EstheraSTEM

The Only Guide to MUN

2025-12-05T18:05:54.573+01:00

The KEY to SUCCESS is to believe in yourself.

"You'll never win", "Are you seriously wasting your weekend for a simulation model?", "There are many better and more confident delegates" ...

If you ever feel discouraged from doing something, remember that the biggest failure you might experience is the failure to follow through on your dreams and aspirations. As a new blog writer in EstheraSTEM, I want to start my wonderful journey writing about something I am truly passionate about. Well, MUN is just that, having won 3 conferences back to back. Safe to say I have mastered it to the TEA!! But again, no one is perfect, and everything in life is a journey filled with ups and downs.

So, in this article, I'll be discussing what an MUN conference is, or any other simulation model, how to prepare, what tips I give to my delegates as the youngest advisor in my high school, and more. Not forgetting to explain every technical terminology or phrase I use.

Your Ultimate Guide to MUN:

What is an MUN Conference:

Simulation models like MUN are built on a simple idea: giving students a chance to step into the real world before they actually enter it. Instead of learning only from textbooks, participants become decision makers, negotiators, and problem solvers for a day or two. Whether the topic is global politics, economics, or social issues, the experience brings abstract concepts to life, allowing you to feel, question, and respond to them, learning through living rather than memorizing.

More than anything, simulation models are about building the skill and mindset needed for a world that constantly demands cooperation. By negotiating, debating, and collaborating with others, students develop the skills to communicate respectfully, adapt quickly, and manage pressure with clarity.

Whether the simulation model imitates the UN (MUN), the Arab League (MAL), the European Union (MEU), and more, the true purpose remains the same: to prepare young people for challenges far bigger than the event itself and to inspire them to think of themselves as a big part of the solution at an early age. As the Secretary General (who represents the best delegates in other programs) of both LAUMAL and LAUMUN, and recipient of an honorable mention in the hardest geopolitical topic campaign, BEYMUN, every program is different, and each MUN body prepares its delegates uniquely. However, they all require the same skills.

How to Prepare:

Preparing for an MUN or any other simulation model is tiring; however, the joy and satisfaction when you are done and the feeling of confidence are unmatched. As such, never rush, especially since many think that they should send their position paper (it is a statement submitted by delegates showing the country's stance 1 week before the conference) as fast as possible to have more time for research.

So, first, research and create a binder of info that you may need, and immerse yourself deeply into the frameworks of the topic and country you are representing. Then, write your position paper in accordance with what you know and try to avoid any AI usage in this part, as this can get you no grades on your position paper. Lastly, write your speeches focusing on the fact that they are strong and represent your point in the best way possible, and make no mistake that practice is your best friend.

To sum up, RESEARCH and PRACTICE are key to being prepared and having so much fun at your conference.

Top Tips for any Conference:

Don’t let your nerves get the best of you
You are the only one who knows what is in your speeches, so it’s ok to improvise and keep words or even phrases.
Remember, you are proving yourself to be dominant and at the same time diplomatic. Never forget either of these!
Equip your voice with every ounce of confidence you can muster!
Be confident and self-assured with your skills!

Final Words of Encouragement:

And now, just venture into your MUN journey! Find the right simulation model for you, use my tips and tricks to the maximum, and don't forget this: You are going there with the mindset that you want to show your diplomatic ties and represent your country fairly and respectfully, and not only to win.

Good Luck, Delegates!!!

- Hisham OUT

Radiography in my POV

2025-11-08T10:00:00.001+01:00

Today is November 8, 2025, and I'm going to take your through a Radiographical POV (yh, mine as an anatomy student!)

P.S: This year 2025 global theme is "Empowering Healthcare through Imaging Excellence!

To start with,

In our anatomy studies, we spend hours learning, visualizing, drawing diagrams and memorizing the location, functions and relationships of each and every structure of the human body.

But how do we move from theoretical understanding to certainty in the clinical world?

It’s simple: In healthcare, guessing is risky and assumptions are dangerous, so we rely on visual confirmation.

And that's where Radiography steps in.

🔍 What is Radiography?

Radiography is defined as a diagnostic imaging technique that utilizes X-rays to visualize structures within the body, aiding in the identification of conditions. (Source: ScienceDirect)

Yes, we learn about fractures, dislocations, pneumonia, abdominal obstructions and so much more in class… but radiographs show us what those conditions actually look like.

This definitive visualization gives doctors and other healthcare professionals the confidence to diagnose and treat with accuracy.

» It doesn't just animate a textbook blueprint; it provides the actual, real-time view of the body we are studying!

Take Home: Imaging Excellence

Radiography plays a powerful role in healthcare!

Whether it's diagnosing fractures, identifying tumors, or monitoring healing, it gives doctors a clear and accurate picture of what’s happening inside us, without a single incision. That’s Imaging Excellence at its finest.

Literally, Radiography turns diagrams into reality and theory into life-saving decisions.. And I love how Radiography (Radiographical Anatomy/imaging) always shows up at the end of my BD Chaurasia textbook like a grand reminder that after all the pages of labeling and memorizing… these are the true appearance of the structures!

Importance of Radiography

It supports early detection of diseases

It helps track healing and treatment progress

It guides surgical & medical decisions

It reduces guesswork and improves patient safety

Another thing to note beyond its powerful imaging and importance is that, Radiographers are always trained to ensure radiation is kept As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) to protect themselves and their patients while still giving high-quality results.

That balance of excellence and safety makes radiography so special, and We at EstheraSTEM celebrate the brilliant minds in Radiography (students, interns & professionals) who are helping to shape a healthier world through imaging. 🩻

Happy Radiography Day!

With Love,

Esther Adegoroye.

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I will be in the comment answering any of your thoughts or questions as Best Estherade...

