engineering notes

Numerical Methods

2023-02-04T10:51:00.003+05:45

click on Read more to access the questions.

3rd semester

2023-02-04T10:42:00.004+05:45

click on Read more to access the questions.

Numerical Methods

2022-04-04T19:17:00.001+05:45

Signal Conditioning and processing

2021-10-22T22:25:00.002+05:45

Signal Condiotioning

It is the modification of transducer output signal int usable format for the final stage of measurement. The signal conditioning system is for passive transducer and amplification system is for active transducer. In both application the transducer's output is brought up to significant level to make it useful for conversion, processing,indicating and recording.

Excitation is needed for passive transducer because they do not generate their own voltage or current. so passive transducers like potentiometer, inductive and capacitive transducer requires excitation from external source.

In active transducer like thermocouple, piezoelectric crystal doesn't require external source of excitation since they produce their own electrical signal on account of application of the physical quantities

Physical variables and transducer

2021-09-29T17:33:00.002+05:45

unit 3
Physical Variables and transducers

Sensor

Sensors are electrical devices that have the capability of sensing different physical variables. The sensor may be classified on different bases one of them is a physical quantity. Hence on the basis of a physical quantity or physical vibration involved the sensors are classified as:

Resistive sensor

The input being measured is transformed into a change in resistance.

examples: potentiometer, resistance thermometer, strain gauge, etc.

Inductive sensor

The input being measured is transformed into a change in resistance.

example LVDT.

Capacitive Sensor

The input being measured is transformed into a change in capacitance.

example: capacitive Displacement sensor.

On the basis of power supply required:

Active Sensor

Active sensors are those which do not require an external power supply.

example: thermo-couple

Passive Sensor

Passive Sensors are those which require a power supply.

example: Potentiometer.

Physical variables and their types

The measurement of any instrumentation system makes its first contact with primary sensing element or an input device.

The physical variables are the quantities required to be measured. All these quantities require primary detection elements to be converted into another analogous form which is acceptable by a later stage of the measurement system.

Introduction To DBMS

2021-06-20T10:39:00.003+05:45

Database Management System

A database is an organized collection of data. A Database Management System is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. The main purpose of DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient. Management of data involves both defining structures for the storage of information and providing mechanisms for the manipulation of information. In addition, the database system must ensure safety crashes or attempts at unauthorized access.

Applications of Database System

Banking: For customer information, accounts, and loans, and banking transactions.

Airlines: For reservations and schedule information. Airlines were among the first to use databases in a geographically distributed manner. Terminals situated around the world accessed the central database system through phone lines and other data networks.

Credit card transactions: For purchase on credit cards and generation of monthly statements.

Telecommunication: For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills, maintaining balances of prepaid calling cards, and strong information about the communication networks.

Finance: For storing information about the holdings, sales, and purchases of financial instruments such as stocks and bonds.

Sales: For the customer, product, and purchase information.

Manufacturing: For management of supply chain and for tracking the production of items in factories, inventories of items in warehouse/stores, and orders for items.

Human resources: For information about employees, salaries payroll taxes and benefits, and for generation of paychecks.

Objectives of DBMS

Provide for mass storage of relevant data.
Make access to the data easy for the user.
Provide prompt response to user requests for data.
Make the latest modification to the database available immediately.
Eliminate redundant data
Allow for multiple users to be active one time.
Allow for growth in the database system
Protect the data from physical harm and unauthorized access.

Data Abstraction

For the system to be usable, it must retrieve data efficiently. The need for efficiency has led the designers to use complex data structures to represent data in the database.

Since many database system users are not computer trained, developers hide the complexity from the users through several levels of abstraction, to simplify user's interactions with the system. The different levels of data abstraction are as follows:

Physical level: It is the lowest level of abstraction. It describes what data are stored in the database and what relationships exist among those data.

Logical Level: The logical level thus describes the entire database in terms of a small number of relatively simple structures. Database administrators, who must decide what information to keep in the database, use the logical level of abstraction.

View Level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of the entire database. Even though the logical level uses simpler structures, complexity remains because of the variety of information stored in a large database. Many users of the database system do not need all this information; instead, they need to access only a part of the database. The view level of abstraction exists to simplify their interaction with the system. The system may provide many views for the same database.

