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noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 04 Feb 2014 15:44:00 +0000

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Network topology is the framework of any network. It describes the physical and logical design of the network starting from the way the devices are physically connected, the cabling layout, to the routing path and the way which data is being transmitted over the network.

Network topology is basically divided in to two types;

Physical topology

Logical topology

Although a network can have both its physical and logical topology to be the same, it is also possible that you can have different logical working on a different physical topology on the same network. In this article we will examine these topologies, and sort out the types, major advantages, and major differences between them.

PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

Like I mentioned in the previous article physical topology has much to do with the physical design of the network. It includes the physical devices and most importantly the cabling, and the type of cable used, is it twisted pair, coaxial cable or even fiber optics? Cabling on any network must be understood because you identify your network physical topology type depending on the type of cabling.

Types of Physical Topology

Physical topology is of three types; bus, ring and star topology.

Bus Topology: this topology in the early days was supported by the use of coaxial cables to connect devices in lines. However in modern days bus topology is built in the bus hardware devices and the host devices is connected to the bus using a twisted pair cable.

Star Topology: This is the most commonly and also widely used topology. Just like the name, this topology takes the form of a star. In this topology, the entire host and other network devices on the network is connected to a central network device e.g. the switch, hub or router, using a twisted pair cable. They are categorized into two; star, and extended star. We will learn more about this in the logical topology.

Ring Topology: This topology takes the shape of a ring. The network devices are wired in from one device to another until the last device and this device is also directly connected to the first device that was wired. Here the devices are connected on the network by connecting to the nearest network device to it. They are of two categories; Ring and dual Ring.

LOGICAL TOPOLOGY

Logical topology like I already said has to do with the structure used to transmit data frames and Packets within and across the network. It is like a data transmission map, used to determine how best to send signal to hosts and other devices across the network.

Categories of Logical Topology:

Bus Topology: Imagine a city bus picking you up for work from a particular bus stop every day. It then moves over to the next stop to pick more people. This continues for every bus stop until you finally drop off in front of your work place. This is how the bus topology works; data is transmitted and made to move along the same line until it reaches the destination host. All of the devices on the bus topology are effectively connected to a single cable in a linear form and all of them receive the signal sent but only the host or group of hosts that the data is being directed to will own up the data. The data signal proceeds from one computer to the next in a single line until the entire hosts receive the signal; this is called a linear bus. A terminator which terminates electrical signals must be used on the main cable to absorb electrical signals when it reaches the end of the wire, to avoid those signals from bouncing back into the network thereby causing network errors. An example of a bus device is a hub. An Ethernet hub implements physical star on a logical bus topology.

Star Topology

Star Topology: This is the most commonly used topology in LAN. Signals generated by any host on the network passes through a central device E.g. switch, hub, or router this device then distributes the signal to other hosts on the network. If the central device fails, the entire network shuts down too. But if an individual host device or cable fails, the network will still function as normal.

Extended Star:Although very expensive to implement but it’s worth the cost, this is when a network implementing a star topology is expanded by including additional network device that is connected to the main (central) network device. The additional device, acts as an extension to the network and it allows you to add more hosts to the network. The advantage to this is that if one central device fails, others can still work although it may leave the entire or a large portion of the network completely cut off from the network if the main device fails.

Ring Topology: I don’t think that you are wrong if you say that a ring topology has no beginning or end. It keeps going round in a circular form. Here, a token travels round the ring, stopping by each host device. You may wonder how the network knows which device data is being directed to, well I’ll tell you this; if a host device wants to transmit data, it adds the data and the destination host address which includes the MAC and IP address of the device token. The data passes round stopping by each host until the host with a matching destination address owns up the data. Ring topology is of two categories;

· Single Ring: here the token connection is only on directional therefor if a cable or host is faulty, this may affect network continuity on some host devices that depends on the faulty host for signal. Sometimes the entire network stops working on a single fault since they all depend on each other for data transmission.

