458262913995520</id><published>2018-10-22T19:24:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-22T19:28:51.299-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Warna Tanah</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;WARNA TANAH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Warna tanah secara langsung mempengaruhi penyerapan sinar matahari dan salah satu faktor penentu suhu tanah, dan secara tidak langsung berhubungan dengan sifat-sifat tanah, misal informasi subsoil drainase, kandungan bahan organik surface horizon, pembeda antar horison, dimana diukur dengan menggunakan standar warna (Soil Munsell Color Chart)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDHDdbYEdeSJxspyv53uJZHD5Ga_yT9ncEgr5n2zkJSq4tRKrSICNU_QQnw4vE7QD3wh5sXee34Mg7m92jKQQ0vlWEsSyJehH-Z5oc-_UykJeVycxX8ryoBW6MaQwu7z6wDcJxpA866Hs/s1600/Warna+Tanah.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDHDdbYEdeSJxspyv53uJZHD5Ga_yT9ncEgr5n2zkJSq4tRKrSICNU_QQnw4vE7QD3wh5sXee34Mg7m92jKQQ0vlWEsSyJehH-Z5oc-_UykJeVycxX8ryoBW6MaQwu7z6wDcJxpA866Hs/s400/Warna+Tanah.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Soil Munsell Color Chart&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Keterangan Soil Munsell Color Chart :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;“ The Munsell notation identifies color by use of three variables : Hue, Value, and Chroma. &lt;br /&gt;Hue is the dominant spectral color, that is, whether the hue is a pure color such as yellow, red, green or a mixture of pure color, such as yellow-red. Mixtures are identified numerically according to the amount of yellow or red used to produce the mixture. 5YR is an equal of red and yellow. As the number increases, the amount of the first color (yellow) increases and the second color (red) decreases.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Value and Chroma are terms that refer to how the hue is modified by the addition of gray. &lt;br /&gt;Value is the degree of lightness or brightness of the hue reflected in the property of the gray color that is being added to the hue. A particular value (gray) is made by mixing a pure white pigment (10) with a pure black pigment (0). If equal amounts of white and black pigments are mixed, the value is equal to 5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chroma is the amount of gray of a particular value that is mixed with the pure hue to obtain the actual soil color. A chroma of 1 would be made by adding 1 unit of pure hue to a certain amount of gray; a chroma of 5 would contain 5 units of pure hue to the amount of gray. The lower the chroma, the closer the color is to the pure gray of that value. “&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;“Notasi Munsell mengidentifikasi warna dengan menggunakan tiga variabel: Warna, Nilai, dan Chroma.&lt;br /&gt;Corak adalah warna spektral yang dominan, yaitu, apakah rona adalah warna murni seperti kuning, merah, hijau atau campuran warna murni, seperti kuning-merah. Campuran diidentifikasi secara numerik sesuai dengan jumlah kuning atau merah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan campuran. 5YR sama dengan warna merah dan kuning. Ketika jumlah meningkat, jumlah warna pertama (kuning) meningkat dan warna kedua (merah) menurun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nilai dan Chroma adalah istilah yang mengacu pada bagaimana warna dimodifikasi oleh penambahan abu-abu.&lt;br /&gt;Nilai adalah tingkat kecerahan atau kecerahan rona yang tercermin dalam properti warna abu-abu yang ditambahkan ke rona. Nilai tertentu (abu-abu) dibuat dengan mencampur pigmen putih murni (10) dengan pigmen hitam murni (0). Jika jumlah yang sama dari pigmen putih dan hitam dicampur, nilainya sama dengan 5.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chroma adalah jumlah abu-abu dari nilai tertentu yang dicampur dengan warna murni untuk mendapatkan warna tanah yang sebenarnya. Sebuah chroma 1 akan dibuat dengan menambahkan 1 unit rona murni ke sejumlah abu-abu; kroma 5 akan mengandung 5 unit rona murni dengan jumlah abu-abu. Semakin rendah kroma, semakin dekat warnanya dengan abu-abu murni dari nilai itu. “&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Interpretasi&lt;/b&gt; : Warna tanah disebabkan oleh adanya bahan organik, dan atau status oksidasi senyawa besi dalam tanah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tanah yang dibentuk oleh bahan induk basalt sering berwarna sangat gelap jika tanah tersebut mengandung sedikit atau tidak ada bahan organik&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Status oksidasi besi terutama di lapisan bawah : tanah yang aerasi dan drainase bagus, senyawa besi berada dalam bentuk oksidasi &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ferri/Fe&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) dan memberikan warna merah atau kuning; tanah yang aerasi dan drainase jelek, senyawa besi tereduksi dalam bentuk ferro (&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Fe&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) akan memberikan warna abu-abu (gray)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hubungan antara warna tanah dengan kandungan bahan organik di Illinois, USA&lt;br /&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
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 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Notasi Munsell &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;(kondisi
  lembab)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 215.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;287&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bahan Organik
  (%)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Range&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;145&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Average&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;10 YR 2/1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;3,5-7,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;145&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;5,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;10YR 3/1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;2,5-4,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;145&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;3,5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;10 YR 3/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;2,0-3,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;145&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;2,5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;10 YR 4/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;1,5-2,5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;145&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;2,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;10 YR 5/3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;142&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;1,0-2,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;145&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;1,5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/3638458262913995520/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/warna-tanah.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/3638458262913995520'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/3638458262913995520'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/warna-tanah.html' title='Warna Tanah'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDHDdbYEdeSJxspyv53uJZHD5Ga_yT9ncEgr5n2zkJSq4tRKrSICNU_QQnw4vE7QD3wh5sXee34Mg7m92jKQQ0vlWEsSyJehH-Z5oc-_UykJeVycxX8ryoBW6MaQwu7z6wDcJxpA866Hs/s72-c/Warna+Tanah.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-6134301822802089768</id><published>2018-10-22T19:18:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-22T19:18:32.790-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Sifat Fisik Tanah</title><content type='html'>SIFAT FISIK TANAH&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Sifat fisik tanah : &lt;b&gt;tekstur, struktur, kepadatan tanah, porositas, konsistensi, warna, air tanah, temperatur, aerasi&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-TB2IpR2BXzsWGPA8WJG3639_dUW1G3HwaBnGGIH2-sJWjPoJy6Fso9WSKHUY9INBI3JPR9PjizxMUmR3wa2Nec-Md6AonmBN58tjnlMOiI11F3BPY0k3f6pcJyYBJ8z2BjC_D2SxAjju/s1600/Sifat+Fisik+Tanah.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-TB2IpR2BXzsWGPA8WJG3639_dUW1G3HwaBnGGIH2-sJWjPoJy6Fso9WSKHUY9INBI3JPR9PjizxMUmR3wa2Nec-Md6AonmBN58tjnlMOiI11F3BPY0k3f6pcJyYBJ8z2BjC_D2SxAjju/s400/Sifat+Fisik+Tanah.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sifat Fisik Tanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Tanah terdiri dari 3 komponen : &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Komponen padatan&lt;/b&gt; terdiri atas mineral anorganik dan bahan organik. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Komponen cair (liquid)&lt;/b&gt; terdiri atas air, ion yang terlarut, molekul, gas yang secara kolektif disebut : cairan tanah (soil solution). &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Komponen gas tanah &lt;/b&gt;seperti gas atmosfer di atas tanah tetapi berbeda proporsinya.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Volume tanah = volume pori (air, gas) + volume padatan = konstan; untuk tanah yang tidak mengembang/swelling&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tanah berswelling tidak konstan tergantung dari kandungan airnya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tanah ideal = 50% padatan dan 50% pori (45% bahan anorganik,5% organik)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pori = makro berisi udara atmosfer berisi air (air ditahan oleh gaya adhesi&amp;nbsp; partikel tanah dengan air melawan gaya gravitasi).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Untuk analisis diperlukan berat tanah kering mutlak. Caranya dengan mengringovenkan pada suhu 105°C selama 48 jam yang dikenal dengan nama oven-dry-weight. Jumlah kalsium, potassium, bahan organik, air tanah dihitung berdasarkan oven-dry-weight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/6134301822802089768/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/sifat-fisik-tanah.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/6134301822802089768'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/6134301822802089768'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/sifat-fisik-tanah.html' title='Sifat Fisik Tanah'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-TB2IpR2BXzsWGPA8WJG3639_dUW1G3HwaBnGGIH2-sJWjPoJy6Fso9WSKHUY9INBI3JPR9PjizxMUmR3wa2Nec-Md6AonmBN58tjnlMOiI11F3BPY0k3f6pcJyYBJ8z2BjC_D2SxAjju/s72-c/Sifat+Fisik+Tanah.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-8519467806314284605</id><published>2018-10-22T19:14:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-22T19:14:21.725-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Morfologi Tanah</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Morfologi Tanah&lt;/b&gt; adalah suatu sarana dalam penyelidikan ilmiah dengan tujuan untuk menguraikan, melukiskan dan melaporkan kenampakan, ciri-ciri, dan sifat tanah yang dimiliki oleh suatu profil tanah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipbXbV_IKfgPzclk7HquLnjUFkfUctGuXS_Z8V0DzTSXmtMbnq8AhS7tgoDAN56IuPVH4I1sECvFUqdIi1T2ZIl1ewKF6ZQF41XWnPwgaUj5btBjwiEVMLdlz-PCGrXHx5UjEP4cI36As2/s1600/Morfologi+Tanah.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipbXbV_IKfgPzclk7HquLnjUFkfUctGuXS_Z8V0DzTSXmtMbnq8AhS7tgoDAN56IuPVH4I1sECvFUqdIi1T2ZIl1ewKF6ZQF41XWnPwgaUj5btBjwiEVMLdlz-PCGrXHx5UjEP4cI36As2/s400/Morfologi+Tanah.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sistem Morfologi Tanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Profil Tanah&lt;/b&gt; adalah penampang melintang tanah yang menampakkan lapisan-lapisan tanah (horizon)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Horizon&lt;/b&gt; adalah lapisan tanah yang kurang lebih sejajar dengan permukaan bumi dan mempunyai ciri-ciri tertentu (khas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Solum (tubuh tanah)&lt;/b&gt; adalah tanah yang berkembang secara genetis; merupakan lapisan tanah mineral dari atas sampai sedikit dibawah batas atas horizon C&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Top Soil (Tanah Atasan)&lt;/b&gt; adalah lapisan tanah yang paling atas yang dapat diartikan :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Horizon Ap;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Horizon A1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Horizon A seluruhnya&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Lapisan tanah yang subur karena mengandung banyak bahan organik tanah&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Surface soil (tanah permukaan)&lt;/b&gt; adalah lapisan tanah permukaan yang biasanya terpindahkan (moved by) waktu pengolahan tanah (tebalnya 12-20 cm) yang biasanya tererosi&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Subsurface horizon (tanah bawah permukaan)&lt;/b&gt; adalah bagian horizon A yang terdapat dibawah surface soil&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Subsoil (Tanah bawahan) &lt;/b&gt;adalah horizon B bagi tanah yang sudah terbentuk horizon; sedang bagi tanah yang sedang berkembang berarti lapisan tanah dibawah tanah permukaan dimana terdapat pertumbuhan akar yang normal&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Substratum (lapisan bawah tanah)&lt;/b&gt; adalah lapisan dibawah solum, baik horizon C maupun horizon R.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Syarat profil :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tegak (vertikal)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Baru&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tidak terkena sinar matahari langsung&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tidak tergenang air&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mewakili tapak sekeliling&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Step-step pengamatan profil tanah :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Membuat lubang profil (1m x 1m x 1m) atau tebras tebing&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menentukan batas-batas horizon, berdasarkan suara, warna dan kekerasan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengukur batas-batas horizon dalam satuan cm &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Batas horizon :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;(a)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jelas&amp;nbsp; Tidaknya&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; t – tegas (abrupt) : tebal batas kurang dari 2,5 cm&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; j –jelas (clear) : tebal batas 2,5-6,0 cm&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; a – berangsur (gradual) : tebal 6,0-15 cm&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; k-kabur (diffuse) : lebih dari 15 cm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;(b) Topografi batas :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; r- rata (smooth)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 0- berombak (wavy)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; i- tidak teratur (irregular)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ii- patah (broken)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengamati sifat-sifat atau kenampakan tanah&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Warna tanah&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tekstur Tanah&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; c.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Struktur Tanah&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; d.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Konsistensi&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; e.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; PH tanah&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; f.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perakaran&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; g.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Bahan-bahan kasar dan bentukan istimewa (padas, konkresi)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/8519467806314284605/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/morfologi-tanah.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/8519467806314284605'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/8519467806314284605'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/morfologi-tanah.html' title='Morfologi Tanah'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipbXbV_IKfgPzclk7HquLnjUFkfUctGuXS_Z8V0DzTSXmtMbnq8AhS7tgoDAN56IuPVH4I1sECvFUqdIi1T2ZIl1ewKF6ZQF41XWnPwgaUj5btBjwiEVMLdlz-PCGrXHx5UjEP4cI36As2/s72-c/Morfologi+Tanah.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-4020982337029933765</id><published>2018-10-14T05:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-14T05:07:29.208-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Batuan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teknik Terowongan"/><title type='text'>Teknik Penyanggaan Terowongan</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;1. Deformasi Terowongan Tanpa Penyangga &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Untuk memahami bagaimana tekanan penyangga bekerja akan dijelaskan respon massa batuan di sekitar penggalian terowongan (lihat Gambar A).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2ZWov1PXDfnIh2q8NymAU4UNTKfNGwsez_G0z-Kl0BNw2hdsHJt9vw69Z5ExBgVlQMz8iOM4G-XmyZmv770JZ1hp5MJZZNSonjE6fT4PVyl-jqFJXoW_7Fk190ttMx3APg58hOXmSoNs/s1600/Teknik+Penyanggaan+Terowongan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1200&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2ZWov1PXDfnIh2q8NymAU4UNTKfNGwsez_G0z-Kl0BNw2hdsHJt9vw69Z5ExBgVlQMz8iOM4G-XmyZmv770JZ1hp5MJZZNSonjE6fT4PVyl-jqFJXoW_7Fk190ttMx3APg58hOXmSoNs/s400/Teknik+Penyanggaan+Terowongan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pekerjaan Pembuatan Penyangga Terowongan Air di PLTA Asahan No.1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Misalkan titik pengukuran ditempatkan di ujung terowongan yang sedang digali dan penyangga belum dipasang. Perpindahan yang dapat diukur&amp;nbsp; dimulai pada jarak 0,5D di depan face (D = diameter terowongan). Selanjutnya, di face perpindahan radial mencapai 0,33 harga perpindahan maksimum (0,33 Umax). Perpindahan radial mencapai harga final kira-kira pada jaraj 1,5 D di belakang face, dimana fungsi face sebagai penyangga sudah tidak efektif lagi &lt;i&gt;(lihat gambar A)&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bila massa batuan cukup kuat menahan runtuhan, maka yang terjadi adalah perpindahan elastis. Terjadinya perpindahan elastis yang menyusul perpindahan plastis tidak berarti serta merta terowongan akan runtuh. Massa batuan masih mempunyai kekuatan yang cukup, karena tebal zona plastis relatif kecil dibandingkan dengan radius terowongan. Yang akan terjadi hanyalah retakan-retakan baru dan sejumlah kecil batuan di dinding yang lepas dan jatuh (spalling).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Runtuhan yang sebenarnya akan terjadi jika zona plastis yang tebal dan terjadi perpindahan ke arah dinding, massa batuan yang terlepas dan berjatuhan akan semakin bertambah dan terowongan tanpa penyangga akan runtuh.