Data Independence

It can be defined as the capacity to change the schema at one level of a database system without having to change the schema at the next higher level. There are mainly two types of Data Independence:

Logical Data Independence: The ability to change the logical schema without changing the external schema(user view) is called logical data independence. For example, the addition or removal of new entities, attributes, or relationships to the conceptual schema should be possible without having to change existing external schemas or having to rewrite existing application programs.

Physical data independence: The ability to change the physical schema without changing the logical schema is called physical data independence. For example, a change to the internal schema, Such as using different file organization or storage structures, storage devices, or indexing strategy, should be possible without having to change conceptual or external schemas.

Instances and Schemas

Database change over time as information is inserted and deleted. The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment is called an instance of a database. The overall design of the database is called the database schema. Schemas are changed infrequently if at all. The concept of database schemas and instances can be understood by analogy to a program written in a programming language

Continue reading pdf and download................................................................

WAP to find odd even, prime_composite, and factorial of a number using function

2021-06-15T11:36:00.000+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace function

{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{

prime_comp();

factorial();

odd_even();

}

static public void odd_even()

{

int n;

Console.WriteLine("Input any number.");

n= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

if (n%2==0)

{

Console.WriteLine("The number is even.");

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine("The number is odd.");

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

static public void factorial()

{

int n, i, fact = 1;

Consol.WriteLine("Input any number."):

n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine()):

for(n==0)

{

Console.WriteLine("The factorial of 0 is 1");

}

else{

for(i=1; i<=n; i++)

{

fact = fact * i;

}

Console.WriteLine("The factorial of given number is: {0}",fact);

}

static public void prime_comp()

{

int num, flag = 0;

Console.WriteLine("Input any number.");

num = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

for(int i=2; i<num; i++)

{

if (num %i == 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("The number is composite");

flag = 1;

breal'

}

if (flag == 0)

{

Console.WriteLine(" The number is prime");

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Input any number.

The number is prime

Input any number.

The given number is even.

Input any number.

The fatorial of given number is: 5040

WAP to display series as given:

2021-06-11T07:54:00.006+05:45

a). 1, 5, 10 ,15, 20

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace series1

{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
int n, i=1, mul=1;

Console.WriteLine("How many number.");

n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine("{0}",i);

for(i = 1; i<=n ;i++)

{

mul = i* 5;

Console.WriteLine("{0}", mul);

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

How many numbers.

b). 0, 2, 4, 6

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace series2
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)

{

int n, i;

Console.WriteLine("Enter how many terms.");

n= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

{

if (i%2 == 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("{0}", i);

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Enter how many terms.

c). 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5,7......

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace series3
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)

{

int i, n, first=0, second = 1, third;

Console.WriteLine("How many terms.");

n = Covert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine("{0}",first);

Console.WriteLine("{0}",second);

for(i=0; i< n-2; i++)

{

third = first + second;

Console.WriteLine("{0}", third);

first = second;

second = third;

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

How many terms.

WAP to find multiplication table of given number

2021-06-11T07:47:00.002+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Multiplication_Table
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)

{

int i, n, mul;

Console.WriteLine("Input any number.");

n= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine()):

Console.WriteLine("The multiplication table of {0} is : ", n)

for(i=1; i<=0; i++)

{

mul = n* i

Console.WriteLine("{0}", mul);

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Input any number.

The multiplication table of 5 is :

WAP to find factorial of a given number

2021-06-10T08:55:00.007+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace factorial
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{ int fact = 1, i, n;

Console.WriteLine("Input any number.");

n = Convert.Toint32(Console.ReadLine());

if( n == 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("The factorial of 0 is 1.");

Console.ReadLine();

}

else

{

for(i=1; i<=n; i++)

{

fact = fact*i;

}

Console.WriteLine("The factorial of a given number is: {0}", fact);

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Input any number.