· Dual Ring: unlike the single ring where hosts are connected on a single cable and is only one directional, dual ring is a two directional ring topology. It is designed in such a way that hosts are connected to two cables, the first acts as the main cable while the other may act as a backup. It is two directional, each cable transmits on opposite direction to each other. It allows data transmission from both sides therefor if there is fault on a host, a reverse direction can be used to transmit data to its destination. See illustration below.

Mesh Topology: In this topology, your network devices are connected to each other in such a way that at least one host device is connected to all the host devices in the entire network. Since it is a two-directional network topology so you don’t have to worry about which host is up and which one is down, to keep your network fully operational. This is very similar to the star topology, it tolerates more faults and also very expensive to implement. It is categorized into two forms;

· Partial Mesh: Here at least one of the devices is connected to the entire host devices on the network.

· Full Mesh: All the devices on the network is fully connected to each other for redundancy with full error tolerance. It is more expensive to implement compared to partial mesh, but it is worth the cost.

COMPUTER NETWORKING

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 08 Jan 2014 15:54:00 +0000

WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORKING

The term NETWORKING could have different definitions depending on how you mean it and what you are talking about. In a social sense networking could mean the act of getting to know and interact with people especially when they share a common interest with you. This is no different in the ICT world, Just put computers where you have people in the first definition. Networking is a connection of computers and other telecommunication devices in order to share data and computer hardware resources example printers, scanners etc.Two devices are not connected unless they are able to share information with each other.

A Brief History

At least every thing originates from somewhere huh? networking came into existence in the late 1940s when the United States air defense felt increasing need to control and communicate with its air crafts from ground and this need was met in the late 1950's when a large scale integrated ground control system used for controlling and signaling of us military air craft "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)" a US military radar was invented by lincoln Laboratories as one of the first communicating computer systems and was operational by 1963. It remained in continuous operation until 1983. since then, subsequent developments such as "Intergalactic Computer Network" a working group developed by J.C.R. Licklider in 1962, In 1964, researchers at Dartmouth developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of large computer systems, this year was significant because in the same year, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a research group supported by General Electric and Bell Labs used a computer to route and manage telephone connections which marks the birth of packet routing and to add to that, network systems which used packets to transfer information between computers over a network(packet switched network) was used and conceptualizes by different individual one of them named Donald Davies a Welsh computer scientist in the 1960s. 1965 marked the birth of wide area network (WAN) by two amazing computer geeks Lawrence G. Roberts and Thomas Marill. The the first fully computerized telephone was developed by Western Electric.
To mark the beginning of a newly born Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) In 1969, four institutions "Stanford Research Institute at Menlo Park, California(50kb/s), University of California at Santa Barbara, University of Utah and University of California at Los Angeles, were connected using a 50kilobit per seconds) network circuit" APARNET was one of the world's first operational packet switching networks, the first network to implement TCP/IP, and it is a framework that was used to develop a global network now known as the internet.ARPANET was widely used for research projects especially military until it was replaced by National Science Foundation network (NSFNET) in 1990 one of the reasons for this was that NSFNET supported both TCP/IP and OSI protocol which was introduced by ISO to standardize and regulate network development and design due to increasing numbers of conflicting network vendors. The OSI reference model was introduced to help networks to communicate with each other Irrespective of the vendor(network designer) also with the introduction of OSI reference model, it is now possible for network devices manufactured by different vendors, to be used together on a single network. Attached Resource Computer network ARCnet a token passing network that was first used to share storage devices was developed by John Murphy in 1976.
since 1970s significant materials, hand outs and publications about ethernet and other network developements have been written and published by many network researchers and engineers some of these authors include; David Boggs and Robert Metcalfe who published thier first material on Ethernet: "Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory on May 31, 1961.In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro with SRI released a report "A Study of Computer Network Design Parameters." Based on this work and earlier work done by Paul Baraon
Remember that I mentioned earlier on the second paragraph that arparnet ran on a 50kb/s data speed, which is relatively very low compared to today's 100mb to 1gb network data speed. well things got better in 1995 when Ethernet speed was upgraded from 10Mb/s to 100Mb/s. By 1998, Ethernet could support transmission speeds in Gigabit using twisted pair cables, fiber optics, electromagnetic waves (wirless) as mediums of transmission.