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiia3oexXTvBwhRGJ7Heqd-Ax9ubfwYYhLthxgo6KPxxZRDapLNSVs_KQX_2kLR_O4FuCS7bReo3DGcSlGdOQI1JoOtj1sHDNM1X5aiCw782Dd3I7PFapYAxSROrUfip5pmce1YuM5BZeOJ/s1600/Pengaturan+Jarak+Pada+Sistem+Penyangga+Terowongan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;230&quot; data-original-width=&quot;530&quot; height=&quot;138&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiia3oexXTvBwhRGJ7Heqd-Ax9ubfwYYhLthxgo6KPxxZRDapLNSVs_KQX_2kLR_O4FuCS7bReo3DGcSlGdOQI1JoOtj1sHDNM1X5aiCw782Dd3I7PFapYAxSROrUfip5pmce1YuM5BZeOJ/s320/Pengaturan+Jarak+Pada+Sistem+Penyangga+Terowongan.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Gambar A.&lt;/span&gt; Pengaturan Jarak Pada Sistem Penyangga Terowongan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Kurva Beban Deformasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tujuan utama merancang penyangga pada lubang bukaan di bawah tanah adalah untuk membantu massa batuan menyangga dirinya sendiri. &lt;i&gt;Gambar B&lt;/i&gt; adalah contoh suatu terowongan yang digali dengan seluruh permukaan kerja (full face) dengan pemboran dan peledakan, menggunakan penyangga besi baja (stell set support) yang dipasang sesudah pembersihan dan pengeluaran asap (mucking) dari terowongan. Tegangan in-situ horizontal dan vertikal dianggap sama = Po.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar B. &lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;Kurva beban deformasi massa batuan dan sistem penyangga (Menurut Daeman)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada &lt;i&gt;gambar B&lt;/i&gt; bagian bawah, kurva reaksi penyangga untuk steel set berpotongan dengan kurva beban deformasi untuk dinding dan atap terowongan pada titik E dan F. Pada titik-titik ini, tekanan penyangga yang dibutuhkan untuk membatasi deformasi pada dinding dan atap adalah tepat seimbang dengan tekanan penyangga yang tersedia dari steel set dan terowongan dan sistem penyangga adalah dalam keseimbangan stabil.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3. Penentuan Tinggi Dan Muatan Beban.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Suatu alternatif pada pendekatan teoritik untuk penyanggaan batuan adalah memanfaatkan pengalaman sebelumnya, sebagai suatu dasar untuk memperkirakan penyanggaan yang diperlukan untuk penggalian bawah tanah. Pendekatan ini terus berkembang tanpa arah yang jelas sebelum munculnya penggunaan klasifikasi batuan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada bagian ini diberikan prinsip-prinsip dari klasifikasi massa batuan. Sebagian dari klasifikasi ini adalah suatu pekerjaan deskripsi murni dan klasifikasi ini patut dihargai dengan mendefenisikan beberapa parameter yang tampak mampu mendefenisikan secara benar massa batuan. Kemudian akan digunakan untuk pemilihan jenis penyangga yang akan digunakan untuk lubang bukaan atau terowongan.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar C. &lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;Daerah yang tidak stabil menurut Terzaghi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;aside class=&quot;element element-rich-link element-rich-link--not-upgraded&quot; data-component=&quot;rich-link&quot; data-link-name=&quot;rich-link-1 | 1&quot;&gt;
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&lt;h1 class=&quot;rich-link__title&quot;&gt;
Penyangaan Jenis Baut Batuan &lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link__read-more&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link__arrow&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link__read-more-text&quot;&gt;
Read more
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;rich-link__link u-faux-block-link__overlay&quot; href=&quot;/2018/10/penyanga-baut-batuan.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/aside&gt;
Untuk pemilihan jenis penyanggaan yang akan digunakan, ada hal yang sangat mendasar dan perlu untuk diperhitungkan ialah perhitungan tinggi beban yang akan disangga. K. Terzaghi (1946) menyatakan bahwa sejumlah batuan atau tanah tinggi beban (Hp) menyerupai suatu topi di atas terowongan &lt;i&gt;(lihat Gambar C)&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;aside class=&quot;element element-rich-link element-rich-link--not-upgraded&quot; data-component=&quot;rich-link&quot; data-link-name=&quot;rich-link-1 | 1&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/svg&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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Read more
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;rich-link__link u-faux-block-link__overlay&quot; href=&quot;/2018/10/penyanga-baja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/aside&gt;
Dari gambar C kemudian dibuat pengklasifikasian muatan batuan terhadap kondisi batuan dan tinggi muatan batuan &lt;i&gt;(lihat Tabel A dan Tabel B)&lt;/i&gt;. Kemudian untuk rekomendasi kebutuhan penyanggaan seperti penyangga baja, baut batuan dan beton diberikan oleh Deere dkk &lt;i&gt;(lihat Tabel C)&lt;/i&gt;. Perubahan konsep rekomendasi penyanggaan yang berdasarkan kualitas massa batuan dan RQD ini terus berkembang hingga muncul klasifikasi massa batuan oleh para ahli seperti RMR.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tinggi beban (ht) dan tekanan batuan terhadap penyangga (P) ditentukan berdasarkan rumus yang diusulkan oleh Unal (1983) dengan memakai nilai RMR dari klasifikasi Geomekanika sebagai berikut&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Keterangan
:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;t &lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;=
tinggi beban batuan (m)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;RMR&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;=
Rock Mass Rating (bobot nilai batuan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;B&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;=
lebar lubang bukaan atau lebar terowongan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Dari
persamaan diatas terlihat bahwa tinggi beban (h&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;) merupakan fungsi
dari lebar bukaan dan bobot nilai batuan. Tekanan batuan yang diterima
penyangga tergantung pada tinggi beban dan bobot isi batuannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tabel A. Klasifikasi muatan batuan (Terzaghi, 1946)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;KONDISI BATUAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;TINGGI MUATAN
  BATUAN, h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt; (m)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 44.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;CATATAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 50.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 50.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Keras dan kompak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Lapisan ringan saja, walaupun ada hanya terjadi
  spalling ringan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 50.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 50.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Perlapisan keras atau skistosa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0 – 0,50 B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Lapisan ringan terutama untuk perlindungan dari
  jatuhan blok.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 50.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 50.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Masif, diskontinuitas yang sedang jumlahnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0 – 0,25 B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 50.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Perubahan tak menentu dari beban.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 75.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 75.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 75.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Terbagi-bagi dalam blok dalam jumlah yang
  sedang dengan rekahan yang cukup banyak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 75.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0,25 B – 0,35 (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 75.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak ada tekanan lateral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 64.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 64.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sangat terbagi dalam blok-blok dengan rekahan
  yang banyak dan berkembang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0,35 B – 1,10 (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sedikit atau tidak ada tekanan lateral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 63.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 63.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Terpecah keseluruhan tetapi masih bersatu
  secara kimia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1,10 (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tekanan lateral yang amat besar. Akibat dari
  hilangnya kekuatan yang disebabkan oleh infiltrasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 62.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 62.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 62.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Batuan yang berperan dalam pemampatan pada
  kondisi kedalaman yang sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 62.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(1,10 – 2,10) (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 62.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tekanan lateral yang besar, penyangga besi baja
  sirkuler (rib) direkomendasikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 64.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 64.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;8.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Batuan yang berperan dalam pemampatan pada
  kondisi kedalaman yang besar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(2,10 – 4,50 ) (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 102.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 102.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;177&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Batuan yang mengembang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(swelling rock)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sampai
  90 m tidak tergantung dari (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;194&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Penyangga besi baja sirkuler (rib)
  diperlukan. Dalam keadaan ektrim gunakan perhitungan tekanan keruntuhan
  penyanggaan (yielding support)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tabel B. Klasifikasi tinggi muatan batuan (Hp) pada kedalaman lebih dari 1,5 (B + Ht)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 37.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;&quot; width=&quot;154&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;KONDIS BATUAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;RQD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;TINGGI MUATAN BATUAN, h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt; (ft)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;CATATAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 43.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Keras dan kompak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;95
  - 100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Lapisan ringan saja,
  walaupun ada hanya terjadi spalling ringan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 42.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Perlapisan keras atau skistosa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;90
  – 99&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0
  – 0,50 B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Lapisan ringan
  terutama untuk perlindungan dari jatuhan blok.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 43.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Masif, diskontinuitas
  yang sedang jumlahnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;85
  – 95&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0
  – 0,25 B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Perubahan tak menentu
  dari beban.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 64.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 64.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Terbagi-bagi dalam
  blok dalam jumlah yang sedang dengan rekahan yang cukup banyak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;75
  – 85&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 64.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0,25
  B – 0,20 (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Kondisi 4,5 dan 6 di kurangi 50 % dari
  nilai Terzaghi, karena muka air mempunyai akibat kecil terhadap Hp (Brekke,
  1968 dan Terzaghi, 1946)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 54.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sangat terbagi dalam
  blok-blok dengan rekahan yang banyak dan berkembang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;30
  – 75&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(0,20&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;– 0,60) (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 54.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Terpecah keseluruhan
  tetapi masih bersatu secara kimia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;3
  - 30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(0,60
  - 1,10) (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 54.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;6.a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pasir dan kerikil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0
  – 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(1,10
  - 2,40) (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 53.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 53.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Batuan yang
  berperan dalam pemampatan pada kondisi kedalaman yang sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak dapat diaplikasikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(1,10
  – 2,10) (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tekanan lateral yang
  besar, penyangga besi baja sirkular set&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;direkomendasikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 54.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;8.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Batuan yang
  berperan dalam pemampatan pada kondisi kedalaman yang besar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak dapat diaplikasikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(2,10
  – 4,50 ) (B + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 87.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 87.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 87.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Batuan yang mengembang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(swelling rock)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 87.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak dapat diaplikasikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 87.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Lebih besar dari 250 tidak tergantung dari &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(B
  + H&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 87.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Penyangga besi baja
  sirkular set&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;diperlukan. Dalam keadaan
  ektrim gunakan perhitungan tekanan keruntuhan penyanggaan (yielding support)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tabel C. Rekomendasi penyanggaan terowongan pada batuan oleh Deere dkk (1967)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
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  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
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  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
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  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
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   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
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   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
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   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 522px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 19.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kualitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Batuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Metoda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;penerowongan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tinggi Muatan
  Batuan, h&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; (ft)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;277&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sistem
  penyangga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 27.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Baja &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Baut Batuan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Beton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 17.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sangat
  baik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;RQD
  &amp;gt; 90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tunnel
  bor machine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(TBM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0.0
  – 0.2B&lt;sup&gt;c&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak
  dibutuhkan, kalaupun dibutuhkan hanya set&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;ringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak
  dibutuhkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak dibutuhkan, hanya pada aplikasi lokal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 36.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pemboran
  dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Peledakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0.0
  – 0.3 B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak
  dibutuhkan, kalaupun dibutuhkan hanya set&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;ringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak
  dibutuhkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak dibutuhkan, hanya pada aplikasi lokal 2 – 3
  in.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 14.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Baik
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;RQD
  = 75 - 90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tunnel
  bor machine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(TBM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;0.0
  – 0.4 B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Kadang kala dibutuhkan set ringan dengan pola 5 –
  6 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Kadang kala dibutuhkan dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;5 – 6 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tidak dibutuhkan, hanya pada aplikasi lokal 2 – 3
  in.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 33.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pemboran
  dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Peledakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(0.3
  – 0.6) B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan set ringan dengan pola 5 – 6 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;5 – 6 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;4 in atau lebih pada atap dan dinding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;RQD
  = 50 – 75&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tunnel
  bor machine (TBM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(0.4
  – 1.0) B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Set
  ringan – sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;5
  – 6 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;4 – 6 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2
  – 4 in pada atap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pemboran
  dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Peledakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(0.6
  – 1.3) B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Set
  ringan – sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;4
  – 5 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3 – 5 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;4 in atau lebih pada atap dan dinding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 43.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Buruk
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;RQD
  = 25 - 50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tunnel
  bor machine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(TBM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(1.0
  – 1.6) B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sirkular
  Set sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;3
  – 4 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3 – 5 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;4 – 6 in pada atap dan dinding dan dikombinasikan
  dgn baut batuan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pemboran
  dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Peledakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(1.3
  – 2.0) B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Set
  sedang – kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2
  – 4&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ft.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2 – 4 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;6 in atau lebih pada atap dan dinding dan
  dikombinasikan dgn baut batuan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 41.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 41.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sangat buruk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;RQD &amp;lt; 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(Diluar pengaruh kondisi pemanpatan dan
  pengembangan batuan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tunnel
  bor machine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(TBM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(1.6
  – 2.2) B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sirkular set sedang – kuat 2 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2 – 4 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;6 in atau lebih pada semua bagian dan
  dikombinasikan dgn set kuat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 38.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pemboran dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Peledakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(2.0
  – 2.8) B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sirkular&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;set kuat 2 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;6 in atau lebih pada semua bagian dan
  dikombinasikan dgn set sedang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 42.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sangat buruk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(dengan kondisi pemampatan dan pengembangan
  batuan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tunnel
  bor machine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(TBM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Diatas
  250 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sirkular
  set sangat kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2
  ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2 – 3 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;6 in atau lebih pada semua bagian dan dikombinasikan
  dgn set kuat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 44.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pemboran
  dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Peledakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Diatas
  250 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sirkular
  set sangat kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2
  ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dibutuhkan
  dengan pola&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2 – 3 ft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;6 in atau lebih pada semua bagian dan
  dikombinasikan dgn set kuat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 44.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 44.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 391.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; kualitas batuan baik – sangat baik, kebutuhan
  penyangga secara umum tidak ada, kecuali tergantung dari, set kekar, diameter
  terowongan dan orientasi bidang lemah terhadap arah umum terowongan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; lagging tidak dibutuhan pada batuan kualitas
  sangat kuat, 25% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;£&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; batuan kualitas baik
  – sangat buruk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; 100% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;c B = lebar terowongan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; mesh tidak dibutuhkan pada batuan kualitas sangat
  baik, kadang kala dibutuhkan pada batuan kualitas baik – sangat buruk hingga
  100%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;

</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/4020982337029933765/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/teknik-penyanggaan-terowongan.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/4020982337029933765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/4020982337029933765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/teknik-penyanggaan-terowongan.html' title='Teknik Penyanggaan Terowongan'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2ZWov1PXDfnIh2q8NymAU4UNTKfNGwsez_G0z-Kl0BNw2hdsHJt9vw69Z5ExBgVlQMz8iOM4G-XmyZmv770JZ1hp5MJZZNSonjE6fT4PVyl-jqFJXoW_7Fk190ttMx3APg58hOXmSoNs/s72-c/Teknik+Penyanggaan+Terowongan.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-3214967031408474607</id><published>2018-10-14T04:38:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-14T04:38:58.384-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Batuan"/><title type='text'>Klasifikasi Sistem RMR </title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Rock Mass Rating (RMR)&lt;/b&gt; disebut juga Geomechanics Clasification yang diusulkan oleh Bieniawski (Afrika Selatan, 1973, direvisi 1979). Klasifikasi ini sudah dimodifikasi beberapa kali sesuai dengan adanya data baru agar dapat digunakan untuk berbagai kepentingan dan sesuai dengan standart internasional. Untuk saat ini, sistem klasifikasi yang sering dipakai dalam praktek ialah Rock Massa Rating System (RMR-System) yang diusulkan oleh Bieniawski (Afrika Selatan, 1973, direvisi 1979).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjipK9qWoF-fpAZ8OAc_1tcuBrWjzE4yUe-7EJEkcmAPtLK2lJXgbImjI1MoPQTN94NQ9rrB-tuqJOEO1hujl4iGxhIF2NdGzIaTorJekOqExRqSRJDSlQQJI5hPY-OqETxb2lMysJFKbcz/s1600/Sistem+RMR.bmp&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1018&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;253&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjipK9qWoF-fpAZ8OAc_1tcuBrWjzE4yUe-7EJEkcmAPtLK2lJXgbImjI1MoPQTN94NQ9rrB-tuqJOEO1hujl4iGxhIF2NdGzIaTorJekOqExRqSRJDSlQQJI5hPY-OqETxb2lMysJFKbcz/s400/Sistem+RMR.bmp&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Klasifikasi Sistem RMR &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Di Indonesia, Sistem RMR telah mulai diterapkan di proyek Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air Cirata (1985) dan proyek PLTA Tulis Banjarnegara, terutama pada tahap penggalian “headrace tunnel.&amp;nbsp; Dan Tambang emas di Pongkor Jawa Barat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Metoda RMR (Rock Mass Rating) dikembangkan Bieniawski tahun 1973 di Afrika Selatan dengan memperhitungkan enam parameter, yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kuat tekan Uniaksial Batuan (Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Rock Quality Designatioan (RQD).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jarak bidang diskontinuitas (Spacing of discontinuities).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kondisi bidang diskontinuitas (Condition&amp;nbsp; of discontinuities).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kondisi Airtanah (Groundwater conditions).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Orientation bidang diskontinuitas (Orientation of discontinuities)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.226/10/kuat-tekan-uniaksial-batuan.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Kuat Tekan Uniaksial Batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.226/10/rock-quality-designation-rqd.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;2. Rock Quality Designation (RQD)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3. Jarak Bidang Diskontinuitas&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Bidang diskontinuitas adalah semua jenis bidang-bidang lemah yang mungkin berupa kekar, sesar, bidang perlapisan dan perlipatan atau bidang-bidang lainya yang tidak menerus dalam massa batuan.&lt;br /&gt;Suatu rekahan atau kekar yang paralel disebut set, dan set-set yang saling berpotongan disebut “joint set system”. Kemudian jarak tegak lurus antara dua kekar yang berurutan sepanjang garis pengukuran (scan line) disebut dengan jarak bidang kekar (spacing of diskontinuities).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGKs5ugatHHan0sefy8w0zZvmVJCcYavFmyJFjFqy_THUfrUZHxbFxZAVhb87vf7wIedLfYlV9tQTKH2Tnugri7lWHjMVsCJJMTYNktpmuF9vv8uG0kowl8t_v48VedkcRbv8sj1qCTJZZ/s1600/Jarak+bidang+kekar+di+lapangan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;401&quot; data-original-width=&quot;530&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGKs5ugatHHan0sefy8w0zZvmVJCcYavFmyJFjFqy_THUfrUZHxbFxZAVhb87vf7wIedLfYlV9tQTKH2Tnugri7lWHjMVsCJJMTYNktpmuF9vv8uG0kowl8t_v48VedkcRbv8sj1qCTJZZ/s320/Jarak+bidang+kekar+di+lapangan.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gambar AA. Jarak bidang kekar di lapangan &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Untuk dapat mempermudah pengertian istilah-istilah tersebut dan cara pengukuran jarak diskontuitas. yang menunjukkan idealisasi pengukuran jarak kekar secara normal. Dimana jarak masing-masing kekar ditunjukkan dengan jarak d12, d23, d34&amp;nbsp; dan seterusnya, yang diukur pada scan line AB.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Sedangkan arah strike/dip kekar yang dijumpai di lapangan tidak&amp;nbsp; semudah yang ditunjukkan oleh gambar 2.3.a, sehingga scan line AB tidak memungkin untuk dibuat tegak lurus dengan bidang-bidang kekar, maka dilakukan pengukuran dan pengamatan dengan membuat scan line AB secara sembarang (lihat Gambar AA), kemudian dihitung jarak kekar dengan menggunakan rumus sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
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Panjang minimum “scan-line” untuk pengukuran jarak diskontinuitas adalah sekitar 50 kali jarak rata-rata diskontinuitas yang diukur. Sedangkan ISRM (1981) panjang ”scan line” cukup sekitar 10 kali saja, tergantung kepada tujuan pengukuran. Jarak diskontinuitas dan keterangannya menurut Attewell (1993) dan Deere (1968).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Jarak bidang diskontinuitas yang rapat dapat terdiri dari tiga atau lebih set yang saling berpotongan membuat massa batuan menjadi blok-blok kecil, sehingga memperlemah kekuatan batuan. Kondisi ini menjadi lebih buruk jika kekar mempunyai kuat geser yang rendah maka blok batuan tersebut dapat jatuh.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tabel 1. Klasifikasi jarak kekar menurut Deere (1968)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Deskripsi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.75pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Strruktur bidang diskontinuitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;163&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Jarak (mm)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sangat lebar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.75pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;padat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;163&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 3000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lebar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.75pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Massif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;163&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1000 – 3000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cukup dekat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.75pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Blooky/terpecah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;163&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;300 – 1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dekat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.75pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Terpecah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;163&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;50 – 300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sangat rapat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Hancur dan tersebar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;4. Kondisi Bidang Diskontnuitas&lt;/b&gt;Kondisi bidang diskontinuitas dipengaruhi oleh kekasaran (roughness), regangan (separation),&amp;nbsp; pelapukan batuan samping dan material pengisi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kekasaran (Roughness)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kekasaran merupakan komponen penting dalam kuat geser terutama untuk kekar yang mengalami pergeseran atau yang terisi oleh material lain. Kekasaran yang saling mengunci dan menempel akan mempertinggi kuat geser.&amp;nbsp; Di lapangan penentuan kekasaran dapat dilakukan dengan meraba permukaan kekar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Panduan untuk menentukan profil kekasaran dan diskripsinya diberikan oleh ISRM (1981). Panduan ini untuk panjang profil dalam 1 – 10 m dengan skala vertikal dan horizontal sama. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dengan istilah diskripsi sebagai berikut.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sangat kasar (very rough surfaces) ; terdapat banyak gelombang yang sangat berdekatan pada permukaan kekar.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kasar (rough surfaces) ; terdapat beberapa gelombang, kekasaran jelas terlihat dan permukaan kekar terasa sangat abrasif.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sedikit kasar (slightly rough surface) ; permukaan kekar dapat dibedakan dan dirasakan antara yang relatif kasar dengan yang relatif halus.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Halus (smooth surfaces) ; permukaan kekar terasa halus ketika disentuh.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Polesan (slickensided surfaces) ; terlihat seperti dipoles (digosok).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-obPQhAZSBzDadzJVtsAjlkj-Ft2y-7G4UdOWH_z4VldWF5BRzF7Oo7fxCweS3uUhxC3sHXb7pF-g3ApxX0-N2L2B0mFR46uVzLUl0dF4CYVv1nTb_-b1hWKz6EF-fC0ltxWaAlQonW2H/s1600/Profil+kekasaran+dan+diskripsinya+%2528ISRM%252C+1981%2529.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;446&quot; data-original-width=&quot;529&quot; height=&quot;336&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-obPQhAZSBzDadzJVtsAjlkj-Ft2y-7G4UdOWH_z4VldWF5BRzF7Oo7fxCweS3uUhxC3sHXb7pF-g3ApxX0-N2L2B0mFR46uVzLUl0dF4CYVv1nTb_-b1hWKz6EF-fC0ltxWaAlQonW2H/s400/Profil+kekasaran+dan+diskripsinya+%2528ISRM%252C+1981%2529.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Profil kekasaran dan diskripsinya (ISRM, 1981) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rengangan (Separation)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Separasi adalah jarak tegak lurus yang memisahkan batuan dinding dari kekar yang terbuka. Kekar yang terisi oleh material lain (misalnya clay) dapat digolongkan sebagai separasi, jika material pengisinya telah tercuci (hilang) secara lokal. Seperasi dapat dikatakan kecil, jika kekasaran didnding kekar cenderung menjadi terkunci dan material pengisi kekar memberikan dukungan terhadap kuat geser.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ilustrasi pengertian separasi &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kuat geser kekar tegantung pada tingkat separasi, ada tidaknya material pengisi, kekasaran permukaan kekar dan sifat material pengisi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pelapukan Batuan Samping&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seringkali massa batuan di sisi bidang diskontinuitas mengalami pelapukan dan kadang teralterasi oleh proses hidrotermal. Derajat pelapukan batuan samping dapat ditentukan sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tidak lapuk (unweathered / fresh) ; tidak ada tanda-tanda pelapukan, batuannya segar dan kristalnya tampak jelas, walaupun terdapat beberapa pada kekar ada sedikit pelapukan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sedikit&amp;nbsp; terlapukkan (slightly weathered) ; pelapukan terdapat pada kekar-kekar terbuka, tetapi pada batuan utuh pelapukan terjadi hanya sedikit saja, dan perubahan warna pada kekar dapat mencapai jarak 10 mm.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Terlapukkan sedang (moderately weathered) ; perubahan warna mencapai bagian yang lebih luas, batuan tidak mudah lepas (kecuali pada batuan sedimen dengan penyemenan yang jelek).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sangat terlapukkan (highly weathered) ; pelapukan mencapai semua bagian massa batuan dan mudah pecah, tidak mengkilap, semua material lain kecuali kwarsa sudah berubah warna, batuan mudah pecah (digali hanya dengan palu geologi).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Terlapukkan sempurna (completely weathered) ; massa batuan secara keseluruhan sudah berubah warna dan mengalami dekomposisi serta dalam keadaan rapuh, hanya terlihat bekas struktur saja, kenampakan luar sudah seperti tanah (soil).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Material Pengisi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Material pengisi kekar antara lain kalsit, klorit, clay, lanau, kwarsa dan lain sebagainya. Jika kekar terisi oleh material pengisi maka harus ditentukan tebal, jenis dan kemenerusannya. Material pengisi kekar sangat mempengaruhi kekuatan massa batuan, karena mampu sebagai perekat dan sebagai pemisah antar bidang kekar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;5). Kondisi Airtanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam pembuatan terowongan, sebaiknya diukur kecepatan aliran airtanah dalam liter/menit per panjang 10 m penggalian. Tetapi di lapangan dipakai cara yang relatif mudah yaitu dengan melihat dan meraba permukaan batuan lalu kondisi airtanahnya dinyatakan dengan kondisi ; kering (dry), lembab (dam), basah (wet), menetes (dripping) dan mengalir (flowing).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;6). Orientasi Bidang Diskontinuitas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Orientasi bidang diskontinuitas digambarkan oleh jurus dan kemiringan. Jurus dicatat dengan mengacu pada kutub utara megnet bumi, sedangkan kemiringan adalah sudut yang dibentuk antara bidang horizobtal dengan bidang kekar searah dengan bidang kemiringan. &lt;br /&gt;Orientasi bidang diskontinuitas dalam terowongan dapat dikategorikan dengan istilah menguntungkan dan tidak menguntungkan. Bidang kekar yang menguntungkan dalam terowongan, jika jurus kekar relatif tegak lurus terhadap arah sumbu aksis terowongan, sedangkan jika jurus kekar relatif sejajar terhadap arah sumbu aksis terowongan maka kondisi ini dikatakan tidak menguntungkan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Table 2. Rock Mass Rating System (After Bieniawski 1989)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;A. Parameter klasifikasi dan