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Probability and Possibility | EstheraSTEM

2025-05-30T14:00:00.002+01:00

You know those uncertain choices you make every day?

Like deciding whether to carry an umbrella because the weather is dull or you're wondering if your exam guesses were correct?

What if I tell you there's a science behind these choices? And it is called Probability, which is our way of assigning numbers to uncertainty.

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P.S: We're skipping the equations and heavy math in this article to learn more about the decision-making concept of probability.

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What is Probability?

At its core, Probability is more than just coin flips and dice rolls, it is a window into how we understand chance, risk and even fairness.

Put simply,

Probability is a branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur.

It's also the measure of the likelihood that an event will happen.

Think of it as a scale from 0 to 1:

• 0 means an event is impossible, and

• 1 means an event is certain.

Beyond a simple coin toss, probability is the quiet engine behind real-world predictions in nearly every field. In finance, analysts use it to calculate the risk of investments and make smarter choices with money. For meteorologists, probability is the foundation of weather forecasting and prediction.

In the world of medicine, doctors rely on probability to determine a patient’s risk for a disease or the success rate of a new treatment. This allows them to formulate informed decisions about your health. And in the cutting-edge field of machine learning and AI, probability is a cornerstone. Algorithms use it to make predictions, recognize patterns and even power things like your social media feed or self-driving cars, which must constantly assess the likelihood of different events.

A Brief History of Probability

The word probability derives from the Latin probabilitas, which meant "probity", a measure of a witness's authority in a legal case. In a sense, this differs from the modern meaning of probability, which is a measure of the weight of empirical evidence.

Gerolamo Cardano

It is so easy to assume probability is a modern invention, but its roots stretch back to the 16th and 17th centuries when mathematicians like Gerolamo Cardano and Blaise Pascal began analyzing games of chance.

Today, Probability theory has matured into a deep branch of mathematics, foundational to statistics, quantum physics and finance. Even DNA mutations are studied through probability models to help scientists understand how likely genetic variations are to occur.

Possibility vs. Probability: What’s the Difference?

People often confuse possibility with probability. They are just related and are not the same!

• Possibility asks, "Can this happen?"

while,

• Probability asks, "How likely is this to happen?"

For instance, It is possible to win the lottery, but the probability is incredibly low. Probability helps us make peace with that difference and it doesn’t just say what can happen but tells us how likely it really is, as well.

Take Note

In this World of Uncertainty, Think Probabilistically!

Life is full of decisions we have to make without complete certainty and Probability offers a logical framework for navigating this uncertainty. By teaching us not to fear randomness, but to measure it, analyze it, and in some cases, embrace it.

When you start thinking in probabilities, you’re no longer just guessing; you are reasoning with a powerful universal toolkit that accept risk exists, gather the best data you can and execute well informed decisions based on likelihood.

Reviving Extinction: Science, Ethics, and the Balance of Nature

2025-05-28T08:36:00.006+01:00

Bias with Nature: Revival of 10000 years old wolf's using Genetic Engineering

Now, the question in my mind is: Will movies like Jurassic Park soon become reality?

Should governments form policy regulations regarding the advancement of genetic engineering and the revival of extinct species? How would the revival of species that went extinct thousands of years ago affect today’s ecosystems and their balance?

Should we even consider reviving those species?

And would it be ethically correct to revive the already extinct species which might have failed that nature's fitness test?

As Darwin's Evolution Theory states the survival of the fittest, so can we say that majority of the already extinct species have failed the nature's test and revival of those species would be the against the Laws of Nature? But surely we can revive the species for which human are responsible for, so we can restore the balance of nature. (One would argue)

For instance, Dire wolves which has been reportedly revived based on DNA extraction from fossils and the Gene editing art, also considering the fact that their nearest neighbour matching are the grey wolves...

Indeed we could revive a lot of animals who have like their nearest relative alive or so but I don't think it would be a easy task to revive something like dinosaur because that would obviously require immense efforts and obviously large areas. I think some species especially those that went extinct due to anthropogenic (human-caused) factors could be worth reviving.

Regarding Government interference, there should only be restrictions if they see a clear threat or risk in it and have discussed among highly qualified scientists.

At last, some animals as I said the keystone ones those who got extinct due to our faults could help us restore ecological instability while some could also create some.

The creation of new organisms through any form of genetic engineering in the lab definitely has a complicated set of ethical problems. There is, I believe a growing academic literature on the ethics alone.

Personally, I think experimentation should not stop but must be under a high level of academic scrutiny. Secondly the fundamental principle is that humans can create only what humans can control. We can control only that behaviour which is predictable. Whether it is genetics or AI the question always boils down to ‘Can we predict its behaviour and can we control it’. If we create a direwolf can we predict and control all is behaviour? The Jurassic park series always addresses this question first. The very movie is set in a controlled park in which there is proper isolation between the dinosaurs and humans.

In many western countries we cannot even take a plant past the border. Any alien species cannot be predicted not to harm the local environment .

So the question is part ethics and part science. Scientific predictability is important before we can discuss ethics meaningfully. Such predictability is hard with any life form - plant or animal- in a new environment.

10 Interesting Facts About the Human Brain

2025-05-24T18:00:00.003+01:00

The human brain plays a crucial role not only in our mental health but also in our physical health and overall well-being.

By uncovering these 10 interesting facts, we gain a deeper understanding of the brain’s complexity, adaptability and its extraordinary capacity for learning and memory.

1. The Brain acts as the control center for the body's nervous system — coordinating thoughts, movements, emotions and vital functions. (Obviously, it is 😅)

2. The Human Brain consists of approximately 86 billion neurons interconnected by synapses that process and transmit information, emotions and responses.

3. Despite weighing just about 3 pounds (1.4 kg) and making up only 2% of total body weight, the brain is the most energy-demanding organ.

4. About 75% of the brain is made up of water, which is why staying hydrated is essential for optimal brain function and performance.