The factorial of a given number is: 120

WAP to swap two numbers

2021-06-10T08:41:00.003+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace swap
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{

int A, B, C;

Console.WriteLine("Input first number.");

A= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine("Input second number.");

B= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine("The number before swapping are : A={0} B= {1}", A,B)

C= A;

A= B;

B = C;

Console.WriteLine("The number after swapping are: A={0} B = {1}", A,B);

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Input first number. 5

Input second number. 6

The number before swapping are : A = 5 B = 6

The number after swapping are : A= 6 B= 5

WAP to find the sum of first five odd numbers

2021-06-10T08:36:00.000+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace sum_odd
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{

int i, sum = 0;

Console.WriteLine("The first five odd numbers are:");

for(i=1; i<10; i++)
{

if (i%2 != 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("{0}",i);

sum = sum +i;

}

Console.WriteLine("The sum of the first five odd number is :{0}",sum);

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUPUT:

The first five odd numbers are:

The sum of the first five odd number is : 25

WAP to find the sum of first five even numbers

2021-06-10T08:29:00.005+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace sum_even
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{

int i, sum=0;

Console.WriteLine("The first five even numbers are: ");

for(i=0; i<12; i++)

{

if (i%2 == 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("{0}",i);

sum = sum +i;

}

Console.WriteLine("The sum of the first five even numbers is :{0}",sum);

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTLINE:

The first five even numbers are:

The sum of the first five even numbers is 30

WAP to find sum of 'n' natural numbers

2021-06-09T08:10:00.007+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace natural_sum
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{

int n, i, sum= 0;

Console.WriteLine("How many numbers.");

n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

for (i= 1; i<= n; i++)

{

sum = sum +1;

}

Console.WriteLine("The sum of n natural numbers is : {0}", sum);

Console.ReadLine();

}

Output:

How many numbers.

The sum of n natural number is: 10

WAP to find reverse of a number

2021-06-09T08:05:00.003+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace reverse
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{

int n, reverse=0 , rem;

Console.WriteLine("Enter a number");

n= Conver.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

while(n!=0)

{

rem = n%10;

reverse = reverse*10 +rem;

n = n/10;

}

Console.WriteLine("The reversed number is : {0}", reverse);

Consoel.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Enter a number

567

The reversed number is : 756

WAP to display selected days of week

2021-06-09T07:58:00.003+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace selected_days
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{

int weeknumber;

Console.WriteLine("Enter week number (1-7):");

switch (weeknumber)

{

case 1:

Console.WriteLine("Sunday");

break;

case 2:

Console.WriteLine("Monday");

break;

case 3:

Console.WriteLine("Tuesday");

break;

case 4:

Console.WriteLine("Wednesday");

break;

case 5:

Console.WriteLine("Thursday");

break;

case 6:

Console.WriteLine("Friday");

break;

case 7:

Console.WriteLine("Saturday");

break;

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Enter week number (1-7):

Thursday

WAP to find addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of two numbers using switch case.

2021-06-05T09:24:00.000+05:45

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace switch_case
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
double a, b;
Console.WriteLine("Input first number.");

a= Convert.Todouble(Console.ReadLine());

Cosole.WriteLine("Input second number.");

b= Convert.Todouble(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine("1.Addition");

Console.WriteLine("2.Subtraction");

Console.WriteLine("3.Multiply");

Console.WriteLine("4.Division");

int c = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

Switch (c)

{

Case 1:

{

Console.WriteLine("Addition of two numbers : {0}", (a+b));

break;

Case 2:

Console.WriteLine("Subtraction of two numbers:{0}", (a-b));

break;

Case 3:

Console.WriteLine("Multiplication of two numbers : {0}",(a*b));

break;

Case 4:

Console.WriteLine("Division of two numbers : {0}", (a/b));

break;

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

Output:

Input first number.

Input second number

Multiplication of two numbers: 50

WAP to find out the number is negative or positive

2021-06-03T09:21:00.003+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Positive_negative
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
double a;
Console.WriteLine("Input any number.");
a= Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
if(a>0)
{
Console.WriteLine("The number is Positive.");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The number is negative.");
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

OUTPUT:

Input any number.
5
The number is Positive.

WAP to find largest number among 3 numbers

2021-06-03T09:14:00.004+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace greatest
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
double a, b, c;
Console.WriterLine("Please input three numbers.");
a=Convert.Toint32(Console.ReadLine());
b=Convert.Toint32(Console.ReadLine());
c=Convert.Toint32(Console.ReadLine());
if(a>b && a>c)
{
Console.WriteLine("The greatest number is:{0}",a);
}
else if (b>a && b>c)
{
Console.WriteLine("The greatest number is:{0}",b);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The greatest number is: {0}",c);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

OUTPUT:

Please input three numbers.