What is a Network

A connection of two to three devices across a small or large area is a network. It is a described as a collection of connected devices such as computers, printers, scanners servers, and other network applications, aimed at sharing and transferring data and information from one point to another.

Physical Components Of A Network

Physical components of a network are those devices which are used to setup the physical parts of the network. All this devices must be setup together and complete before the network can function well. physical devices use mac address as their unique address. These devices are classified into four major groups. End

Devices:

This class includes your personal computers (PCs), network server machines, printers, mobile devices such as phones and laptops etc. They serve as end points in the network. They especially contain user applications/ software which is responsible for initiating connection with other devices, also sending and receiving data e.g TCP, UDP and browser applications etc.

Interconnections:

This consist of components (medium) that physically transmits data (though electric signal) from one device to another (point to point) in the network. These components includes:
Network Interface Cards: NIC cards which acts as an interface which translates data created by the computer into a format that can be transmitted over the LAN (Local Area Network). They are basically two types of NIC adapters;

The Local Area Network cable adopter: This uses etternet cables for data transmission. The cable is plugged into the computer using the rj45 or the rj11 connections which is plugged into a female jack on the host device.
Wireless Network Adapter: This adapter uses wireless medium (air/space) as its medium of data transmission which is in form of electromagnetic wave. Some of the devices have both wired and Ethernet connectors although it is not common among mobile devices since they are mostly carried around so they make use of wireless connections.
Note that Ethernet LAN adapter mac address and the wireless mac address are not the same, each adapter has its physical (MAC) address although you can have both components at the same time on your computer.

Network media: such as Ethernet cable fiber optics and wireless medium.

Connections: e.g RJ11 RJ45, CAT4, 5,6 are most common connectors. They act as a sockets and plug which are used to connect host devices.

Switches:

Are intelligent devices used for switching data within the LAN. They are devices that provide network attachment (connections) between end systems. The switch maintains a mac address table of every system that is on the network, it uses the information to forward data frames to the right host on the network.

Router:

This is more intelligent than the switch. It contains the mother board, RAM and CPU (processor). the router has the major characteristics of a computer.The router has a very important role to play on a network especially when the host on a particular LAN wants to send data outside the network to another network. The router uses different routing protocols to update the routing information on its routing table to determine the best path to take when routing data from one network to another.

Click here to expand the Image below.

Interpreting Network Diagrams and Symbols

CHARACTERISTICS OF A NETWORK

The following are the characteristics that can be used to describe a network.

Speed: It is mostly known as bandwidth. This is a very common characteristic of a network which describes the rate of data flow per second on a network. It describes how fast data is been transmitted over a network. The data transmission for a common LAN ranges from 10mb/s to 100mb/s.

Cost: Of course, nothing is free ever in “Free Town” cost here as an characteristics of a network indicates how much money, time and labour you have to spent in purchasing the equipment, setting up the network and also maintaining the network.

Security: data integrity and security is a vital issue and should not escape your minds when implementing or taking actions that may affect the network. The level of security on your network will determine how secure your network is from inside or outside attackers. Security also indicates how safe the data in your network is even during data transmission within or outside the network.

Availability: Your network service how available is it to you? Does it go off or timeout more often than it should? Network availability is a characteristic that measures the total time in minutes that a network will be available to you when needed in a year.
Take for an example a network that is meant to be used 24/7 365days in a year, you calculate the availability by dividing the time it is actually available by the total time in minutes in a year and then multiplying by 100 to get the percentage availability.