5. The brain receives around 20% of the body’s oxygen and blood supply—roughly 750 to 1,000 milliliters of blood every minute. Because of its high metabolic demand, even a brief interruption (e.g. five minutes without oxygen) can cause irreversible damage to brain cells.

6. Interestingly, the brain itself has no pain receptors. Which is why during some brain surgeries, patients remain awake and feel no pain.

7. The brain’s capacity to store information is unlimited and is in 'petabyte' range (which is equivalent to quadrillion bytes, the amount of storage needed to store the entire internet).

8. About 70% of our internal mental chatter tends to be self-critical or negative. Becoming aware of this is the first step toward cultivating a healthier, more positive mindset.

9. Every person’s brain has a unique pattern of neural connections, just like fingerprints. No two brains are wired exactly the same.

10. Thanks to neuroplasticity, your brain changes and adapts throughout your life. Every experience, habit and learning moment reshapes your brain in small but meaningful ways.

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Did you learn something new today?

Let us know in the comments and hit that share button—your brain will thank you later! 😁🫶🏼

The Science Behind Soap Bubbles: A Dance of Light and Surface Tension

2025-05-01T11:10:00.021+01:00

From their mesmerizing colours to their delicate shape...Soap bubbles hold more science than meets the eye.

Why do soap bubble show different colours?

What is the role of surface tension in keeping the bubbles spherical?

What is the role of gravity in colours shown by the bubbles?

Explore the answers in this blog post.

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Soap bubbles are far more than mere playthings: they are hollow spheres of soapy water enclosing air. Each bubble is composed of three delicate layers: an inner soap layer, a middle water layer and an outer soap layer.

The formation of these layers is a result of the unique properties of soap molecules, which possess both hydrophobic (water-repelling) and hydrophilic (water-attracting) ends.

The thickness of a soap bubble is not uniform; gravity plays a pivotal role in creating a gradient of thickness. The bubble is thickest at the bottom and thinnest at the top. This phenomenon occurs as gravity pulls the water molecules downward, yet surface tension acts to stabilize the membrane formed by the soap and water.

Over time, as gravity continues to draw water molecules closer together, the surface tension is eventually overcome, leading to the rupture of the bubble when most of the water has settled at the bottom.

The iridescent colors (i.e dazzling rainbow colours) we observe in soap bubbles are a direct consequence of the varying thickness of the soap film.

When light encounters a soap bubble, it undergoes two significant changes in medium: First from air to water, and then from water back to air. Each change in medium results in partial reflection of the light wave. The initial reflection occurs at the air-water interface and the second at the water-air interface.

These two reflected light waves are inherently identical but travel different distances due to the thickness of the soap film. This variation in travel distance, or path difference, between the two light waves leads to interference.

When these light waves converge, they interfere with each other to create the colorful patterns we see.

• Constructive interference: where the waves align and amplify each other to result in the reflection of the same color as the wavelength of light.

• Destructive interference: where the waves are out of phase and cancel each other out to give the perception of a different color.

Two main primary factors that influence this interference and the resultant colors (display) are:

1. The Angle of Incidence (how the light enters the surface), and

2. The Thickness of the Soap film.

A thicker soap film increases the path difference, altering the interference pattern of the reflected light waves. Consequently, the thickness of the soap film is the determining for the vibrant colors observed on the surface of soap bubbles.

In essence, the mesmerizing colors of soap bubbles are a beautiful interplay of Physics and Chemistry. The delicate balance of gravity, surface tension and light interference creates a captivating display that continues to intrigue scientists and layperson alike.

Understanding the underlying principles of soap bubble formation and coloration not only deepens our appreciation for these ephemeral wonders but also highlights the intricate connections between everyday phenomena and the fundamental laws of nature.

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Written by: Kushal B R

Your STEM Internship: The Ultimate Guide to Landing and Loving It!

2025-04-09T11:00:00.009+01:00

As students, Have you ever wondered what it's really like to work in a STEM field?

Well, Internships are your chance to find out!

Think of them as the perfect bridge between all those late-night study sessions and your dream career. They are where you get to earn academic credit, build real skills and figure out what you truly love.

For us STEM students, internships are way more than a line on your résumé. They are a ticket to the front lines of innovation, a chance to explore exciting new career paths and a way to prove to yourself (and future employers) what you're capable of.

In this guide, I'll walk you through why internships are a game-changer, how to find that perfect opportunity, and all the tips to make sure you crush it!

Why Your STEM Internship is a Big Deal

So, what makes a STEM internship so valuable? It's not just about getting coffee for your boss (we promise!). Here’s what you can expect:

1. See the Future Up Close: Whether it's building the next big app, doing groundbreaking research, or working on cool renewable energy projects, you will be right in the middle of where science and technology are headed.

2. Get the "Real-World" Vibe: You will learn how to work with a team, manage deadlines and navigate a professional environment. It's a huge confidence booster!

3. Build Your Crew: You will meet amazing professionals who can become your mentors, write you a killer recommendation, or even hire you later. Your network is everything!

4. Test-Drive Your Career: Are you into robotics or environmental science? Cybersecurity or biotech? An internship lets you try different fields without a long-term commitment. It's the best way to figure out what truly excites you.

How to Find Your Dream STEM Internship

Finding an internship might seem tough, but it's totally doable and here are a few tips to get you started.

• Start Early

Don't wait until the last minute!

Many companies hire interns months in advance by specifying it on their website or newsletters, so you've got to start your search early to find the best opportunities.

• Update Your Résumé

You have to make sure your résumé is polished and highlights your most relevant projects, coursework and skills. Even if it's from a school project, it does counts!

How to Build a Résumé as a Student (another article)

• Use Your Network

Talk to your professors, school career services, mentors and even friends who support your goals. Let them know you're currently looking for an internship.