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Parameter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Selang
  Nilai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kekuatan intack Rock&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;PLI (MPa)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;4 - 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;2 – 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;1 - 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Untuk nilai yang
  kecil di pakai hasil UCS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 11.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;UCS (MPa)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;100 – 200 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;50 – 100 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;25 – 50 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -6.9pt; margin-right: -127.5pt; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;5-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -5.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;1-5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;36&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 6.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pembobotan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;36&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;22&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;RQD (%)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;90 – 100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;75 – 90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;50 – 75&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;25 - 50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pembobotan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;22&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Jarak Diskontinuitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 2 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0,6 – 2 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;200 - 600 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;60 – 200 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 60 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pembobotan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 30.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;22&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kondisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Diskontinuitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Permukaan sangat kasar, tidak
  menerus, tidak renggang, tidak lapuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Agak kasar, separasi&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&amp;lt; 1 mm, agak lapuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Agak kasar, separasi&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&amp;lt; 1 mm, sangat lapuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Slikensided/gouge &amp;lt; 5 mm, atau separasi&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1 – 5 mm, menerus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Gouge lunak &amp;gt; 5 mm, atau
  separasi &amp;gt; 5 mm, menerus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pembobotan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;22&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;33&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Airtanah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Aliran / &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;10 m panjang tunnel (L/min)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tidak ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;10 – 25 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;25 – 125 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 125&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 18.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Tekanan pori dibagi tegangan
  utama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 0,1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0,1 – 0,2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0,2 – 0,5 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 0,5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Keadaan Umum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kering&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lembab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Basah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Menetes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mengalir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pembobotan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 396.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;529&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pengaruh Jurus/Kemiringan diskontinitas di
  dalam penerewongan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;22&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;294&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Arah jurus tegak lurus sumbu
  terowongan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.85pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Arah jurus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;sejajar sumbu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;terowongan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mengabaikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Jurus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 5.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Maju Searah Kemeringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;178&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Maju Melawan Kemiringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dip 45&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; –&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dip&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;20&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;
  – 45&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dip 45&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dip 20&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 45&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dip 45&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dip 20&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 45&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dip 0&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 20&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sangat Mengun-tungkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mengun tungkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tidak Mengun- tungkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sangat&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;tidak Menguntung-kan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 396.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;529&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;B. Penyesuaian pembobotan
  orientasi bidang diskontinuitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;138&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Jurus dan Kemiringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Orientasi Diskontinuitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Sangat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Mengun-tungkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Mengun-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;tungkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Tidak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Mengun tu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;ngkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sangat tidak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Menguntungkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 11.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pembobotan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Terowongan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pondasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lereng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;107&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;-60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 13.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 25;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 396.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;529&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;C. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Kelas massa batuan dari
  pembobotan total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 26;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pembobotan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;100 – 81&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;80 – 61&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;60 – 41&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;40 - 21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 27;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;No. Kelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;IV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 19.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 28;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Diskripsi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sangat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;baik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Baik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;59&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Jelek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sangat Jelek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 10.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 29;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 396.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;529&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;D. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Arti kelas massa batuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 30;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;No. Kelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;IV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 40.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 31;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Stand-up time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rata-rata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;20 Tahun untuk span 15 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;6 Bulan untuk span 8 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;71&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;1 Minggu untuk span &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;5 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;10 jam untuk span 2,5 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;30 Menit untuk span 1 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 32;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kohesi Massa Batuan (Kpa)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;300 – 400&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;200 – 300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  Batuan (derajat)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;15 – 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bieniawski (1976) memberikan hubungan antara waktu stabil tanpa penyangga (stand-up time) dengan span untuk berbagai kelas massa batuan menurut klasifikasi geomekanikan seperti yang diperlihatkan oleh gambar dibawah ini. Hubungan ini sangat penting sekali diketahui pada saat penggalian terowongan.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjKP7KnedjXH2gci1jcgtMTGbeClakYA5-_OHQ_hiZNCCAq2FOjM8mZG_UCjv6ga4j6_WD9gX0wH3lJOaIJeRo1BPYRM9jAr7rHqxdpnjAIOu_MR1gburwSsjiFk9MtaEDHqM7-eYn6-zP/s1600/Hubungan+antara+stand-up+time+dengan+span+untuk+berbagai+kelas+massa+batuan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;271&quot; data-original-width=&quot;530&quot; height=&quot;203&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjKP7KnedjXH2gci1jcgtMTGbeClakYA5-_OHQ_hiZNCCAq2FOjM8mZG_UCjv6ga4j6_WD9gX0wH3lJOaIJeRo1BPYRM9jAr7rHqxdpnjAIOu_MR1gburwSsjiFk9MtaEDHqM7-eYn6-zP/s400/Hubungan+antara+stand-up+time+dengan+span+untuk+berbagai+kelas+massa+batuan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hubungan antara stand-up time dengan span untuk berbagai kelas massa batuan &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tabel 3. Petunjuk untuk penggalian dan penyangga terowongan batuan dengan klasifikasi sistem RMR &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 4.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 530px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;KELAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;MASSA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;BATUAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;126&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;PENGGALIAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;PENYANGGAAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 27.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;ROCK BOLT (20 mm Dia, Fully Grouted)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;SHOTCRETE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;STEEL SETS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 40.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Batuan
  Sangat Baik (Kelas I)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;RMR 81 - 100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;126&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Full Face, dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kemajuan&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Umumnya tanpa penyanggaan,
  adakalanya pengukuran dilakukan untuk memakai “spot bolting”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 42.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Batuan
  Baik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;(Kelas
  II)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;RMR 61
  - 80&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;126&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Full
  Face, dengan kemajuan 1 – 1,5 m penyangga komplet 20 m dari face&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lokalisasi,
  bolts pada atap sepanjang 3 m adakalanya dengan wire mesh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;50 mm di atap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tidak ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 66.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 66.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Batuan
  Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;(Kelas
  III)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;RMR 41
  – 60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;126&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Top heading dan bench,
  dengan kemajuan 1,5 – 3 m.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penyanggan
  dimulai setelah peledakan dan 10 m dari face.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bolt
  Sistematis panjang 4 m dengan spasi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;1,5 –
  2&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;m di atap dan di dinding. Pada atap
  dibuat dengan wire mesh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;50 –
  100 mm di atap dan 30 mm di dinding (sides).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tidak ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 67.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 67.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bantuan
  jelek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;(Kelas
  IV)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;RMR 21
  – 40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 67.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;126&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Top heading dan bench,
  dengan kemajuan 1 – 1,5 di top heading. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lakukan
  penyanggaan setiap 10 m penggalian dari face.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 67.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bolt
  sistematis panjang 4 – 5 m dengan spasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;1 –
  1,5 m di atap dan di dinding dengan wire mesh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 67.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;100 –
  150 mm di atap dan 100 mm di dinding (sides)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 67.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ribs
  ringan – sedang dengan spasi 1,5 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 4.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 4.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Batuan
  Sangat Jelek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;(Kelas
  V)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;RMR &amp;lt; 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;126&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Multiple drifts dengan
  kemajuan 0,5 – 1,5 m di top heading. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Buat penyangga setiap
  penggalian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Shotcrete
  d segera dipasang setelah peledakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bolt
  sistematis panjang 5 – 6 m dengan spasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;1 –
  1,5 m di atap dan di dinding dengan wire mesh. Buat Bolt di lantai (invert)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;&quot; width=&quot;117&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;150 – 200 mm di atap, 150
  mm di dinding (sides), dan 50 mm pada face&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rib