Let’s say that a network is unavailable for 40 minutes in a year due to network outages, the percentage availability of the network will be;

[(a - b)/a ] * 100

Where;

“a” is the total minutes in a year(525600mins), “b” is the total downtime in minutes for the year(452mins),

Therefor [(525600-452)/(525600)]*100 = 99.9% available

Types Of A Network

There are basically Three types of Network

Local Area Networks(LAN)

This type of network covers small geographic areas.

They are sited in small locations such as Homes, small offices, a particular building or floor. This type of network is private in nature and owned by small or big organizations as such host devices on this network carries private IP addresses most of them unregistered. This network is designed to connect and share data and other resources within an organization, home or a small work area.

Wide Area Networks (WAN)

A typical example of this is the internet also known as a public network. This network contains the world wide web (WWW) it covers a very wild geographical area. It is an interconnection of many LANs across a very wide geographic location. several technologies including high tech hardware devices and sophisticated software functioning is needed to implement a well functioning WAN. To connect to a WAN, you have to use the services of ISPs, space satellites, Mobile and telephone companies, or even cable companies. This is so because this companies have devices and equipments that can connect your LAN devices to other network devices that are separated by a wide geographic area. Host devices connected to this network are often referred to as being in a high risk zone since your computer might get infected, or hacked at a cause of trying to get data and information from other unprotected or virus infected networks, Hence the need for firewall on your network devices is important.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

This type of network tlinks LANs and network devices that are geographically separated but are also located within the same metropolitan area. an example of this kind of network is when an organization has many branch offices and a head office within a particular country but in different locations. being fully aware that each offices has its own LAN now communication, data and resources will be shared from the head offices to the branch offices by linking these LANs together. The nettwork established between this offices is known as a MAN.

Network Benefits

The benefits of a network cannot be overstated in the world of networking today. Although I am only going to talk about a few and major resource sharing benefits alone on this article. Although the resources sharing benefit of a network host may be regulated by the organisation policies (sometimes regulated using the organisations staff hierachy and positions held by the staff), but as a member of a particular network , you should be able to benefit from atleast one of the following;

1. Resources: resources on a network includes printers, scanners, input and output devices and other peripherals or some times helps you gain access to public network and the world wide web(www).

2. Data backup: Some networks includes backup devices such as tapes, CDs and multiple data storage devices which enables you to backup an organizations data for future or emergency reference which ensures business continuity and other file-backup benefits in the organization.

3. Network allows you to share storage devices on your network. There are three different ways which networks share their storage devices; Directly attached storage(DAS) allows you to physically attach the storage device directly to your computer. Network attached storage (NAS) allows you to store data using a special network device that is attached to the network. Storage area networks (SAN) this method provides you with series of interconnected storage devices.

4. Files and applications sharing; with the help of tcp, UDP, FTP, TFTP and others sharing of data and application programes on a network is possible. Now one application program can be shared by many host on a network and files can be transmitted from one host to another, therefore making data more easily available, promoting more efficient collaboration on work projects.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Dec 2013 16:01:00 +0000

             You are probably reading this article from your mobile device or your computer using your home, office network, you are also reading it on www.hyperictech.blogspot.com this also means that you have probably used the services of NAT in order to get to this BlogSpot.
            When it was discovered that the wide range of IpV4 which is 32bits and usually contains 2^32 (i.e. 2 raised to power 32) range of IP address is almost used up due to a fast growing numbers of users on the internet NAT was introduce to conserve IPV4 addresses, while IPV6 which is 128bits and can handle a larger number of host is being developed. NAT allows the global Internet to actually have far more hosts on it than its address space would normally support moreover to ensure that IPV4 and IPV6 address can be used together on the internet, NAT ensures compatibility between them.
            NAT translates your unregistered private IP address to a registered address which enables you to navigate (route) outside your own private network to a public network usually the internet, by translating your unregistered LAN or Ethernet IP address to a registered address. It also makes sure that communication and exchange of data is possible between networks or hosts with different IP address versions and at the same time, it provides some security benefits by making hosts more difficult to address directly by foreign machines on the public Internet, as the internal IP addresses are changed for all the computers at the gateway level (in your router), the internal IP addresses are never revealed to the external computers receiving the packets/ intercepting the packets, although this might also cause some major limitations when it comes to implementation of video conferencing, and Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) or any application that requres endt to end connectivity but not to worry, doing a little NAT Traversal on your Nat device (router), although sometimes tedious solves the problem perfectly well . There are basically different kinds of NAT depending on how it is implemented (Static NAT, dynamic NAT, Overlapping NAT, PAT (Port Address Translation), Stub domain,).