Don't be afraid to reach out to professionals and people on LinkedIn, a simple, polite message can go a long way.

• Check Online Job Boards

Platforms like LinkedIn have tons of internship (i.e student intern) listings. You just have to filter your search by your preferred location, industry and the specific skills you want to use.

Crushing It: Tips to Make the Most of Your Internship

Having follow these tips on how to get an internship as a student, and you landed or secured it..

Congratulations! 🎉

Here is how to make a lasting impression and get the most out of your experience:

• Be a Sponge

Hehe, not SpongeBob per say, but you have to Ask questions, take notes and be eager to learn.

Show your team that you are invested in the work and ready to learn (wholeheartedly, try t avoid burnout along the process though by optimizing your time management skill)

Source: https://www.careeraddict.com/benefits-networking

• Network, Network, Network

Yes, you heard and saw it well, you don't just have to stick to your department.

Take up the initiative to have a coffee chat with other people from different teams, you will learn a ton and build valuable connections.

• Ask for Feedback

At the end of your internship or each project or task, ask your manager or supervisor for feedback. This shows you are committed to growing and gives you clear takeaways for your future career.

Frankly speaking, An internship is one of the best investments you can make in your future.

It's not just about what you do, but it is about who you become.

luck with your search!

The Spark of STEM: Our 2024 School Outreach Campaign and Magazine Launch

2024-12-26T12:00:00.026+01:00

The Energy, Curiosity and Passion of students are what fuel our mission at EstheraSTEM. As we celebrated our second anniversary, we knew we wanted to do something impactful to spark interest in STEM and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). That's why we embarked on a school outreach campaign in Lagos towards the end of 2024, and what an inspiring journey it was!

We began the outreach on November 12 with a visit to Zumratul Islammiyah Junior and Senior High School (ZIJHS and ZISHS) in Yaba. It was a meaningful start, thanks to the students' incredible enthusiasm to dive deep into STEM topics.

Building on this momentum, we continued the campaign in December with visits to Victab College in Onipanu and Dee Excellent Tutorial Centre in Ilupeju. Across these four educational centres, we reached over 250 students and welcomed a number of them to our WhatsApp based community, where we regularly share global STEM opportunities and learning resources.

Alongside our school visits, we were hard at work on the first edition of the EstheraSTEM Magazine, and despite limited funding that led us to a digital-only version, we successfully completed and published it on December 21st.

This achievement wasn't just a two-year milestone; it was a testament to our ongoing commitment to making STEM accessible to everyone.

We are truly grateful for the warm welcome and active participation from the students and school communities we visited.

A huge shout-out to our founder, Esther Adegoroye, whose vision, dedication, and leadership were instrumental in bringing this entire campaign to life, from the outreach efforts to the magazine design.

This experience is just one part of a larger mission and as we look ahead, we hope to reach more students, build stronger partnerships, and keep empowering the next generation of STEM innovators.

Thank you for being part of this journey! 🫶🏼

We invite you to stay connected and download your free copy of the EstheraSTEM Magazine to see what we've been up to!

There's so much more to come..

Taking STEM Offline

2024-12-01T14:00:00.026+01:00

On November 12, 2024, I had the incredible opportunity to visit Zumratul Islamiyyah Senior High School (ZISHS) and Zumratul Islammiyah Junior High School (ZIJHS) in Yaba, to take our mission offline and talk about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It was an inspiring experience to engage with these young minds and share a vision I’ve carried since 2022.

I kicked off the session just after their morning assembly, by introducing the SDGs, the 17 global goals created by the United Nations to guide us toward a more sustainable world.

I focused especially on SDG 4: Quality Education, which is central to everything we do at EstheraSTEM and I explained how our work promotes this goal through STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics) education, with future plans of incorporating art into it to be STEAM which promotes more creativity.

Next, I introduced EstheraSTEM itself, how it started in 2022 as a STEM club for my Rise challenge project, and how it’s grown into a student-led initiative focused on empowering students globally through enriching resources and programs. I shared our mission, our vision for a future of passionate lifelong learners and leaders, and our digital magazine project, all designed to inspire the next generation.

To make the session interactive, I encouraged students to share their thoughts on how they can contribute to achieving the SDGs. While no one responded immediately, I saw and felt the curiosity in their midst. I told them I'd go around to ask if they wanted "a feature in the magazine or a physical copy of the magazine".

True to my word, I went around and spoke to many students individually after the assembly, and it was in those one-on-one conversations that the magic happened. By the end of the morning, over 20 students had signed up to receive the EstheraSTEM magazine and join our growing community.

It meant a lot to see their interest, some excited, some curious, and others just happy to feel seen and heard. I wrapped up the session by encouraging them to join our mission online, check out the EstheraSTEM blog and website and stay tuned for upcoming activities.

Most importantly, I urged them to keep thinking about how their small actions can drive big change.

I’m deeply grateful to the Principal, Vice Principal and the teachers at ZISHS & ZIJHS for warmly welcoming me and giving me the space to plant this seed of curiosity and possibility.

I look forward to more opportunities like this to share the message of the SDGs and EstheraSTEM with even more young minds.

- Esther Adegoroye

Reflecting on STEM Day

2024-11-11T19:00:00.101+01:00

Every year on November 8, the world observes STEM Day: A Day dedicated to celebrating the impact of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in our lives and future...

But have you ever wondered how this day came into existence and who thought of setting aside a whole day to celebrate STEM?

Well, It all started in 2015 when MGA Entertainment, the toy company behind popular brands like L.O.L. Surprise! and Bratz, created STEM Day as a way to encourage kids, especially girls to explore STEM fields through fun curiosity-driven activities.

The date, November 8, is a clever nod and numeronym to the word “innovate” (innov8) which emphasizes creativity and invention.

