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questions,dot net interview questions,iphone interview questions,android interview questionshttp://www.cinterviews.com/noreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)Blogger2217125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-4603932977688775149Wed, 07 Jan 2026 02:27:00 +00002026-01-06T18:27:34.335-08:00Best Certifications for Software Engineers<h2 style="text-align: left;"><b>&nbsp;<span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">Best Certifications for Software Engineers</span></b></h2><div><p dir="auto" node="[object Object]" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the competitive world of tech, <strong node="[object Object]">software engineers</strong> and <strong node="[object Object]">software developers</strong> are constantly seeking ways to advance their careers, increase earning potential, and demonstrate expertise. One of the most impactful strategies is obtaining <strong node="[object Object]">top software engineering certifications</strong>. These credentials validate your skills in high-demand areas like cloud computing, DevOps, containerization, and agile practices, making you more attractive to employers.</span></p> <p dir="auto" node="[object Object]" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whether you're a junior <strong node="[object Object]">software developer</strong>, mid-level engineer, or senior professional, the <strong node="[object Object]">best certifications for software engineers</strong> can lead to better job opportunities, higher salaries, and specialized roles. This comprehensive guide covers the most valuable <strong node="[object Object]">software engineer certifications</strong>, their benefits, and how to choose the right one for your career.</span></p><p dir="auto" node="[object Object]" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 dir="auto" node="[object Object]">Why Pursue Certifications as a Software Engineer?</h2><p dir="auto" node="[object Object]" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><strong node="[object Object]">Software engineering certifications</strong> provide tangible proof of your proficiency in specific technologies and methodologies. Industry data shows that certified professionals often enjoy significant advantages:</p><ul dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <li node="[object Object]">Higher salaries, with boosts ranging from 10-25% compared to non-certified peers.</li> <li node="[object Object]">Increased job demand in areas like cloud architecture and DevOps.</li> <li node="[object Object]">Enhanced credibility on resumes, LinkedIn profiles, and during interviews.</li></ul><p dir="auto" node="[object Object]" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">Key benefits include:</p><ul dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <li node="[object Object]">Validation of hands-on skills in real-world tools and platforms.</li> <li node="[object Object]">Better positioning for promotions, remote roles, and leadership positions.</li> <li node="[object Object]">Alignment with industry trends, such as cloud-native development and agile workflows.</li></ul><h2 dir="auto" node="[object Object]">1. AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate</h2><p dir="auto" node="[object Object]" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">One of the most sought-after <strong node="[object Object]">cloud certifications for software engineers</strong>, focusing on designing distributed systems on AWS.</p><li node="[object Object]"><strong node="[object Object]">Why it's valuable</strong>: AWS dominates the cloud market; ideal for scalable application design.</li><li node="[object Object]"><strong node="[object Object]">Best for</strong>: Backend engineers, full-stack developers, and those building cloud-native apps.</li><li node="[object Object]"><strong node="[object Object]">Demand</strong>: Frequently listed in job postings for high-paying roles.</li><li node="[object Object]"><br /></li><li node="[object Object]"><h2 data-end="2597" data-start="2556"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2.Google Professional Cloud Developer</span></h2><h3 dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <p data-end="2678" data-start="2599"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="2612" data-start="2599">Best for:</span> Cloud-native application developers<br data-end="2651" data-start="2648" /> <span data-end="2667" data-start="2651">Skill level:</span> Advanced</span></p> <p data-end="2859" data-start="2680"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The <span data-end="2723" data-start="2684">Google Professional Cloud Developer</span> certification demonstrates expertise in building scalable, secure, and highly available applications using Google Cloud Platform (GCP).</span></p> <p data-end="2880" data-start="2861"><span data-end="2880" data-start="2861" style="font-weight: normal;">Key advantages:</span></p> <ul data-end="3040" data-start="2881"> <li data-end="2927" data-start="2881"> <p data-end="2927" data-start="2883"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Focus on modern microservices architecture</span></p> </li> <li data-end="2978" data-start="2928"> <p data-end="2978" data-start="2930"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Strong emphasis on performance and scalability</span></p> </li> <li data-end="3040" data-start="2979"> <p data-end="3040" data-start="2981"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ideal for engineers working with data-driven applications</span></p> </li> </ul> <hr data-end="3045" data-start="3042" /> </h3><h2 data-end="3102" data-start="3047"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. Certified Kubernetes Application Developer (CKAD)</span></h2><h3 dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <p data-end="3186" data-start="3104"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="3117" data-start="3104">Best for:</span> DevOps and container-focused engineers<br data-end="3159" data-start="3156" /> <span data-end="3175" data-start="3159">Skill level:</span> Advanced</span></p> <p data-end="3373" data-start="3188"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kubernetes has become the standard for container orchestration. The <span data-end="3278" data-start="3256">CKAD certification</span> proves your ability to design, deploy, and manage containerized applications using Kubernetes.</span></p> <p data-end="3396" data-start="3375"><span data-end="3396" data-start="3375" style="font-weight: normal;">Skills validated:</span></p> <ul data-end="3507" data-start="3397"> <li data-end="3431" data-start="3397"> <p data-end="3431" data-start="3399"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Container lifecycle management</span></p> </li> <li data-end="3469" data-start="3432"> <p data-end="3469" data-start="3434"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kubernetes networking and storage</span></p> </li> <li data-end="3507" data-start="3470"> <p data-end="3507" data-start="3472"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Configuration and troubleshooting</span></p> </li> </ul> <p data-end="3612" data-start="3509"><span style="font-weight: normal;">This certification is especially valuable for engineers working in DevOps or cloud-native environments.</span></p> <hr data-end="3617" data-start="3614" /> </h3><h2 data-end="3673" data-start="3619"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5. Oracle Certified Professional: Java SE Developer</span></h2><h3 dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <p data-end="3754" data-start="3675"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="3688" data-start="3675">Best for:</span> Java software engineers<br data-end="3715" data-start="3712" /> <span data-end="3731" data-start="3715">Skill level:</span> Beginner to advanced</span></p> <p data-end="3915" data-start="3756"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Java remains one of the most widely used programming languages. Oracle’s Java certifications validate strong foundational and advanced Java programming skills.</span></p> <p data-end="3937" data-start="3917"><span data-end="3937" data-start="3917" style="font-weight: normal;">Why it’s useful:</span></p> <ul data-end="4050" data-start="3938"> <li data-end="3961" data-start="3938"> <p data-end="3961" data-start="3940"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Recognized globally</span></p> </li> <li data-end="4007" data-start="3962"> <p data-end="4007" data-start="3964"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ideal for enterprise software development</span></p> </li> <li data-end="4050" data-start="4008"> <p data-end="4050" data-start="4010"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Builds a strong programming foundation</span></p> </li> </ul> <hr data-end="4055" data-start="4052" /> </h3><h2 data-end="4112" data-start="4057"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6. Meta Front-End Developer Professional Certificate</span></h2><h3 dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <p data-end="4194" data-start="4114"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="4127" data-start="4114">Best for:</span> Front-end developers<br data-end="4151" data-start="4148" /> <span data-end="4167" data-start="4151">Skill level:</span> Beginner to intermediate</span></p> <p data-end="4316" data-start="4196"><span style="font-weight: normal;">This certification focuses on modern front-end development using <span data-end="4315" data-start="4261">HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React, and UI/UX principles</span>.</span></p> <p data-end="4341" data-start="4318"><span data-end="4341" data-start="4318" style="font-weight: normal;">Who should take it?</span></p> <ul data-end="4500" data-start="4342"> <li data-end="4375" data-start="4342"> <p data-end="4375" data-start="4344"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aspiring front-end developers</span></p> </li> <li data-end="4432" data-start="4376"> <p data-end="4432" data-start="4378"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Software engineers transitioning into UI development</span></p> </li> <li data-end="4500" data-start="4433"> <p data-end="4500" data-start="4435"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Professionals seeking structured learning from industry experts</span></p> </li> </ul> <hr data-end="4505" data-start="4502" /> </h3><h2 data-end="4544" data-start="4507"><span style="font-weight: normal;">7. Certified Scrum Developer (CSD)</span></h2><h3 dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <p data-end="4618" data-start="4546"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="4559" data-start="4546">Best for:</span> Agile software engineers<br data-end="4587" data-start="4584" /> <span data-end="4603" data-start="4587">Skill level:</span> Intermediate</span></p> <p data-end="4808" data-start="4620"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The <span data-end="4653" data-start="4624">Certified Scrum Developer</span> certification is ideal for engineers working in Agile or Scrum teams. It focuses on collaboration, iterative development, and Agile engineering practices.</span></p> <p data-end="4827" data-start="4810"><span data-end="4827" data-start="4810" style="font-weight: normal;">Key benefits:</span></p> <ul data-end="4930" data-start="4828"> <li data-end="4856" data-start="4828"> <p data-end="4856" data-start="4830"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Better team productivity</span></p> </li> <li data-end="4886" data-start="4857"> <p data-end="4886" data-start="4859"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Improved project delivery</span></p> </li> <li data-end="4930" data-start="4887"> <p data-end="4930" data-start="4889"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Strong understanding of Agile workflows</span></p> </li> </ul> <hr data-end="4935" data-start="4932" /> </h3><h2 data-end="4960" data-start="4937"><span style="font-weight: normal;">8. CompTIA Security+</span></h2><h3 dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <p data-end="5057" data-start="4962"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="4975" data-start="4962">Best for:</span> Security-focused software engineers<br data-end="5014" data-start="5011" /> <span data-end="5030" data-start="5014">Skill level:</span> Beginner to intermediate</span></p> <p data-end="5228" data-start="5059"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Security is critical in modern software development. CompTIA Security+ provides a solid foundation in application security, risk management, and secure coding practices.</span></p> <p data-end="5278" data-start="5230"><span data-end="5278" data-start="5230" style="font-weight: normal;">Why software engineers need security skills:</span></p> <ul data-end="5414" data-start="5279"> <li data-end="5330" data-start="5279"> <p data-end="5330" data-start="5281"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Secure applications are a top employer priority</span></p> </li> <li data-end="5376" data-start="5331"> <p data-end="5376" data-start="5333"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Reduces vulnerabilities and data breaches</span></p> </li> <li data-end="5414" data-start="5377"> <p data-end="5414" data-start="5379"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Enhances overall software quality</span></p> </li> </ul> <hr data-end="5419" data-start="5416" /> </h3><h2 data-end="5461" data-start="5421"><span style="font-weight: normal;">How to Choose the Right Certification</span></h2><h3 dir="auto" node="[object Object]"> <p data-end="5520" data-start="5463"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Before selecting a certification, consider the following:</span></p> <ul data-end="5786" data-start="5522"> <li data-end="5594" data-start="5522"> <p data-end="5594" data-start="5524"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="5546" data-start="5524">Your career goals:</span> Cloud, DevOps, frontend, backend, or security</span></p> </li> <li data-end="5659" data-start="5595"> <p data-end="5659" data-start="5597"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="5621" data-start="5597">Current skill level:</span> Beginner, intermediate, or advanced</span></p> </li> <li data-end="5720" data-start="5660"> <p data-end="5720" data-start="5662"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="5682" data-start="5662">Industry demand:</span> Look at job postings in your region</span></p> </li> <li data-end="5786" data-start="5721"> <p data-end="5786" data-start="5723"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span data-end="5744" data-start="5723">Technology stack:</span> Align with tools used in your workplace</span></p> </li> </ul> <p data-end="5885" data-start="5788"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Certifications are most effective when combined with real-world projects and continuous learning.</span></p></h3></li></div>http://www.cinterviews.com/2026/01/best-certifications-for-software.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-3018880801109356916Wed, 07 Jan 2026 01:22:00 +00002026-01-06T17:22:09.829-08:00Online Python Compiler<p>&nbsp;</p> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Online Python Compiler</title> <!-- Pyodide CDN --> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/pyodide/v0.24.1/full/pyodide.js"></script> <style> body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; } textarea { width: 100%; height: 220px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 14px; } button { margin-top: 10px; padding: 10px 20px; font-size: 15px; cursor: pointer; } pre { background: #111; color: #0f0; padding: 10px; min-height: 100px; overflow-x: auto; } </style> </head> <body> <h2>Online Python Compiler</h2> <textarea id="code"> print("Hello, World!") for i in range(5): print(i) </textarea> <br> <button onclick="runPython()">Run Code</button> <h3>Output:</h3> <pre id="output">Loading Python...</pre> <script> let pyodideReady = false; async function loadPyodideAndPackages() { self.pyodide = await loadPyodide(); pyodideReady = true; document.getElementById("output").textContent = "Python Ready!"; } loadPyodideAndPackages(); async function runPython() { if (!pyodideReady) { alert("Python is still loading..."); return; } const code = document.getElementById("code").value; const output = document.getElementById("output"); try { let result = await pyodide.runPythonAsync(code); output.textContent = result === undefined ? "Code executed successfully." : result; } catch (err) { output.textContent = err; } } </script> </body> </html>http://www.cinterviews.com/2026/01/online-python-compiler.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-6722010544138827796Fri, 05 Dec 2025 17:22:00 +00002025-12-05T09:26:06.317-08:00AI Interview QuestionsGenerative AILLM FundamentalsMachine Learning<p><span style="font-size: large;"><b>LLM Fundamentals Explained: Top Generative AI Interview Questions &amp; Expert Answers</b></span></p><h3 data-end="318" data-start="267"><strong data-end="316" data-start="271">Q1. What is a Large Language Model (LLM)?</strong></h3><p data-end="603" data-start="319"><strong data-end="325" data-start="319">A:</strong><br data-end="328" data-start="325" /> “A Large Language Model is a deep-learning model trained on massive text datasets to understand and generate human-like language. It uses a transformer architecture with self-attention, enabling it to capture long-range dependencies and process text efficiently in parallel.”</p><hr data-end="608" data-start="605" /><h3 data-end="658" data-start="610"><strong data-end="656" data-start="614">Q2. How does a transformer model work?</strong></h3><p data-end="929" data-start="659"><strong data-end="665" data-start="659">A:</strong><br data-end="668" data-start="665" /> “Transformers rely on self-attention, which allows the model to weigh the importance of each word relative to others in a sentence. This eliminates the sequential processing limitations of RNNs and allows transformers to scale efficiently across huge datasets.”</p><hr data-end="934" data-start="931" /><h3 data-end="1010" data-start="936"><strong data-end="1008" data-start="940">Q3. What is the difference between pre-training and fine-tuning?</strong></h3><p data-end="1302" data-start="1011"><strong data-end="1017" data-start="1011">A:</strong><br data-end="1020" data-start="1017" /> “Pre-training teaches the model general language patterns using large, diverse datasets. Fine-tuning adapts the model to a specific task or domain using a smaller, task-specific dataset. Fine-tuning helps the model specialize while leveraging the broad knowledge from pre-training.”</p><hr data-end="1307" data-start="1304" /><h3 data-end="1351" data-start="1309"><strong data-end="1349" data-start="1313">Q4. What are embeddings in LLMs?</strong></h3><p> </p><p data-end="1541" data-start="1352"><strong data-end="1358" data-start="1352">A:</strong><br data-end="1361" data-start="1358" /> “Embeddings are numerical vector representations of words, sentences, or documents. They capture semantic meaning, allowing the model to compare similarity and understand context.”</p><p data-end="1541" data-start="1352"><b>LLM Fundamentals — Advanced Q&amp;A</b></p><h3 data-end="799" data-start="715"><strong data-end="797" data-start="719">1. Explain the difference between tokenization, embeddings, and attention.</strong></h3><p data-end="1018" data-start="800"><strong data-end="811" data-start="800">Answer:</strong><br data-end="814" data-start="811" /> Tokenization breaks text into units; embeddings convert these tokens into numerical vectors representing semantic meaning; attention determines how strongly each token relates to others within a sequence.</p><h3 data-end="1093" data-start="1020"><strong data-end="1091" data-start="1024">2. Why are transformers better than RNNs for language modeling?</strong></h3><p data-end="1271" data-start="1094"><strong data-end="1105" data-start="1094">Answer:</strong><br data-end="1108" data-start="1105" /> Transformers process text in parallel using self-attention, eliminating sequential limitations in RNNs, leading to better scalability and contextual understanding.</p><h3 data-end="1338" data-start="1273"><strong data-end="1336" data-start="1277">3. What is positional encoding and why do LLMs need it?</strong></h3><p data-end="1494" data-start="1339"><strong data-end="1350" data-start="1339">Answer:</strong><br data-end="1353" data-start="1350" /> Since transformers do not naturally understand sequence order, positional encoding injects numerical patterns that represent token positions.</p><h3 data-end="1550" data-start="1496"><strong data-end="1548" data-start="1500">4. What limits the context window of an LLM?</strong></h3><p data-end="1657" data-start="1551"><strong data-end="1562" data-start="1551">Answer:</strong><br data-end="1565" data-start="1562" /> Memory and computation scale quadratically with sequence length due to attention operations.</p><h3 data-end="1727" data-start="1659"><strong data-end="1725" data-start="1663">5. How do quantization and pruning improve LLM efficiency?</strong></h3><p data-end="1541" data-start="1352"> </p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728"><strong data-end="1739" data-start="1728">Answer:</strong><br data-end="1742" data-start="1739" /> Quantization reduces numerical precision; pruning removes redundant weights—both shrink model size and accelerate inference.</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728"><br /></p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">Large Language Model Interview Questions,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">Transformer Model Explained,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">LLM Fundamentals Guide,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">Generative AI Interview Preparation,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">AI Engineer Interview Questions,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">Tokenization vs Embeddings,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">Pre-Training and Fine-Tuning Explained,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">Self-Attention Mechanism,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">Positional Encoding in Transformers,</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">LLM Optimization Techniques.</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728"><br /></p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728">Learn key LLM fundamentals, transformer model concepts, embeddings, attention mechanisms, and advanced Generative AI interview questions with expert answers. Perfect for AI, ML, and NLP job preparation.</p><p data-end="1866" data-start="1728"><br /></p>http://www.cinterviews.com/2025/12/ai-ml-interview-preparation-llm-concepts.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-3353033223143976786Thu, 04 Sep 2025 14:07:00 +00002025-12-05T08:53:10.637-08:00ChatGPTshortcut keys<p>&nbsp;<b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Shortcut Keys of ChatGPT.com for Windows, Linux, and Mac</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Keyboard shortcuts on ChatGPT.com</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> helps you to work faster, makes you to stay productive, and it makes you to avoid unnecessary clicks. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">In below list you’ll find the complete list of ChatGPT shortcut keys, that are organized separately for your Windows OS, Linux OS, and Mac OS user is using.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face="&quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;;">💻</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> ChatGPT.com Shortcut Keys for Windows OS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Here are the most useful <b>ChatGPT shortcuts for Windows</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Open Shortcuts Menu</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + /<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Start a New Chat</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + O<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Open Custom Instructions</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + I<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Focus on Chat Input Box</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Shift + Esc<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Toggle Sidebar (Show/Hide)</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + S<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Copy Last Response</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + C<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Copy Last Code Block</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + ;<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Delete Current Chat</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + X<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>New line</b> -- Shift+Enter</span></li> </ul> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" /> </span></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face="&quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;;">🐧</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> ChatGPT.com Shortcut Keys for Linux<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">On <b>Linux</b>, the shortcuts are almost identical to Windows. Here’s the list:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Open Shortcuts Menu</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + /<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Start a New Chat</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + O<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Open Custom Instructions</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + I<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Focus on Chat Input Box</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Shift + Esc<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Toggle Sidebar (Show/Hide)</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + S<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Copy Last Response</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + C<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Copy Last Code Block</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + ;<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Delete Current Chat</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Ctrl + Shift + X<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" /> </span></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face="&quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;;">🍏</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> ChatGPT.com Shortcut Keys for Mac<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">If you’re on a <b>Mac</b>, use the <b>Command (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">)</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> key instead of <b>Ctrl</b>. Here’s the list:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Open Shortcuts Menu</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Cmd + /<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Start a New Chat</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Cmd + Shift + O<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Open Custom Instructions</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Cmd + Shift + I<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Focus on Chat Input Box</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Shift + Esc<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Toggle Sidebar (Show/Hide)</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Cmd + Shift + S<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Copy Last Response</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Cmd + Shift + C<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Copy Last Code Block</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Cmd + Shift + ;<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Delete Current Chat</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Cmd + Shift + X<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Accessing the Shortcuts Menu<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Windows/Linux</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">: Press Ctrl + /<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Mac</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">: Press </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;;">⌘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Cmd + /<br /> This opens the full list of available ChatGPT shortcuts.