Static NAT:

This is when a single unregistered IP address is mapped to a single registered address. That way, the computer uses this same address whenever it goes over the internet. Take for an example computer A has an unregistered address 192.168.1.1 and a registered address 80.16.1.23 is mapped through a static NAT to it, this therefor means that computer A must use IP add 80.16.1.23 whenever it wants go outside the private network usually LAN to a public network(internet). This really works for devices that are shared on a public network. It gives the device a permanent address on a public network, for easy remote access by multiple users at any time. See table below;

Host Computer	Unregistered IP address	Static NAT assigned registered IP Address	When mapped to each host on the LAN
A	192.168.24.1	80.16.1.23	80.16.1.23{192.168.24.1}
B	192.168.24.2	80.16.1.24	80.16.1.24{192.168.24.2}
C	192.168.24.3	80.16.1.30	80.16.1.30{192.168.24.3}

The IP address translated on each computer is permanent and would not be changed unless otherwise done by the network administrator.

Dynamic NAT:

For most of us who must have had a little or full knowledge about DHCP or BootP where a router randomly gives a host device an IP address from a pool/group of private IP addresses, well its almost the same thing with dynamic NAT but just this time the IP addresses assigned are public and registered. Dynamic NAT Maps an unregistered IP address to a registered IP address from a group of registered IP addresses and just like DHCP, these addresses are leased and returned after use.

Host Computer	Unregistered IP address Static NAT assigned registered IP Address		When mapped to each host on the LAN
A	192.168.24.1	80.16.1.23	80.16.1.23{192.168.24.1}
B	192.168.24.2	80.16.1.24	80.16.1.24{192.168.24.2}
C	192.168.24.3	80.16.1.30	80.16.1.30{192.168.24.3}

Please note that; the major deference between dynamic and static NAT lies in the fact that host devices get to return the addresses to the IP address pool after using them(the leased IP address is mostly released when the device is shutdown) unlike static NAT where a permanent registered IP address is mapped to the device. Dynamic NAT is less expensive to implement compared to static NAT.

PAT (Port Address Translation):

An organization might decide that only one registered IP address is needed on her network irrespective of the numbers of host devices on that network. You might want to think of PAT (Port Address Translation) also known as Overloading NAT as their best guy for the Job. It is a form of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a single registered IP address by using different ports numbers. Ports are unique endpoints of communication on a host, so a connection through the NAT device is maintained by the combined mapping of port number and IP address. This is also known as single address NAT or port-level multiplexed NAT. Take for an example, LAN A has about 3 computers see table below.

Computer	Unregistered IP Address	Port Number	when Translated to a registered IP Address(80.16.4.21)
A	192.168.24.1	301	80.16.4.21: 301{192.168.24.1}
B	192.168.24.2	302	80.16.4.21: 302{192.168.24.2}
C	192.168.24.3	303	80.16.4.21: 303{192.168.24.3}

Notice how each unregistered IP add on the private network is mapped to the same registered IP address but this time each computer will be identified on the internet by its port numbers.