  sedang – berat dengan spasi 0,75 m dengan steel lagging dan forepoling.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/3214967031408474607/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/klasifikasi-sistem-rmr.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/3214967031408474607'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/3214967031408474607'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/klasifikasi-sistem-rmr.html' title='Klasifikasi Sistem RMR '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjipK9qWoF-fpAZ8OAc_1tcuBrWjzE4yUe-7EJEkcmAPtLK2lJXgbImjI1MoPQTN94NQ9rrB-tuqJOEO1hujl4iGxhIF2NdGzIaTorJekOqExRqSRJDSlQQJI5hPY-OqETxb2lMysJFKbcz/s72-c/Sistem+RMR.bmp" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-6316216802857511946</id><published>2018-10-14T04:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-14T04:16:39.804-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Batuan"/><title type='text'>Rock Quality Designation (RQD)</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Rock Quality Designation (RQD)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj7ojC0iGT6vi4jEc9sNoFTgYboaCmjad2E1vhAoTZvsREeCDB84hxQ8Moy-lKe3PZrZA84wTk0j3ajuXUvnFeE5b98qjczRnfoRGPjrR_RcPIMjNxkv8_IfcmMNI2FHwU5WUjME3DDWdG/s1600/RQD.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;542&quot; data-original-width=&quot;530&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj7ojC0iGT6vi4jEc9sNoFTgYboaCmjad2E1vhAoTZvsREeCDB84hxQ8Moy-lKe3PZrZA84wTk0j3ajuXUvnFeE5b98qjczRnfoRGPjrR_RcPIMjNxkv8_IfcmMNI2FHwU5WUjME3DDWdG/s400/RQD.png&quot; width=&quot;390&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prosedur penentuan RQD dari hasil coring (Deere, 1899) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Rock Quality Designation (RQD) didefenisikan sebagai persentase perolehan core yang lebih besar dari 10 cm dibagi panjang lubang bor . Yang dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidOuaFIjEPDK8Ev3EvQ4IETnjoij-VoA3t65oPBkrHtD9LrvlwG0qBn-I9mjK7CV6elNL9AnouyUvUd1Irn7lwJjE0AN-amsVW767ZwZHXjfi1kxBLqIHAvz-r1p-TTWSdJK24GiuhsqZG/s1600/Rumus+RQD.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;80&quot; data-original-width=&quot;355&quot; height=&quot;72&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidOuaFIjEPDK8Ev3EvQ4IETnjoij-VoA3t65oPBkrHtD9LrvlwG0qBn-I9mjK7CV6elNL9AnouyUvUd1Irn7lwJjE0AN-amsVW767ZwZHXjfi1kxBLqIHAvz-r1p-TTWSdJK24GiuhsqZG/s320/Rumus+RQD.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Untuk menentukan RQD, International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) merekomedasikan ukuran inti paling kecil dengan berdiameter NX (diameter 54,7 mm) yang dibor dengan alat bot tabung ganda (double tube corel barrels).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Hubungan antara indeks RQD dan kualitas teknik dari batuan adalah sebagai berikut (Deere, 1968).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tabel 1. Hubungan indeks RQD dengan kualitas batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
table.MsoTableGrid
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Grid&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-unhide:no;
 border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
 mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:10.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 14.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;RQD (%)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kualitas batuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 21.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;‹ 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sangat jelek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;25 – 50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Jelek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;50 – 75&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;75 – 90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;161&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Baik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;90 - 100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sangat baik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kehadiran kekar pada massa batuan akan sangat mempengaruhi karakteritik massa batuan, maka kekar dapat dikuantifikasikan untuk dapat mengtahui kualitas massa batuan tersebut. Salah satu cara untuk menentukan kulitas massa batuan adalah dengan mengetahui Rock Quality Designation (RQD) nya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;RQD menurut Hudson, JA dan Harrison, JP dapat ditentukan berdasarkan frekuensi kekar per meter dan hubungannya dinyatakan dalam persamaan sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxzouGGtK-g0T_UTNWA31i1D01I4MzezCC867e4T5r5LLf6eKQdoLk_K217Nar1glduXNGzAU6npHk2Rmg6AcGglXzWtJvXu5NmEs4khv8sdpSPknTsAllob2iVbolvg7dawL_3woDchS/s1600/Persamaan+1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;52&quot; data-original-width=&quot;348&quot; height=&quot;47&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxzouGGtK-g0T_UTNWA31i1D01I4MzezCC867e4T5r5LLf6eKQdoLk_K217Nar1glduXNGzAU6npHk2Rmg6AcGglXzWtJvXu5NmEs4khv8sdpSPknTsAllob2iVbolvg7dawL_3woDchS/s320/Persamaan+1.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;RQD&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;= Rock
Quality Designation (%)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;λ&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;=
Rata-rata frekuensi kekar per meter .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/6316216802857511946/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/rock-quality-designation-rqd.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/6316216802857511946'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/6316216802857511946'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/rock-quality-designation-rqd.html' title='Rock Quality Designation (RQD)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj7ojC0iGT6vi4jEc9sNoFTgYboaCmjad2E1vhAoTZvsREeCDB84hxQ8Moy-lKe3PZrZA84wTk0j3ajuXUvnFeE5b98qjczRnfoRGPjrR_RcPIMjNxkv8_IfcmMNI2FHwU5WUjME3DDWdG/s72-c/RQD.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-6235029391101887391</id><published>2018-10-14T04:06:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-14T04:06:50.669-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Batuan"/><title type='text'>Kuat Tekan Uniaksial Batuan</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Kuat Tekan Uniaksial Batuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Kuat tekan uniaksial batuan 
dapat diperoleh dari uji laboratorium yakni dengan pengujian Uniaksial 
Compressive strength (UCS). Pengujian ini menggunakan mesin tekan 
(compressive machine) untuk memecahkan batuan yang berbentuk silinder, 
balok atau prisma dari satu arah (uniaksial) dengan luas perconto A dan 
panjang perconto. Pada pengujian ini gaya (kN) dan perpindahan (mm) 
menurut sumbu aksial dan lateral direkam hingga batuan pecah. Hasil 
pengujian UCS dibuat kurva tegangan regangan. Dengan perolehan data 
sifat mekanik batuan seperti kuat tekan batuan &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACMAAAAaCAIAAACyznJrAAAA3UlEQVRIie2Uyw3DMAiGPRcDMQ8DdA7myC0HzpmDHto0NuBXpUZVFMuXRMAHP5i0rNs5Ny3rpqecm3ST/orEmJAnggzZOxJjmsOoqqoQJCCZIM1WY2At34LEaBNjTP7Ukm+zcpIFMWZRhaBbbROVkUyHvPR9aVtNPkhCUJgFXl7dgFSzmCW1qxojuTgurs0lJvXVC8RhTIenEBQJ72NpWjsyEWEfhCCabiF4feUuB+jtVVD9y+089Y+dS979Y8pDuW00sFc00Ml0qNC9QqplHLF2UR9fbdifnauSzrlPS3ufrMmgcA4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot; /&gt; , modulus elastistas (E) dan Poisson Ratio &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACMAAAAWCAIAAADFDLIQAAAAsklEQVRIie2UwQ3DMAhFmYuBmIdpmCO3HDhnjvZgq3EwbiFRrFYq8sXY/g8MApZ1m7NgWbfH/fYn/TZJCEiGr96fxklC8FFIGQFZL5HC8SpjJjNLEtpDVUbYsxMCm0WKZUgtyKKK4wDLoI6krkKeo91HSuqRlDFAarNyvvTLSL2wbWZ74ezvdSEXqZfLDeRcRzioCitmVK90uc8aWG4medMoNGkSFRqTqtCECXuPVdKc9QTwoSxZZu0onQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==&quot; /&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jika
 data kuat tekan hasil uji UCS tidak diperoleh, maka dapat menggunakan 
kuat tekan batuan dengan uji &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;“Point Load Strenght Index”&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, dan jika kedua
 pengujian tersebut tidak ada maka dapat dilakukan pendekatan&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt; “Standard 
Index Manual”&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; sebagai dasar uji di lapangan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHZXPVGSuA3MotUMVYsJH1iZ_zwzhvFTRUHA4PxZ-4kr9Q6lldPF3G7H2Ne-xcJgxA3ph1Yjy0TcrOxovePMHmAhh9r010IoLHE6sN6zv2OzQw8VCoa52XaD4dSe0OTCKQ5gqqGOr_d8H/s1600/Kurva+tegangan+%25E2%2580%2593+regangan+hasil+uji+UCS.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;367&quot; data-original-width=&quot;496&quot; height=&quot;295&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHZXPVGSuA3MotUMVYsJH1iZ_zwzhvFTRUHA4PxZ-4kr9Q6lldPF3G7H2Ne-xcJgxA3ph1Yjy0TcrOxovePMHmAhh9r010IoLHE6sN6zv2OzQw8VCoa52XaD4dSe0OTCKQ5gqqGOr_d8H/s400/Kurva+tegangan+%25E2%2580%2593+regangan+hasil+uji+UCS.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kurva tegangan – regangan hasil uji UCS &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tabel 1. Manual Indeks Uniaxial Compressive Strenght (UCS)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
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&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 22.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Diskripsi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Uji Lapangan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;UCS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(MPa)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Index Point Load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(MPa)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 22.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sangat lemah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;172&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bisa ditekan dengan paku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;0,25 – 1,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 18.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lemah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;172&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Hancur bila dipukul dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Palu/dapat digores dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;pisau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;5 – 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 27.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;172&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Tidak dapat digores dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;pisau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;25 – 50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;172&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Dapat hancur dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Memukul lebih dari satu kali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;50 – 100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;2 – 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 17.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sangat kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;172&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Dapat hancur dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Memukul berkali-kali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;100 – 250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;4 – 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 31.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;&quot; width=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sangat kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;sekali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;172&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Sulit pecah dipukul dengan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;palu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kemudian Deere (1970) membuat klasifikasi teknis batuan utuh untuk beberapa macam batuan dalam menilai kuat tekan batuan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tabel 2. Klasifikasi teknis batuan utuh (Deere, 1968)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 25.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kekuatan Pemeraian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;87&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;UCS (MPa)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 182.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;244&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Batuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 21.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sangat
  Lemah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;87&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1
  - 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 182.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;244&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kalk,
  Batugaram&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 18.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lemah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;87&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;25
  - 50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 182.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;244&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Batubara,
  Batulanau, Sekis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 23.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 23.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sedang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;87&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;50
  - 100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 182.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;244&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Batupasir,
  Sabak, Serpih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 26.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;87&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;100
  - 200&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 182.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;244&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Marmer,
  Granit, Genis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 24.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sangat
  kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;87&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;200&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 182.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;244&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kwarsit,
  Dolerit, Gabro, Basalt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/6235029391101887391/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/kuat-tekan-uniaksial-batuan.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/6235029391101887391'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/6235029391101887391'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/kuat-tekan-uniaksial-batuan.html' title='Kuat Tekan Uniaksial Batuan'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHZXPVGSuA3MotUMVYsJH1iZ_zwzhvFTRUHA4PxZ-4kr9Q6lldPF3G7H2Ne-xcJgxA3ph1Yjy0TcrOxovePMHmAhh9r010IoLHE6sN6zv2OzQw8VCoa52XaD4dSe0OTCKQ5gqqGOr_d8H/s72-c/Kurva+tegangan+%25E2%2580%2593+regangan+hasil+uji+UCS.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-4195222732187492165</id><published>2018-10-13T07:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-13T07:26:33.155-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Analisa Metode Bishop Untuk Penentuan Stabilitas Lereng </title><content type='html'>Metode Bishop&lt;br /&gt;Asumsi yang digunakan dalam metode bishop yaitu besarnya gaya geser antar-irisan sama dengan nol (X=0) dan bidang runtuh berbentuk sebuah busur lingkaran. Kondisi kesetimbangan yang dapat dipenuhi oleh metode ini adalah kesetimbangan gaya dalam arah vertikal untuk setiap irisan dan kesetimbangan momen pada pusat lingkaran runtuh untuk semua irisan, sedangkan kesetimbangan gaya dalam arah horizontal tidak dapat dipenuhi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0c0pxiovpAAZ0y0CqJoNuD-0777e47ZzkXEDHtxHn2qx5huGiQ7rL_B-7f2pA4dfOsPa1oC0gTu6mnMJVlIb6ow9G4-Oc8GlOtv83cuam735uEzRYm2WGR4zzJ0tCmeBx2m0h5Viw5ka/s1600/Gaya-Gaya+Yang+Bekerja+Pada+Tiap+Irisan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;215&quot; data-original-width=&quot;446&quot; height=&quot;192&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0c0pxiovpAAZ0y0CqJoNuD-0777e47ZzkXEDHtxHn2qx5huGiQ7rL_B-7f2pA4dfOsPa1oC0gTu6mnMJVlIb6ow9G4-Oc8GlOtv83cuam735uEzRYm2WGR4zzJ0tCmeBx2m0h5Viw5ka/s400/Gaya-Gaya+Yang+Bekerja+Pada+Tiap+Irisan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gaya-Gaya Yang Bekerja Pada Tiap Irisan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kesetimbangan gaya dalam arah vertikal menghasilkan persamaan sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj12AUv-BhD6YBoA0skjpXFpzbclu7zW90saF_eZe8drZEGv2nUVsIX-JutDpzy00QvxdwJ8eOZPZLOClTXxfI2oFonCCvZkQaeCu9nEFA8F7Ndxs9QmY0uPnIt2yc_xcMalxbRKXQsakou/s1600/Kesetimbangan+Gaya+Metode+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;78&quot; data-original-width=&quot;527&quot; height=&quot;58&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj12AUv-BhD6YBoA0skjpXFpzbclu7zW90saF_eZe8drZEGv2nUVsIX-JutDpzy00QvxdwJ8eOZPZLOClTXxfI2oFonCCvZkQaeCu9nEFA8F7Ndxs9QmY0uPnIt2yc_xcMalxbRKXQsakou/s400/Kesetimbangan+Gaya+Metode+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 1.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Kesetimbangan Gaya Metode Bishop&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