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">What About Other Shortcuts Like Scrolling or Navigation?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Some third-party articles mention shortcuts like:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Alt + A</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">: Scroll to the top of the current message<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Alt + Z</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">: Scroll to the bottom<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Alt + S/C/N/G/H</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">: Various copy or navigation actions<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Ctrl + Enter</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> to send a message, and arrow keys to navigate history<br /> However, these are not widely recognized by OpenAI and may reflect custom browser or app-specific behaviors.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Mac Desktop App (Non-Web Version)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">For the standalone <b>ChatGPT desktop app on Mac</b>, users on the OpenAI Community forum have noted navigation-specific shortcuts such as:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Ctrl + 1, Ctrl + 2, etc. to jump between chat threads<br /> These seem specific to that desktop app rather than the web environment.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Why Use ChatGPT Shortcut Keys?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Save Time</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – No need to use the mouse for frequent actions.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Boost Productivity</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Quickly copy code, responses, or open a new chat.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Stay Focused</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Keep your hands on the keyboard and avoid distractions.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Cross-Platform Friendly</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> – Works on <b>Windows, Linux, and Mac</b> with similar patterns.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 604px;"> <tbody><tr style="height: 18.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 18.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Action<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 18.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Windows/Linux Shortcut<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 18.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Mac Equivalent<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 43.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Open Shortcuts Menu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Ctrl + /<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">⌘</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Cmd + /<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 29pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">New Chat<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 29pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Ctrl + Shift + O<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 29pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">⌘</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Cmd + Shift + O<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 43.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Custom Instructions<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Ctrl + Shift + I<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">⌘</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Cmd + Shift + I<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 58pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 58pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Focus Chat Input<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 58pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Shift + Esc<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 58pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Likely same (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Shift + Esc</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 29pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Toggle Sidebar<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 29pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Ctrl + Shift + S<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 29pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Cambria Math&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">⌘</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Cmd + Shift + S<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 43.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Copy Last Code Block<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Ctrl + Shift + ;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Same (if supported)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 43.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Copy Last Response<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Ctrl + Shift + C<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Same (if supported)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 43.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110pt;" width="147"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Delete Current Chat<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162pt;" width="216"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Ctrl + Shift + X<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181pt;" width="241"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ligatures: none;">Same (if supported)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Discover all ChatGPT.com shortcut keys for Windows, Linux, and Mac. Learn how to open new chats, copy responses, toggle sidebar, and more. Boost your workflow with these time-saving ChatGPT keyboard shortcuts.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>What are ChatGPT shortcut keys?</i></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>How to open shortcuts menu in ChatGPT.com?</i></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>Do ChatGPT.com shortcuts differ between Windows, Linux, and Mac?</i></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">ChatGPT shortcut keys</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">ChatGPT keyboard shortcuts</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">ChatGPT shortcuts Windows</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">ChatGPT shortcuts Linux</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">ChatGPT shortcuts Mac</span></li><li><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ChatGPT productivity tips</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">how to use ChatGPT faster</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">time-saving ChatGPT tricks</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">boost productivity with ChatGPT</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">ChatGPT new chat shortcut</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">ChatGPT copy response shortcut</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">ChatGPT sidebar toggle shortcut</span></li><li><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ChatGPT focus input shortcut</span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">#ChatGPT<o:p></o:p></span></p><div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">#Productivity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">#KeyboardShortcuts<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">#ArtificialIntelligence<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">#WorkSmarter<o:p></o:p></span></p></div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2025/09/shortcut-keys-of-chatgpt-com-for-windows-linux-mac.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-6339275361023236880Thu, 14 Aug 2025 11:25:00 +00002025-08-14T04:31:06.465-07:00interview questionsinterview questions for freshersjob search hacksjob search tipsjobs<!-- BLOGGER POST START --> <style> /* General Styling */ body { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; color: #222; line-height: 1.7; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0; padding: 0; } h1, h2 { color: #1a73e8; font-weight: 700; } h1 { font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: 15px; } h2 { font-size: 1.4rem; margin-top: 30px; border-left: 4px solid #1a73e8; padding-left: 10px; } p { margin: 8px 0 15px; } ul { margin: 10px 0 20px 20px; } ul li { margin-bottom: 8px; } .highlight { background: #e8f0fe; padding: 8px; border-radius: 6px; } .note { background: #fff9c4; padding: 10px; border-left: 4px solid #fbc02d; margin-bottom: 20px; border-radius: 4px; } </style> <h1>10 Powerful Job Search Hacks Every Tech Fresher Must Know</h1> <p>Breaking into India’s competitive tech job market can be challenging for freshers. Companies like <strong>TCS, Infosys, Wipro, and HCL</strong> receive thousands of applications for every role. But with the right strategies, you can stand out and land your first IT job faster.</p> <p>Here are <strong>10 proven job search hacks</strong> every tech fresher should follow.</p> <!-- 1 --> <h2>1. Build a Strong LinkedIn Profile</h2> <p>LinkedIn is a goldmine for tech job seekers in India. Recruiters from companies like TCS, Infosys, and Wipro actively scout profiles. Optimize your LinkedIn by:</p> <ul> <li>Using a professional photo and a keyword-rich headline (e.g., “Aspiring Full-Stack Developer | Skilled in Python, JavaScript”).</li> <li>Writing a compelling summary showcasing your skills, projects, and career goals.</li> <li>Adding certifications from platforms like Coursera, NPTEL, or Udemy.</li> <li>Connecting with recruiters and joining groups like “Tech Jobs India” for networking.</li> </ul> <!-- 2 --> <h2>2. Tailor Your Resume for Each Job</h2> <p>A generic resume won’t cut it in India’s tech job market. Customize your resume for each role by:</p> <ul> <li>Highlighting relevant skills (e.g., Java, Python, or cloud computing) mentioned in the job description.</li> <li>Including measurable achievements, like “Developed a web app with 95% uptime during college project.”</li> <li>Keeping it concise (1 page for freshers) and ATS-friendly with keywords like “software engineer,” “data analyst,” or “DevOps.”</li> <li>Using tools like Jobscan to align your resume with job descriptions.</li> </ul> <!-- 3 --> <h2>3. Master Coding Platforms</h2> <p>In India, tech companies like HCL, Accenture, and startups heavily rely on coding tests. Platforms to focus on:</p> <ul> <li><strong>HackerRank:</strong> Practice data structures and algorithms.</li> <li><strong>LeetCode:</strong> Solve problems asked in FAANG and Indian tech giants.</li> <li><strong>GeeksforGeeks:</strong> Study company-specific questions and interview experiences.</li> </ul> <div class="note">Dedicate <strong>2–3 hours daily</strong> to coding challenges to ace technical rounds.</div> <!-- 4 --> <h2>4. Optimize Your Resume for ATS</h2> <p>Most companies use Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) to filter resumes before they even reach a recruiter. Use relevant keywords from the job description, keep formatting simple, and highlight technical skills like programming languages, frameworks, or tools you know.</p> <!-- 5 --> <h2>5. Network Like a Pro</h2> <p>Connections often open doors faster than applications. Join tech meetups, hackathons, coding bootcamps, and online communities. Reach out to industry professionals on LinkedIn with a short, personalized message.</p> <!-- 6 --> <h2>6. Leverage Referrals</h2> <p>70% of jobs in India are filled via referrals. Ask:</p> <ul> <li>College alumni working in tech</li> <li>LinkedIn connections</li> <li>Friends &amp; family in the industry</li> </ul> <!-- 7 --> <h2>7. Apply on Niche Job Portals</h2> <p>Instead of just Naukri &amp; Indeed, try:</p> <ul> <li><strong>AngelList:</strong> Startup jobs</li> <li><strong>CutShort:</strong> Tech-focused roles</li> <li><strong>Hirist:</strong> IT &amp; Developer jobs</li> <li><strong>Instahyre:</strong> Curated tech opportunities</li> </ul> <!-- 8 --> <h2>8. Prepare for Behavioral Interviews</h2> <p>Tech interviews aren’t just about coding. Expect questions like:</p> <ul> <li>“Tell me about yourself.”</li> <li>“Describe a challenging project.”</li> <li>“How do you handle failures?”</li> </ul> <p>Use the <strong>STAR method</strong> (Situation, Task, Action, Result) for structured answers.</p> <!-- 9 --> <h2>9. Prepare for Aptitude and Technical Interviews</h2> <p>Indian tech companies often start with aptitude tests followed by technical interviews. To excel:</p> <ul> <li>Practice quantitative aptitude, logical reasoning, and verbal ability on IndiaBIX or AMCAT.</li> <li>Brush up on core subjects like DBMS, OS, and Computer Networks using GeeksforGeeks.</li> <li>Be ready for coding questions (e.g., reverse a linked list) and system design basics for higher-tier companies.</li> <li>Mock interviews on platforms like InterviewBit can boost confidence.</li> </ul> <!-- 10 --> <h2>10. Attend Hackathons &amp; Coding Contests</h2> <p>Winning (or even participating) in hackathons can:</p> <ul> <li>Get you noticed by recruiters</li> <li>Add real-world problem-solving experience</li> <li>Win prizes &amp; job offers</li> </ul> <p>Check Devfolio, HackerEarth, and CodeGladiators for upcoming events.</p> <!-- Conclusion --> <h2>Final Thoughts</h2> <p>Your first tech job is about <strong>strategy, preparation, and visibility</strong>—not just sending resumes. By applying these 10 hacks, you’ll boost your chances of getting noticed and landing interviews faster.</p> <p>Stay consistent, keep learning, and remember—every application is one step closer to success.</p> <!-- BLOGGER POST END --> http://www.cinterviews.com/2025/08/10-powerful-job-search-hacks-every-tech-fresher-must-know.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-4737841792170064994Thu, 14 Aug 2025 08:22:00 +00002025-08-14T01:22:20.224-07:00aiai/ml interview questions and answersinterview questionsml<!-- BEGIN: AI & ML Interview Q&A (Full Content) --> <article class="post-body"> <style> /* Optional styling for better readability in Blogger */ .qa h2 { margin-top: 1.2em; } .qa h3 { margin-top: 1.1em; } .qa ol, .qa ul { margin: 0.4em 0 1em 1.2em; } .qa li { margin: 0.4em 0; } .qa hr { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid #e5e7eb; margin: 1.5em 0; } .code-block { background:#f8f9fa; border:1px solid #e5e7eb; border-radius:6px; padding:12px; overflow:auto; } .muted { color:#555; } </style> <div class="qa"> <!-- Section 1: AI Interview --> <h2>AI (Artificial Intelligence) Interview Questions &amp; Answers</h2> <ol> <li><strong>What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?</strong><br> Answer: AI is the simulation of human intelligence in machines that can perform tasks like reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. </li> <li><strong>Difference between AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning?</strong><br> Answer: <ul> <li><strong>AI:</strong> Broad concept of machines mimicking human intelligence.</li> <li><strong>ML:</strong> Subset of AI that uses algorithms to learn patterns from data.</li> <li><strong>DL:</strong> Subset of ML using multi-layer neural networks for complex learning.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>What are the main types of AI?</strong><br> Answer: <ul> <li><strong>Narrow AI:</strong> Specialized tasks (e.g., chatbots, recommendation systems).</li> <li><strong>General AI:</strong> Human-level intelligence (still theoretical).</li> <li><strong>Super AI:</strong> Beyond human intelligence (hypothetical).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>What are some real-world applications of AI?</strong><br> Answer: Self-driving cars, fraud detection, virtual assistants, medical diagnosis, predictive analytics, robotics, and language translation. </li> <li><strong>How do you evaluate the performance of an AI system?</strong><br> Answer: Using metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC, and task-specific KPIs. </li> </ol> <hr> <!-- Section 2: ML Interview --> <h2>Machine Learning (ML) Interview Questions &amp; Answers</h2> <ol> <li><strong>What is Machine Learning?</strong><br> Answer: ML is a subset of AI that enables systems to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. </li> <li><strong>What are the main types of Machine Learning?</strong><br> Answer: <ul> <li><strong>Supervised Learning:</strong> Trains on labeled data (classification, regression).</li> <li><strong>Unsupervised Learning:</strong> Finds patterns in unlabeled data (clustering, dimensionality reduction).</li> <li><strong>Reinforcement Learning:</strong> Learns through feedback from actions (reward/punishment).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>What is overfitting and how do you prevent it?</strong><br> Answer: Overfitting occurs when a model learns noise instead of patterns. Prevention: cross-validation, regularization (L1/L2), dropout, more data, and early stopping. </li> <li><strong>Explain bias-variance tradeoff.</strong><br> Answer: <ul> <li><strong>High Bias:</strong> Underfitting — model is too simple.</li> <li><strong>High Variance:</strong> Overfitting — model is too complex.</li> <li><strong>Goal:</strong> Find a balance for optimal performance.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>What are some popular ML algorithms?</strong><br> Answer: Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, SVM, k-NN, Naive Bayes, Neural Networks, Gradient Boosting (XGBoost, LightGBM). </li> <li><strong>Difference between classification and regression?</strong><br> Answer: Classification predicts discrete labels (spam/ham), regression predicts continuous values (house prices). </li> <li><strong>What is the difference between batch and online learning?</strong><br> Answer: Batch learning trains on the whole dataset at once; online learning updates the model incrementally with incoming data. </li> <li><strong>What is feature engineering and why is it important?</strong><br> Answer: Transforming raw data into meaningful features to improve model performance — often the key factor in achieving high accuracy. </li> </ol> <hr> <!-- Section 3: Comprehensive Set --> <h2>AI &amp; ML Interview Questions &amp; Answers</h2> <h3>I. AI Fundamentals (Conceptual)</h3> <ol start="1"> <li><strong>What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?</strong><br> AI is the field of computer science focused on building systems that can perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and decision-making. </li> <li><strong>Difference between AI, ML, and Deep Learning?</strong><br> <ul> <li>AI: Broad concept of machines simulating human intelligence.</li> <li>ML: Subset of AI where machines learn from data.</li> <li>DL: Subset of ML using neural networks with many layers for complex pattern recognition.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Types of AI</strong><br> <ul> <li>Narrow AI: Task-specific (e.g., chatbots, translation).</li> <li>General AI: Human-level intelligence (still theoretical).</li> <li>Super AI: Beyond human intelligence (hypothetical).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?</strong><br> A branch of AI enabling machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language (e.g., ChatGPT, translation tools). </li> <li><strong>What is Computer Vision?</strong><br> AI field enabling computers to process and interpret visual data from the real world (e.g., facial recognition). </li> <li><strong>Real-world AI applications</strong><br> Self-driving cars, fraud detection, medical imaging, voice assistants, recommendation engines, predictive analytics, robotics. </li> </ol> <hr class="muted"> <h3>II. Machine Learning Basics</h3> <ol start="7"> <li><strong>What is Machine Learning?</strong><br> ML is an AI approach where algorithms learn from data to make predictions or decisions without explicit programming. </li> <li><strong>Main types of Machine Learning:</strong><br> <ul> <li>Supervised Learning → Labeled data (classification, regression).</li> <li>Unsupervised Learning → Unlabeled data (clustering, anomaly detection).</li> <li>Reinforcement Learning → Learning via rewards/punishments (game AI, robotics).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Common ML algorithms:</strong><br> Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, SVM, k-NN, Naive Bayes, Neural Networks, Gradient Boosting (XGBoost, LightGBM). </li> <li><strong>Classification vs Regression</strong><br> <ul> <li>Classification: Predicts categories (e.g., spam vs ham).</li> <li>Regression: Predicts continuous values (e.g., price prediction).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>What is overfitting and how to prevent it?</strong><br> Overfitting: Model learns noise instead of patterns.<br> Prevention: Cross-validation, regularization, more data, dropout, early stopping. </li> <li><strong>Bias-Variance Tradeoff</strong><br> <ul> <li>High bias → underfitting.</li> <li>High variance → overfitting.</li> <li>Goal: Balance both for optimal accuracy.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Feature engineering</strong><br> Transforming raw data into useful features to improve model accuracy. </li> <li><strong>Feature selection methods:</strong><br> <ul> <li>Filter methods (correlation, chi-square).</li> <li>Wrapper methods (RFE).</li> <li>Embedded methods (LASSO).</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <hr class="muted"> <h3>III. Model Evaluation</h3> <ol start="15"> <li><strong>ML performance metrics:</strong><br> <ul> <li><strong>Classification:</strong> Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC.</li> <li><strong>Regression:</strong> RMSE, MAE, R².</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Confusion Matrix</strong><br> A table showing predicted vs actual outcomes to evaluate classification models. </li> <li><strong>Cross-validation</strong><br> Technique for validating model stability by splitting data into multiple folds. </li> <li><strong>ROC Curve</strong><br> Graph showing model performance across thresholds (TPR vs FPR). </li> <li><strong>Precision vs Recall</strong><br> <ul> <li>Precision: Correct positive predictions / all positive predictions.</li> <li>Recall: Correct positive predictions / all actual positives.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <hr class="muted"> <h3>IV. Advanced AI &amp; ML Concepts</h3> <ol start="20"> <li><strong>Supervised vs Unsupervised vs Semi-supervised Learning</strong><br> Semi-supervised → mix of labeled and unlabeled data. </li> <li><strong>Ensemble Learning</strong><br> Combining multiple models to improve accuracy (Bagging, Boosting, Stacking). </li> <li><strong>Bagging vs Boosting</strong><br> <ul> <li>Bagging: Parallel learners (Random Forest).</li> <li>Boosting: Sequential learners (XGBoost, AdaBoost).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Dimensionality Reduction</strong><br> Reducing number of features while retaining key information (PCA, t-SNE). </li> <li><strong>Explain Reinforcement Learning</strong><br> Agent learns by interacting with environment, getting rewards/punishments. </li> <li><strong>Markov Decision Process (MDP)</strong><br> Framework for decision-making in reinforcement learning. </li> </ol> <hr class="muted"> <h3>V. Neural Networks &amp; Deep Learning</h3> <ol start="26"> <li><strong>What is a Neural Network?</strong><br> A computing system inspired by biological neurons, consisting of input, hidden, and output layers. </li> <li><strong>CNN vs RNN</strong><br> <ul> <li>CNN: Good for images.</li> <li>RNN: Good for sequential data (text, time series).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Activation functions:</strong><br> ReLU, Sigmoid, Tanh, Softmax. </li> <li><strong>Backpropagation</strong><br> Algorithm to adjust weights in neural networks based on error gradients. </li> <li><strong>Dropout</strong><br> Regularization method to prevent overfitting in deep learning models. </li> </ol> <hr class="muted"> <h3>VI. Coding &amp; Scenario-Based Questions</h3> <ol start="31"> <li><strong>Write a Python function for linear regression using scikit-learn.</strong> <div class="code-block"><pre><code class="language-python">from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression X = [[1], [2], [3]] y = [2, 4, 6] model = LinearRegression() model.fit(X, y) print(model.predict([[4]])) # Predict for x=4</code></pre></div> </li> <li><strong>How to handle missing values?</strong><br> <ul> <li>Remove rows/columns.</li> <li>Fill with mean/median/mode.</li> <li>Use advanced imputation (KNN, MICE).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>How to handle imbalanced datasets?</strong><br> <ul> <li>Oversampling (SMOTE).</li> <li>Undersampling.</li> <li>Class weighting.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>How to choose hyperparameters?</strong><br> <ul> <li>Grid Search, Random Search, Bayesian Optimization.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Example: Predict credit card fraud with unbalanced data</strong><br> Approach: Use SMOTE + Random Forest, focus on recall to catch fraud cases. </li> </ol> <hr class="muted"> <h3>VII. HR/Behavioral Leadership in AI Roles</h3> <ol start="36"> <li><strong>Tell me about a time you solved a challenging AI/ML problem.</strong><br> <span class="muted">Use STAR method: Situation, Task, Action, Result.</span> </li> <li><strong>How do you stay updated in AI/ML?</strong><br> <span class="muted">Mention conferences, research papers, courses, GitHub projects.</span> </li> <li><strong>How do you handle disagreements in model approach?</strong><br> <span class="muted">Encourage data-backed discussion, test multiple approaches, choose best performer.</span> </li> <li><strong>How do you ensure AI models are ethical?</strong><br> <span class="muted">Avoid bias in training data, ensure transparency, respect privacy laws.</span> </li> <li><strong>Example of a failed AI project and what you learned</strong><br> <span class="muted">Show accountability and improvement mindset.</span> </li> </ol> <hr class="muted"> <h3>VIII. Extra Technical Depth</h3> <ol start="41"> <li><strong>Difference between Parametric &amp; Non-parametric models?</strong><br> Parametric: Fixed parameters (Linear Regression).<br> Non-parametric: Parameters grow with data (k-NN). </li> <li><strong>L1 vs L2 regularization</strong><br> <ul> <li>L1: Feature selection (sparse models).</li> <li>L2: Reduces large coefficients smoothly.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Gradient Descent</strong><br> Optimization algorithm to minimize loss by updating weights. </li> <li><strong>Mini-batch Gradient Descent</strong><br> Balances efficiency and stability between batch and stochastic gradient descent. </li> <li><strong>Softmax function</strong><br> Converts logits into probabilities in classification tasks. </li> <li><strong>Explain attention mechanism in NLP</strong><br> Helps models focus on relevant parts of input (e.g., Transformers). </li> <li><strong>Transformer models</strong><br> Architecture using attention, basis of GPT, BERT, etc. </li> <li><strong>Explain word embeddings</strong><br> Vector representations of words (Word2Vec, GloVe) capturing semantic meaning. </li> <li><strong>Explain cosine similarity</strong><br> Measures similarity between vectors, often used in NLP. </li> <li><strong>How to deploy an ML model?</strong><br> Steps: Train → Serialize (pickle/ONNX) → Serve via API (Flask/FastAPI) → Monitor. </li> </ol> </div> </article> <!-- END: AI & ML Interview Q&A (Full Content) --> http://www.cinterviews.com/2025/08/ai-ml-interview-questions-answers.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-1443591535814365625Fri, 11 Jun 2021 18:48:00 +00002021-06-11T11:48:56.794-07:00pythonpython faqspython interview question and answers<h1 style="text-align: left;"><b>&nbsp;Python interview Questions</b></h1><div><div>1)What are the benefits of using Python?</div><div>2)What is PEP8 and explain its importance?</div><div>3)Explain Memory management in Python?</div><div>4)What are decorators in Python?</div><div>5)What are lists and Tuple in Python? Give few differences between them?</div><div>6)What are common builtin data types in Python?</div><div>7)What is lambda in Python? explain its use?</div><div>8)Why is Pass used in Python?</div><div>9)Difference between xrange and range in Python?</div><div>10)Explain break,continue and pass in Python?</div><div>11)What is Pickling and Unpickling in Python?