The greatest number is: 7

Program to find given number is divisible by 2 or 3 and divisible 3 and 5

2021-05-30T09:44:00.000+05:45

1.Program to find the given number is divisible by 2 or 3

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace div_2or_3
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)

{

int a;

Console.WriteLine("Please enter any number:");

a = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

if (a % 2 == 0 || a% 3 == 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("The number is divisle by 2 or 3:");

}

else {

Console.WriteLine("The number is neither divisible by 2 or 3 . " ) ;

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Please enter any number: 8

The number is divisible by 2 or 3.

2.Program to find the given number is divisible by 3 and 5:

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace div_3and_5
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)

{

int a;

Console.WriteLine("please enter any number.");

a = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

if(a%3 == 0 && a%5 == 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("The number is divisible by 3 and 5.");

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine("The number is not divisible by 3 and 5.");

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT:

Please enter any number: 50

The number is not divisible by 3 and 5.

Program to find whether the number is even or odd

2021-05-30T09:23:00.000+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Even_Odd
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)

int a;

Console.WriteLine("Input any number");

a = Convert.Toint32(Console.ReadLine());

if(a % 2 = = 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("The given number is even that is : {0}",a);

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine("The given number is odd: {0}", a );

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

OUTPUT

Input any number: 6

The given number is even that is: 6

WAP to convert currency into NRS into $

2021-05-29T21:20:00.001+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Currency_Convt
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{ double NRS, D;

Console.WriteLine("Input currency in NRS.");

NRS = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());

D= NRS/116;

Console.WriteLine("The converted currency is {0}", D);

Console.ReadLine();

}

Output:

Input currency in NRS.

5000

The converted currency is: 43.1034

WAP to find out perimeter of Rectangle and square

2021-05-29T21:11:00.004+05:45

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Perimeter
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
double lR, lS, bR;
double PS, PR;
Console.WriteLine("Input length of square and Rectangle.");
lS = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
lR = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Input breadth of Rectangle");

bR = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
PS = 4*lS;
PR = 2*(lR + BR);
Console.WriteLine("The perimeter of a square is: {0}", PS );
Console.WriteLine("The perimeter of the rectagle is: {0}", PR);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

OUTPUT:
Input length of square and rectangle:
5
6
Input breadth of rectangle: 7
The perimeter of a square is: 20
The perimeter of the Rectangle is: 26

WAP to find out the area of circle

2021-05-28T09:20:00.001+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Area_Circle
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)

{

double Pi = 3.14;

double R, A;

Console.WriteLine("Input radius of a circle.");

R= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

A = (Pi*(R*R));

Console.WriteLine("The area of a circle is :{0}", A);

Console.ReadLine();

}

OutPut:

Input radius of a circle.

The area of a circle is: 78.5

WAP to find out simple interest

2021-05-28T09:14:00.001+05:45

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Simple_Interest
{
Class Program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{

double P, T, R, I;

Console.WriteLine("Input Principle, Rate of Interest, and time.");

P= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

T= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

R= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

I= (P*T*R)/100;

Console.WriteLine("The simple interest is :{0}", I);

Console.ReadLine();

}

OutPut:

Input Principle, Rate of Interest, and time.

5000

The simple interest is: 250

engineering notes

Numerical Methods

3rd semester

Numerical Methods

Signal Conditioning and processing

Signal Condiotioning

Physical variables and transducer

unit 3Physical Variables and transducers

Sensor

Physical variables and their types

Introduction To DBMS

Database Management System

Applications of Database System

Objectives of DBMS

Data Abstraction

Data Independence

Instances and Schemas

WAP to find odd even, prime_composite, and factorial of a number using function

WAP to display series as given:

WAP to find multiplication table of given number

WAP to find factorial of a given number

WAP to swap two numbers

WAP to find the sum of first five odd numbers

WAP to find the sum of first five even numbers

WAP to find sum of 'n' natural numbers

WAP to find reverse of a number

WAP to display selected days of week

WAP to find addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of two numbers using switch case.

WAP to find out the number is negative or positive

WAP to find largest number among 3 numbers

Program to find given number is divisible by 2 or 3 and divisible 3 and 5

1.Program to find the given number is divisible by 2 or 3

2.Program to find the given number is divisible by 3 and 5:

Program to find whether the number is even or odd

WAP to convert currency into NRS into $

WAP to find out perimeter of Rectangle and square

WAP to find out the area of circle

WAP to find out simple interest

unit 3
Physical Variables and transducers