Significance of STEM Day

You might be wondering why STEM Day Matters, but hope you remember that in today’s world, STEM is everywhere, from the phones we use to the medicine we take, the cars we drive, the bridges we cross and even the water we drink. Yet, despite its importance, STEM often feels out of reach for many students due to limited access, lack of exposure or the belief that “STEM is hard.”

Which is why STEM Day is very important. It’s not just a celebration but it’s a reminder that everyone can be a part of building solutions through science, tech, engineering & math. It’s a day to raise awareness, spark interest and break stereotypes.

Ways You Can Celebrate STEM Day

Not sure how to get involved with STEM Day? Here are 5 simple and exciting ideas:

1. Host a STEM-themed quiz at your school or Youth club.

2. Try working on a DIY science experiment at home or in class (with the aid of your teacher) e.g lemon battery, balloon-powered car, solar charging box, etc.

3. Watch a STEM documentary

4. Take STEM related courses to develop yourself

5. Share a STEM fact or reflection on social media using hashtags like #STEMDay or #WorldSTEMDay (do tag us on Instagram: @estherastem)

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My Reflection: STEM Is the Key We are Overlooking

As someone passionate about STEM, I believe STEM Day should go beyond a one day celebration. It’s a great chance to reflect on the Power of Innovation and the role STEM can play in solving real problems i.e climate change, food insecurity, health and even education.

Imagine what the world could look like if more young people had the tools and confidence to pursue STEM. That’s why Awareness is everything and this day matters.

Therefore, I’m calling on you to not just let STEM Day pass by like any other day. Reflect on your relationship with science and technology. Ask questions. Stay curious and Share what you’ve learnt for others to benefit from.

While you do so, I would love to hear your reflection: What does STEM mean to you?and How will you celebrate STEM Day?

Feel free to drop your thoughts in the comment section 🫶🏼.

The Power of Recycling

2024-08-21T16:00:00.012+01:00

As the World battles with environmental challenges like Climate change, Pollution, Deforestation, Biodiversity loss, etc. Recycling emerges as a one of the crucial practices to solving some of these challenges. It helps lessens the harmful disruption and damage being done to the natural world by conserving it's resources, reducing waste, saving energy, creating jobs and improving our health in general.

In this blog post, we'll explore the Power of Recycling, it's benefits and look at initiatives promoting Recycling efforts.

Put Simply,
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.

Benefits of Recycling

The Benefits of Recycling have a far reaching impact on our daily lives and planet and It can be seen in two key areas:

Environmental, and

Economic

Environmental Benefits of Recycling

1. Recycling conserves Natural resources (reducing the environmental impacts of resource extraction and processing)

2. Recycling reduces emissions of greenhouse gases (due to its low energy emissions to produce new products)

3. Recycling helps protect the Biodiversity and preserve our Ecosystem

4. Recycling prevents pollution.

Economic Benefits of Recycling

1. Recycling creates jobs and employment opportunities for people in the recycling industry.

2. Recycling saves Energy (and promote cost savings)

3. Recycling reduces Waste disposal fees

4. Recycling generates Revenue (via the sale of recyclable materials)

5. Recycling conserves Natural resources for Future Generations.

Initiatives Promoting Recycling Efforts:

1. Community Recycling Programs: Government, Organizations and Individuals can organize recycling programs to empower people of a community with knowledge and resources to raise awareness about the importance of waste reduction and recycling such as Public awareness campaigns, Recycling challenges and events, Neighborhood clean up initiatives and Drop-off centres for recyclable items and more.

2. Circular Economy (3R's - Reduce, Reuse & Renew): Recycling drives a circular economy where materials are in a continuous cycle of use, reuse and recycle (renew). This approach minimizes waste generation, optimizes the utilization of resources and unlock new job opportunities in the recycling sector.

3. Waste Reduction Goals: Government and businesses can set targets to minimize waste and maximize recycling

4. Education & Workshops (to teach about proper recycling practices, waste management and sustainable living)

In conclusion, the Power of Recycling lies in its ability to address environmental challenges from the conservation of natural resources to the promotion of a country's economic growth. Understanding it's benefits and supporting initiatives that promote recycling efforts, we can work together towards a more sustainable future.

Hence, let's embrace the 3Rs – Reduce, Reuse & Recycle and make a Positive Impact on our planet.

Hepatitis: Everything You need to Know about this disease

2024-07-25T20:13:00.031+01:00

This blog is written in honor of world hepatitis day and all patients who once suffered it or currently suffering from it.

What is Hepatitis?

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver which results from various infectious diseases and non infectious ones. This leads to a variety of health problems, some of which can be fatal.

Types of Hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis.

Hepatitis A.

Hepatitis B.

Hepatitis C.

Hepatitis D.

Hepatitis E.

Neonatal hepatitis.

These types of hepatitis are categorized into two groups. Viral hepatitis & Non viral hepatitis .

VIRAL HEPATITIS includes:
Hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E (caused by a virus)

NON VIRAL HEPATITIS includes:
There are 3 types of non-viral hepatitis: Toxic hepatitis is caused by chemicals, drugs (prescription and over-the-counter) and nutritional supplements.

VIRAL HEPATITIS: Causes & Mode of Transmission

• Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is primarily transmitted via consumption of contaminated water or food.

• Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood, semen and other body fluids.

• Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood.

• Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), it only occurs in people who are infected with HBV and is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood, semen and other body fluids

• Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is primarily transmitted via consumption of contaminated water or food

Causes of NON VIRAL HEPATITIS

Then, there are non-viral causes of hepatitis, such as autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis and drug-induced hepatitis. These forms of hepatitis are not caused by viral infections but rather by non-infectious causes such as autoimmune disorders, excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications or toxins.