</div><div>12)What are generators in Python?</div><div>13)Explain Python Functions?</div><div>14)What is zip() function in Python?</div><div>15)How to overload methods in Python?</div><div>16)What are Pandas?</div><div>17)What are Dataframes in Python?</div><div>18)How to access the first five and last five entries of a dataframe?</div><div>19)How to add comments in Python?</div><div>20)What is dictionary in Python?</div><div>21)What is Classifier in Python?</div><div>22)How to get list of all keys in a dictionary?</div><div>23)How to convert a string to frozen set in Python?</div><div>24)How to pick random item from a list or tuple?</div><div>25)How to reverse a list in Python?</div><div>26)What are the tools to perform static analysis or find bugs in Python?</div><div>27)What is negative index in Python?</div><div>28)Explain the rules for Local and Global Variables in Python?</div><div>29)How can you share global variables across modules?</div><div>30)Explain how to delete a file in Python?</div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></div></div>http://www.cinterviews.com/2021/06/python-interview-questions.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-5364450525501333022Sat, 10 Mar 2018 18:25:00 +00002018-03-10T10:25:44.021-08:00accenture interviewCapgemini interviewibm interview questionsinfosystcs interview faqs<h2> Top Salesforce interview questions and answers</h2> <div> <h3> 1. What is Salesforce ?</h3> <div> Salesforce is Customer relationship management (CRM) software that is available to users as a software as a service (SaaS) application.</div> <div> <br /></div> <h3> 2. What is App in Salesforce?</h3> <div> In Sales force an App is a group of tabs that work as a unit to provide functionality. Users can switch between multiple apps using the Force.com app drop-down menu at the top-right corner of every page.</div> <div> You can customize your existing apps to match the way you work, or build new apps by grouping standard and custom tabs.</div> <div> You can create a new app by clicking Setup -&gt;Build -&gt;Create-&gt;App-&gt; Click on new from navigation.</div> <div> <br /></div> <h3> 3. What is the benefit of Salesforce CRM ?</h3> <div> Below are top benefits of using Salesforce CRM</div> <div> It Ensures faster and better sales opportunity</div> <div> Reducing cost and improving customer satisfaction level</div> <div> Deploying an analytical approach to customer acquisition</div> <div> Automation of repetitive tasks.</div> <div> <br /></div> <h3> 4. Explain Opportunity in Salesforce ?</h3> <div> An opportunity is a potential revenue-generating event. May be associated with accounts and contacts.</div> <div> <br /></div> <h3> 5. How many workflow rules can you create per entity ?</h3> <div> You can generate 25 workflow rules per entity.</div> <div> <br /></div> <h4> 6. How many relationships are included in SFDC ?</h4> <div> There are two important relationships in Salesforce. They are</div> <div> Lookup relationship</div> <div> Master detail relationship</div> <div> <br /></div> <h4> 7.List the various types of Reports available in Salesforce ?</h4> <div> In Salesforce four types of reports are available they are as follows .</div> <div> <b>Tabular report :</b> In this the grand total is displayed in a table format.</div> <div> <b>Matrix report : </b>An in-depth report wherein the there is both row –based and column-based grouping.</div> <div> <b>Summary report :</b> A report in which the grouping is on the column basis.</div> <div> <b>Joined report :</b> A joining of two or more reports into one</div> <div> <br /></div> <h3> 8. How can you create Many to Many relationship in salesforce ?</h3> <div> We can create many to Many relationship in salesforce by using junction object. Junction object is a custom object with two master detail relationships.</div> <div> <br /></div> <h4> 9. List the various object relations are available Salesforce ?</h4> <div> There are three types of object realations are available in Salesforce , they are</div> <div> One to many.</div> <div> Many to many.</div> <div> Master detail</div> <h4> 10. Explain “Lookup Relationship” in Salesforce ?</h4> <div> Lookup relationship links two objects in Salesforce .</div> <div> 25 Lookup relationship are allowed for an object</div> <div> Parent field is not required.</div> <div> There is no impact on deletion.</div> <div> Can be multiple layers deep.</div> <div> Lookup field is not required.</div> <div> No impact on a security and access.</div> <div> <b><br /></b></div> <div> <b>11. Explain “Master-Detail Relationship” in Salesforce ?</b></div> <div> Master-Detail Relationship is the Parent child relationship. In which Master represents Parent and detail represents Child.In this relationship,if parent is deleted then Child also gets deleted.</div> <div> Rollup summary fields can only be created on Master records which will calculate the SUM, AVG, MIN of the Child records.</div> <div> Up to 2 Master-Detail Relationships are allowed to an object.</div> <div> Parent field on child is required.</div> <div> Access to parent determines access to children.</div> <div> Deleting parent automatically deletes child.</div> <div> A child of one master detail relationship cannot be the parent of another.</div> <div> Lookup field on page layout is required.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>12. What is Case in Salesforce ?</b></div> <div> In Salesforce Case is a detailed description of a customer’s problems, questions, and feedback. Usually associated with accounts and contacts.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>13. Can a dependent field be a controlling field as well in Salesforce ?</b></div> <div> Yes, a controlling field Can a dependent field in Salesforce.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>14. What data types are supported by External ID’s in Salesforce.com ?</b></div> <div> Text, Email, Number .</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>15. How many days are are items saved in the recycle bin of Salesforce ?</b></div> <div> Fifteen items are saved in the recycle bin of Salesforce.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>16. What are Standard Fields in Salesforce ?</b></div> <div> Standard Fields are predefined fields in Salesforce, cannot be deleted, can be removed from a page layout, and can have limited customizations: changing labels, adding help text, adding/editing values in picklists, adding/editing lookup filters, setting field history tracking, changing the format of auto-number fields.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>17. What is Field-Level Security in Salesforce ?</b></div> <div> Field-Level Security defines user ability to view and edit fields in Salesforce, helps enforce data security, helps ensure that users view only relevant data. This affects list views, search results, and reports.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>18. Explain Campaign in Salesforce ?</b></div> <div> Campaigns are marketing projects that you plan, manage, and track within Salesforce. May have related leads and contacts, shown as campaign members, and opportunities.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>19. What are the different editions of Salesforce?</b></div> <div> Enterprise, Group, Unlimited, Professional, and Developer editions</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>20. How many Custom Objects you can create in Enterprise Edition ?</b></div> <div> You can create 200 custom objects in Enterprise Edition.</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>21. Types of Sand boxes available</b></div> <div> <div> 1)Developer Sandbox</div> <div> 2)Developer pro sandbox</div> <div> 3)Partial data sandbox</div> <div> 4)Full copy sandbox</div> </div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2018/03/top-salesforce-interview-questions-answers.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-4688508982114717110Sat, 10 Mar 2018 18:12:00 +00002018-03-10T10:12:07.782-08:00accenture campus interviewaccenture interviewcognos interviewtcs campus interview paper<h2> <b>Ab Initio interview questions and answers</b></h2> <h3> <b>1. What does dependency analysis mean in Ab Initio?</b></h3> Dependency analysis will answer the questions regarding datalinage.That is where does the data come from,what applications prodeuce and depend on this data etc.<br /> We can retrieve the maximum (surrogate key) from the existing data,the by using scan or next_in_sequence/reformat we can generate further sequence for new records.<br /> <br /> <h3> <b>2. When using multiple DML statements to perform a single unit of work, is it preferable to use implicit or explicit transactions, and why?</b></h3> Because implicit is using for internal processing and explicit is using for user open data required.<br /> <br /> <h4> <b>3. Explain what is the architecture of Abinitio?</b></h4> Architecture of Abinitio includes<br /> GDE (Graphical Development Environment)<br /> Co-operating System<br /> Enterprise meta-environment (EME)<br /> Conduct-IT<br /> <br /> <b>4. What is MAX CORE of a component?</b><br /> MAX CORE is the space consumed by a component that is used for calculations<br /> Each component has different MAX COREs<br /> Component performances will be influenced by the MAX CORE’s contribution<br /> The process may slow down / fasten if a wrong MAX CORE is set<br /> <br /> <b>5. Explain what is de-partition in Abinitio?</b><br /> De-partition is done in order to read data from multiple flow or operations and are used to re-join data records from different flows. There are several de-partition components available which includes Gather, Merge, Interleave, and Concatenation.<br /> <br /> <b>6. How do you add default rules in transformer?</b><br /> The following is the process to add default rules in transformer<br /> Double click on the transform parameter in the parameter tab page in component properties<br /> Click on Edit menu in Transform editor<br /> Select Add Default Rules from the dropdown list box.<br /> It shows Match Names and Wildcard options. Select either of them.<br /> <b><br /></b> <b>7. Mention what is the role of Co-operating system in Abinitio?</b><br /> The Abinitio co-operating system provide features like Manage and run Abinitio graph and control the ETL processes<br /> Provide Abinitio extensions to the operating system<br /> ETL processes monitoring and debugging<br /> Meta-data management and interaction with the EME<br /> <br /> <b>8. Describe the Grant/Revoke DDL facility and how it is implemented?</b><br /> Basically,This is a part of D.B.A responsibilities GRANT means permissions for example GRANT CREATE TABLE ,CREATE VIEW AND MANY MORE .<br /> REVOKE means cancel the grant (permissions).So,Grant or Revoke both commands depend upon D.B.A.<br /> <br /> <b>9. State the first_defined function with an example.</b><br /> This function is similar to the function NVL() in Oracle database<br /> It performs the first values which are not null among other values available in the function and assigns to the variable<br /> Example: A set of variables, say v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6 are assigned with NULL.<br /> Another variable num is assigned with value 340 (num=340)<br /> num = first_defined(NULL, v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,NUM)<br /> The result of num is 340<br /> <br /> <h3> <b>10.Explain what is SANDBOX?</b></h3> A SANDBOX is referred for the collection of graphs and related files that are saved in a single directory tree and behaves as a group for the purposes of navigation, version control, and migration.<br /> <br /> <b>11. How to run a graph infinitely?</b><br /> To run a graph infinitely…The .ksh graph file should be called by the end script in the graph.<br /> If the graph name is abc.mp then the graph should call the abc.ksh file.<br /> <br /> <b>12. Explain what does dependency analysis mean in Abinitio?</b><br /> In Abinitio, dependency analysis is a process through which the EME examines a project entirely and traces how data is transferred and transformed- from component-to-component, field-by-field, within and between graphs.<br /> <br /> <b>13. Explain PDL with an example?</b><br /> To make a graph behave dynamically, PDL is used<br /> Suppose there is a need to have a dynamic field that is to be added to a predefined DML while executing the graph<br /> Then a graph level parameter can be defined<br /> Utilize this parameter while embedding the DML in output port.<br /> For Example : define a parameter named myfield with a value “string(“ | “”) name;”<br /> Use ${mystring} at the time of embedding the dml in out port.<br /> Use $substitution as an interpretation option<br /> <br /> <b>14. Describe the elements you would review to ensure multiple scheduled batch jobs do not collide with each other?</b><br /> Because every job depend upon another job for example if you first job result is successfull then another job will execute otherwise your job doesn’t work.<br /> <br /> <b>15. What is a local lookup?</b><br /> • Local lookup file has records which can be placed in main memory<br /> • They use transform function for retrieving records much faster than retrieving from the disk.<br /> <br /> <b>16. Mention how can you connect EME to Abinitio Server?</b><br /> To connect with Abinitio Server, there are several ways like<br /> • Set AB_AIR_ROOT<br /> • Login to EME web interface- http://serverhost:[serverport]/abinitio<br /> • Through GDE, you can connect to EME data-store<br /> • Through air-command<br /> <br /> <b>17.Describe the Evaluation of Parameters order.</b><br /> Following is the order of evaluation:<br /> • Host setup script will be executed first<br /> • All Common parameters, that is, included , are evaluated<br /> • All Sandbox parameters are evaluated<br /> • The project script – project-start.ksh is executed<br /> • All form parameters are evaluated<br /> • Graph parameters are evaluated<br /> • The Start Script of graph is executed<br /> <br /> <b>18. Explain what is Sort Component in Abinitio?</b><br /> The Sort Component in Abinitio re-orders the data. It comprises of two parameters “Key” and “Max-core”.<br /> • Key: It is one of the parameters for sort component which determines the collation order<br /> • Max-core: This parameter controls how often the sort component dumps data from memory to disk<br /> <br /> <b>19. Describe the process steps you would perform when defragmenting a data table. This table contains mission critical data?</b><br /> There are several ways to do this:<br /> 1) We can move the table in the same or other tablespace and rebuild all the indexes on the table.<br /> alter table <table_name> move <tablespace_name> this activity reclaims the defragmented space in the table</tablespace_name></table_name><br /> analyze table table_name compute statistics to capture the updated statistics.<br /> 2)Reorg could be done by taking a dump of the table, truncate the table and import the dump back into the table.<br /> <br /> <b>20. What is a ramp limit?</b><br /> • A limit is an integer parameter which represents a number of reject events<br /> • Ramp parameter contain a real number representing a rate of reject events of certain processed records<br /> • The formula is – No. of bad records allowed = limit + no. of records x ramp<br /> • A ramp is a percentage value from 0 to 1.<br /> • These two provides the threshold value of bad records.<br /> <br /> <b>21. Mention what information does a .dbc file extension provides to connect to the database?</b><br /> The .dbc extension provides the GDE with the information to connect with the database are<br /> • Name and version number of the data-base to which you want to connect<br /> • Name of the computer on which the data-base instance or server to which you want to connect runs, or on which the database remote access software is installed<br /> • Name of the server, database instance or provider to which you want to link<br /> <br /> <b>22. Explain the methods to improve performance of a graph?</b><br /> The following are the ways to improve the performance of a graph :<br /> • Make sure that a limited number of components are used in a particular phase<br /> • Implement the usage of optimum value of max core values for the purpose of sorting and joining components.<br /> • Utilize the minimum number of sort components<br /> • Utilize the minimum number of sorted join components and replace them by in-memory join / hash join, if needed and possible<br /> • Restrict only the needed fields in sort, reformat, join components<br /> • Utilize phasing or flow buffers when merged or sorted joins<br /> • Use sorted join, when two inputs are huge, otherwise use hash join<br /> <br /> <b>23. How can you force the optimizer to use a particular index?</b><br /> Use hints /*+ <hint> */, these acts as directives to the optimizer</hint><br /> <b><br /></b> <b>24. Have you used rollup component? Describe how?</b><br /> If the user wants to group the records on particular field values then rollup is best way to do that. Rollup is a multi-stage transform function and it contains the following mandatory functions.<br /> 1. initialise<br /> 2. rollup<br /> 3. finalise<br /> Also need to declare one temporary variable if you want to get counts of a particular group.<br /> For each of the group, first it does call the initialise function once, followed by rollup function calls for each of the records in the group and finally calls the finalise function once at the end of last rollup call.<br /> <br /> <b>25. We know rollup component in Abinitio is used to summarize group of data record then why do we use aggregation?</b><br /> • Aggregation and Rollup, both are used to summarize the data.<br /> • Rollup is much better and convenient to use.<br /> • Rollup can perform some additional functionality, like input filtering and output filtering of records.<br /> • Aggregate does not display the intermediate results in main memory, where as Rollup can.<br /> • Analyzing a particular summarization is much simpler compared to Aggregations.<br /> <br /> <b>26. Mention what is Abinitio?</b><br /> “Abinitio” is a latin word meaning “from the beginning.” Abinitio is a tool used to extract, transform and load data. It is also used for data analysis, data manipulation, batch processing, and graphical user interface based parallel processing.<br /> <br /> <b>27. What are the operations that support avoiding duplicate record?</b><br /> Duplicate records can be avoided by using the following:<br /> • Using Dedup sort<br /> • Performing aggregation<br /> • Utilizing the Rollup component<br /> <br /> <b>28. Mention what is Rollup Component?</b><br /> Roll-up component enables the users to group the records on certain field values. It is a multiple stage function and consists initialize 2 and Rollup 3.<br /> <br /> <b>29. What kind of layouts does Abinitio support?</b><br /> • Abinitio supports serial and parallel layouts.<br /> • A graph layout supports both serial and parallel layouts at a time.<br /> • The parallel layout depends on the degree of the data parallelism<br /> • A multi-file system is a 4-way parallel system<br /> • A component in a graph system can run 4-way parallel system.<br /> <br /> <b>30. Have you used rollup component? Describe how?</b><br /> Post Your Answer<br /> If the user wants to group the records on particular field values then rollup is best way to do that. Rollup is a multi-stage transform function and it contains the following mandatory functions.<br /> 1. initialise<br /> 2. rollup<br /> 3. finalise<br /> Also need to declare one temporary variable if you want to get counts of a particular group.<br /> For each of the group, first it does call the initialise function once, followed by rollup function calls for each of the records in the group and finally calls the finalise function once at the end of last rollup call.<br /> <b><br /></b> <b>31. What is $mpjret? Where it is used in ab-initio?</b><br /> You can use $mpjret in endscript like<br /> if 0 -eq($mpjret)<br /> then<br /> echo “success”<br /> else<br /> mailx -s “[graphname] failed” mailid<br /> <b><br /></b> <b>32. What is local and formal parameter?</b><br /> Two are graph level parameters but in local you need to initialize the value at the time of declaration where as globle no need to initialize the data it will promt at the time of running the graph for that parameter.<br /> <br /> <b>33. What is m_dump?</b><br /> m_dump command prints the data in a formatted way.<br /> m_dump <dml> <file .dat=""></file></dml><br /> <br /> <b>34. What is AB_LOCAL expression where do you use it in ab-initio?</b><br /> ablocal_expr is a parameter of itable component of Ab Initio.ABLOCAL() is replaced by the contents of ablocal_expr.Which we can make use in parallel unloads.There are two forms of AB_LOCAL() construct, one with no arguments and one with single argument as a table name(driving table).<br /> The use of AB_LOCAL() construct is in Some complex SQL statements contain grammar that is not recognized by the Ab Initio parser when unloading in parallel. You can use the ABLOCAL() construct in this case to prevent the Input Table component from parsing the SQL (it will get passed through to the database). It also specifies which table to use for the parallel clause.<br /> 35. What is the latest version that is available in Ab-initio?<br /> The latest version of GDE ism1.15 AND Co&gt;operating system is 2.14<br /> <br /> <b>36. What are differences between different versions of Co-op?&nbsp;</b><br /> 1.10 is a non key version and rest are key versions.<br /> There are lot of components added and revised at following versions.<br /> <br /> <b>37. What is the importance of EME in abinitio?</b><br /> EME is a repository in Ab Inition and it used for checkin and checkout for graphs also maintains graph version.<br /> <br /> <b>38. How to get DML using Utilities in UNIX?</b><br /> If your source is a cobol copybook, then we have a command in unix which generates the required in Ab Initio. here it is:http://www.cinterviews.com/2018/03/ab-initio-interview-questions-and-answers.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-7937770705613706693Sat, 10 Mar 2018 18:00:00 +00002018-03-10T10:00:50.550-08:00experience interview faqsfresher interviewQT toolswork experience interview questions<b>Tableau Interview Questions for Freshers and Experienced</b><br /> <br /> <b>1). WHAT DOES TABLEAU DO?</b><br /> Ans: Our goal is to help people see and understand data. Our software products put the power of data into the hands of everyday people, allowing a broad population of business users to engage with their data, ask questions, solve problems and create value<br /> <b>2). What is Tableau Public?</b><br /> Ans: Tableau Public is a free service that lets anyone publish interactive data to the web. Once on the web, anyone can interact with the data, download it, or create their own visualizations of it. No programming skills are required. Be sure to look at the gallery to see some of the things people have been doing with it.<br /> <b>3).What is data modeling?</b><br /> Ans: Data modeling is the analysis of data objects that are used in a business or other context and the identification of the relationships among these data objects. Data modeling is a first step in doing object-oriented programming<br /> <b>4). What is your daily work process in tableau?</b><br /> Ans: I think we all work on different projects using Tableau, so the work begins from understanding the requirement getting the required data, storyboarding then creating visualizations in the tableau and then presenting it to the client for review.<br /> <b>5).What is the parameter in Tableau? And how it works.?</b><br /> Ans: Parameters are dynamic values that can replace constant values in calculations and can serve as filters<br /> <b>6). How does Tableau perform with huge datasets?</b><br /> Ans: Tableau Performance is based on Data source performance. If data source takes more time to execute a query then Tableau must wait up to that time<br /> <b>7). How will you publish and schedule workbook in tableau server?</b><br /> Ans: First create a schedule for particular time and then create the extract for the data source and publish the workbook for the server. Before you publish, there is an option called Scheduling and Authentication, click on that and select the schedule from the drop-downn which is created and publish. Also publish data source and assign the schedule. This schedule will automatically run for the assigned time and the workbook is refreshed.<br /> <b>8). How to rectify SQL Performance for developed Dashboards</b><br /> Ans: After creation of Dashboards if we get problem from sql side that means Custom Sql ….How to Rectify the sql performance from custom sql<br /> <b>9). Define the names for parameters, filters etc</b><br /> Ans: Parameters are dynamic values that can replace constant values in calculations and can serve as filters.Filters are used to restrict the data based on the condition u have mentioned in the filters shelf.<br /> <b>10). How to view sql which is generated by Tableau Desktop?</b><br /> Ans: The Tableau Desktop Log files are located in C:\Users\\My Documents\My Tableau Repository. If you have a live connection to the data source, check the log.txt and tabprotosrv.txt files. If you are using an extract, check the tdeserver.txt file. The tabprotosrv.txt file often shows detailed information about queries.<br /> <b>11). What is page shelf?</b><br /> Ans: page shelf is power full part of tableau That you can use to controle the display of output as well as printed results of output.<br /> <b>12). What are the major differences between tableau version 7.0 and tableau version 8.0?</b><br /> Ans: • New visualizations are introduced like treemap, bubble chart and box and whisker plot<br /> • We can copy worksheet directly from one workbook to another workbook<br /> •Introduced R script<br /> <b>13). How to create filled maps?</b><br /> Ans: Step 1: Build a Map View Double-click a geographic fields such as State, Area Code, Zip Code, etc.<br /> Step 2: Select the Fille Map Mark Type The Automatic mark type will show this type of view as circles over a map. On the Marks card, select Filled Map to color the geographic areas.<br /> Step 3: Drag a Field to the Color Shelf Define how the locations are colored by dragging another field to the Color shelf.<br /> <b>14). Is Parameter have it’s dropdown list?</b><br /> Ans: Yes it may have its own drop down list, the entries which you make in the Parameter while creating it can be viewed as Dropdown list.<br /> Data Pane Questions<br /> 15). What type of data sources tableau can connect?<br /> 16). Does tableau has capabilities of connecting Big Data sources like Hadoop ?<br /> 17). What type of joins can be created between excel sheets ?<br /> 18). Can I write custom SQL to create a single connection that union data from two excel sheets ?<br /> 19). Does tableau allow creating calculated field from data pane directly ?<br /> 20). what’s the use of meta data option in tableau data pane ?<br /> 21). How to change data type of a field from data pane ?<br /> 22). What the difference between live and extract ?<br /> 23). What’s the extract filter ?<br /> 24). what’s the need of creating a data extract ?<br /> 25). what’s the in memory data analysis ?<br /> 26). whats the difference between .tds and .tdsx file ?<br /> 27). Can you describe dimensions and measures create in tableau ?<br /> 28) . Whats the difference between extract filter and data sources filter ?<br /> 29). How does Assume referential integrity work?<br /> 30). What’s the use of edit aliases options ?<br /> 31). Tell a scenario how to use data source option “publish to server”?<br /> 32). Whats the use of saved to data source option ?<br /> Dimensions and Measures Questions<br /> 33). Can we use dimension as measure and do data aggregation using aggregation functions ?<br /> 34). Whats the use of transform option (Split and Custom Split)?<br /> 35).How many type of default properties we can set for a dimension and how default properties are going to work?<br /> 36). Whats the use of replace reference option ?<br /> 37). Whats the use of descrive property of a dimension?<br /> 38). How to convert a measure into dimension ?<br /> 39). Describe groups with a suitable scenario and also tell whats the limitation a group is having?<br /> 40). Can you tell process of creating a set ? and a suitable scenario to use a set?<br /> 41). How to set default color for dimension values ? The purpose is wherever you use dimension it should show same color in all the charts.<br /> 42). Can you describe the geographical fields?<br /> Build Views<br /> 43) Describe row and column shelf?<br /> 44) Describe filter and page by shelf?