untuk gaya normal total (N) sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqPp5JnO2j2pCxZRxy9Z4iVefypEpRuI2A_QHJM3BosWvXG8mLNXGn0xjZEnFqKCMhcT2RfHp3iL2-DwN8hEKKuMbJ0a1IUvjbRc1B8ZBvSX2O03HOo68fwS7WxmwVpjo3IKTg6zY93n2Z/s1600/Kesetimbangan+Gaya+Normal+Metode+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;218&quot; data-original-width=&quot;655&quot; height=&quot;132&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqPp5JnO2j2pCxZRxy9Z4iVefypEpRuI2A_QHJM3BosWvXG8mLNXGn0xjZEnFqKCMhcT2RfHp3iL2-DwN8hEKKuMbJ0a1IUvjbRc1B8ZBvSX2O03HOo68fwS7WxmwVpjo3IKTg6zY93n2Z/s400/Kesetimbangan+Gaya+Normal+Metode+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 2. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kesetimbangan Gaya Normal Metode Bishop.png&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Dengan berdasarkan pada Gambar kesetimbangan momen pada pusat lingkaran runtuh untuk semua irisan adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnpAcw4AeDBzPl3gDwE3NT9MPBZL4AaqCHS5a9de6_nto2j6IJg_LAd-uvhIbq8DvdKndfo2MZErRMspeujhFvDSiPSN_Dqfvm6c1yA1qThRrQw90gY5i7jnqjbvAOkuDe6VrhgfZccqgs/s1600/Kesetimbangan+Momen+Pada+Pusat+Lingkaran+Runtuh+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;129&quot; data-original-width=&quot;982&quot; height=&quot;84&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnpAcw4AeDBzPl3gDwE3NT9MPBZL4AaqCHS5a9de6_nto2j6IJg_LAd-uvhIbq8DvdKndfo2MZErRMspeujhFvDSiPSN_Dqfvm6c1yA1qThRrQw90gY5i7jnqjbvAOkuDe6VrhgfZccqgs/s640/Kesetimbangan+Momen+Pada+Pusat+Lingkaran+Runtuh+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 3.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Kesetimbangan Momen Pada Pusat Lingkaran Runtuh Analisa Bishop&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Dimana hc adalah tinggi pusat massa irisan dari titik tengah pada dasar irisan. Gaya geser antar-irisan dihilangkan dari persamaan di atas karena resultan momen dari gaya-gaya tersebut saling menghilangkan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dengan mensubstitusikan &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Persamaan (2)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; ke dalam persamaan di atas akan menghasilkan persamaan untuk menghitung faktor keamanan (F) sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwSC5mjiX6ki0Un5wUY4olu3NVk27UMEUYZvnb2gkLe9SYAQPLcKH5639RRsyHlnlC2sUCC3GplOmbfZWmq-Jof_pPuCVDu6xYWO93D8N4fHlkE1Z5mdzBLABmOh9D0elO1kBJBjud_q5d/s1600/Faktor+Keamanan+Berdasarkan+Analisa+Metode+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;264&quot; data-original-width=&quot;766&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwSC5mjiX6ki0Un5wUY4olu3NVk27UMEUYZvnb2gkLe9SYAQPLcKH5639RRsyHlnlC2sUCC3GplOmbfZWmq-Jof_pPuCVDu6xYWO93D8N4fHlkE1Z5mdzBLABmOh9D0elO1kBJBjud_q5d/s400/Faktor+Keamanan+Berdasarkan+Analisa+Metode+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 4. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;Faktor Keamanan Berdasarkan Analisa Metode Bishop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Dengan N dihitung menggunakan &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Persamaan (2) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Persamaan (4)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; variabel faktor keamanan (F) terdapat pada kedua sisi persamaan sehingga perhitungan nilai F tidak dapat dilakukan secara langsung dan harus dihitung dengan menggunakan aproksimasi berulang (iterasi). Aproksimasi berulang dilakukan beberapa kali sampai nilai perbedaan dari F pada kedua sisi persamaan lebih kecil dari nilai toleransi yang diberikan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Metode Bishop yang disederhanakan merupakan metode sangat populer dalam analisis kestabilan lereng dikarenakan perhitungannya yang sederhana, cepat dan memberikan hasil perhitungan faktor keamanan yang cukup teliti. Metode ini sangat cocok digunakan untuk pencarian secara otomatis bidang runtuh kritis yang berbentuk busur lingkaran untuk mencari faktor keamanan minimum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Formula-formula yang dipakai untuk perhitungan pada metode ini adalah :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxZv7DenyZtW133wukhmlxbfVIQkzOKUOs8KTdurhYEeo2x1EIg7pQgxK3Ky1Dh6LpqUikMsOpUVezHMozuyuyR6EL9Kt1XkwOxEXv-wJMteseskmE8H324rtmIh2cD8Hil_yeVpvTqlBf/s1600/Nilai+ma+untuk+beberapa+nilai+a%252C+f+dan+F.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;289&quot; data-original-width=&quot;483&quot; height=&quot;238&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxZv7DenyZtW133wukhmlxbfVIQkzOKUOs8KTdurhYEeo2x1EIg7pQgxK3Ky1Dh6LpqUikMsOpUVezHMozuyuyR6EL9Kt1XkwOxEXv-wJMteseskmE8H324rtmIh2cD8Hil_yeVpvTqlBf/s400/Nilai+ma+untuk+beberapa+nilai+a%252C+f+dan+F.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nilai ma untuk beberapa nilai a, f dan F&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7OManqLJalHW79Fns_HXYAImjunlm96BAglEWlb_PdYGN43Fg9phMGWTqtna8qtYqF8EYjSKIq8HRv_MuVt2-wZYWdmVvokzUzZ8B8pvTGtMfTPDDjLhIBFYv0ZaSjB7dhg6MnuqywrR8/s1600/Persamaan+5+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;99&quot; data-original-width=&quot;479&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7OManqLJalHW79Fns_HXYAImjunlm96BAglEWlb_PdYGN43Fg9phMGWTqtna8qtYqF8EYjSKIq8HRv_MuVt2-wZYWdmVvokzUzZ8B8pvTGtMfTPDDjLhIBFYv0ZaSjB7dhg6MnuqywrR8/s400/Persamaan+5+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 5.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0OqdV8p0tA1cBKUXFbJt3N-fsPNNvOYKypUGJNejYWE6UC-z_S0f3Bj_bQGNgUg7R1C1jahEMvCXPBXgVUURkN4nTames9Xu5WgeOFlVmG3_cLyV8kxtvd72GLNNurLbF0J7pa9hveUpQ/s1600/Persamaan+6+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;99&quot; data-original-width=&quot;483&quot; height=&quot;81&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0OqdV8p0tA1cBKUXFbJt3N-fsPNNvOYKypUGJNejYWE6UC-z_S0f3Bj_bQGNgUg7R1C1jahEMvCXPBXgVUURkN4nTames9Xu5WgeOFlVmG3_cLyV8kxtvd72GLNNurLbF0J7pa9hveUpQ/s400/Persamaan+6+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 6.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vGZcsCM2o44tFW7dZFF8_zunIgIX4RtCXmtODqETNhiUeHe0qLZEPTOaY5PmzG8vZzXF37Mb5ZucUmn03J3HUplDFXhOucVIvAe87qiVFgVx6C0higvWIVUBDYEwP40PKssfedR8Z7Nw/s1600/Persamaan+7+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;99&quot; data-original-width=&quot;482&quot; height=&quot;81&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vGZcsCM2o44tFW7dZFF8_zunIgIX4RtCXmtODqETNhiUeHe0qLZEPTOaY5PmzG8vZzXF37Mb5ZucUmn03J3HUplDFXhOucVIvAe87qiVFgVx6C0higvWIVUBDYEwP40PKssfedR8Z7Nw/s400/Persamaan+7+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 7.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4zOC3Bn_7hIVucWTgsjBjMCtREZPu_ay8DwDJfgSHu1R_RQZr5OtEaK1YhNJ9peGPvDwGJaN-ukiuzDFS1kG5wNPzDzWpW1ixunLiES4-lS372FIGDgBmszFh_Pfj7GlEoWNb8mkTXUc/s1600/Persamaan+8+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;99&quot; data-original-width=&quot;483&quot; height=&quot;81&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4zOC3Bn_7hIVucWTgsjBjMCtREZPu_ay8DwDJfgSHu1R_RQZr5OtEaK1YhNJ9peGPvDwGJaN-ukiuzDFS1kG5wNPzDzWpW1ixunLiES4-lS372FIGDgBmszFh_Pfj7GlEoWNb8mkTXUc/s400/Persamaan+8+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 8.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP-3jWzqKLKLpUAXKCZ8wSbRMcgcZtVbUWemVQXDUIL_yoHPd2Wb6gPifb7DCbllZr_LtPmjv7OGLN6tXZOsOLw-QzU9MI34xPXDKalGtSD1oL6ffwwAlEHtcMEGbpoTQ5_aCpoeSi7lLr/s1600/Persamaan+9+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;101&quot; data-original-width=&quot;485&quot; height=&quot;81&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP-3jWzqKLKLpUAXKCZ8wSbRMcgcZtVbUWemVQXDUIL_yoHPd2Wb6gPifb7DCbllZr_LtPmjv7OGLN6tXZOsOLw-QzU9MI34xPXDKalGtSD1oL6ffwwAlEHtcMEGbpoTQ5_aCpoeSi7lLr/s400/Persamaan+9+Analisa+Bishop.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persamaan 9.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Untuk setiap iterasi, nilai Flama adalah nilai Fbaru yang diperoleh dari iterasi sebelumnya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;


    &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/4195222732187492165/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/analisa-metode-bishop-stabilitas-lereng.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/4195222732187492165'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/4195222732187492165'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/analisa-metode-bishop-stabilitas-lereng.html' title='Analisa Metode Bishop Untuk Penentuan Stabilitas Lereng '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0c0pxiovpAAZ0y0CqJoNuD-0777e47ZzkXEDHtxHn2qx5huGiQ7rL_B-7f2pA4dfOsPa1oC0gTu6mnMJVlIb6ow9G4-Oc8GlOtv83cuam735uEzRYm2WGR4zzJ0tCmeBx2m0h5Viw5ka/s72-c/Gaya-Gaya+Yang+Bekerja+Pada+Tiap+Irisan.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-2911506875902474178</id><published>2018-10-13T06:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-13T06:58:01.582-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Analisa Metode Irisan Untuk Penentuan Stabilitas Lereng</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Metode Irisan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Metode irisan merupakan metode paling populer dalam analisis kestabilan lereng dengan tipe keruntuhan rotasional. Salah satu karakteristik dari metode irisan yaitu geometri dari bidang gelinciran harus ditentukan atau diasumsikan terlebih dahulu. Untuk menyederhanakan perhitungan, bidang runtuh biasanya dianggap berupa sebuah busur lingkaran, gabungan busur lingkaran dengan garis lurus, atau gabungan dari beberapa garis lurus. Setelah geometri dari bidang runtuh ditentukan kemudian massa di atas bidang runtuh dibagi ke dalam sejumlah irisan tertentu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXxd_1vP7TEmT4gEwdbxZOV7ZYe8EektXz4E7uK2frO6-ghbl8fxy8hvuErmS5U8ZWaUO2M4c2VCUyEX5B02Kh5TVqkMhdzjv9QNZXXHKIuaYlrSJL5j4Nlw7x60RvyoWhbMaI1MjDsyr/s1600/Analisa+Stabilitas+Lereng+Menggunakan+Metode+Irisan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;960&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXxd_1vP7TEmT4gEwdbxZOV7ZYe8EektXz4E7uK2frO6-ghbl8fxy8hvuErmS5U8ZWaUO2M4c2VCUyEX5B02Kh5TVqkMhdzjv9QNZXXHKIuaYlrSJL5j4Nlw7x60RvyoWhbMaI1MjDsyr/s400/Analisa+Stabilitas+Lereng+Menggunakan+Metode+Irisan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Analisa Stabilitas Lereng Menggunakan Metode Irisan &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tujuan dari pembagian tersebut adalah untuk mempertimbangkan adanya variasi kekuatan geser dan tekanan air pori sepanjang bidang runtuh. Langkah selanjutnya adalah menghitung data-data untuk setiap irisan. Dengan menggunakan data-data pada setiap irisan besarnya faktor keamanan dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan kesetimbangan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Semua metode irisan menyatakan kondisi kestabilan suatu lereng dinyatakan dalam suatu indeks yang disebut faktor keamanan (F), yang didefinisikan sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8g0SB6LMIkpun7ZY8F8jIq7mBxo8LxhFN4lpsOnizubAsgtaggEkzxXKANlUX8pzhmuWgumbU605L7GaKvKLuaZ4acA_elb92NclW4N9CmRaNu5qn4lwAm6q5B5tHukwFAx-mHasI6K4D/s1600/Nilai+Indeks+Metode+Irisan+Untuk+Penentuan+Kestabilan+Lereng.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;181&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1395&quot; height=&quot;81&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8g0SB6LMIkpun7ZY8F8jIq7mBxo8LxhFN4lpsOnizubAsgtaggEkzxXKANlUX8pzhmuWgumbU605L7GaKvKLuaZ4acA_elb92NclW4N9CmRaNu5qn4lwAm6q5B5tHukwFAx-mHasI6K4D/s640/Nilai+Indeks+Metode+Irisan+Untuk+Penentuan+Kestabilan+Lereng.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nilai Indeks Metode Irisan Untuk Penentuan Kestabilan Lereng&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Faktor keamanan diasumsikan mempunyai nilai yang sama untuk setiap irisan, kekuatan geser material yang tersedia untuk menahan material sehingga lereng tidak longsor dinyatakan dalam kriteria keruntuhan Mohr-Coulomb sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;goog_705568565&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_705568566&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgestrZnRbYi0flT8ra_h881eSaTkno3WnuMSV3QVjiPb74zpv01RqrY1fYWZa1oRgC6whjxGcfA1mugCv5wio2HTOoQdubTy_xSlZLaHS8uFc0SabrwneV00SpfxDVO3mMzaCbLGSh5p1K/s1600/Kestabilan+Lereng+Dalam+Kriteria+Keruntuhan+Mohr-Coulomb.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;92&quot; data-original-width=&quot;486&quot; height=&quot;60&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgestrZnRbYi0flT8ra_h881eSaTkno3WnuMSV3QVjiPb74zpv01RqrY1fYWZa1oRgC6whjxGcfA1mugCv5wio2HTOoQdubTy_xSlZLaHS8uFc0SabrwneV00SpfxDVO3mMzaCbLGSh5p1K/s320/Kestabilan+Lereng+Dalam+Kriteria+Keruntuhan+Mohr-Coulomb.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kestabilan Lereng Dalam Kriteria Keruntuhan Mohr-Coulomb &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvYoPXzTHhzSCim1vzxh8WDbRFNcFjNazwQh-Gh8z2030IocUEBiX1E03kfXjXcRD2USzNah31UJNDCTlO0vOqRiBa9ejbZnO9TFDF7HS7cP2z6ZP-phIJ0rBrbh58T3gmxbM1OB2zdW4/s1600/Persamaan+Besaran+Tahanan+Geser+Pada+Lereng.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;291&quot; data-original-width=&quot;628&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvYoPXzTHhzSCim1vzxh8WDbRFNcFjNazwQh-Gh8z2030IocUEBiX1E03kfXjXcRD2USzNah31UJNDCTlO0vOqRiBa9ejbZnO9TFDF7HS7cP2z6ZP-phIJ0rBrbh58T3gmxbM1OB2zdW4/s1600/Persamaan+Besaran+Tahanan+Geser+Pada+Lereng.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Keterangan :&lt;br /&gt;
s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;= Kekuatan geser&lt;br /&gt;
c’&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;= Kohesi efektif&lt;br /&gt;
Φ’&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;= Sudut gesek efektif&lt;br /&gt;
σn&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;= Tegangan normal total&lt;br /&gt;
u&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;= Tegangan air pori&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kekuatan geser tersebut dianggap tidak tergantung pada kondisi tegangan-regangan yang ada pada lereng. Besarnya tahanan geser yang diperlukan agar lereng berada dalam kondisi tepat setimbang [Sm] dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvYoPXzTHhzSCim1vzxh8WDbRFNcFjNazwQh-Gh8z2030IocUEBiX1E03kfXjXcRD2USzNah31UJNDCTlO0vOqRiBa9ejbZnO9TFDF7HS7cP2z6ZP-phIJ0rBrbh58T3gmxbM1OB2zdW4/s1600/Persamaan+Besaran+Tahanan+Geser+Pada+Lereng.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;291&quot; data-original-width=&quot;628&quot; height=&quot;148&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvYoPXzTHhzSCim1vzxh8WDbRFNcFjNazwQh-Gh8z2030IocUEBiX1E03kfXjXcRD2USzNah31UJNDCTlO0vOqRiBa9ejbZnO9TFDF7HS7cP2z6ZP-phIJ0rBrbh58T3gmxbM1OB2zdW4/s320/Persamaan+Besaran+Tahanan+Geser+Pada+Lereng.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Persamaan Besaran Tahanan Geser Pada Lereng&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYJYJojsCZMZBDVPZJkTbkWh_h4PAXvP66OCTttYnL9i-pV-yEmUK063bsd148plyolDUKllL25314H-Gv8Aen62yq4XAGBBwGLDz1ISUzSOz2WQ2wQ2EZR6jFFZc3eZbFaSSqbKlUr3dL/s1600/Model+lereng+dengan+bidang+runtuh+yang+berbentuk+sebuah+busur+lingkaran.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;290&quot; data-original-width=&quot;456&quot; height=&quot;406&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYJYJojsCZMZBDVPZJkTbkWh_h4PAXvP66OCTttYnL9i-pV-yEmUK063bsd148plyolDUKllL25314H-Gv8Aen62yq4XAGBBwGLDz1ISUzSOz2WQ2wQ2EZR6jFFZc3eZbFaSSqbKlUr3dL/s640/Model+lereng+dengan+bidang+runtuh+yang+berbentuk+sebuah+busur+lingkaran.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Model lereng dengan bidang runtuh yang berbentuk sebuah busur lingkaran&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Keterangan Gambar :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;width: 445px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;W &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Berat total irisan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;N &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Gaya normal total pada dasar irisan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Sm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Gaya geser pada dasar irisan yang diperlukan agar irisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;berada dalamkondisi tepat
  setimbang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Gaya antar-irisan horisontal; tikbawah L dan R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Menunjukkan masing-masing&amp;nbsp;untuk sebelah kiri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;dan kanan dari irisan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;X &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Gaya antar-irisan vertikal; tikbawah L dan R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;menunjukkan masing-masing untuk sebelah kiri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;dan kanan dari irisan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;kW&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Gaya seismik horisontal yang bekerja pada pusat massa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;irisan, dimana k adalah koefisien seismik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 47.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 47.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;R &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 47.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 47.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Radius lingkaran untuk bidang runtuh busur lingkaran; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;atau lengan momen dari gaya geser Sm terdapat pusat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;momen untuk bidang runtuh yang bukan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;busur lingkaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;f &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Jarak tegak lurus dari gaya normal N terhadap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;pusat momen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;x &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Jarak horisontal dari pusat massa irisan terhadap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;pusat momen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Jarak vertikal dari pusat massa irisan terhadap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;pusat momen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;h &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Tinggi rata-rata irisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;b &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Lebar irisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;β&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Panjang dasar irisan [b = b sec α]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Jarak vertikal dari gaya hidrostatik terhadap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;pusat momen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Gaya hidrostatik pada retakan tarik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 78.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 78.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;38&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;α &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 78.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;height: 78.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Sudut kemiringan dari garis singgung pada titik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;di tengah dasar irisan terhadap bidang horisontal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Sudut kemiringan bernilai positif apabila