Effects Of Hepatitis

In some cases, hepatitis may lead to liver damage, liver failure, cirrhosis, liver cancer or even death. There are several factors that can affect how severe the condition is. These may include the cause of the liver damage and any illnesses you have.

Treatments For Hepatitis

Treatment for chronic hepatitis B may include Antiviral Medications — including entecavir (Baraclude), tenofovir (Viread), lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera) and telbivudine — can help fight the virus and slow its ability to damage your liver. These are Oral Medication.

Antiviral medications, including sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, are used to treat hepatitis C. Some people's immune system can fight the infection on their own and new infections do not always need treatment. Treatment is always needed for chronic hepatitis C.

There is no specific treatment for Hepatitis A. Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and can take several weeks or months. It is important to avoid unnecessary medications that can adversely affect the liver, e.g. acetaminophen, paracetamol.

Doctors may treat chronic hepatitis D with medicines called interferons, such as peginterferon alfa-2a link (Pegasys). Researchers are studying new treatments for hepatitis D.

There is no specific antiviral therapy for acute hepatitis E. Physicians should offer supportive therapy. Patients are typically advised to rest, get adequate nutrition and fluids, avoid alcohol and check with their physician before taking any medications that can damage the liver, especially acetaminophen.

Treatment for Non Viral Hepatitis

Treatment includes medication to stop the immune system from attacking the liver. If the liver is severely damaged, a transplant may be necessary.

N.B: It is important to raise awareness about this disease for it may be fatal to many and endanger thousands of lives.

Chess: The Story Behind This Fine Art

2024-07-21T16:09:00.027+01:00

Chess is an ancient board game that goes back centuries. It is a board game which involves 2 players, and is sometimes called International chess or Western chess to distinguish it from related games such as xiangqi (Chinese chess) and shogi (Japanese chess).

Chess is an abstract strategy game that is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The players, referred to as "White" and "Black", each control 16 pieces:

1 King, 1 Queen, 2 Rooks, 2 Knights, 2 Bishops & 8 Pawns.

How Is Chess Played?

White moves first, followed by Black. The game is won by checkmating the opponent's king. In other words, placing the king under threat of capture with no possible escape.

There are also several ways a game can end in a draw or stalemate.

Each Chess piece moves a certain way:

The Queen moves diagonally, horizontally & vertically in all directions.

The King moves one square at a time. Its movement is restricted when it's in “check” — meaning it is under threat.

The Bishop moves diagonally in all directions.

The Rook moves horizontally and vertically in straight lines.

The Pawn moves one square forward at a time. From its initial position, it may move two squares forward on its first move. Upon reaching the opposite end of the board, it can be promoted to a Queen, Rook, Bishop or Knight.

The Knight moves in an “L” shape — two squares in one direction and then one square perpendicular to that.

Brief History of Chess

The game of chess has a rich history that spans over 1,500 years. It originated in India as a game called Chaturanga. From there, it spread to Persia (modern-day Iran), where the game was changed and developed into Shatranj. After the Arab conquest of Persia, Chess spread to the Muslim world and eventually made its way to Europe through Spain and Italy. By around 1500 CE, the game had evolved into the version we know and love today.

The Playing Styles Of Chess

From the late 1700s - 1880s, Chess players focused on quick, clever moves rather than long-term plans, known as the Romantic Era of Chess.

Later came more strategic styles, including the:

Scientific Approach

Hypermodern Style, and

New Dynamism

In the late 1800s, official tournaments began, and the first World Chess Championship was held in 1886. During the 1900s, chess theory advanced dramatically, and the World Chess Federation (FIDE) was formed.

A major turning point came in 1997 when a supercomputer named Deep Blue defeated World Champion Garry Kasparov. This marked the beginning of computer dominance in chess. Today, computer analysis tools are widely used by players at all levels.

In the 2000s, online chess grew rapidly, and computer engines became accessible to the public. Today, computers are stronger than humans, and online chess remains incredibly popular.

Interesting Fact
In ancient times, chess was seen as a simulation of war between two kingdoms. It also served as a medium for political symbolism, propaganda and cultural exchange.

PROMINENT FIGURES IN CHESS

1. Wilhelm Steinitz

2. Akiba Rubinstein

3. Aron Nimzowitsch

4. Jose Raul Capablanca

5. Alexander Alekhine

These individuals helped shape chess into the intellectually respected game it is today.

STEM Skills We can learn from Chess

Chess teaches a wide range of cognitive and STEM-related skills:

Critical Thinking

Strategic Planning

Rational Decision Making

Pattern Recognition, and more.

For example, a 15-year-old girl who had never played chess was an overachiever, but over time, she found it harder to concentrate or think clearly. After she began playing chess regularly, she noticed improvements in her focus, decision-making and planning skills. Chess sharpened her ability to analyze, think ahead and remain calm under pressure, such skills that are essential in the STEM field.

In short, learning and playing chess equips you with skills that align directly with STEM disciplines.
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Remember: Chess is more than just a board game; it is a mental sport that builds skills for life. Whether you're interested in math, technology or strategy, Chess is a brilliant way to challenge your mind while having fun. (#edit)
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The Scientific Methods

2024-06-18T17:24:00.018+01:00

To begin with, What is this Intriguing method? The Scientific Method is a series of procedures that individuals can utilize to know more about the world around them, better that knowledge, and set out to to elucidate why and/or how things come about.

This method, or as they say Modus Operandi in Latin , involves recognizing observations, devising inquiries, forming hypotheses, performing experiments, analyzing the given facts and drawing a deduction. Every scientific experiment performed exemplifies the scientific method in action, but it is also used by non-science figures in everyday situations.

A Biology investigation usually starts with an observation—that is, something that catches the biologist’s attention.

For instance, a cancer biologist might notice that a specific kind of cancer can't be treated with chemotherapy and begin to wonder what the reason behind this abnormal result the case is. A marine ecologist, seeing that the coral reefs of her/his field sites are turning white otherwise known as bleaching, might set out to explore the reasons for this change.