<br /> 45) Whats use of marks card ?<br /> 46) Whats the use of show me card?<br /> 47) Worksheet actions how to use it describe it by taking and example?<br /> 48). Whats the use of check box options shown on tooltip window “Include Command Buttons”?<br /> 49) How to use sheet caption?<br /> 50) Whats the use for show summary window shown for a worksheet?<br /> 51) How to use describe sheet option ?<br /> 52) what’s going to happen if I click a bar chart duplicate as crosstab?<br /> 53) Whats the difference between auto update filters and worksheet?<br /> 54) What do you understand by the word dashboard?<br /> 55) What is dashboard in tableau?<br /> 56) Describe the tabs Dashboard and Layout?<br /> 57) What is the use of Device Preview Tab?<br /> 58) What are all objects that we can use for designing a dashboard in tableau?<br /> 59) What are differences between floating and tiled?<br /> 60) What’s is a container ? Please describe horizontal and vertical containers?<br /> 61) name all three dashboard actions and tell the functioning of each?<br /> <b>62)Name the file extensions in Tableau.</b><br /> Ans)There are a number of file types and extensions in Tableau :<br /> Tableau Workbook (.twb).<br /> Tableau Packaged Workbook (.twbx).<br /> Tableau Datasource (.tds).<br /> Tableau Packaged Datasource (.tdsx).<br /> Tableau Data extract (.tde).<br /> Tableau Bookmark (.tdm).<br /> Tableau Map Source (.tms).<br /> Tableau Preferences (.tps)<br /> <br /> <b>Top 50 Questions Frequently asked in&nbsp;</b>Tableau&nbsp;<b>Interviews For Freshers and Experienced</b><br /> 1.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;What is Tableau Server?<br /> 2.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;What is the difference between tableau server and tableau online?<br /> 3.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;How to publish a workbook to a tableau server?<br /> 4.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Where do you publish a workbook to the tableau server? Or what is a project in tableau server?<br /> 5.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;What are all the components available in tableau server? (For e.g. Site, groups, projects, users, workbooks, data sources, scheduling, permissions, performance tuning, monitoring) Try to understand each of these<br /> 6.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;How do you give permissions to a workbook to a user?<br /> 7.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;How many levels of securities in tableau server?<br /> 8.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;What are all the different roles of permission in tableau server?<br /> 9.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;How do you take back up from a tableau server?<br /> 10.&nbsp; What are the different server processes in tableau?<br /> 11.&nbsp; How the tableau permissions or security works from the time the user logged in? Or what is the order of execution of different securities in the backend?<br /> 12.&nbsp; What if the server goes down or not working suddenly? What is the first step you will take?<br /> 13.&nbsp; How can we manage the alerts when the server went down?<br /> 14.&nbsp; Where the server will be installed? What is the basic requirement or configuration for installing a server?<br /> 15.&nbsp; Have you ever done the installation process for a server? If yes, How?<br /> 16.&nbsp; Let us consider I have given editor permission to a project for a user where they can be able to edit, publish, save and download. Now one workbook from that project has been shared with that user and the user is not able to view any data? How can you handle this situation?<br /> 17.&nbsp; Have you ever done ad-hoc reporting in tableau? How it can be achieved?<br /> 18.&nbsp; Is it possible to do development in tableau?<br /> 19.&nbsp; What edit option for a workbook in tableau server does?<br /> 20.&nbsp; What is the difference between doing development on the server and in desktop?<br /> 21.&nbsp; Can we publish data sources to tableau?<br /> 22.&nbsp; Let us consider I have one workbook saved on my local machine with a live connection to an excel (saved locally). And we are publishing the workbook to the server. Now consider we are changing the data in the excel sheet (in local machine) and saving it. The workbook has been refreshed and remember it is on the live connection with the excel sheet.<br /> The question is once the published workbook is refreshed will the changes done in the excel be reflected in that workbook? If yes/no, How and why?<br /> 23.&nbsp; Can performance monitoring possible on the server? How?<br /> 24.&nbsp; Have you ever faced timeout error? How can you handle?<br /> 25.&nbsp; How do you schedule an extract in tableau?<br /> 26.&nbsp; How do you schedule a normal workbook on the live connection in tableau?<br /> 27.&nbsp; How do you automate reports using tableau?<br /> 28.&nbsp; What are the platforms Tableau server can run on?<br /> 29.&nbsp; Is it possible to connect to different instances/Site from the same server as different data sources? For eg: one data source needs to be connected to site A of XYZ server and one more data source needs to be connected to site B of XYZ server in the same workbook. Is that possible?<br /> 30.&nbsp; Is it possible to change user authentication within one single installation?<br /> 31.&nbsp; How to handle giving permissions to the multiple users?<br /> 32.&nbsp; What are the new features in Tableau Server 10? Have you used any of the updated features?<br /> 33.&nbsp; What are the challenges you have faced in tableau server?<br /> 34.&nbsp; Have you ever embed tableau URL with any other applications or process?<br /> 35.&nbsp; Explain Tableau Server Architecture?<br /> 36.&nbsp; Consider a published workbook URL is given to the user. Explain me the architecture and flow what will happen in the backend from the time the User start clicking on the given link<br /> 37.&nbsp; Have you ever used TABADMIN? If yes, Make sure you know the basic commands at least and the syntax.<br /> 38.&nbsp; Have you ever done any migration in tableau (for eg: Moving from DEV server to PRODUCTION server)? If yes, How?<br /> 39.&nbsp; Will the user filters/permissions given at the desktop level affect the permissions at the site level?<br /> 40.&nbsp; How to create empty extracts in tableau? What is the use of it?<br /> 41.&nbsp; What is the difference between a full refresh and incremental refresh in tableau?<br /> 42.&nbsp; Is the version control possible in tableau server?<br /> 43.&nbsp; How do you achieve row level security?<br /> 44.&nbsp; What is the primary and secondary node in tableau server? Have you ever worked on it?<br /> 45.&nbsp; How to create a backup in tableau server?<br /> 46.&nbsp; What are subscriptions in tableau? What it does?<br /> 47.&nbsp; Have you ever used the Tableau mobile app? How do you interact with the content of published workbook in tableau mobile?<br /> 48.&nbsp; Have you ever used any API’s in tableau? What is meant by API?<br /> 49.&nbsp; How to upgrade the tableau server?<br /> 50.&nbsp; Where to find the tableau server log files? Have you ever analyzed it?<br /> <br /> <b>Top 50 interview questions for Tableau Experienced interview Questions</b><br /> 1.&nbsp; &nbsp; What do you think about Tableau compared to other tools?<br /> 2.&nbsp; &nbsp; What is Data Visualization?<br /> 3.&nbsp; &nbsp; Is tableau a reporting tool or data visualization tool?<br /> 4.&nbsp; &nbsp; What are all the different products of tableau?<br /> 5.&nbsp; &nbsp; What are the versions of Tableau you have worked so far? (whenever you have worked in multiple version you should be very sure about the major updates of the versions)<br /> 6.&nbsp; &nbsp; What are all the different file versions of Tableau?<br /> 7.&nbsp; &nbsp; Have you ever worked in Tableau public? If yes, what is the purpose of it and what have you built in Tableau Public?<br /> 8.&nbsp; &nbsp; What is Tableau Online and Tableau Server and the difference?<br /> 9.&nbsp; &nbsp; What is the major update in Tableau 9x over 8x or Tableau 10x over 9x?<br /> 10. Among the update brought in the recent version what you found interesting and what have used so far?<br /> 11. What is Tableau bookmark and how it differs from the Tableau workbook (.twb or .twbx)<br /> 12. Consider opening a bookmark file and a Tableau workbook. Are they one and the same? If yes, then what is the use of bookmarks?<br /> 13. Are you aware of Gartner magic quadrant for BI platform? If yes, who are all the leaders in 2016?<br /> 14. What is the major challenge in the project you have found so far?<br /> 15. what is the major challenge in tableau you have found so far?<br /> 16. What are the most complex reports you have built? (when you are answering this question get hands-on on that report. They might ask you to do)<br /> 17. What are all the difficulties you faced with larger data sets?<br /> Let's get into more technical :)<br /> 18. What is the difference between sets and groups? (often asked in interview)<br /> 19. when do you use sets and when do you use groups? (explain a scenario)<br /> 20. what are combined fields in the tableau and when it will be useful?<br /> 21. Can you use sets/groups in a filter? if yes, why and how? If no, why?<br /> 22. Can you use sets/groups/parameters in calculated fields? if yes, why and how? If no, why?<br /> 23. What is the difference between parameters and filters?<br /> 24. When do you use parameters? (Probably you should be able to explain a scenario)<br /> 25. What are the limitations of parameters?<br /> 26. Can we do multi-select in parameters?<br /> 27. Can same parameters be used across multiple data sources?<br /> 28. Can we include data from the fields in parameters instead of hard coding? How?<br /> 29. How to create Top N and Bottom N values in tableau? If you are explaining using sets they might ask is there any other way to do it?<br /> 30. How to pass database parameters?<br /> 31. How to use nested parameters and their pros and cons?<br /> 32. What is a calculated field?<br /> 33. How to achieve YOY values (For e.g. YOY sales or profit) in tableau? If your answer is using quick table calculation then they might expect for another way to do it (using calculated field)<br /> 34. Get an idea as how to calculate YTD, MTD, YOY, MOM, Previous year sales at a given period (especially using calculated field as there are lot of ways provided Tableau experts)<br /> 35. what is the Rank function in Tableau? (go through all the 5 rank functions in tableau-like Rank, Rank_dense, Rank_combined etc.,)<br /> 36. What is the index function in tableau and the difference between rank and index functions?<br /> 37. There are some scenarios like they may ask what is the result of all 5 rank functions given a number say (1,3,4,3)<br /> 38. what is Lookup function and have you used it so far? how and when?<br /> 39. How do you manage to use filters when you are using lookups? (questions might be in different forms)<br /> 40. What is a dimension and a measure in tableau?<br /> 41. How tableau automatically identifies a dimension and a measure? what is the criteria?<br /> 42. Have you ever noticed that some dimension appearing as a measure in tableau? why?<br /> 43. What are the blue and green pills highlighted across dimensions and measures?<br /> 44. What is discrete and continuous in tableau?<br /> 45. How to change a field from discrete to continuous and what is the significance?<br /> 46. Is date (Full date) a discrete or continuous value?<br /> 47. How many columns by default tableau will accept in a report? If we want more is there any way to change it? (this question might be asked in different forms)<br /> 48. How to create a bin? what is the purpose?<br /> 49. what is aggregation and de-aggregation and the significance?<br /> 50.&nbsp; What is the maximum number of tables we can join in tableau?http://www.cinterviews.com/2018/03/tableau-interview-questions-freshers-experienced.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-4097011939637528335Sun, 04 Mar 2018 09:50:00 +00002018-03-04T01:50:47.535-08:00basic javacore java interview questionsfaqs javajava interview question and answersjava interview questions and answersjava interview questions bookjava interviews<b>Java interview questions: Interview questions on java</b><br /> <b><br /></b> <b>Basic Java Interview questions</b><br /> 1)Briefly Explain JVM ,JRE,and JDK?<br />2)What are the important Features of Java 8 and recent release?<br />3)What exactly you mean by Java is platform independent?<br />4)Explain main difference between JDK and JVM?<br />5)Briefly tell the difference between JVM and JRE?<br />6)Which class is the superclass of all classes?<br />7)Reason Why Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance?<br />8)Explain Why Java is not pure Object Oriented language?<br />9)Why we have difference between path and classpath variables?<br />10)Explain the Importance of main method in Java?<br />11)Explain the concepts of overloading and overriding in java point of view?<br />12)Do we overload main method?<br />13)Is it possible to have multiple public classes in a java source file?<br />14)Java Package means to you and which package is imported by default when you try?<br />15)In java what are access modifiers?<br />16)Explain what is final keyword and static keyword?<br />17)Difference between finally and finalize in java?<br />18)Can we declare a class as static?<br />19)What do you mean by static import?<br />20)What is try-with-resources in java?<br />21)What is multi-catch block in java?<br />22)What is static block?<br />23)What is an interface?<br />24)What is an abstract class?<br />25)What is the difference between abstract class and interface?<br />26)Can an interface implement or extend another interface?<br />27)What is Marker interface?<br />28)What are Wrapper classes?<br />29)What is Enum in Java?<br />30)What is Java Annotations?<br />31)What is Java Reflection API? Why it’s so important to have?<br />32)What is composition in java?<br />33)What is the benefit of Composition over Inheritance?<br />34)How to sort a collection of custom Objects in Java?<br />35)What is inner class in java?<br />36)What is anonymous inner class?<br />37)What is Classloader in Java?<br />38)What are different types of classloaders?<br />39)What is ternary operator in java?<br />40)What does super keyword do?<br />42)What is break and continue statement?<br />43)What is this keyword?<br />44)What is default constructor?<br />45)Can we have try without catch block?<br />46)What is Garbage Collection?<br />47)What is Serialization and Deserialization?<br />48)How to run a JAR file through command prompt?<br />49)What is the use of System class?<br />50)What is instanceof keyword?<br />51)Can we use String with switch case?<div> 52)Java is Pass by Value or Pass by Reference?<br />53)Can we Override static methods in java?<br />54) What happens if you remove static modifier from the main method?<br />55)What is object cloning?<br />56)Super keyword in java?<br />57)Difference between hashtable and hash map in java?<br />58)What are all the features missing in Java?<br />59)Write a program to reverse string with out using string buffer?<br />60)How do you check if two given String are anagrams?</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2018/03/interview-questions-on-java-interview-questions.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-1096941325499923752Tue, 01 Jul 2014 17:20:00 +00002014-07-01T10:20:00.051-07:00accenture interviewadobe puzzlescinterviewfaq puzzlesimportant puzzles<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3> &nbsp;Palindrome Puzzle interview Question</h3> <h3> Palindromes</h3> <div class="text"> Problem: this year on October 2, 2001, the date in MMDDYYYY format will be a palindrome (same forwards as backwards).<br />10/02/2001<br />when was the last date that this occurred on? (see if you can do it in your head!)<br /> <h3> Solution</h3> Solution: we know the year has to be less than 2001 since we already have the palindrome for 10/02. it can’t be any year in 1900 because that would result in a day of 91. same for 1800 down to 1400. it could be a year in 1300 because that would be the 31st day. so whats the latest year in 1300 that would make a month? at first i thought it would be 1321, since that would give us the 12th month, but we have to remember that we want the maximum <strong>year</strong> in the 1300 century with a valid month, which would actually be 1390, since 09/31 is a valid date.<br /> but of course, a question like this wouldn’t be complete without an <em>aha</em> factor. and of course, there are not 31 days in september, only 30. so we have to go back to august 08 which means the correct date would be <strong>08/31/1380</strong>.<br /> palindromes also offer another great string question.<br />write a function that tests for palindromes<br /><code>bool isPalindrome( char* pStr )</code><br /> if you start a pointer at the beginning and the end of the string and keep comparing characters while moving the pointers closer together, you can test if the string is the same forwards and backwards. notice that the pointers only have to travel to the middle, not all the way to the other end (to reduce redundancy).<br /> <pre>bool isPalindrome( char* pStr ) { if ( pStr == NULL ) return false; &nbsp; char* pEnd = pStr; while ( *pEnd != '\0' ) pEnd++; &nbsp; pEnd--; &nbsp; while(pEnd &gt; pStr) { if ( *pEnd != *pStr ) return false; &nbsp; pEnd--; pStr++; } &nbsp; return true; }</pre> <small>thanks to tom for sending me this one! congrats on the wedding…</small></div> <br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to <a href="mailto:cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com">cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com</a> so that it will be useful to our job search community</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/07/palindrome-puzzle-interview-question.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-2223671205052491919Tue, 03 Jun 2014 03:28:00 +00002020-04-19T00:23:01.758-07:00AndroidAndroid geolocationGeo LocationSample for Geo Location<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 class="title"> </h3> <div class="title" style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Most Android devices allow to determine the current geolocation.&nbsp; </span>Below is the sample for Android.</div> <h3 class="title"> Create Project </h3> Create a new project called <em class="wordasword">de.vogella.android.locationapi.simple</em> with the Activity called <em class="wordasword">ShowLocationActivity</em>. <br /> This example will not use the Google Map therefore, it also runs on an Android device. <br /> Change your layout file from the <code class="filename">res/layout</code> folder to the following code. <br /> <div class="code"> &lt;?xml version=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"1.0"</span> encoding=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"utf-8"</span>?&gt;<br /> <pre class="programlisting">&lt;LinearLayout xmlns:android=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"</span> android:layout_width=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"match_parent"</span> android:layout_height=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"match_parent"</span> android:orientation=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"vertical"</span> &gt; &lt;LinearLayout android:id=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"@+id/linearLayout1"</span> android:layout_width=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"match_parent"</span> android:layout_height=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:layout_marginTop=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"40dip"</span> android:orientation=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"horizontal"</span> &gt; &lt;TextView android:id=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"@+id/TextView01"</span> android:layout_width=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:layout_height=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:layout_marginLeft=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"10dip"</span> android:layout_marginRight=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"5dip"</span> android:text=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"Latitude: "</span> android:textSize=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"20dip"</span> &gt; &lt;/TextView&gt; &lt;TextView android:id=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"@+id/TextView02"</span> android:layout_width=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:layout_height=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:text=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"unknown"</span> android:textSize=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"20dip"</span> &gt; &lt;/TextView&gt; &lt;/LinearLayout&gt; &lt;LinearLayout android:id=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"@+id/linearLayout2"</span> android:layout_width=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"match_parent"</span> android:layout_height=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> &gt; &lt;TextView android:id=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"@+id/TextView03"</span> android:layout_width=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:layout_height=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:layout_marginLeft=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"10dip"</span> android:layout_marginRight=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"5dip"</span> android:text=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"Longitute: "</span> android:textSize=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"20dip"</span> &gt; &lt;/TextView&gt; &lt;TextView android:id=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"@+id/TextView04"</span> android:layout_width=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:layout_height=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"wrap_content"</span> android:text=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"unknown"</span> android:textSize=<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"20dip"</span> &gt; &lt;/TextView&gt; &lt;/LinearLayout&gt; &lt;/LinearLayout&gt; </pre> </div> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="titlepage"> <h3 class="title"> Add permissions </h3> </div> Add the following permissions to your application in your <code class="filename">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file <br /> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"> <li class="listitem"> INTERNET <br /> </li> <li class="listitem"> ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION <br /> </li> <li class="listitem"> ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION <br /> </li> </ul> </div> <br /></div> <div class="section"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h3 class="title"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6344606745263664972" name="tutlocationapi_activity"></a>&nbsp;</h3> <h3 class="title"> &nbsp;Activity </h3> </div> </div> </div> Change ShowLocationActivity to the following. It queries the location manager and display the queried values in the activity. <br /> <br /> <div class="code"> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="hl-keyword">package</span> de.vogella.android.locationsapi.simple; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.app.Activity; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.content.Context; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.location.Criteria; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.location.Location; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.location.LocationListener; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.location.LocationManager; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.os.Bundle; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.widget.TextView; <span class="hl-keyword">import</span> android.widget.Toast; <span class="hl-keyword">public</span> <span class="hl-keyword">class</span> ShowLocationActivity <span class="hl-keyword">extends</span> Activity <span class="hl-keyword">implements</span> LocationListener { <span class="hl-keyword">private</span> TextView latituteField; <span class="hl-keyword">private</span> TextView longitudeField; <span class="hl-keyword">private</span> LocationManager locationManager; <span class="hl-keyword">private</span> String provider; <div class="hl-tag" style="color: #008800;"> /** Called when the activity is first created. */</div> <em><span class="hl-annotation" style="color: grey;">@Override</span></em> <span class="hl-keyword">public</span> <span class="hl-keyword">void</span> onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { <span class="hl-keyword">super</span>.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main); latituteField = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.TextView02); longitudeField = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.TextView04); <em class="hl-comment" style="color: #008800;">// Get the location manager</em> locationManager = (LocationManager) getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE); <em class="hl-comment" style="color: #008800;">// Define the criteria how to select the locatioin provider -&gt; use</em> <em class="hl-comment" style="color: #008800;">// default</em> Criteria criteria = <span class="hl-keyword">new</span> Criteria(); provider = locationManager.getBestProvider(criteria, false); Location location = locationManager.getLastKnownLocation(provider); <em class="hl-comment" style="color: #008800;">// Initialize the location fields</em> <span class="hl-keyword">if</span> (location != null) { System.out.println(<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"Provider "</span> + provider + <span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">" has been selected."</span>); onLocationChanged(location); } <span class="hl-keyword">else</span> { latituteField.setText(<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"Location not available"</span>); longitudeField.setText(<span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"Location not available"</span>); } } <em class="hl-comment" style="color: #008800;">/* Request updates at startup */</em> <em><span class="hl-annotation" style="color: grey;">@Override</span></em> <span class="hl-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hl-keyword">void</span> onResume() { <span class="hl-keyword">super</span>.onResume(); locationManager.requestLocationUpdates(provider, <span class="hl-number">400</span>, <span class="hl-number">1</span>, <span class="hl-keyword">this</span>); } <em class="hl-comment" style="color: #008800;">/* Remove the locationlistener updates when Activity is paused */</em> <em><span class="hl-annotation" style="color: grey;">@Override</span></em> <span class="hl-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hl-keyword">void</span> onPause() { <span class="hl-keyword">super</span>.onPause(); locationManager.removeUpdates(<span class="hl-keyword">this</span>); } <em><span class="hl-annotation" style="color: grey;">@Override</span></em> <span class="hl-keyword">public</span> <span class="hl-keyword">void</span> onLocationChanged(Location location) { <span class="hl-keyword">int</span> lat = (<span class="hl-keyword">int</span>) (location.getLatitude()); <span class="hl-keyword">int</span> lng = (<span class="hl-keyword">int</span>) (location.getLongitude()); latituteField.setText(String.valueOf(lat)); longitudeField.setText(String.valueOf(lng)); } <em><span class="hl-annotation" style="color: grey;">@Override</span></em> <span class="hl-keyword">public</span> <span class="hl-keyword">void</span> onStatusChanged(String provider, <span class="hl-keyword">int</span> status, Bundle extras) { <em class="hl-comment" style="color: #008800;">// TODO Auto-generated method stub</em> } <em><span class="hl-annotation" style="color: grey;">@Override</span></em> <span class="hl-keyword">public</span> <span class="hl-keyword">void</span> onProviderEnabled(String provider) { Toast.makeText(<span class="hl-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"Enabled new provider "</span> + provider, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } <em><span class="hl-annotation" style="color: grey;">@Override</span></em> <span class="hl-keyword">public</span> <span class="hl-keyword">void</span> onProviderDisabled(String provider) { Toast.makeText(<span class="hl-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hl-string" style="color: blue;">"Disabled provider "</span> + provider, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } } </pre> <br /></div> <div class="section"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h3 class="title"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6344606745263664972" name="tutlocationapi_run"></a>&nbsp;</h3> <h3 class="title"> &nbsp;Run and Test </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> If you using the emulator send some geo-coordinates to your device. These geo-coordinate should be displayed as soon as you press the button. </div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/06/sample-for-android-geo-location.