Overlapping NAT

Every NAT device must have a lookup table to check When the IP addresses used on your internal network are registered IP addresses in use on another network while trying to communicate outside the network.
There are cases where there is an overlap between the IP addresses used for the Internal network and the IP addresses used for part of the outside network. This may be as a result of
case 1:
A Private Network to Private Network Connections where the unregistered IP address on a private network corresponds with the network address on another private network (sometime registered).
Case 2:
Invalid or wrong Assignment of Public Address Space to Private Network by the ISPs: it sometimes happen that an ISP may give the same public address space to two or more customers this may be as a result of wrong subneting by the ISP or it may be done intensionally which leads to overlapping IP addresses especially when both networks try to communicate outside at the same time.

Some Disadvantages of NAT.
The disadvantages of NAT is often overlooked by many, considering the many advantages tat NAT has to offer, but it is also important for us to look at some of the disadvantages too;

Some Internet service providers (ISPs), especially in the developing regions provide their customers only with local IP addresses, due to a limited numbers of external IP addresses allocated to those entities. Thus, their customers must access services external to the ISP's network through NAT. As a result, the customers cannot achieve true end-to-end connectivity,there fore violating the core principles of the Internet as was laid out by the Internet Architecture Board.

Scalability: An implementation that only tracks ports can be quickly depleted by internal applications that use multiple simultaneous connections (such as an HTTP request for a web page with many embedded objects). This problem can be mitigated by tracking the destination IP address in addition to the port (thus sharing a single local port with many remote hosts), at the expense of implementation complexity and CPU/memory resources of the translation device (NAT router).

Firewall complexity: Although this is more advantageous when it comes to security because the internal addresses are all disguised behind one publicly accessible address, it is impossible for external hosts to initiate a connection directly to a particular internal host without special configuration on the firewall to forward connections to a particular port. Applications such as (VOIP) voice Over Internet Protocol, videoconferencing, and other peer-to-peer applications must use NAT traversal techniques to function.

AdTrap. A New Internet Invention

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Oct 2013 08:12:00 +0000

Two partners Chad Russell and Charles Butkus have invented an internet stunning device which they call “AdTrap”. This device has the capability of trapping internet ads and advertisements before they get to your computer, which allows you to surf the web conveniently without any interference from annoying ads on your screen.

Adtrap, a product of Bluepoint Security, a mobile antivirus software firm is installed between the modem and router and it works reasonably well with only few minutes of installation time. With this device installed in your network, you can now go to youtube and other websites, click on a video and have it play instantly, ad free although there are a couple of sites like Hulu where it doesn't work but costumers have been assured that they are still working on it.

Compared to the various software ad-blockers many of them free -- they are limited to the individual device or the specific browser. Russell said that a hardware solution is more effective because Adtrap works on every device connected to your network.

Cisco carrier certifications

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 28 Oct 2013 15:25:00 +0000

Cisco Career Certifications

Cisco a networking company based in the United States is known for its very high level of influence in the world of internetworking today not only that they make ICT and the internet what it is today, they are also widely known for the great carrier opportunities they give to people who are interested in networking and to help those who aspire networking as a carrier to start from somewhere to build a carrier for themselves. Cisco offers five levels of network certification:
1. Entry level
2. Associate level
3. Professional level
4. Expert level and
5. Architect level, the highest level of accreditation within the Cisco Career Certification program.
Are you confused on which certification to pursue? Here is a carrier guide for you.

Entry

“In order to go somewhere, you must start from somewhere” this is the least but an essential point for you to start from. Both the CCENT and the CCT certifications serve as starting points for individuals interested in starting a career as a networking professional.
Entry certification:

· CCENT

· CCT

Associate

The Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
Associate Certifications

CCNA Routing and Switching
CCDA
CCNA Data Center
CCNA Security
CCNA Service Provider
CCNA Service Provider Operations
CCNA Video
CCNA Voice
CCNA Wireless

Professional level:

This is an advanced level of certification that shows more expertise with networking skills. Each certification covers a different technology to meet the needs of varying job roles.