How do scientists follow up on these observations? and How can you follow up on your own Observations of the Natural World?

In this blog, I, your dearest author Malak, will be walking you through the various steps of the, a logical problem-solving approach used by biologists and many other scientists, the fields in which its used in and providing you with general information about it.
The Scientific Method

At the core of biology and other sciences lies a problem-solving approach called the scientific method.

The scientific method has 5 basic steps, plus 1 feedback step:

Recognize an observation.

Inquire/Ask a question.

Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.

Deduct a conclusion based on the hypothesis.

Test/Validate the conclusion.

Iterate: use the results to deduce a new hypothesis or prediction.

The scientific method is used in all sciences—including Chemistry, Physics, Geology and Psychology. The scientists in these fields ask different questions and perform different tests. However, they use the same core approach to find answers that are logical and supported by evidence.

1. Make an Observation
Suppose that you get two slices of bread and put them into the toaster. However, your bread does not toast.

2. Ask a question
Oh no!!! Why won't the bread toast?

3. Propose an Hypothesis
An hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can be tested through an experiment.

For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken.

This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. Instead, it's a possible explanation that we can test to see if it is likely correct, or if we need to make a new hypothesis.

4. Make a Prediction
A Prediction is an outcome we'd expect to see if the hypothesis is correct.

In this case, we might predict that if the electrical outlet is broken, then plugging the toaster into a different outlet should remedy the problem.

5. Test the Predictions.
To test the hypothesis, we need to make an observation or perform an experiment associated with the prediction.

For instance, in this case, we would plug the toaster into a different outlet and see if it toasts.

If the toaster does toast, then the hypothesis is supported—likely correct.

If the toaster doesn't toast, then the hypothesis is not supported—likely wrong.

The results of a test may either support or oppose an hypothesis. Results that support a hypothesis can't conclusively prove that it's correct, but they do mean it's likely to be correct. On the other hand, if results contradict a hypothesis, that hypothesis is probably not correct. Unless there was a flaw in the test, a possibility we should always consider—a contradictory result means that we can discard the hypothesis and look for a new one.

6. Iterate
The last step of the scientific method is to reflect on our results and use them to guide our next steps.

If the hypothesis was supported, we might do additional tests to confirm it or revise it to be more specific i.e we might have to investigate why the outlet is broken.

If the hypothesis was not supported, we would come up with a new hypothesis e.g the next hypothesis might be that there's a broken wire in the toaster.

In most cases, the scientific method is an iterative process (a cycle rather than a straight line). The result of one go-round becomes feedback that improves the next round of question asking.

What Subjects use the scientific method?

These activities do not describe all that scientists do but apply mostly to experimental sciences (e.g. physics, chemistry, biology and psychology). The elements above are often taught in the educational system as "The scientific method".

Brain Tumors (The Vile Parasites): Do Sex differences affect Brain tumor Biology?

2024-06-08T13:27:00.029+01:00

Note: This blog is written in honour of all Brain Tumors Patients and Brain Tumor Day.

World Brain Tumor Day is observed on June 8 every year to raise awareness and educate people about brain tumors. It was first observed in 2000 by the German Brain Tumor Association.

Introduction

Despite its little mass (1.4 kilograms) and its gooey jelly like components, it is the most complex and important body organ.

It produces every creative thought, inspires every brush stroke, and ignites inspiration for every musical piece that has been or will be composed. It holds every recollection, significant or not, joyful or melancholic, old or new. In this mini-goo like structure, a world of hundreds of billions of neurons(nerve cells) exists, each having a certain job in this huge however small world.

Can you guess what it is?

Yes, it’s the Brain!

Brain Tumors: What are these foul parasites?

However, lurking in the shadows is a parasite that is waiting to feast on the complex and phenomenal structure of the brain, the tumor.

A tumor is a solid mass of tissue that forms when abnormal cells group together. Tumors can affect bones, skin, tissue, organs and glands.

The kinds of tumors branch into 3:

• Benign

• Malignant, and

• Pre-cancerous.

1. Benign

A benign tumor is not a malignant tumor, which is cancer. It does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body the way cancer can.

2. Malignant

A malignant tumor (also known as a cancerous tumor) is an abnormal growth of tissue that has the potential to invade nearby structures and spread to other parts of the body.

Unlike benign tumors, which usually remain localized and do not spread, malignant tumors can be life-threatening due to their ability metastasize.

3. Pre-cancerous
Pre-cancerous tumors are tumors containing abnormal cells which have a huge risk of turning cancerous later on.

World War One: The Battle between Physical health and these Parasites
A tumor affects normal bodily functions by compressing, invading, and destroying normal tissues and also by producing substances that circulate in the bloodstream.
Systemic Effects:

Fatigue: Cancer-related fatigue is common due to the body’s response to tumor growth.

Weight Loss: Tumors can alter metabolism and lead to unintentional weight loss.

Weakness: Cancer-related weakness affects muscle strength.

Metastasis:
If malignant tumors spread (metastasize), they can affect distant organs and systems.

For example, lung cancer that metastasizes to the brain can cause neurological symptoms. Adding to that, if the tumor is left untreated, it will lead to an imminent DEATH.

World War two: The Battle between Mental health & these Parasites

1. Emotional Impact:

o The emotional toll of dealing with tumors can impact mental health.

o Anxiety, depression and stress are common.

Finally,

Does Sex differences affect brain tumor biology?

Who is the main target, men or women?

Glioblastoma Study Highlights Sex Differences in Brain Cancer

Researchers have known for decades that men are more likely than women to develop an aggressive form of brain cancer called glioblastoma. There is also evidence that women tend to respond better than men to standard therapy for this disease.