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-8783208160747303840Tue, 03 Jun 2014 03:16:00 +00002016-12-02T00:17:52.443-08:00Androidbasic Android interview questionsmobilityqa interview questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <b>Basic Android Interview questions</b><br /> <b>1) What is Android?</b><br /> It is an open-sourced operating system that is used primarily on mobile devices, such as cell phones and tablets. It is a Linux kernel-based system that’s been equipped with rich components that allows developers to create and run apps that can perform both basic and advanced functions.<br /> <br /> <b>2) What Is the Google Android SDK?</b><br /> The Google Android SDK is a toolset that developers need in order to write apps on Android enabled devices. It contains a graphical interface that emulates an Android driven handheld environment, allowing them to test and debug their codes.<br /> <br /> <b>3) What is the Android Architecture?</b><br /> Android Architecture is made up of 4 key components:<br /> - Linux Kernel<br /> - Libraries<br /> - Android Framework<br /> - Android Applications<br /> <br /> <b>4) Describe the Android Framework.</b><br /> The Android Framework is an important aspect of the Android Architecture. Here you can find all the classes and methods that developers would need in order to write applications on the Android environment.<br /> <br /> <b>5) What is AAPT?</b><br /> AAPT is short for Android Asset Packaging Tool. This tool provides developers with the ability to deal with zip-compatible archives, which includes creating, extracting as well as viewing its contents.<br /> <br /> <div> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>6) What is the importance of having an emulator within the Android environment?</b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;">The emulator lets developers “play” around an interface that acts as if it were an actual mobile device. They can write and test codes, and even debug. Emulators are a safe place for testing codes especially if it is in the early design phase.<br /><br /><b>7) What is the use of an activityCreator?</b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;">An activityCreator is the first step towards the creation of a new Android project. It is made up of a shell script that will be used to create new file system structure necessary for writing codes within the Android IDE.<br /><br /><b>8 ) Describe Activities.</b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Activities are what you refer to as the window to a user interface. Just as you create windows in order to display output or to ask for an input in the form of dialog boxes, activities play the same role, though it may not always be in the form of a user interface.<br /><br /><b>9) What are Intents?</b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Intents displays notification messages to the user from within the Android enabled device. It can be used to alert the user of a particular state that occurred. Users can be made to respond to intents.<br /><br /><b>10) Differentiate Activities from Services.</b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Activities can be closed, or terminated anytime the user wishes. On the other hand, services are designed to run behind the scenes, and can act independently. Most services run continuously, regardless of whether there are certain or no activities being executed.<br /><br /><b>11) What items are important in every Android project?</b></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;">These are the essential items that are present each time an Android project is created:<br />- AndroidManifest.xml<br />- build.xml<br />- bin/<br />- src/<br />- res/<br />- assets/<br /><br /><b>12) What is the importance of XML-based layouts?</b><br />The use of XML-based layouts provides a consistent and somewhat standard means of setting GUI definition format. In common practice, layout details are placed in XML files while other items are placed in source files.<br /><br /><b>13) What are containers?</b><br />Containers, as the name itself implies, holds objects and widgets together, depending on which specific items are needed and in what particular arrangement that is wanted. Containers may hold labels, fields, buttons, or even child containers, as examples.<br /><br /><b>14) What is Orientation?</b><br />Orientation, which can be set using setOrientation(), dictates if the LinearLayout is represented as a row or as a column. Values are set as either HORIZONTAL or VERTICAL.<br /><br /><b>15) What is the importance of Android in the mobile market?</b><br />Developers can write and register apps that will specifically run under the Android environment. This means that every mobile device that is Android enabled will be able to support and run these apps. With the growing popularity of Android mobile devices, developers can take advantage of this trend by creating and uploading their apps on the Android Market for distribution to anyone who wants to download it.<br /><br /><b>16) What do you think are some disadvantages of Android?</b><br />Given that Android is an open-source platform, and the fact that different Android operating systems have been released on different mobile devices, there’s no clear cut policy to how applications can adapt with various OS versions and upgrades. One app that runs on this particular version of Android OS may or may not run on another version. Another disadvantage is that since mobile devices such as phones and tabs come in different sizes and forms, it poses a challenge for developers to create apps that can adjust correctly to the right screen size and other varying features and specs.<br /><br /><b>17) What is adb?</b><br />Adb is short for Android Debug Bridge. It allows developers the power to execute remote shell commands. Its basic function is to allow and control communication towards and from the emulator port.<br /><br /><b>18) What are the four essential states of an activity?</b><br />- Active – if the activity is at the foreground<br />- Paused – if the activity is at the background and still visible<br />- Stopped – if the activity is not visible and therefore is hidden or obscured by another activity<br />- Destroyed – when the activity process is killed or completed terminated<br /><br /><b>19) What is ANR?</b><br />ANR is short for Application Not Responding. This is actually a dialog that appears to the user whenever an application have been unresponsive for a long period of time.<br /><br /><br /><b>20) Which elements can occur only once and must be present?</b><br />Among the different elements, the and elements must be present and can occur only once. The rest are optional, and can occur as many times as needed.<br /><br /><b>21) How are escape characters used as attribute?</b><br />Escape characters are preceded by double backslashes. For example, a newline character is created using ‘\\n’<br /><br /><b>22) What is the importance of settings permissions in app development?</b><br />Permissions allow certain restrictions to be imposed primarily to protect data and code. Without these, codes could be compromised, resulting to defects in functionality.<br /><br /><b>23) What is the function of an intent filter?</b><br />Because every component needs to indicate which intents they can respond to, intent filters are used to filter out intents that these components are willing to receive. One or more intent filters are possible, depending on the services and activities that is going to make use of it.<br /><br /><b>24) Enumerate the three key loops when monitoring an activity?</b><br />- Entire lifetime – activity happens between onCreate and onDestroy<br />- Visible lifetime – activity happens between onStart and onStop<br />- Foreground lifetime – activity happens between onResume and onPause<br /><br /><b>25) When is the onStop() method invoked?</b><br />A call to onStop method happens when an activity is no longer visible to the user, either because another activity has taken over or if in front of that activity.<br /><br /><br /><b>26) Is there a case wherein other qualifiers in multiple resources take precedence over locale?</b><br />Yes, there are actually instances wherein some qualifiers can take precedence over locale. There are two known exceptions, which are the MCC (mobile country code) and MNC (mobile network code) qualifiers.<br /><br /><b>27) What are the different states wherein a process is based?</b><br />There are 4 possible states:<br />- foreground activity<br />- visible activity<br />- background activity<br />- empty process<br /><br /><b>28) How can the ANR be prevented?</b><br />One technique that prevents the Android system from concluding a code that has been responsive for a long period of time is to create a child thread. Within the child thread, most of the actual workings of the codes can be placed, so that the main thread runs with minimal periods of unresponsive times.<br /><br /><b>29) What role does Dalvik play in Android development?</b><br />Dalvik serves as a virtual machine, and it is where every Android application runs. Through Dalvik, a device is able to execute multiple virtual machines efficiently through better memory management.<br /><br /><b>30) What is the AndroidManifest.xml?</b><br />This file is essential in every application. It is declared in the root directory and contains information about the application that the Android system must know before the codes can be executed.<br /><br /><b>31) What is the proper way of setting up an Android-powered device for app development?</b><br />The following are steps to be followed prior to actual application development in an Android-powered device:<br />-Declare your application as “debuggable” in your Android Manifest.<br />-Turn on “USB Debugging” on your device.<br />-Set up your system to detect your device.<br /><br /><b>32) Enumerate the steps in creating a bounded service through AIDL.</b><br />1. create the .aidl file, which defines the programming interface<br />2. implement the interface, which involves extending the inner abstract Stub class as well as implanting its methods.<br />3. expose the interface, which involves implementing the service to the clients.<br /><br /><b>33) What is the importance of Default Resources?</b><br />When default resources, which contain default strings and files, are not present, an error will occur and the app will not run. Resources are placed in specially named subdirectories under the project res/ directory.<br /><br /><br /><b>34) When dealing with multiple resources, which one takes precedence?</b><br />Assuming that all of these multiple resources are able to match the configuration of a device, the ‘locale’ qualifier almost always takes the highest precedence over the others.<br /><br /><b>35) When does ANR occur?</b><br />The ANR dialog is displayed to the user based on two possible conditions. One is when there is no response to an input event within 5 seconds, and the other is when a broadcast receiver is not done executing within 10 seconds.<br /><br /><b>36) What is AIDL?</b><br />AIDL, or Android Interface Definition Language, handles the interface requirements between a client and a service so both can communicate at the same level through interprocess communication or IPC. This process involves breaking down objects into primitives that Android can understand. This part is required simply because a process cannot access the memory of the other process.<br /><br /><b>37) What data types are supported by AIDL?</b><br />AIDL has support for the following data types:<br />-string<br />-charSequence<br />-List<br />-Map<br />-all native Java data types like int,long, char and Boolean<br /><br /><b>38) What is a Fragment?</b><br />A fragment is a part or portion of an activity. It is modular in a sense that you can move around or combine with other fragments in a single activity. Fragments are also reusable.<br /><br /><b>39) What is a visible activity?</b><br />A visible activity is one that sits behind a foreground dialog. It is actually visible to the user, but not necessarily being in the foreground itself.<br /><br /><b>40) When is the best time to kill a foreground activity?</b><br />The foreground activity, being the most important among the other states, is only killed or terminated as a last resort, especially if it is already consuming too much memory. When a memory paging state has been reach by a foreground activity, then it is killed so that the user interface can retain its responsiveness to the user.<br /><br /><b>41) Is it possible to use or add a fragment without using a user interface?</b><br />Yes, it is possible to do that, such as when you want to create a background behavior for a particular activity. You can do this by using add(Fragment,string) method to add a fragment from the activity.<br /><br /><b>42) How do you remove icons and widgets from the main screen of the Android device?</b><br />To remove an icon or shortcut, press and hold that icon. You then drag it downwards to the lower part of the screen where a remove button appears.<br /><br /><b>43) What are the core components under the Android application architecture?</b><br />There are 5 key components under the Android application architecture:<br />- services<br />- intent<br />- resource externalization<br />- notifications<br />- content providers<br /><br /><b>44) What composes a typical Android application project?</b><br />A project under Android development, upon compilation, becomes an .apk file. This apk file format is actually made up of the AndroidManifest.xml file, application code, resource files, and other related files.<br /><br /><b>45) What is a Sticky Intent?</b><br />A Sticky Intent is a broadcast from sendStickyBroadcast() method such that the intent floats around even after the broadcast, allowing others to collect data from it.<br /><br /><b>46) Do all mobile phones support the latest Android operating system?</b><br />Some Android-powered phone allows you to upgrade to the higher Android operating system version. However, not all upgrades would allow you to get the latest version. It depends largely on the capability and specs of the phone, whether it can support the newer features available under the latest Android version.<br /><br /><b>47) What is portable wi-fi hotspot?</b><br />Portable Wi-Fi Hotspot allows you to share your mobile internet connection to other wireless device. For example, using your Android-powered phone as a Wi-Fi Hotspot, you can use your laptop to connect to the Internet using that access point.<br /><br /><b>48) What is an action?</b><br />In Android development, an action is what the intent sender wants to do or expected to get as a response. Most application functionality is based on the intended action.<br /><br /><b>49) What is the difference between a regular bitmap and a nine-patch image?</b><br />In general, a Nine-patch image allows resizing that can be used as background or other image size requirements for the target device. The Nine-patch refers to the way you can resize the image: 4 corners that are unscaled, 4 edges that are scaled in 1 axis, and the middle one that can be scaled into both axes.<br /><br /><b>50) What language is supported by Android for application development?</b><br />The main language supported is Java programming language. Java is the most popular language for app development, which makes it ideal even for new Android developers to quickly learn to create and deploy applications in the Android envi<span style="font-family: inherit;">ron</span>ment.</span></div> </div> </div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/06/basic-android-interview-questions.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-1173796546062724878Fri, 23 May 2014 02:37:00 +00002014-05-22T19:37:25.926-07:00cinterviewcinterviewsdifference between html and xmltutorials<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 40px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"> What are HTML Tags?</h3> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">Consider this example</span><br /> <pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><ol class="linenums" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 33px; padding: 0px;"> <li class="L0" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;html&gt;</span></li> <li class="L1" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;head&gt;</span></li> <li class="L2" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;title&gt;</span><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">Your page title</span><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/title&gt;</span></li> <li class="L3" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/head&gt;</span></li> <li class="L4" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;body&gt;</span></li> <li class="L5" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="com" style="color: #93a1a1; margin: 0px;">&lt;!-- An HTML comment which is not displayed on the web page --&gt;</span></li> <li class="L6" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;h1&gt;</span><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">Your page heading</span><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/h1&gt;</span></li> <li class="L7" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;p&gt;</span><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">Your page content in a paragraph.</span><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/p&gt;</span></li> <li class="L8" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/body&gt;</span></li> <li class="L9" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/html&gt;</span></li> </ol> </pre> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">The words&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;html&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;head&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;title&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/title&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/head&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;body&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;h1&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;p&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/p&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/h1&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/body&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/html&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">&nbsp;etc., are called HTML&nbsp;Tags.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more" style="background-color: white; color: #0088cc; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">The words&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;html&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;head&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;title&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;body&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;h1&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;p&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">&nbsp;etc., are called&nbsp;</span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;">opening tags / start tags</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">The words&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/html&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/head&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/title&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/body&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/h1&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">,&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;/p&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">&nbsp;(with a back slash&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">/</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">) etc., are called&nbsp;</span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;">closing tags / end tags</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">.&nbsp;</span><br /> <h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 40px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">What is the syntax to write an HTML Tag?</a></h3> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">HTML Tags are not case sensitive and you are free to use both uppercase or lowercase tags or a combination of both. Now a days many websites use lowercase tags and for future specifications (versions) of HTML it is recommended to use lowercase tags.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">Any number of line breaks and spaces in a HTML document are treated as a single space character (exception:&nbsp;</span><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;pre&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">&nbsp;tag).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><br /> <pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><ol class="linenums" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 33px; padding: 0px;"> <li class="L0" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;p&gt;</span><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">Your page content in a paragraph.</span><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/p&gt;</span></li> </ol> </pre> <pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><ol class="linenums" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 33px; padding: 0px;"> <li class="L0" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;p&gt;</span></li> <li class="L1" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">Your page content in a paragraph.</span></li> <li class="L2" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/p&gt;</span></li> </ol> </pre> <pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><ol class="linenums" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 33px; padding: 0px;"> <li class="L0" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;p&gt;</span></li> <li class="L1" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">Your page</span></li> <li class="L2" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">content in a paragraph.</span></li> <li class="L3" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/p&gt;</span></li> </ol> </pre> <pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><ol class="linenums" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 33px; padding: 0px;"> <li class="L0" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;p&gt;</span></li> <li class="L1" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">Your page</span></li> <li class="L2" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;"> content in a paragraph.</span></li> <li class="L3" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/p&gt;</span></li> </ol> </pre> <pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-shadow: rgb(251, 251, 252) 40px 0px 0px inset, rgb(236, 236, 240) 41px 0px 0px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><ol class="linenums" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 33px; padding: 0px;"> <li class="L0" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;p&gt;</span></li> <li class="L1" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;">Your page</span></li> <li class="L2" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;"> content</span></li> <li class="L3" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="pln" style="color: black; margin: 0px;"> in a paragraph.</span></li> <li class="L4" style="color: #bebec5; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 12px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px;"><span class="tag" style="color: blue; margin: 0px;">&lt;/p&gt;</span></li> </ol> </pre> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">The ouput of all the above codes is same.</span><br /> <h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 40px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"> <a href="http://www.manabadico.in/" target="_blank">List of some commonly used HTML Tags</a></h3> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">Please note that the default display of elements will be different from our examples as we use various CSS to style our web page</span><br /> <table class="table table-striped table-bordered" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-spacing: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0px; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; width: 625px;"><thead style="margin: 0px;"> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><th style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: bottom;">Tag</th><th style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: bottom;">Description</th><th style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: bottom;">Example</th></tr> </thead><tbody style="margin: 0px;"> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;a&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Anchor tag is used to display hyper links</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.pirob.com/2012/12/html-tags.html#" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0088cc; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none;">This is a link</a></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;b&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">This tag makes the text inside it bold</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><b style="margin: 0px;">This is a bold text</b></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;body&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">This defines the body of a HTML document</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">This tag is found in each and every web page</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;br /&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Introduces a line break in the web page.<br style="margin: 0px;" />It is an empty element which has no closing tag</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">line 1&nbsp;<br style="margin: 0px;" />line 2</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;button&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Creates a clickable button (mostly used in forms)</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><button style="cursor: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" type="button">Click me. I'm a button</button></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;div&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Used to organise content into divisions (sections)</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Extensively used in almost all web pages</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;em&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Emphasizes text inside it</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><em style="margin: 0px;">This text is emphasized</em></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;form&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Used to submit data using input tags</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">View forms demo</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;frame&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Creates a frame which is like a sub-window</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">View frames demo</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;h1&gt;</code>&nbsp;to<code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;h6&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Heading tags are used to define the heading of a page</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><h2 style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 25px; line-height: 40px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"> Heading</h2> in a&nbsp;<code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;h2&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;head&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Contains the information of a dcoument like page's title</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">View example</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;hr /&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Similar to&nbsp;<code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;br /&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag but introduces a horizontal line</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">line 1&nbsp;<br style="margin: 0px;" /><hr style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; margin: 20px 0px;" /> line 2</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;html&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">It is the root of any HTML document</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">It is found in every html document</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;i&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Makes the text inside it italicized</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><i style="margin: 0px;">This is an italic text</i></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;iframe&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Creates an inline frame</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">View iframes demo</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;img /&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Image tag is an empty tag used to insert images</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><img src="http://pirob.