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;searah dengan kemiringan lereng, dan bernilai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;negatif apabila berlawanan arah dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;kemiringan lereng.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/2911506875902474178/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/analisa-metode-irisan-stabilitas-lereng.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/2911506875902474178'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/2911506875902474178'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/analisa-metode-irisan-stabilitas-lereng.html' title='Analisa Metode Irisan Untuk Penentuan Stabilitas Lereng'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXxd_1vP7TEmT4gEwdbxZOV7ZYe8EektXz4E7uK2frO6-ghbl8fxy8hvuErmS5U8ZWaUO2M4c2VCUyEX5B02Kh5TVqkMhdzjv9QNZXXHKIuaYlrSJL5j4Nlw7x60RvyoWhbMaI1MjDsyr/s72-c/Analisa+Stabilitas+Lereng+Menggunakan+Metode+Irisan.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-147477706766714298</id><published>2018-10-13T06:13:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-13T06:13:43.106-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Longsoran</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Pencegahan Dan Pemilihan Tipe Penanggulangan Longsoran&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pencegahan bertujuan untuk menghindari kemungkinan terjadinya longsoran pada daerah yang berpotensi longsor, sedangkan tindakan korektif dapat berupa penanggulangan darurat (sifatnya sementara dan sederhana) dan permanen. Pemilihan metoda penanggulangan longsoran tergantung dari beberapa faktor yaitu sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Identifikasi penyebab ( penggerusan pada kaki lereng, penimbunan pada kepala longsoran, pemotongan pada kaki lereng dan sebagainya).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kemungkinan tipe-tipe penanggulangan berdasarkan teknis ( luas daerah longsoran, jenis tanah).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kemungkinan pelaksanaan (biaya, teknik pelaksanaan, kemampuan pelaksana dan sebagainya).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Memilih salah satu penanggulangan dengan mempertimbangkan faktor ekonomi (material yang ada).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENCEGAHAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pencegahan adalah tindakan pengamanan untuk mencegah kemungkinan terjadinya kerusakan yang lebih berat pada lokasi-lokasi yang menunjukkan adanya gejala longsoran atau pada daerah berpotensi longsor. Pencegahan ini dapat dilakukan dengan tindakan-tindakan antara lain:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menghindari penimbunan di atas lereng dan pemotongan pada bagian kaki lereng.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mencegah terjadinya penggerusan sungai yang akan mengganggu kemantapan lereng, antara lain dengan checkdam ( penggerusan vertikal) dan krip (penggerusan lateral).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengeringkan genangan air ( kolam, kubangan dan sebagainya ) pada bagian atas lereng.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menutup/meratakan lekukan-lekukan yang memungkinkan terjadinya genangan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penghijauan daerah-daerah gundul dengan tanaman-tanaman tertentu (lamtorogung, sadakeling, bambu dan lain sebagainya).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengendalikan air permukaan pada lereng sehingga tidak terjadi erosi yang menimbulkan alur yang semakin dalam (gully).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penggunaan bangunan penambat ( tiang, tembok penahan dan sebagainya).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pengaturan tata guna tanah.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Untuk lereng atau tebing tanah yang berpotensi longsor, pemotongan dapat pula digunakan sebagai pencegahan. Longsoran tebing batuan dapat dicegah dengan cara penyemprotan, pengangkeran batu, melapis dengan pasangan tipis, tumpuan beton, baut batuan, pengikat beton (grouting), jala kawat dan dinding penahan batu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENANGGULANGAN SEMENTARA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penanggulangan darurat adalah tindakan penanggulangan yang sifatnya sementara yang umumnya dilakukan sebelum penanggulangan permanen dilaksanakan. Penanggulangan darurat dapat dilakukan dengan cara-cara sederhana antara lain :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mencegah masuknya air permukaan ke dalam daerah longsoran dengan membuat saluran terbuka.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengeringkan kolam-kolam yang ada di bagian atas daerah longsoran.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengalirkan genangan air dan mata air yang tertimbun maupun yang terbuka.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menutup retakan-retakan dengan tanah liat.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Membuat pasangan bronjong pada kaki longsoran.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Memasang cerucuk pada daerah longsoran.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penimbunan kembali bagian yang rusak akibat longsoran.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pelebaran kearah tebing.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Membuang runtuhan dari tebing ke bagian kaki lereng.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Membuat bangunan penahan dari karung diisi tanah.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pemotongan bagian kepala longsoran.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENANGGULANGAN PERMANEN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penanggulangan permanen memerlukan penyelidikan lengkap, analisa dan perencanaan yang matang, sehingga memerlukan waktu dalam pelaksanaan penyelidikannya. Metoda penanggulangan longsoran dibedakan dalam tiga kategori yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Mengurangi gaya-gaya yang menimbulkan gerakan dengan metoda &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a. Mengendalikan air permukaan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIDKO2d8txBw1bF_6r0c4SGUF1fD9pEwf-P3rkv65R1VmXiYbmrjir2aN77uAmAPeSWUZN-CwBVm0neDYXWe7Q1Caz_oT-2XU6BMCNe-5TwQYQV5-tNdhiV70u9AMKwACNdWS5b8x7fEc/s1600/Penanggulangan+longsoran+dengan++mengendalikan+air+permukaan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;290&quot; data-original-width=&quot;421&quot; height=&quot;275&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIDKO2d8txBw1bF_6r0c4SGUF1fD9pEwf-P3rkv65R1VmXiYbmrjir2aN77uAmAPeSWUZN-CwBVm0neDYXWe7Q1Caz_oT-2XU6BMCNe-5TwQYQV5-tNdhiV70u9AMKwACNdWS5b8x7fEc/s400/Penanggulangan+longsoran+dengan++mengendalikan+air+permukaan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Penanggulangan longsoran dengan&amp;nbsp; mengendalikan air permukaan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
b. Dengan mengubah geometri lereng.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyRKmT0oho8gMDNXy4wc33e3aO8kh1gZXyeSOK8l4vLX5CoGOZJs_JWP9DBHpLBYH4iASnfzXIkC1sPfVQ-de5TYWj7kFKJvXoGZHkXB6Sg-kfb0HfkrmlGl1yuDbYESt3EJtvPNTy4Hmb/s1600/Penanggulangan+longsoran+dengan+cara+mengubah+geometri+lereng.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;278&quot; data-original-width=&quot;421&quot; height=&quot;263&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyRKmT0oho8gMDNXy4wc33e3aO8kh1gZXyeSOK8l4vLX5CoGOZJs_JWP9DBHpLBYH4iASnfzXIkC1sPfVQ-de5TYWj7kFKJvXoGZHkXB6Sg-kfb0HfkrmlGl1yuDbYESt3EJtvPNTy4Hmb/s400/Penanggulangan+longsoran+dengan+cara+mengubah+geometri+lereng.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Penanggulangan longsoran dengan cara mengubah geometri lereng&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Menambah gaya-gaya yang menahan gerakan dengan metoda&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
a. Mengendalikan air rembesan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjU8SSsrbqlCzwb8ghMrVgHUtCbhgYhsE-vO7eSOCo74INd6AYf_jem1Gs7Kt5YVZYbL7x9xv2cs1ab9zeCmeAzFqRMKTSdsIxj4Nl38Ae2fPNPSS92XRiRdmp0dVXBdt2L5XcDGaa_Utd/s1600/Cara-cara+pengendalian+air+rembesan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;334&quot; data-original-width=&quot;456&quot; height=&quot;292&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjU8SSsrbqlCzwb8ghMrVgHUtCbhgYhsE-vO7eSOCo74INd6AYf_jem1Gs7Kt5YVZYbL7x9xv2cs1ab9zeCmeAzFqRMKTSdsIxj4Nl38Ae2fPNPSS92XRiRdmp0dVXBdt2L5XcDGaa_Utd/s400/Cara-cara+pengendalian+air+rembesan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cara-cara pengendalian air rembesan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;b. Penambatan.&lt;br /&gt;c. Timbunan pada kaki lereng (beban kontra).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3. Tindakan Lainnya&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Jika kedua metoda diatas tidak dapat mengatasi longsoran yang terjadi maka dilakukan penanggulangan dengan tindakan lain ( stabilisasi, relokasi, bangunan silang dan penggunaan bahan ringan).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnEl6SxS4wdoFCvCBpMbWe_qQivK_Xry1IXig-8CpP2imdQOIZg50U2gG0WQ2NNsOrlL3I7Ml8RKZvCfrSFD8VPL3NG0-bs7DRkC4wFGFzIAUTZjbeTCrq2IvGjGKLQ7rz_DiIfv1JKQW/s1600/Penambatan+tanah+dengan+tembok+penahan.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;278&quot; data-original-width=&quot;426&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnEl6SxS4wdoFCvCBpMbWe_qQivK_Xry1IXig-8CpP2imdQOIZg50U2gG0WQ2NNsOrlL3I7Ml8RKZvCfrSFD8VPL3NG0-bs7DRkC4wFGFzIAUTZjbeTCrq2IvGjGKLQ7rz_DiIfv1JKQW/s400/Penambatan+tanah+dengan+tembok+penahan.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Penambatan tanah dengan tembok penahan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Salah satu tipe penanggulangan dengan penambatan adalah dengan tembok penahan. Tembok penahan sebaiknya diletakkan pada kaki longsoran.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/147477706766714298/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/pencegahan-dan-penanggulangan-longsoran.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/147477706766714298'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/147477706766714298'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/pencegahan-dan-penanggulangan-longsoran.html' title='Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Longsoran'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIDKO2d8txBw1bF_6r0c4SGUF1fD9pEwf-P3rkv65R1VmXiYbmrjir2aN77uAmAPeSWUZN-CwBVm0neDYXWe7Q1Caz_oT-2XU6BMCNe-5TwQYQV5-tNdhiV70u9AMKwACNdWS5b8x7fEc/s72-c/Penanggulangan+longsoran+dengan++mengendalikan+air+permukaan.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-5689347501061750530</id><published>2018-10-13T05:51:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-13T06:48:53.672-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Faktor Keamanan Untuk Kestabilan Lereng</title><content type='html'>Kestabilan dari suatu lereng individual dikontrol oleh kondisi geologi daerah setempat, bentuk keseluruhan lereng pada daerah tersebut, kondisi air tanah setempat, dan juga oleh teknik penggalian yang digunakan dalam pembuatan lereng. Faktor pengontrol ini jelas sangat penting untuk memberikan aturan yang umum untuk menentukan seberapa tinggi atau seberapa landai suatu lereng untuk memastikan lereng itu akan stabil. Apabila kestabilan dari suatu jenjang dalam&amp;nbsp; keadaan yang&amp;nbsp; meragukan, maka kestabilannya harus dinilai berdasarkan dari struktur geologi, kondisi air tanah dan faktor pengontrol lainnya yang terjadi pada suatu lereng. Kestabilan lereng pada batuan dipengaruhi oleh geometri lereng, struktur batuan, sifat fisik dan mekanik batuan serta gaya-gaya luar yang bekerja pada lereng tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUQVLQ6Paz06EmWbRcimrCvSrWZLde6SI__Kb1YfCE3mfhOdFoofXQogjHiYQVcOCis2abujhLvtDnEWwWJHvzETup4nHOkrv50B9128Nft4ljzTCUmUjXDPela7lyJwHoWwOVEHMHFFQX/s1600/Faktor+Keamanan+Pada+Kestabilan+Lereng.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;480&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUQVLQ6Paz06EmWbRcimrCvSrWZLde6SI__Kb1YfCE3mfhOdFoofXQogjHiYQVcOCis2abujhLvtDnEWwWJHvzETup4nHOkrv50B9128Nft4ljzTCUmUjXDPela7lyJwHoWwOVEHMHFFQX/s400/Faktor+Keamanan+Pada+Kestabilan+Lereng.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Faktor Keamanan Pada Kestabilan Lereng&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Menurut material pembentuknya, lereng dapat dibedakan atas lereng batuan dan lereng tanah sehingga pendekatan penyelesaian dalam analisa kestabilan lereng batuan akan berbeda dengan analisa kestabilan lereng pada material tanah. Batuan didefenisikan oleh ahli teknik sipil dan ahli geoteknik sebagai material lepas yang keras dan solid dari permukaan bumi, sedangkan tanah adalah hasil disentegrasi batuan menjadi partikel-partikel lebih kecil akibat pengaruh temperatur, gravitasi, angin dan hujan secara terus menerus. Berdasarkan sifat mekanika material dikatakan tanah jika mempunyai nilai kuat tekan lebih kecil dari 1 MPa, sedangkan material dikatakan batuan jika mempunyai nilai kuat tekan lebih besar dari 1 MPa. Adapun ciri-ciri perbedaan dalam kelongsorannya antar lain adalah :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pada batuan, longsoran yang terjadi lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh struktur geologi yang berhubungan dengan cacat geologi dan kondisi air tanah yang berhubungan dengan kekuatan batuan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pada tanah, longsoran yang terjadi lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh kondisi air tanah, dimana struktur geologi pada tanah tidak lagi tampak.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Klasifikasi Gerakan Tanah &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam petunjuk ini gerakan tanah dikelompokkan menurut klasifikasi Highway Research Board 1958 dan 1978. Kriteria yang digunakan dalam pengelompokan ini pertama adalah tipe gerakan tanah dan kedua jenis materialnya. Tipe gerakan tanah dibagi menjadi lima kelompok utama yaitu : runtuhan, jungkiran, longsoran, penyebaran lateral dan aliran. Kelompok keenam adalah majemuk yaitu kombinasi dua atau lebih tipe gerakan tersebut di atas. Material dibagi menjadi dua kelas yaitu batuan dan tanah. Tanah selanjutnya dibagi menurut ukuran butirannya yaitu bahan rombakan (tanah berbutir kasar) dan tanah berbutir halus. Adapun keenam tipe gerakantanah dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;(klik pada tiap tulisan untuk keterangannya)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.226/10/gerakan-tanah-jenis-runtuhan.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Runtuhan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.226/10/gerakan-tanah-jenis-jungkiran.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Jungkiran&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.226/10/longsoran-jenis-pergerakan-tanah.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Longsoran&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.226/10/gerakan-tanah-jenis-penyebaran-lateral.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Penyebaran Lateral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.226/10/gerakan-tanah-jenis-aliran.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Aliran&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Majemuk &lt;i&gt;(Jenis &lt;b&gt;Majemuk&lt;/b&gt; merupakan gabungan dua atau lebih tipe gerakan tanah di atas)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Gerakan Tanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;b&gt;A. Penyebab Ditinjau Dari Peristiwa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Peristiwa yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya gerakan tanah dibedakan menjadi gangguan luar dan gangguan dalam.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Faktor Ganguan Luar yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Getaran yang ditimbulkan oleh antara lain: gempa bumi, peledakan, kereta api,&amp;nbsp; dapat mengakibatkan gerakan tanah. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pembebanan tambahan, terutama disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia, misalnya&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; adanya bangunan atau timbunan di atas tebing.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hilangnya penahan lateral, dapat disebabkan antara lain oleh pengikisan (erosi sungai, pantai), aktivitas manusia (penggalian). &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hilangnya tumbuhan penutup, dapat menyebabkan timbulnya alur pada&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; beberapa daerah tertentu. Erosi makin meningkat dan akhimya tejadi gerakan tanah.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Faktor Ganguan Dalam yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hilangnya rentangan permukaan : selaput air yang terdapat diantara butir tanah memberikan tegangan tarik yang tidak kecil. Sebaliknya jika air merupakan lapisan tebal, maka akibatnya akan berlawanan. Karena itu makin banyak air masuk ke dalam tanah, parameter kuat gesemya makin berkurang.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Naiknya berat massa tanah batuan : masuknya air ke dalam tanah menye- babkan terisinya rongga antarbutir sehingga massa tanah bertambah.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pelindian bahan perekat, air mampu melarutkan bahan pengikat butir yang membentuk batuan sedimen. Misalnya perekat dalam batu pasir yang dilarutkan air sehingga ikatannya hilang.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Naiknya muka air tanah : muka air dapat naik karena rembesan yang masuk pada pori antar butir tanah. Tekanan air pori naik sehingga kekuatan gesernya turun.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pengembangan tanah : rembesan air dapat menyebabkan tanah mengembang terutama untuk tanah lempung tertentu,jika lempung semacam itu terdapat di bawah lapisan lain.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Surut cepat ; jika air dalam sungai atau waduk menurun terlalu cepat, maka muka air tanah tidak dapat mengikuti kecepatan menurunnya muka air.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pencairan sendiri dapat terjadi pada beberapa jenis tanah yang jenuh air, seperti pasir halus lepas bila terkena getaran (dikarenakan gempa bumi, kereta api dan sebagainya).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;b&gt;B. Penyebab Ditinjau Dari Konsepsi Faktor Keamanan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dengan dasar pemikiran bahwa faktor keamanan lereng terhadap longsoran bergantung pada angka perbandingan antara kuat geser tanah (S) dan tegangan geser yang bekerja (t&lt;i&gt; m&lt;/i&gt;) yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_lJb4dJl3FKzIHEADpADV7buvtgmRnsZQcPl3ejBWoQUyCK-aiR7Fdk5QLV01J_pZxD4HpHWpjF14qz172ACP96dJRbvzopcdpJK1j6dl0JGOgPJEbJPNxwHMGBjiCN3BwjwVXC1v1Wcb/s1600/Persamaan+Faktor+Keamanan+Pergerakan+Tanah.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;130&quot; data-original-width=&quot;228&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_lJb4dJl3FKzIHEADpADV7buvtgmRnsZQcPl3ejBWoQUyCK-aiR7Fdk5QLV01J_pZxD4HpHWpjF14qz172ACP96dJRbvzopcdpJK1j6dl0JGOgPJEbJPNxwHMGBjiCN3BwjwVXC1v1Wcb/s1600/Persamaan+Faktor+Keamanan+Pergerakan+Tanah.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Tabel Nilai FK Untuk Perancangan Lereng (Sosrodarsono, Suyono) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 33%px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 21.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #f3f3f3; border: solid 1.0pt; height: 21.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.36%;&quot; width=&quot;38%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Nilai FK&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #f3f3f3; border-left: none; border: solid 1.0pt; height: 21.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.64%;&quot; width=&quot;61%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Kemungkinan Kelongsoran&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 19.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid 1.0pt; height: 19.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.36%;&quot; width=&quot;38%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;FK &amp;lt;
  1.0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.64%;&quot; width=&quot;61%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Tidak
  Stabil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 19.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid 1.0pt; height: 19.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.36%;&quot; width=&quot;38%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;1.0 &amp;lt;
  FK &amp;lt; 1.2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.64%;&quot; width=&quot;61%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Kestabilan