Professional Certifications

CCDP
CCNP
CCNP Data Center
CCNP Security
CCNP Service Provider
CCNP Service Provider Operations
CCNP Voice
CCNP Wireless

Expert level

The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certification is accepted worldwide as the most prestigious networking certification in the industry.

Expert Certifications

CCDE
CCIE Collaboration
CCIE Data Center
CCIE Routing & Switching
CCIE Security
CCIE Service Provider
CCIE Service Provider Operations
CCIE Voice (Retiring February 13, 2014)
CCIE Wireless

Architect

Cisco Certified Architect is the highest level of accreditation achievable and recognizes the architectural expertise of network designers who can support the increasingly complex networks of global organizations and effectively translate business strategies into evolutionary technical strategies.

Architect Certification

CCAr

Wow with all this carrier certification and opportunities made available by cisco I would say “Thank God for Cisco” wont you say the same?

Sources: http://www.cisco.com

What are the changes in the new CCNA?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 25 Oct 2013 16:03:00 +0000

Cisco has been reviewing her curriculum, and on March 26^th 2013 announced a new version of CCNA which outlines the importance of routing and switching as a carrier directory. The custom CCNA has evolved from the old generation which was the fundamental certification to a more concentrated new generation which is now called CCNA routing and switching with effect taken as from October this year.

What other changes have been made aside from the name? I hope this was the question on your mind. Well I tell you that a lot of changes have been made not only on the name but also on the certification and moreover a lot of changes have been made on the topics some topics have been removed, added to or transferred from one curriculum to another. Here I have a list of those changes but first I’ll start with the;

Changes made on the Certification: If you pass the exams listed on the left side of the table below then you will definitely get the certification accompanied by each of them on the right.

EXAMS	CERTIFICATION
ICND1	CCENT
IINS	CCNA security
ICOMM	CCNA voice
IUWNE	CCNA wireless
ICND2	CCNA routing and switching

Here is a brief description of the table, ICND1 alone becomes the fundamental course and if you pass the exams gives you a CCENT certification. On passing a second exam such as IINS exams earns you a CCNA concentration (i.e. CCNA security) you become CCNA voice certified if you pass the ICOMM exams, passing the IUWNE exams gives you a CCNA wireless; finally you become CCNA Routing and Switching when you pass your ICND2 exams.

CCNA vol.1.1 vs CCNA vol2.0 The most important and fundamental difference between CCNA v.1.1 and vol2.0

Several topics have been moved from ICND2 into ICND1	A few topics have been removed from the CCNA Routing and Switching curriculum:	Several topics have been added to the ICND2 course:
Managing and Implementing Traffic Filtering Traffic Using ACLs	Understanding and Configuring RIP	Troubleshooting VLAN Connectivity
Implementing VLANs and Trunks	Understanding Wireless LANs	Optimizing STP
Routing Between VLANs	Cisco Security devise Manager(SDM)	Configuring Ether Channel
Implementing OSPF		Understand Layer 3 Redundancy
Introducing and Understanding Basic IPv6		Troubleshooting IPv4 Network Connectivity
Implementing VLSM		Troubleshooting IPv6 Network Connectivity
Configuring Serial Encapsulation		Implementing EIGRP for IPv6
Scaling the Network with NAT and PAT		Multi-area OSPF IPv4 Implementation
		Examining OSPFv3 for IPv6
		Configuring GRE Tunnels
		SNMP and Syslog Basic Configuration
		Managing Cisco Devices and Licensing

Here is an interactive video chat with Jeremy Cioara The CCIE

to help you out. click here
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjgTPyxJM0Y

This is as far as I go for now. I really hope that this post is helpful to you.

Please subscribe with us to receive similar posts and updates via email, Facebook and twitter . like, share and leave a comment on how you feel about the post. If you have any question, please feel free to ask, I’m sure it will help us and others too.

Thank you.