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/img/favicon.png" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;input /&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">An empty element used to input data</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><input style="line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 206px;" /></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;label&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Acts as a label for an input</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><label for="asdfgascas" style="display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 5px;">Click me</label><input id="asdfgascas" style="line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 206px;" /></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;li&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Display an item of a list (ordered and unordered)</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><br style="margin: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px;" /> <li style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;">Item 1</li> </td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;ol&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Make an ordered list of items</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><ol style="margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;">Item 1</li> <li style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;">Item 2</li> </ol> </td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;p&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Display content in a paragraph</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">This is a paragraph<br style="margin: 0px;" />This is another paragraph</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;span&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Define a section in a document</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Used to style different sections in an element</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;strong&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Make the text look more important</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><strong style="margin: 0px;">This is a strong text</strong></td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;table&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Create a table</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">You are already viewing this in a table</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;td&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Display a table cell</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">This text is in a table cell</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;tr&gt;</code></td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Create a table row</td><td style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">These three cells of the current line form a row</td></tr> <tr style="margin: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><code style="background-color: #f7f7f9; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 4px;">&lt;ul&gt;</code></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Make an unordered list of items</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;">Item 1</li> <li style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;">Item 2</li> </ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <b><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a></b> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com so that it will be useful to our job search community</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/05/what-are-html-tags.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-5228803518500927061Fri, 23 May 2014 02:33:00 +00002014-05-22T19:33:29.707-07:00ms access shortcutkeysms word short cut keysshortcut keysvi shortcutswindows shortcutkeys<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><b>Keyboard Shortcuts for Microsoft Windows operating system.</b></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Keyboard Shorcuts (Microsoft Windows)</a></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">1. CTRL+C (Copy)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">2. CTRL+X (Cut)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">3. CTRL+V (Paste)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">4. CTRL+Z (Undo)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">5. DELETE (Delete)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">6. SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">7. CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">8. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">10. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">11. CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">12. CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">13. CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">14. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">15. CTRL+A (Select all)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">16. F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">17. ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">18. ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">19. ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">20. ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">21. CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents opensimultaneou sly)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">22. ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">23. ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">24. F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">25. F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">26. SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">27. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">28. CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">29. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu) Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">30. F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">31. RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">32. LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">33. F5 key (Update the active window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">34. BACKSPACE (View the folder onelevel up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">35. ESC (Cancel the current task)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">36. SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROMinto the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Dialog Box - Keyboard Shortcuts</a></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">1. CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">2. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">3. TAB (Move forward through the options)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">4. SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">5. ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">6. ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">7. SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">8. Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">9. F1 key (Display Help)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">10. F4 key (Display the items in the active list)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">11. BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts</a></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">1. Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">2. Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">3. Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">4. Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">5. Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restorethe minimized windows)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">6. Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">7. Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">8. CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">9. Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">10. Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">11. Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">12. Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">13. Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">14. Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">15. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">16. Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">17. SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">18. NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">19. Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">20. Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">21. END (Display the bottom of the active window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">22. HOME (Display the top of the active window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">23. NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">24. NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">25. NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">26. LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">27. RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Shortcut Keys for Character Map</a></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">1. RIGHT ARROW (Move to the rightor to the beginning of the next line)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">2. LEFT ARROW (Move to the left orto the end of the previous line)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">3. UP ARROW (Move up one row)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">4. DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">5. PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">6. PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">7. HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">8. END (Move to the end of the line)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">9. CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">10. CTRL+END (Move to the last character)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">11. SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Microsoft Management Console (MMC)</a></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">1. CTRL+O (Open a saved console)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">2. CTRL+N (Open a new console)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">3. CTRL+S (Save the open console)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">4. CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">5. CTRL+W (Open a new window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">6. F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">7. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">8. ALT+F4 (Close the console)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">9. ALT+A (Display the Action menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">10. ALT+V (Display the View menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">11. ALT+F (Display the File menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">12. ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts</a></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">1. CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">2. ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">3. SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">4. F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">5. F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">6. CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">7. CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">8. ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for theselected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">10. CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Remote Desktop Connection Navigation</a></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">1. CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">2. ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">3. ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">4. ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">5. ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">6. CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">7. ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">8. CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">9. CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place asnapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboardand provide the same functionality aspressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Microsoft Internet Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts</a></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">1. CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">2. CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">3. CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">4. CTRL+H (Open the History bar)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">5. CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">6. CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">7. CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">8. CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box,the same as CTRL+L)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">9. CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">10. CTRL+R (Update the current Web )</span><br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com so that it will be useful to our job search community</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/05/keyboard-shortcuts-for-microsoft.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-3035218026411372169Thu, 22 May 2014 01:51:00 +00002014-05-21T18:51:57.273-07:00cinterviewscore java interview questionsfresher interviewjava interview question and answers<a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"><b>Freshers Java Interview Questions </b></a><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Q:What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?</a><br />A: An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract. An interface has all public members and no implementation. An abstract class is a class which may have the usual flavors of class members (private, protected, etc.), but has some abstract methods.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">Q: What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used?</a><br />A: The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused. A Java object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in which it is used.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading?</a><br />A: With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchonization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared variable while another thread is in the process of using or updating same shared variable. This usually leads to significant errors. <br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: Explain different way of using thread? </a><br />A: The thread could be implemented by using runnable interface or by inheriting from the Thread class. The former is more advantageous, 'cause when you are going for multiple inheritance..the only interface can help.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: What are pass by reference and passby value?</a><br /> A: Pass By Reference means the passing the address itself rather than passing the value. Passby Value means passing a copy of the value to be passed.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: What is HashMap and Map?</a><br />A: Map is Interface and Hashmap is class that implements that.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: Difference between HashMap and HashTable?</a><br />A: The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls. (HashMap allows null values as key and value whereas Hashtable doesnt allow). HashMap does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant over time. HashMap is unsynchronized and Hashtable is synchronized.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: Difference between Vector and ArrayList?</a><br />A: Vector is synchronized whereas arraylist is not.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: Difference between Swing and Awt?</a><br />A: AWT are heavy-weight componenets. Swings are light-weight components. Hence swing works faster than AWT.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: What is the difference between a constructor and a method? </a><br />A: A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has the same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operator.<br /> A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: What is an Iterator?</a><br />A: Some of the collection classes provide traversal of their contents via a java.util.Iterator interface. This interface allows you to walk through a collection of objects, operating on each object in turn. Remember when using Iterators that they contain a snapshot of the collection at the time the Iterator was obtained; generally it is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: State the significance of public, private, protected, default modifiers both singly and in combination and state the effect of package relationships on declared items qualified by these modifiers.</a><br />A: public : Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must be public too)<br /> private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same class that declares the variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature.<br /> protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature.This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different package from the class that owns the protected feature.<br /> default :What you get by default ie, without any access modifier (ie, public private or protected).It means that it is visible to all within a particular package.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: What is an abstract class?</a><br />A: Abstract class must be extended/subclassed (to be useful). It serves as a template. A class that is abstract may not be instantiated (ie, you may not call its constructor), abstract class may contain static data. Any class with an abstract method is automatically abstract itself, and must be declared as such.<br /> A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This prevents it from being instantiated.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: What is static in java?</a><br />A: Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a class might exist. This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a class.Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you can't override a static method with a nonstatic method. In other words, you can't change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank"> Q: What is final?</a>A: A final class can't be extended ie., final class may not be subclassed. A final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final variable (is a constant).&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com so that it will be useful to our job search communityhttp://www.cinterviews.com/2014/05/freshers-java-interview-questions.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-621219452072048813Thu, 22 May 2014 01:45:00 +00002014-05-21T18:45:30.307-07:00AndroidAndroid App Developmentandroid basic tutorialsandroid interview questions <b><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/">Basic Android Interview Question For Fresher and Experienced </a> </b><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">What is Android OS?</a><br /> <a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/">Android</a> is a stack of software for mobile devices which includes an Operating System, middleware and some key applications. The application executes within its own process and its own instance of Dalvik Virtual Machine. Many Virtual Machines run efficiently by a DVM device. DVM executes Java languages byte code which later transforms into .dex format files. <br />.apk extension<br />The extension for an Android package file, which typically contains all of the files related to a single Android application. The file itself is a compressed collection of an AndroidManifest.xml file, application code (.dex files), resource files, and other files. A project is compiled into a single .apk file.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/">.dex extension</a><br />Android programs are compiled into .dex (Dalvik Executable) files, which are in turn zipped into a single .apk file on the device. .dex files can be created by automatically translating compiled applications written in the Java programming language.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/">What is an Activity?</a><br /> A single screen in an application, with supporting Java code.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/">Action</a><br />A description of something that an Intent sender wants done. An action is a string value assigned to an Intent. Action strings can be defined by Android or by a third-party developer. For example, android.intent.action.VIEW for a Web URL, or com.example.rumbler.SHAKE_PHONE for a custom application to vibrate the phone.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">What are the advantages of Android?</a><br /> The following are the advantages of Android:<br /> * The customer will be benefited from wide range of mobile applications to choose, since the monopoly of wireless carriers like AT&amp;T and Orange will be broken by <a href="http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-android-interview-questions">Google Android</a>.<br /> * Features like weather details, live RSS feeds, opening screen, icon on the opening screen can be customized<br /> * Innovative products like the location-aware services, location of a nearby convenience store etc., are some of the additive facilities in Android.<br /> <a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">Adb</a><br />Android Debug Bridge, a command-line debugging application shipped with the SDK. It provides tools to browse the device, copy tools on the device, and forward ports for debugging. See <a href="http://code.google.com/android/reference/adb.html">Using adb</a> for more information.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">Dalvik</a><br />The name of Android’s virtual machine. The Dalvik VM is an interpreter-only virtual machine that executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format, a format that is optimized for efficient storage and memory-mappable execution. The virtual machine is register-based, and it can run classes compiled by a Java language compiler that have been transformed into its native format using the included “dx” tool. The VM runs on top of Posix-compliant operating systems, which it relies on for underlying functionality (such as threading and low level memory management). The Dalvik core class library is intended to provide a familiar development base for those used to programming with Java Standard Edition, but it is geared specifically to the needs of a small mobile device.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">DDMS</a><br />Dalvik Debug Monitor Service, a GUI debugging application shipped with the SDK. It provides screen capture, log dump, and process examination capabilities. See Using the Dalvik Debug Monitor Server to learn more about this program.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">Intent</a><br />A class (Intent) that contains several fields describing what a caller would like to do. The caller sends this intent to Android’s intent resolver, which looks through the intent filters of all applications to find the activity most suited to handle this intent. Intent fields include the desired action, a category, a data string, the MIME type of the data, a handling class, and other restrictions.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">Intent Filter</a><br />Activities and intent receivers include one or more filters in their manifest to describe what kinds of intents or messages they can handle or want to receive. An intent filter lists a set of requirements, such as data type, action requested, and URI format, that the Intent or message must fulfill. For Activities, Android searches for the Activity with the most closely matching valid match between the Intent and the activity filter. For messages, Android will forward a message to all receivers with matching intent filters.<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">How is nine-patch image different from a regular bitmap?</a><br /> It is a resizable bitmap resource that can be used for backgrounds or other images on the device. The NinePatch class permits drawing a bitmap in nine sections. The four corners are unscaled; the four edges are scaled in one axis, and the middle is scaled in both axes.<br /> <a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank"> What languages does Android support for application development?</a><br /> Android applications are written using the Java programming language.<br /> <a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">Describe Briefly the Android Application Architecture</a> Android Application Architecture has the following components:<br />Services like Network Operation<br /> Intent - To perform inter-communication between activities or services<br />Resource Externalization - such as strings and graphics<br /> Notification signaling users - light, sound, icon, notification, dialog etc.<br />Content Providers - They share data between applications<br /><a href="http://www.androidinterviewquestions.info/" target="_blank">What dialog boxes are supported in android?</a><br />Android supports 4 dialog boxes:<br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">AlertDialog </a>: An alert dialog box supports 0 to 3 buttons and a list of selectable elements, including check boxes and radio buttons. Among the other dialog boxes, the most suggested dialog box is the alert dialog box.<br /><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">ProgressDialog</a> : This dialog box displays a progress wheel or a progress bar. It is an extension of AlertDialog and supports adding buttons.<br /><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">DatePickerDialog</a> : This dialog box is used for selecting a date by the user.<br /><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/" target="_blank">TimePickerDialog</a> : This dialog box is used for selecting time by the user.<br /> How to Translate in Android?<br /> The Google translator translates the data of one language into another language by using XMPP to transmit data. You can type the message in English and select the language which is understood by the citizens of the country in order to reach the message to the citizens.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com so that it will be useful to our job search communityhttp://www.cinterviews.com/2014/05/fresher-android-interview-questions.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (cinterviews)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-7488694372364483184Fri, 16 May 2014 13:19:00 +00002014-05-16T06:32:16.931-07:00cinterviewselection 2014election results 2014news<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <b>Facts about narendra modi </b><br /> <br /> <b>Narendra Modi sleeps only three hours.