  diragukan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 17.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.36%;&quot; width=&quot;38%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;1.3
  &amp;lt; FK &amp;lt; 1.4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.64%;&quot; width=&quot;61%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Memuaskan
  untuk pemotongan dan penimbunan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 17.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid 1.0pt; height: 17.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.36%;&quot; width=&quot;38%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;1.5
  &amp;lt; FK &amp;gt; 1.7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.64%;&quot; width=&quot;61%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Stabil
  untuk bendungan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Faktor pengaruh terhadap kemantapan lereng dibagi atas 2 (dua) kelompok utama, yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://0.0.7.226/10/faktor-kemantapan-lereng.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gangguan Luar dan Gangguan Dalam&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;aside class=&quot;element element-rich-link element-rich-link--not-upgraded&quot; data-component=&quot;rich-link&quot; data-link-name=&quot;rich-link-1 | 1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link__container&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link__header&quot;&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;rich-link__title&quot;&gt;
Pencegahan dan Penaggulangan Longsoran&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link__read-more&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link__arrow&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;inline-arrow-in-circle inline-icon &quot;&gt;
&lt;svg class=&quot;inline-arrow-in-circle__svg inline-icon__svg&quot; height=&quot;24&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot; width=&quot;24&quot;&gt;
&lt;path class=&quot;rich-link__arrow-icon&quot; d=&quot;M12 0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12s5.373 12 12 12 12-5.373 12-12S18.627 0 12 0m.21 19l-.637-.668 4.888-6.326H4.996v-1.01h11.465l-4.888-6.333.637-.668L19 11.153v.685l-6.79 7.157&quot; fill-rule=&quot;evenodd&quot; fill=&quot;#0e8ef9&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;
&lt;/svg&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rich-link__read-more-text&quot;&gt;
Read more
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;rich-link__link u-faux-block-link__overlay&quot; href=&quot;/2018/10/pencegahan-dan-penanggulangan-longsoran.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/aside&gt;&lt;b&gt;Analisa Stabilitas Lereng&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SLOPE/W merupakan suatu produk software yang menggunakan teori kesetimbangan batas untuk menghitung faktor keamanan dari suatu lereng roman muka bumi dan batuan. Formulasi yang komprehensif dari SLOPE/W membuatnya mampu menganalisis dengan mudah kasus stabilitas baik yang sederhana maupun yang kompleks dengan menggunakan metode variasi dalam perhitungan faktor keamanannya.&amp;nbsp; SLOPE/W dapat diterapkan pada analisis dan pekerjaan perancangan dalam bidang geoteknik, sipil dan penambangan. Dibawah ini ada dua jenis metode dalam perhitungan kestabilan lereng yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;/2018/10/analisa-metode-irisan-stabilitas-lereng.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A. Metode Irisan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;/2018/10/analisa-metode-bishop-stabilitas-lereng.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;B. Metode Bishop&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/5689347501061750530/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/kestabilan-lereng.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/5689347501061750530'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/5689347501061750530'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/kestabilan-lereng.html' title='Faktor Keamanan Untuk Kestabilan Lereng'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUQVLQ6Paz06EmWbRcimrCvSrWZLde6SI__Kb1YfCE3mfhOdFoofXQogjHiYQVcOCis2abujhLvtDnEWwWJHvzETup4nHOkrv50B9128Nft4ljzTCUmUjXDPela7lyJwHoWwOVEHMHFFQX/s72-c/Faktor+Keamanan+Pada+Kestabilan+Lereng.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-1016078739029127926</id><published>2018-10-13T05:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-13T05:35:53.893-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kestabilan Lereng</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Pengaruh Beberapa Jenis Faktor Kondisi Kestabilan Lereng&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kestabilan suatu lereng akan bervariasi sepanjang waktu. Hal ini antara lain disebabkan adanya musim hujan dan musim kering sehingga terdapat perubahan musiman dari permukaan air tanah atau terjadi perubahan kekuatan geser material yang diakibatkan oleh proses pelapukan. Penurunan kestabilan lereng dapat juga terjadi secara drastis apabila terjadi perubahan yang tiba-tiba, seperti hujan lebat dengan intensitas yang tinggi, erosi pada kaki lereng atau pembebanan pada permukaan lereng.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPWn38XJy2l7rztnm2RH3Fg1InviTa6ZDFwBL907GsaVb-Ji4BvqkkbhR34i9n_VbQrjNUjOQ1UWQRVV5sK1VUuS_H6Vd3LQd0KfRzCcmXwryBrVSAaZyBybeOxABOhX3grGq277Rs0DaS/s1600/Faktor+Kondisi+Yang+Mempengaruhi+Kestabilan+Lereng.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1200&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPWn38XJy2l7rztnm2RH3Fg1InviTa6ZDFwBL907GsaVb-Ji4BvqkkbhR34i9n_VbQrjNUjOQ1UWQRVV5sK1VUuS_H6Vd3LQd0KfRzCcmXwryBrVSAaZyBybeOxABOhX3grGq277Rs0DaS/s400/Faktor+Kondisi+Yang+Mempengaruhi+Kestabilan+Lereng.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Faktor Kondisi Yang Mempengaruhi Kestabilan Lereng&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Kondisi kestabilan lereng berdasarkan tahapan kondisi kestabilannya dapat dibagi menjadi tiga tahap sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sangat stabil, pada tahap ini lereng mempunyai tahanan yang cukup besar untuk mengatasi gaya-gaya yang menyebabkan lereng menjadi tidak stabil.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cukup stabil, pada kondisi lereng lereng mempunyai kekuatan yang tahanan yang sedikit lebih besar daripada gaya-gaya yang menyebabkan lereng&amp;nbsp; menjadi tidak stabil serta terdapat kemungkinan untuk terjadi keruntuhan lereng pada suatu waktu apabila gaya-gaya yang menyebabkan terjadinya longsoran mencapai suatu nilai tertentu.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tidak stabil, lereng dinyatakan berada dalam kondisi tidak stabil apabila telah terdapat pergerakan secara kontinu atau berselang-seling.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pembagian ketiga tahapan kondisi kestabilan tersebut sangat berguna dalam mempelajari penyebab-penyebab ketidak stabilan lereng dan membaginya menjadi dua berdasarkan fungsinya yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Faktor-faktor penyebab pendahuluan yaitu faktor-faktor yang dapat menyebabkan lereng menjadi rentan terhadap longsoran sehingga merubah kondisi kestabilan lereng dari sangat aman menjadi cukup aman.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Faktor-faktor pemicu longsoran yaitu faktor-faktor yang memicu sehingga terjadi pergerakan pada lereng atau lereng mengalami longsoran. Faktor pemicu akan menurunkan kondisi kestabilan lereng dari cukup aman menjadi tidak stabil.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Perubahan sudut kemiringan lereng antara lain disebabkan oleh kegiatan pertanian, galian dan timbunan untuk konstruksi jalan raya, konstruksi gedung, konstruksi jalan raya, serta operasi tambang terbuka. Apabila aktivitas-aktivitas tersebut dikerjakan atau dirancang dengan sembarangan maka longsoran dapat terjadi karena beban yang bekerja pada lereng melebihi tahanan geser yang dimiliki oleh lereng. Perubahan pada saluran irigasi atau limpasan permukaan dapat menyebabkan berubahnya kondisi drainase permukaan, tingkat erosi semakin tinggi, ataupun dapat menaikkan permukaan air tanah. Kenaikan permukaan air tanah dapat menyebabkan bertambahnya tekanan air pori dan berkurangnya kekuatan geser sehingga dapat memicu longsoran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;


    &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/1016078739029127926/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/faktor-yang-mempengaruhi-kestabilan-lereng.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/1016078739029127926'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/1016078739029127926'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/faktor-yang-mempengaruhi-kestabilan-lereng.html' title='Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kestabilan Lereng'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPWn38XJy2l7rztnm2RH3Fg1InviTa6ZDFwBL907GsaVb-Ji4BvqkkbhR34i9n_VbQrjNUjOQ1UWQRVV5sK1VUuS_H6Vd3LQd0KfRzCcmXwryBrVSAaZyBybeOxABOhX3grGq277Rs0DaS/s72-c/Faktor+Kondisi+Yang+Mempengaruhi+Kestabilan+Lereng.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-4504531914020790737</id><published>2018-10-13T04:35:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-13T04:36:08.918-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemantapan Lereng</title><content type='html'>Faktor pengaruh terhadap kemantapan lereng dibagi atas 2 (dua) kelompok utama, yaitu : gangguan luar dan gangguan dalam.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggN40xpNvXPKYtDewviH3oN3K_0frD0H7ybzP-VHSBnRHFNL-n3XwQcPUG2Jw6a8AbzomhnPsMH5Vt2l9gfJ50b0JSypL3egXbfvxemQeJD85kwm9zVExfMK89wiEYDKdUklsXIfJMhyphenhyphenbe/s1600/Kemantapan+Lereng.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1200&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggN40xpNvXPKYtDewviH3oN3K_0frD0H7ybzP-VHSBnRHFNL-n3XwQcPUG2Jw6a8AbzomhnPsMH5Vt2l9gfJ50b0JSypL3egXbfvxemQeJD85kwm9zVExfMK89wiEYDKdUklsXIfJMhyphenhyphenbe/s400/Kemantapan+Lereng.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemantapan Lereng&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b&gt;A. GANGGUAN LUAR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Gangguan luar terjadi karena meningkatnya tegangan geser yang bekerja dalam tanah (T m) sehingga FK &amp;lt; 1. Berdasarkan keadaan ini dapat diuraikan :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tegangan horizontal menurun, kondisi seperti ini terjadi bila kaki lereng tererosi oleh aliran air, akibat galian atau pembongkaran - tembok penahan. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tegangan vertikal meningkat, kondisi ini terjadi bila air hujan tertahan di atas lereng, timbunan, bangunan dan lain-lain. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tekanan horizontal meningkat; kondisi ini terjadi karena adanya pengisian air pada retakan. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tegangan akibat getaran, kondisi ini terutama akibat gaya gempa dan gaya vibrasi ledakan. Pada keadaan gempa bumi, gelombang naik dari bawah ke atas permukaan tanah. Sebelum mencapai permukaan tanah, rambatan gelombang melewati berbagai lapisan sehingga menimbulkan perubahan pada sistem tegangan semula.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gerakan tektonik; dapat mengubah keadaan geometri lereng. Pelandaian lereng berarti menambah kemantapan, dan sebaliknya penegakan lereng berarti mengurangi kemantapan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b&gt;B. GANGGUAN DALAM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Faktor penyebab menurunnya kuat geser tanah (S):&lt;br /&gt;
a. Sifat bawaan; meliputl komposisi, struktur geologi dan geometri lereng.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Komposisi, kondisi material dapat menjadi lemah (weak) pada peningkatan kadar air. Hal ini teljadi pada tanah lempung terkonsolidasi lebih (OC) dan terkonsolidasi sangat lebih (HOC) dan tanah lempung organik.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Struktur geologi dan geometri lereng, dapat berupa bidang diskontinuitas (sesar, perlapisan, kekar, cermin sesar dan breksiasi), lapisan yang berada di atas tanah lempung yang lemah atau selang-seling antar lapisan lulus air pasir dan kedap air (lempung). Kedudukan lapisan miring ke arah lereng.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
b. Reaksi kimia/fsika; antara lain berupa :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hidrasi dari mineral lempung seperti absorbsi air oleh mineral lempung sehingga kadar air meningkat. Hal ini biasanya diikuti dengan penurunan harga kohesi, contohnya lempung montmorillonit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penyusutan tanah lempung akibat pengeringan dapat menimbulkan retakan susut sehingga kuat geser tanah menurun dan memberi kesempatan air mengalir masuk ke dalamnya.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Erosi oleh air pada tanah lempung &quot;dispersive&quot; menyebabkan&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; terbentuknya rongga yang menurunkan kuat geser tanah.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
c. Perubahan tekanan air pori dan be rat isi, antara lain berupa :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Berat isi bertambah karena penjenuhan. Daya apung pada kondisi jenuh menurunkan tegangan efektif pada butir, sehingga kuat geser menurun.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Muka air tanah naik karena air hujan, kolam waduk dan lainnya.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
d. Perubahan sistem pembebanan; antara lain karena tegangan tanah berkurang. Pada kondisi ini lapisan tanah lempung terkonsolidasi lebih dan terkonsolidasi sangat lebih yang sebelumnya telah dibebani lapisan di atasnya, kemudian lapisan alas tersebut digali (dibuang). Kemudian terjadi perubahan beban pada lapisan lempung yang menyebabkan berkurangnya kuat geser tanah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Salah satu penerapan pengetahuan mengenai kekuatan geser tanah/batuan adalah untuk analisa kemantapan lereng. Keruntuhan geser (shear failure) pada tanah/batuan terjadi akibat gerak relatif antar butirnya. Oleh sebab itu kekuatannya tergantung pada gaya yang bekerja antar butirnya. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa kekuatan geser terdiri atas :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagian yang bersifat kohesi, tergantung pada macam tanah/batuan dan ikatan butirnya.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagian yang bersipat gesekan, yang sebanding dengan tegangan efektip pada bidang geser.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Kekuatan geser tanah dapat dinyatakan dalam rumus :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAm3wSX-tUwPqDCiNkJzSzjlROaMv5LnATgWHMWZq58iwadM8B2TEvHEoBQ7sZSlcCSz11gKgsTARek_13WI4fRONgGfkStMk2XohSrkj6tfFJWHzmrxD_E2x42nQWA2bvvyRHDfe4epLc/s1600/Rumus+kekuatan+geser+tanah.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;319&quot; data-original-width=&quot;681&quot; height=&quot;149&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAm3wSX-tUwPqDCiNkJzSzjlROaMv5LnATgWHMWZq58iwadM8B2TEvHEoBQ7sZSlcCSz11gKgsTARek_13WI4fRONgGfkStMk2XohSrkj6tfFJWHzmrxD_E2x42nQWA2bvvyRHDfe4epLc/s320/Rumus+kekuatan+geser+tanah.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rumus kekuatan geser tanah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi2tFd7a7WA_dU7-gkqkJ_0FpvYAxKi9OKXsMzvitkChbmt3UiZl_TTXXaaUNHe5-ViKfYeqDRgywpRtZmMxNN9dUPjOrgR9Gis_0ZZeQhCL2DjUJ-mhX9YXsoZ_wKk6OwV3OvVkrPQL6t/s1600/Persamaan+Garis+Kuat+Geser+dan+Tegangan+Normal+Efektif.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;325&quot; data-original-width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi2tFd7a7WA_dU7-gkqkJ_0FpvYAxKi9OKXsMzvitkChbmt3UiZl_TTXXaaUNHe5-ViKfYeqDRgywpRtZmMxNN9dUPjOrgR9Gis_0ZZeQhCL2DjUJ-mhX9YXsoZ_wKk6OwV3OvVkrPQL6t/s320/Persamaan+Garis+Kuat+Geser+dan+Tegangan+Normal+Efektif.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Persamaan Garis Kuat Geser dan Tegangan Normal Efektif (Kuat Geser Tanah)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/4504531914020790737/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/faktor-kemantapan-lereng.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/4504531914020790737'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/4504531914020790737'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/faktor-kemantapan-lereng.html' title='Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemantapan Lereng'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggN40xpNvXPKYtDewviH3oN3K_0frD0H7ybzP-VHSBnRHFNL-n3XwQcPUG2Jw6a8AbzomhnPsMH5Vt2l9gfJ50b0JSypL3egXbfvxemQeJD85kwm9zVExfMK89wiEYDKdUklsXIfJMhyphenhyphenbe/s72-c/Kemantapan+Lereng.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5967787404344676660.post-326960704052668244</id><published>2018-10-13T03:37:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-13T03:37:39.200-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mekanika Tanah"/><title type='text'>Aliran (Jenis Pergerakan Tanah) </title><content type='html'>Aliran adalah jenis gerakan tanah di mana kuat geser tanah kecil sekali atau boleh dikatakan tidak ada, dan material yang bergerak berupa material kental. Termasuk dalam tipe ini adalah gerakan yang lambat, berupa rayapan pada massa tanah plastis yang menimbulkan retakan tarik tanpa bidang longsoran.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRDVgM7orJ9TdwMDkRqp_vXYx0xugszBZYnsMnUf7cvmhAntlMmsyYTGjzIIHu-7F_o8sLEHDfIJs9OmslZU0zJzAzyVfZIgucRp3_Wj7ms145ZeC9DeZhA5oW_rbZYgHOcGnVQXWkUq1L/s1600/Pergerakan+Tanah+Jenis+Aliran.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;296&quot; data-original-width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRDVgM7orJ9TdwMDkRqp_vXYx0xugszBZYnsMnUf7cvmhAntlMmsyYTGjzIIHu-7F_o8sLEHDfIJs9OmslZU0zJzAzyVfZIgucRp3_Wj7ms145ZeC9DeZhA5oW_rbZYgHOcGnVQXWkUq1L/s400/Pergerakan+Tanah+Jenis+Aliran.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pergerakan Tanah Jenis Aliran&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rayapan di sini dianggap sama dengan arti rayapan pada mekanika bahan yaitu deformasi yang terjadi terus menerus di bawah tegangan yang konstan. Pada material yang tidak terkonsolidasi, gerakan ini umumnya berbentuk aliran, baik cepat atau lambat, kering atau basah. Aliran pada batuan sangat sulit dikenali karena gerakannya sangat lambat dengan retakan.retakan yang rapat dan tidak saling berhubungan yang menimbulkan lipatan, lenturan atau tonjolan. Aliran dapat dibedakan dalam dua tipe menu rut materialnya yaitu aliran tanah (termasuk bahan rombakan) dan aliran batuan. &lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/feeds/326960704052668244/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/gerakan-tanah-jenis-aliran.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/326960704052668244'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/5967787404344676660/posts/default/326960704052668244'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://tambangxplor.blogspot.com/2018/10/gerakan-tanah-jenis-aliran.html' title='Aliran (Jenis Pergerakan Tanah) '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06522703012410646846</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRDVgM7orJ9TdwMDkRqp_vXYx0xugszBZYnsMnUf7cvmhAntlMmsyYTGjzIIHu-7F_o8sLEHDfIJs9OmslZU0zJzAzyVfZIgucRp3_Wj7ms145ZeC9DeZhA5oW_rbZYgHOcGnVQXWkUq1L/s72-c/Pergerakan+Tanah+Jenis+Aliran.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>