</b> He is a workaholic. As CM of Gujarat, he reports to his office around 7 in the morning and works as late as 10 or even late in the night. <br /> Narendra Damodardas Modi&nbsp; born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician and is the incumbent and 14th Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was the prime ministerial candidate of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance in the 2014 Indian general elections and is set to be the next (15th) Prime Minister of India. <br /> <br />Modi was a key strategist for the BJP in the successful 1995 and 1998 Gujarat state election campaigns, and was a major campaign figure in the 2009 general elections, eventually won by the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA). He first became chief minister of Gujarat in October 2001 after the resignation of his predecessor, Keshubhai Patel, and following the defeat of BJP in the by-elections. In July 2007, he became the longest-serving Chief Minister in Gujarat's history, at which point he had been in power for 2,063 days continuously. He is currently serving his fourth consecutive term as Chief Minister. Modi is a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and is described as a Hindu nationalist by media, scholars and himself. He is a controversial figure both within India and internationally as his administration has been criticised for the incidents surrounding the 2002 Gujarat riots. He has been praised for his economic policies, which are credited with creating an environment for a high rate of economic growth in Gujarat. However, his administration has also been criticised for failing to make a significant positive impact upon the human development of the state.<br /> <br /> <b>Early life and education</b><br /> Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers belonging to the backward Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community, in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of what was then Bombay Presidency (present-day Gujarat), India.He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife, Heeraben. He helped his father sell tea at Vadnagar railway station when a child and as a teenager he ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus.He completed his schooling in Vadnagar, where a teacher described him as being an average student, but a keen debater who had an interest in theatre. That interest has influenced how he now projects himself in politics. <br /> <br /> Modi's parents arranged his marriage as a child, in keeping with the traditions of the Ghanchi caste. He was engaged at the age of 13 to Jashodaben Chimanlal and the couple were married by the time he was 18. They spent very little time together and were soon estranged because Modi decided to pursue an itinerant life. However as per Modi's biographer Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, the marriage was never consummated. Having remained silent on the question of marriage in four previous election campaigns, and having claimed that his status as a single person meant that he had no reason to be corrupt, Modi acknowledged Jashodaben as his legal spouse when filling in his nomination form for the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. Little is known of the two years that Modi spent travelling, probably in the Himalayas, and he resumed selling tea upon his return. He then worked in the staff canteen of Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation until he became a full–time pracharak (propagandist) of the RSS in 1970. He had been involved with the RSS as a volunteer from the age of eight and had come into contact with Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, leaders of the Jan Sangh who later founded the BJP's Gujarat state unit. After Modi had received some RSS training in Nagpur, which was a prerequisite for taking up an official position in the Sangh Parivar, he was given charge of Sangh's student wing, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, in Gujarat. Modi organised agitations and covert distribution of Sangh's pamphlets during the Emergency. Modi graduated with an extramural degree through <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1">Distance Education</span> in political science from Delhi University. Modi remained a pracharak in the RSS while he completed his Master's degree in political science from Gujarat University.<br /> <br /> Modi formally joined the RSS after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. In 1975, the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency and jailed political opponents. Modi went underground in Gujarat, occasionally disguised, and printed and sent booklets against the central government to Delhi. He also participated in the movement against the Emergency under Jayaprakash Narayan. The RSS assigned Modi to the BJP in 1985. While Shankarsingh Vaghela and Keshubhai Patel were the established names in the Gujarat BJP at that time, Modi rose to prominence after organising Murli Manohar Joshi's Kanyakumari-Srinagar Ekta yatra (Journey for Unity) in 1991. In 1988, Modi was elected as organizing secretary of BJP's Gujarat unit, marking his formal entry into mainstream politics. As secretary, his electoral strategy was central to BJP's victory in the 1995 state elections. In November 1995, Modi was elected National Secretary of BJP and was transferred to New Delhi where he was assigned responsibility for the party's activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Vaghela defected from the BJP after he lost the 1996 Lok Sabha elections, having previously threatened to do so in 1995. Modi was promoted to the post of General Secretary(Organisation) of the BJP in May 1998. While on the selection committee for the 1998 assembly elections in Gujarat, Modi favoured supporters of Patel over those loyal to Vaghela, in an attempt to put an end to the factional divisions within the party. His strategies were credited as being key to winning the 1998 elections.<br /> <br /> In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing, and the BJP had lost seats in the by-elections. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were being made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of the Bhuj Earthquake of 2001.As a result, the BJP's national leadership sought a new candidate for the office of chief minister, and Modi, who had aired his misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement. L. K. Advani, a senior leader of the BJP, did not want to ostracise Patel and was worried about Modi's lack of experience in governance. Modi declined an offer to be Patel's deputy chief minister, informing Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was "going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all", and on 7 October 2001, Modi was appointed the Chief Minister of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for elections in December 2002. As Chief Minister, Modi's ideas of governance revolved around privatisation and small government, which stood at odds with what political commentator Aditi Phadnis has described as the "anti-privatisation, anti-globalisation position" of the RSS.<br /> <br /> <b>Modi is a vegetarian.He has a frugal lifestyle with a personal staff of three. He is a workaholic and an introvert. He writes poems in Gujarati. As a speaker, he is known as a crowd-puller. He wears "business suits to business meetings, instead of homespun tunics. He still lampoons the urban, English-speaking elite, but he is also honing his English skills." Modi has been labelled by the media and some articles in peer-reviewed journals as a controversial, polarising, and divisive figure,but British economist Jim O'Neill, author of the BRIC report, wrote on his blog that Modi is "good on economics", one of the things that "India desperately needs in a leader". In August 2013, financial analyst Chris Wood, chief strategist of CLSA, wrote in his weekly Greed &amp; Fear that "the Indian stock market's greatest hope is the emergence of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi as the BJP's prime ministerial candidate.</b><br /> <br /> <b>Awards and recognitions</b><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>Gujarat Ratna by Shri Poona Gujarati Bandhu Samaj at Ganesh Kala Krida Manch on celebration of centenary year.</li> <li>e-Ratna award by the Computer Society of India</li> <li>Best Chief Minister – In a nationwide survey conducted in 2007 by India Today magazine, Narendra Modi was declared the Best Chief Minister in the country.</li> <li>Asian Winner of the fDi Personality of the Year Award for 2009 by FDi magazine.</li> <li>In March 2012, Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time, one of India's few politicians to have done so.</li> <li>Modi was featured in Time's 2014 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world</li> </ul> The biggest mystery of Narendra Modi’s life was his relationship status. The world knew him as a ‘bachelor’ till the time he declared himself as married in his election affidavit . A magazine published a story in 2009 that claimed Jashodaben to be Modi’s wife. The fact that Modi never contested the facts of the story gave credence to the content of the article. Modi's wife is a retired school teacher and lives in Rajosana village of Banaskantha district. She is said to got married with Modi when she was 18. She had studied up to class VIII only and that is supposed to have spoiled their relationship. It is said that Jashodaben does not like to be photographed as she believes she is not good looking. Not only this, she is conscious of Modi’s high position and does not want to create any embarrassment to Modi although she is hopeful that someday Modi will come to her and publicly accept her as his wife. In 2014 elections the media covered when she went out and cast her vote.<br /> <br /> Narendra Modi is a patriot since childhood. During Indo-Pak war of 1965, Modi, as a 15 year old boy, volunteered to serve the soldiers in transit at the railway stations. Similarly, in 1967 at an age of 17 years, he served the flood affected people of Gujarat.<br /> <br /> Modi was born in an OBC family of grocers in Vadnagar of Gujarat. Modi wanted to become a sanyasi when he was a child. In fact, he was always fascinated with Sadhus, different forms of worship and meditation. He ran away from home after completing his school education. He visited many places including Ramkrishna Ashram of Belur in West Bengal. Finally, he reached Himalayas and wandered aimlessly and stayed with unknown but yogic Sadhus for months. <br /> <br /> After returning from Himalayas, Modi ran a tea stall with his brother at the State Transport Office in Ahmedabad. Modi sold tea for many years. That was the time when Modi learnt what hardship really meant. It made him more determined and resolute in his approach towards life.<br /> Narendra Modi is very particular about his appearance in public. He prefers trimmed beard and hair. As for his clothes, his favourite cloth store used to be Jade Blue of Ahmedabad. He ensures that he looks elegant whenever he moves out.<br /> <br /> Narendra Modi has done a three-month course in US on public relations and image management. This could be one reason why he has succeeded in positioning himself as one of the most affable and sought after politicians in India.<br /> <br /> Narendra Modi adores his mother and never forgets to take her blessings whenever he undertakes any new initiative- political or otherwise. Even today he went to meet his mother after it became clear that Modi is going to be the next Prime Minister. In fact, she is his only closest relation. He has got all traditional virtues of an Indian man. He is a teetotaler. He doesn’t drink, doesn’t smoke. He is a complete vegetarian. In nut-shell, he is miles away from even minor vices<br /> Women all over India and cutting over age bracket adore Modi. In his home state, he is seen as a sex symbol among women. A close look at his public meetings makes it abundantly clear that women outnumber men among attendees. Analysts say this is mainly because of his emperor like image exuding absolute power and authority.&nbsp; <br /> <br /> Modi is a prolific writer and poet.He writes in Gujarati language and his favourite topics include life and teachings of Hindutva icons. Narendra Modi is a big fan of Swami Vivekananda. His most recent election campaign was christened as ‘Vivekanand Yuva Vikas Yatra’.<br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com so that it will be useful to our job search community</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/05/facts-about-narendra-modi-narendra-modi.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-6034325604747563507Fri, 16 May 2014 11:11:00 +00002014-05-16T04:11:35.502-07:00cinterviewselection 2014election results 2014news<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <b>Biography of arvind kejriwal </b><br /> <br /> <br /> Arvind Kejriwal (born 16 August 1968) is an Indian politician and former civil servant who served as the 7th Chief Minister of Delhi from 28 December 2013 to 14 February 2014. He is the leader of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). <br /> <br /> Kejriwal is a graduate of the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur and worked for the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) as a Joint Commissioner in the Income Tax Department. He is known for his efforts to enact and implement the Right to Information Act (RTI) at the grassroots level and his role in drafting a proposed Jan Lokpal Bill. <br /> <br /> In 2006, Kejriwal was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership recognising his involvement in a grassroots movement (Parivartan) using right-to-information legislation in a campaign against corruption. The same year, after resigning from the IRS, he donated his Magsaysay award money as a corpus fund to found the Public Cause Research Foundation, a non-governmental organization (NGO). In 2012, he launched the Aam Aadmi Party, and defeated Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit in the 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election. Following the election, he took office as the Chief Minister of Delhi on 28 December 2013. He resigned 49 days later, on 14 February 2014, stating he did so because of his government's inability to pass his proposed anti-corruption legislation due to a lack of support from other political parties.He contested 2014 general elections from Varanasi against Narendra Modi loosing by a margin of 64498 votes, the loss being described as a washout.<br /> <br /> Kejriwal was born in a middle-class family in Siwani, Bhiwani district, Haryana on 16 August 1968, the first of the three children of Gobind Ram Kejriwal and Gita Devii. His father was an electrical engineer who graduated from the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, and whose work led to many changes in the family's residence. Kejriwal spent most of his childhood in north Indian towns such as Sonepat, Ghaziabad and Hisar. He was educated at Campus School in Hisar and at a Christian missionary school at Sonipat. Kejriwal graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, majoring in mechanical engineering. He joined Tata Steel in 1989 and was posted in Jamshedpur. Kejriwal resigned in 1992, having taken leave of absence in order to study for the Civil Services Examination. Kejriwal spent some time in Kolkata, at the Ramakrishna Mission in North-East India and at Nehru Yuva Kendra.<br /> <br /> Kejriwal joined the IRS in 1995 after qualifying through the Civil Services Examination. In 2000, he was granted two years' paid leave to pursue higher education on condition that upon resuming his work he would not resign from the Service for at least three years. Failure to abide by that condition would require him to repay the salary given during the leave period. He rejoined in 2003 and worked for 18 months before taking unpaid leave for 18 months. In February 2006, he resigned from his position as a Joint Commissioner of Income Tax in New Delhi. The Government of India claimed that Kejriwal had violated his original agreement by not working for three years. Kejriwal said that his 18 months of work and 18 months of unpaid absence amounted to the stipulated three year period during which he could not resign and that this was an attempt to malign him due to his involvement with Team Anna, a strand of the Indian anti-corruption movement. The dispute ran for several year until, in 2011, it was resolved when he paid his way out of the Service with the help of loans from friends.<br /> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Parivartan">Parivartan</span></h3> Kejriwal believes in the dictum that "Change begins with small things". In December 1999, while still in service with the Income Tax Department, he helped found a movement named Parivartan (which means "change"), focused on assisting citizens in navigating income tax, electricity and food ration matters in parts of Delhi. The Parivartan organisation exposed a fake ration card scam in 2008 but, according to a founder member, did not have a great impact generally and was largely crumbling by 2012. It was for his involvement with Parivartan that Kejriwal had been given the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership in 2006. The award citation noted Parivartan and that that "the board of trustees recognizes [Kejriwal's] activating India's right-to-information movement at the grassroots, empowering New Delhi's poorest citizens to fight corruption by holding government accountable to the people." <br /> <b>Right to Information </b><br /> <br /> Together with Manish Sisodia and Abhinandan Sekhri, Kejriwal established the Public Cause Research Foundation in December 2006, donating the prize money he had received from the Ramon Magsaysay Award as a seed fund. This new body paid the employees of Parivartan. Kejriwal has used the Right to Information Act in corruption cases in many government departments including the Income Tax Department, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, the Public Distribution System and the Delhi Electricity Board. <br /> <br /> <b>Jan Lokpal Bill </b><br /> Main article: Jan Lokpal Bill Kejriwal was the civil society representative member of the committee constituted by the Government of India to draft a Jan Lokpal bill, following a campaign for introduction of such legislation that featured Anna Hazare. He had been arrested along with Hazare on defying Police directive to give a written undertaking that they will not go to JP Park. He attacked the government on this and said there was a need for a debate over police power to detain and release people at will. <br /> <br /> <b>Political career</b><br /> <br /> Kejriwal established the AAP in November 2012 as he believed that electoral politics was the next logical step in the fight against corruption. This caused a rift between him and Hazare. The party name reflects the phrase Aam Aadmi, or "common man", whose interests Kejriwal proposed to represent. He became the fifth most mentioned Indian politician on social media channels in the run-up to the Delhi legislative assembly election of 2013. <br /> <b>Chief Minister of Delhi </b><br /> <br /> In the 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections for all 70 seats, the Bhartiya Janta Party won 31 seats, followed by Aam Aadmi Party with 28 seats. Kejriwal defeated incumbent Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit of the Indian National Congress in her constituency of New Delhi by a margin of 25,864 votes. <br /> <br /> AAP formed a minority government in the hung assembly, (claiming support for the action gauged from opinion polls) with outside support from the eight Indian National Congress MLAs, one Janta Dal MLA and one independent MLA. Kejriwal was sworn in as the second-youngest chief minister of Delhi on 28 December 2013, after Chaudhary Brahm Prakash who became chief minister at the age of 34. He was in charge of Delhi's Home Ministry, Power, Planning, Finance, Vigilance ministries.[citation needed] <br /> <b>Resignation </b><br /> <br /> On 14 February 2014 he resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in the Delhi Assembly. He recommended the dissolution of the Assembly. Kejriwal blamed the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party for stalling the anti-corruption legislation and linked it with the government’s decision to register a First Information Report (FIR) against industrialist Mukesh Ambani, chairman and managing director of Reliance Industries. <br /> <b>2014 national elections </b><br /> <br /> Kejriwal said in January, prior to his resignation as chief minister, that he would not contest a seat in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. Later in that month, party members persuaded him to change his mind,&nbsp; and on 25 March, he agreed to contest against the BJP prime ministerial candidate, Narendra Modi , from Varanasi. an election he badly lost. <br /> Personal life Kejriwal is married to Sunita, his batchmate from National Academy of Administration in Mussoorie and the National Academy of Direct Taxes in Nagpur. The couple have two children. Kejriwal is vegetarian and has been practicing Vipassana for many years. Kejriwal is known to be averse to ceremony and does not celebrate his birthday. He has diabetes.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com so that it will be useful to our job search community</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/05/arvind-kejriwal-biography-arvind.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-5529165833014372229Mon, 06 Jan 2014 06:31:00 +00002014-01-05T22:31:06.536-08:00programming interview questions and answerstreeswrite c program to check two trees are same or not<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div class="page" title="Page 68"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"><b>Trees: </b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Trees are commonly used during our daily programming. In trees, all nodes except the root node have a parent node, and all nodes except leaves have one or more children nodes. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Interview questions about trees are usually not easy because there are many pointer operations on trees. If interviewers would like to examine candidates' capacity to handle complex pointer operations, they are likely to employ questions about trees.&nbsp;</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span><br /> <div class="page" title="Page 68"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Both arrays and lists are linear data structures, so it is difficult to utilize them to organize a hierarchical representation of objects. To overcome this limitation, a new data type named a tree was introduced, which consists of a set of nodes and links among them. </span><br /> </div> </div> </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQtjtYR_ndICrfvKEOLM12t_27gFIQseC7ybx2y5ou59dK52lt38ZJ2tXP5xSt0iOfDODMRFfYOnJeLZfQBR6sHqqRE8yVwvmz17vJg8VPfUSjyaDY4Ezg6WdwbcEGGS-pFhVnVeLQnw/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQtjtYR_ndICrfvKEOLM12t_27gFIQseC7ybx2y5ou59dK52lt38ZJ2tXP5xSt0iOfDODMRFfYOnJeLZfQBR6sHqqRE8yVwvmz17vJg8VPfUSjyaDY4Ezg6WdwbcEGGS-pFhVnVeLQnw/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.png" /></a></div> <br /> </div> </div> </div> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A sample binary tree with seven nodes&nbsp;</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;"> </span><br /> <div class="page" title="Page 68"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Most trees referred to during interviews are binary trees, where every node has two children at most. The most important operation on trees is traversal, which is to visit nodes in some order. The most common traversal algorithms include the following: </span><br /> <ul style="list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Pre-order traversal: </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The root of a binary tree is visited first, then its left children, and finally its right children. The pre-order traversal sequence of the binary tree in above Figure is 10, 6, 4, 8, 14, 12, 16. </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">In-order traversal: </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Left children of a binary tree are visited first, then its root, and finally its right children. The in-order traversal sequence of the binary tree in above Figure is 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16. </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Post-order traversal: </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Left children of a binary tree are visited first, then its right children, and finally its root. The post-order traversal sequence of the binary tree in&nbsp; above Figure is 4, 8, 6, 12, 16, 14, 10. </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Breadth-first traversal: </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Nodes in the first level are traversed, then nodes in the second level, ..., and finally nodes in the bottom level. Nodes in the same level are usually traversed from left to right. The breadth-first traversal sequence of the binary tree in above Figure is 10, 6, 14, 4, 8, 12, 16.&nbsp;</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span><br /> <div class="page" title="Page 68"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <ol start="0" style="list-style-type: none;"> <li> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The first three traversal algorithms in the preceding list can be implemented with both recursion and iteration, and recursive implementations are more concise than iterative ones. Candidates should be very familiar with these six implementations and be able to implement them with bug-free code in a short period of time.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span><br /> <div class="page" title="Page 69"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Usually, a queue is utilized for breadth-first traversal algorithms. There are also many interesting interview questions on this topic, which are discussed in the section </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Print Binary Trees Level by Level</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">There are some special binary trees such as binary search trees. In a binary search tree, all nodes in the left subtree are not greater than the root node, and all nodes in the right subtree are not less than the root node. Binary search trees are closely related to the binary search algorithm, where it costs O(log</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">) time to find a value among </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">n </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">nodes. </span><br /> </div> </div> </div> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The tree in above&nbsp; Figure is actually a binary search tree. </span> <br /> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;"></span> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to <a href="mailto:cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com">cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com</a> so that it will be useful to our job search community</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/01/trees-for-programming.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-4693974979154644130Thu, 02 Jan 2014 15:46:00 +00002014-01-02T08:02:53.118-08:00Examples for Loop in Listfresher job interview tipsLoop in List<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Q.1 <span style="font-family: 'HelveticaNeue'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">How do you find whether there is a loop in a linked list? For example, the list in Figure bellow contains a loop.&nbsp;</span><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPgStksVYleZmfzxPhRmf6CbevdvMc0A5P-f1PhThMDSMc5TCeezTvIeNEfjG4k0WykfZ52quIjTvCKpTb5ut3IdwdEZuYfN13T6VGBK4vw9jujiuEvZFnlGPBBEstf24AkF8YXamR4YU/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPgStksVYleZmfzxPhRmf6CbevdvMc0A5P-f1PhThMDSMc5TCeezTvIeNEfjG4k0WykfZ52quIjTvCKpTb5ut3IdwdEZuYfN13T6VGBK4vw9jujiuEvZFnlGPBBEstf24AkF8YXamR4YU/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.png" /></a></div> <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A list with a loop&nbsp;<div class="page" title="Page 64"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <ol start="0" style="list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"> <li><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">This is a popular interview question. It can be solved with two pointers, which are initialized at the head of list. One pointer advances once at each step, and the other advances twice at each step. If the</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">faster pointer meets the slower one again, there is a loop in the list. Otherwise, there is no loop if the faster one reaches the end of list. </span> <div class="page" title="Page 65"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The sample code in bellow is implemented based on this solution. The faster pointer is </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">pFast</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">, and the slower one is </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">pSlow</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">. </span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">&nbsp;C++ Code to Check Whether a List Contains a Loop </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">bool HasLoop(ListNode* pHead) { if(pHead == NULL) </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> return false; </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> ListNode* pSlow = pHead-&gt;m_pNext; if(pSlow == NULL) </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> return false; </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> ListNode* pFast = pSlow-&gt;m_pNext; while(pFast != NULL &amp;&amp; pSlow != NULL) { </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> if(pFast == pSlow) return true; </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pSlow = pSlow-&gt;m_pNext; </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pFast = pFast-&gt;m_pNext; if(pFast != NULL) </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pFast = pFast-&gt;m_pNext; </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">} </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> return false; } </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Test Cases: </span><br /> <ul style="list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">There is a loop in a list (including cases where there are one/multiple nodes in a loop, or a loop contains all nodes in a list) </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">There is not a loop in a list </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The input node of the list head is </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">NULL </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">&nbsp;</span><br /> <h2> <b>Q.</b><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span><br /> </h2> <div class="page" title="Page 65"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'HelveticaNeue'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">If there is a loop in a linked list, how do you get the entry node of the loop? The entry node is the first node in the loop from the head of a list. For instance, the entry node of the loop in the list of Figure bellow is the node with value 3.&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRqpFBdutLYmOWFvU5WVy5AJdXrdNgUW1Is1cA5d93Fihyphenhypheni_YVLp9XrR8wzfRCmV8FIpyLBs4Cz-P3FKYqy1Nx3XfRqzh4fJnI-B3OB6_OG-vpRnUyo2z9oMdbZzqFBVqvsR3nOLTUIWY/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRqpFBdutLYmOWFvU5WVy5AJdXrdNgUW1Is1cA5d93Fihyphenhypheni_YVLp9XrR8wzfRCmV8FIpyLBs4Cz-P3FKYqy1Nx3XfRqzh4fJnI-B3OB6_OG-vpRnUyo2z9oMdbZzqFBVqvsR3nOLTUIWY/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.png" /></a></div> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'HelveticaNeue'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A list with a loop&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;"> </span><div class="page" title="Page 65"> <div class="layoutArea"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">we can also solve this problem with two pointer.</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Two pointers </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">and </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">are initialized to point to the head of a list. If there are </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">n </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">nodes in the loop, the first pointer move forward </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">n </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">steps, and then two pointers move together with same speed. When the second pointer reaches the entry node of the loop, the first one travels around the loop and returns back to the entry node. </span> <div class="page" title="Page 66"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Let’s take the list in Figure above as an example. </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">and </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">are first initialized to point to the head node of the list (Figure (a)). There are four nodes in the loop of the list, so </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">moves four steps ahead and reaches the node with value 5 (Figure (b)). Then these two pointers move two steps, and they meet at the node with value 3, which is the entry node of the loop, as shown in Figure (c).&nbsp;</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span><br /> <div class="page" title="Page 66"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC82bE4t4YUYrm8A8jvvkDDZzvqEbxRM3gO-JONKwlxv3CXLXTH0NcceHxmXqx97MhbWpmaSmSiVzddfMfDO4Sa3aZZHiFKc9wgnQht2Zvjm0FUY0dVTQ7QiDSmrNviaH7ta0uX-ns92g/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC82bE4t4YUYrm8A8jvvkDDZzvqEbxRM3gO-JONKwlxv3CXLXTH0NcceHxmXqx97MhbWpmaSmSiVzddfMfDO4Sa3aZZHiFKc9wgnQht2Zvjm0FUY0dVTQ7QiDSmrNviaH7ta0uX-ns92g/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.png" /></a></div> <br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Process to find the entry node of a loop in a list. (a) Pointers </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">and </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">are initialized at the head of list. (b) The pointer </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">moves four steps ahead since there are four nodes in the loop. (c) Both </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">and </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">move ahead till they meet at the entry node of the loop. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The only problem is how to figure out the number of nodes inside a loop. Let’s go back to the solution of the previous question. Two pointers are employed, and the faster one meets the slower one if there is a loop. The meeting node should be inside the loop. Therefore, we can move forward from the meeting node and count nodes in the loop until we arrive at the meeting node again. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The function </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Meeting Node </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">in bellow code finds the meeting node of two pointers if there is a loop in a list, which is a minor modification of the previous </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">HasLoop</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">&nbsp;C++ Code to Get a Meeting Node in a Loop </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">ListNode* MeetingNode(ListNode* pHead) { if(pHead == NULL) </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">return NULL; </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> ListNode* pSlow = pHead-&gt;m_pNext; if(pSlow == NULL) </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">return NULL; </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> ListNode* pFast = pSlow-&gt;m_pNext; while(pFast != NULL &amp;&amp; pSlow != NULL) { </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> if(pFast == pSlow) return pFast; </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pSlow = pSlow-&gt;m_pNext; pFast = pFast-&gt;m_pNext; </span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span><br /> <div class="page" title="Page 67"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">if(pFast != NULL) pFast = pFast-&gt;m_pNext; </span></pre> </div> </div> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">} </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> return NULL; } </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The function </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">MeetingNode </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">returns a node in the loop when there is a loop in the list. Otherwise, it returns </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">NULL</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">After finding the meeting node, it counts nodes in a loop of a list, as well as finding the entry node of the loop with the sample code, as shown inbellow code.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">C++ Code to Get a Meeting Node in a Loop </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">ListNode* EntryNodeOfLoop(ListNode* pHead) { ListNode* meetingNode = MeetingNode(pHead); if(meetingNode == NULL) </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">return NULL; </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> // get the number of nodes in loop int nodesInLoop = 1; ListNode* pNode1 = meetingNode; while(pNode1-&gt;m_pNext != meetingNode) { </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pNode1 = pNode1-&gt;m_pNext; </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> ++nodesInLoop; } </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> // move pNode1 pNode1 = pHead; for(int i = 0; i &lt; nodesInLoop; ++i) </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pNode1 = pNode1-&gt;m_pNext; </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> // move pNode1 and pNode2 ListNode* pNode2 = pHead; while(pNode1 != pNode2){ </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pNode1 = pNode1-&gt;m_pNext; </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pNode2 = pNode2-&gt;m_pNext; } </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> return pNode1; } </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Test Cases: </span><br /> <ul style="list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">There is a loop in a list (including cases where there are one/multiple nodes in a loop, or a loop contains all nodes in a list) </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">There is not a loop in a list </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The input node of the list head is </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">NULL </span><br /> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <br /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">&nbsp;</span> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to <a href="mailto:cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com">cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com</a> so that it will be useful to our job search community</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2014/01/questionsloop-in-list.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-7771854612748984744Tue, 31 Dec 2013 11:53:00 +00002013-12-31T03:53:10.975-08:008086 interview questionsfresher interviewinterview tipssort list<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The most efficient sorting algorithm in general, quicksort, is applicable to arrays because elements in arrays can be accessed in O(1) time based on indexes. It takes more time to locate a node in a list, so we have to utilize other algorithms to sort lists. </span> <br /> <div class="page" title="Page 61"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Let’s take a list with four nodes as an example to analyze the process of the insert sort algorithm (Figure 3-6(a)). A list is split into two parts. The first part contains nodes already sorted, and the second part is not sorted yet. The node pointed by </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">is the last sorted node, which is initialized to the first node, and the node pointed to by </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">is the next one to be sorted. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">When node 1 is the next node to be sorted, there is only one node (node 2) in the sorted list. Because the value 1 is less than the value in the list head, node 1 becomes the new head of the sorted list, and node 2 is linked to the next node of the previous node 1, which is node 4 (Figure(b)). Node 2 is still the last node in the sorted list, so it does not move </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">, and only moves </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">to the next node of node 2. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The next node to be sorted is node 4. It traverses from the head node in order to find an appropriate location in the sorted list. Since the value 4 is greater than the value 2 in the last node of the sorted list, it is not necessary to relink nodes. Node 4 becomes the new last node of the sorted list, so it is pointed to by </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">(Figure(c)). </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Now the next node to be sorted is node 3. It traverses from the head node again in order to find an appropriate location in the sorted list. Node 3 is linked between node 2 and node 4. Node 4 is still the last node in the sorted list. Since there are no nodes left after node 4, the whole list is sorted (Figure(d)).&nbsp;</span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqTqzC3ZKdWCeq8H8qLSsEmXNez5V7SOI_o1tQFw-zrDIw5qZ94kxbjYv0XSATa4tLhoKo1jmnrdPmFNkK7ABbA8LTGwu8GQX_SwJGH7ekXFk3TBEdP2ffI18MgwfWlchaLe3Qc0SG0dw/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqTqzC3ZKdWCeq8H8qLSsEmXNez5V7SOI_o1tQFw-zrDIw5qZ94kxbjYv0XSATa4tLhoKo1jmnrdPmFNkK7ABbA8LTGwu8GQX_SwJGH7ekXFk3TBEdP2ffI18MgwfWlchaLe3Qc0SG0dw/s1600/www.cinterviews.com.jpg" />&nbsp;</a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <br /> <div class="page" title="Page 61"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">The process to sort a list with four nodes. </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">points to the last node in the sorted list, and </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">2 </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">points to the next node to be inserted into the sorted list, which always follows </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">. (a) </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">is initialized to the first node, and </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">P</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; vertical-align: -3.000000pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">is initialized to the second one. (b) The node with value 2 is inserted into the sorted list. (c) The node with value 4 is inserted into the sorted list. (d) The node with value 3 is inserted into the sorted list. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The insert sort algorithm for lists can be implemented in C++, as shown in bellow</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span><br /> <div class="page" title="Page 61"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">C++ Code to Sort a List </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">void Sort(ListNode** pHead) { if(pHead == NULL || *pHead == NULL) </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">return;&nbsp;</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span><br /> <div class="page" title="Page 62"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> ListNode* pLastSorted = *pHead; ListNode* pToBeSorted = pLastSorted-&gt;m_pNext; while(pToBeSorted != NULL) { </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> if(pToBeSorted-&gt;m_nValue &lt; (*pHead)-&gt;m_nValue) { pLastSorted-&gt;m_pNext = pToBeSorted-&gt;m_pNext; pToBeSorted-&gt;m_pNext = *pHead; *pHead = pToBeSorted; </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">}<br /> else { </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> ListNode* pNode = *pHead; while(pNode != pLastSorted </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> &amp;&amp; pNode-&gt;m_pNext-&gt;m_nValue &lt; pToBeSorted-&gt;m_nValue) { </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pNode = pNode-&gt;m_pNext; } </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> if(pNode != pLastSorted) { pLastSorted-&gt;m_pNext = pToBeSorted-&gt;m_pNext; pToBeSorted-&gt;m_pNext = pNode-&gt;m_pNext; pNode-&gt;m_pNext = pToBeSorted; </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">} else </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pLastSorted = pLastSorted-&gt;m_pNext; </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">} </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pToBeSorted = pLastSorted-&gt;m_pNext; } </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">} </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Because it has to scan O(</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">) nodes on the sorted list in order to find an appropriate location to insert a new node, it costs O(</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: 5.000000pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">) time to sort a list with </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">n </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">nodes. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Test Cases: </span><br /> <ul style="list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Sort a list with multiple nodes, with/without duplicated values </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The input list has only one node </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The input head node of a list is </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">NULL </span><br /> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold';"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to <a href="mailto:cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com">cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com</a> so that it will be useful to our job search community </span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /> </div> </div> </div> <br /> </div> </div> </div> <br /></div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2013/12/implement-function-to-sort-list.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-2220767145348192671Mon, 30 Dec 2013 11:00:00 +00002013-12-30T03:00:06.917-08:00fresher interviewinterview question and answersinterview questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> &nbsp;implement a function to print a list from its tail to head-interview question.<br /> <br /> <div class="page" title="Page 59"> <div class="layoutArea"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">When meeting this question, many candidates' intuition is to reverse links between all nodes and to reverse the direction of a list. It fulfills the requirement if all nodes in the reversed list are printed from head to tail. However, it has to modify the structure of the input list. Is it OK to do so? It depends on the requirement in an interviewers’ minds. You should ask your interviewers to clarify their requirement before you describe your solution. </span> <div class="page" title="Page 59"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Usually, printing is a read-only operation, and it is not allowed to modify the content to be printed. Supposing interviewers disallow to reverse the direction of lists here.</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Nodes in a list are linked from the head to the tail, but the printing order is from the tail to the head. That is to say, the first node in the list is the last one to be printed, and the last node is the first one to be printed. It is typical “Last In, First Out,” so a stack can help to solve this problem. Every node is pushed</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> into a stack when it is visited. After all nodes are visited and pushed into the stack, they are printed from the top of the stack and popped one by one. The printing order is opposite to the order in the list. </span> <div class="page" title="Page 60"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The sample code in bellow is based on </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">stack </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">in the C++ standard template library.&nbsp;</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">C++ Code to Print a List Reversely (Iterative Version) </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">void PrintListReversingly_Iteratively(ListNode* pHead) { std::stack&lt;ListNode*&gt; nodes; ListNode* pNode = pHead; while(pNode != NULL) { </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> nodes.push(pNode); </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> pNode = pNode-&gt;m_pNext; } </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> while(!nodes.empty()) { pNode = nodes.top(); printf("%d\t", pNode-&gt;m_nValue); nodes.pop(); </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">} } </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">It can be solved with a stack and since recursion is essentially equivalent to stacks, so it can also be solved recursively. To print a list in reverse, the next nodes are printed first when a node is visited, and then the currently visited node is printed. The recursive code is shown in bellow</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">&nbsp;C++ Code to Print a List Reversely (Recursive Version) </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">void PrintListReversingly_Recursively(ListNode* pHead) { if(pHead != NULL) { </span></pre> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> if (pHead-&gt;m_pNext != NULL) { PrintListReversingly_Recursively(pHead-&gt;m_pNext); </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">} </span><br /> <pre><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> printf("%d\t", pHead-&gt;m_nValue); } </span></pre> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">} </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The previous recursive code looks more concise, but it has a limitation: the recursive calls may have too many levels to cause call stack overflow errors when the list is very long. The iterative solution with an explicit stack is more robust. More discussion about recursion and iteration are available in the section </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Recursion and Iteration</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Test Cases: </span><br /> <ul style="list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Lists with multiple nodes or only one node </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">The head node of a list is </span><span style="font-family: 'TheSansMonoConNormalBold'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">NULL </span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to <a href="mailto:cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com">cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com</a> so that it will be useful to our job search community</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2013/12/implement-function-to-print-list-from.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6344606745263664972.post-608748311848663097Mon, 30 Dec 2013 06:54:00 +00002013-12-29T22:54:21.368-08:00frequently interview questionsit jobs resumeprogramming skillsprogramming techniques<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div class="page" title="Page 58"> <div class="layoutArea"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Arrays are quite useful in all programming languages. However, they also have some limitations. They require creating a new array with bigger size and copying the existing elements from the old array to the new one when the capacity of an array is overrun. Additionally, they have to shift some elements in an array when a new element is inserted because memory of an array is sequentially allocated. Such limitations can be overcome by dynamic structures, such as linked lists.</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">It is not necessary to know the size of a list when it is created, so it is treated as a dynamic data structure. Rather than allocate memory for all elements when a list is initialized, memory is allocated for each node on demand when it is inserted. The space efficiency of lists is better than arrays because there is no vacant memory in lists.</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Memory allocation of a list is not continuous because nodes are inserted dynamically and their memory is not allocated at the same time. It costs O(</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">) time to get the </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">i</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: 4.000000pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">node in a list since it has to traverse nodes one by one starting from the head node. It only takes O(1) time to get the </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">i</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: 5.000000pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">element in an array. Therefore, time efficiency to search lists is not as good as for arrays. </span> </div> </div> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Linked lists are the most frequently met data structures during interviews. It only takes about 20 lines of code to create a list, insert a node into a list, or delete a node from a list. Compared to other complex data structures, such as hash tables and graphs, lists are more suitable for interviews due to their moderate code size. Additionally, lots of pointer operations are required to handle a list. Candidates without qualified programming abilities cannot implement complete and robust code related to lists. Moreover, lists are also flexible and challenging interview questions can be constructed with them. Therefore, many interviewers like questions related to lists. </span> <br /> <div class="page" title="Page 59"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Most lists met during interviews are single-linked lists, where each node has a link to its successor. For example, “Print a List from Tail to Head”, “Delete a Node from a List in O(1) Time”, “</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">k</span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 5.000000pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: 5.000000pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Node from the End”, “Reverse Lists”, and “First Intersection Node of Two Lists" are all about single-linked lists. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Not only are single-linked lists popular for interviews, but other types of lists are also frequently met: </span><br /> <ul style="list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">Usually the tail node in a single-linked list does not have a successor. If every node in a finite list has a successor, a loop is formed. The section </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt; font-style: italic;">Loop in List </span><span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">discusses lists with loops. </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">If there is also a link to a predecessor besides a link to a successor in each node of a list, it is a double-linked list. The interview question “Binary Search Trees and Double-Linked Lists” is in this category. </span><br /> </li> <li style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: 9.000000pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Utopia'; font-size: 9.000000pt;">A complex list is composed if each node has a link to any other node (including the node itself). Please refer to the interview question “Clone Complex Lists” for more details on the complex list. </span><br /> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <a href="http://www.cinterviews.com/">www.cinterviews.com</a> appreciates your contribution please mail us the questions you have to <a href="mailto:cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com">cinterviews.blogspot.com@gmail.com</a> so that it will be useful to our job search community</div> http://www.cinterviews.com/2013/12/linked-lists-in-programming.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0