The reasons for these sex differences are not clear. But a new study provides further evidence that women and men with glioblastoma appear to respond differently to treatment and identifies biological factors that might contribute to this disparity.

In the study, researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and their colleagues analyzed MRI results, genomic profiles of tumors, and information about survival from men and women with glioblastoma.

Using these data, the researchers uncovered different molecular profiles in the tumors of men and women and showed that these profiles were associated with differences in survival. The results appeared in Science Translational Medicine on January 2.

“Our findings and the growing body of data on the importance of sex-specific differences in biology suggest that we really need to ensure that studies are appropriately designed to detect sex differences,” said Joshua Rubin, M.D., Ph.D., of Washington University, who co-led the study.

Although researchers have been aware of substantial sex differences in the incidence of glioblastoma and other brain tumors for decades, most researchers conducting large-scale analyses have continued to merge data from patients of both sexes, Dr. Rubin added.

In future work in glioblastoma, researchers should conduct parallel but separate analyses of male and female cells, animals, and patients, noted Jingqin “Rosy” Luo, Ph.D., of Washington University, who also co-led the study
The Biology of Sex Differences

Many diseases, including some cancers, occur at different rates in males and females or cause different symptoms depending on the patient’s sex. These differences are frequently linked to sex hormones, such as testosterone or estrogen, which contribute to many biological differences between men and women.

But males are more likely to develop malignant brain tumors than females at all ages, including in childhood. This suggests that the disparity cannot be explained solely by the effects of circulating sex hormones.

“The fact that we see sex differences in cancers in young children and young adults, as well as post-menopausal adults, means that circulating sex hormones are not responsible for the differences,” said Dr. Rubin.

When circulating sex hormones affect a disease, there are changes in the frequency and severity of the disease that parallel sex hormone levels, he continued. “That is not the case for sex differences in most cancers.”

Chromosomes from glioblastoma cells. New research suggests that men and women respond differently to treatments for glioblastoma

Credit: National Cancer Institute

Tracking the Growth and Spread of Brain Tumors

The current study grew out of the clinical observation that “we see a big difference in the incidence of glioblastoma between men and women and between boys and girls,” said Dr. Rubin. Males are 60% more likely to develop glioblastoma overall than females.

In the first part of the study, the researchers analyzed MRI scans and survival data for 63 adults treated for glioblastoma, including 40 men and 23 women. The patients had received surgery, followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

For this analysis, the researchers, including Kristin Swanson, Ph.D., a mathematical oncologist at the Mayo Clinic, used the MRI scans and computational models to assess the growth and spread of tumors during treatment, a combined measure called tumor growth velocity.

Initial tumor growth velocities were similar for both women and men, but only women experienced a significant decline in tumor growth after treatment with the chemotherapy drug temozolomide (Temodar), which is commonly used to treat glioblastoma, the researchers found.

“The MRI studies indicated that the standard treatment for glioblastoma is more effective for females than for males,” said Konstantin Salnikow, Ph.D., of NCI’s Division of Cancer Biology (DCB), who was not involved in the study.

“Despite well-established sex differences in the incidence [of glioblastoma] and emerging indications of differences in outcomes, there are few insights that distinguish male and female glioblastomas at the molecular level or that allow specific targeting of these biological differences,” Dr. Salnikow continued.

Profiling Glioblastoma Tumors from Men and Women
To explore the molecular basis of this sex difference in treatment response, the researchers analyzed gene expression data from glioblastoma tumors included in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Most genes were expressed similarly in the glioblastoma tumors of men and women. But by focusing on genes that were expressed differently, the researchers found that they could separate patients with glioblastoma into five male and five female groups, or clusters. They validated the clusters by analyzing several independent data sets.

An analysis of the differentially expressed genes in the clusters showed that “survival in males was most significantly determined by genes that regulate cell division,” Dr. Rubin said. For survival in females, the most important pathway involved the expression of genes called integrins, which, he added, are involved in the spread of tumors.

Among women in the study, those whose tumors had low expression of integrin-signaling components lived, on average, slightly over 3 years after diagnosis, compared with just over a year for women whose tumors had other molecular profiles.

For men, those whose tumors had low expression of cell-cycle signaling components survived more than 18 months, on average, whereas the other tumor profiles were associated with survival of just over a year.

To explore the clinical relevance of these genetic signatures, the researchers carried out laboratory experiments in which they exposed a panel of glioblastoma cell lines from a series of male and female patients to four types of chemotherapy.

This analysis also showed associations between the cell-cycle signature and longer survival in men and between the integrin signature and longer survival in women.

Raising Awareness about Sex Differences

“Sex differences in cancer are an understudied area of research, and more of these studies are needed to make progress in what is often known as precision, or personalized, medicine,” said Dr. Salnikow, noting that the results of the current study need to be replicated by larger studies.

Researchers can learn a lot about cancer by identifying the molecular changes driving the disease, said DCB's Nastaran Zahir, Ph.D., who was not involved in the research.

“Looking at these molecular changes in the context of sex differences and using computational modeling approaches could enhance our ability to predict which patients are likely, for instance, to respond to treatment or to experience disease progression,” Dr. Zahir added.

Dr. Rubin cautioned that more research on sex differences in glioblastoma is needed before doctors can incorporate the approach into the clinic. He is hopeful that the current study will raise awareness about the need to pursue this area of research.

“No matter which aspect of glioblastoma we looked at, we could see sex-specific differences,” said Dr. Rubin. “As we learn more, you could imagine that treatment for glioblastoma might need to be delivered in a sex-specific manner in the future.”

Section of brain from a mouse model of glioblastoma.

Credit: Cell Image Library

Glioblastoma cells in culture. Researchers hope that immunotherapies will improve outcomes in patients with this aggressive brain cancer.

Credit: Cell Image Library/Wellcome Images

Note:

Glioblastoma (GLEE-oh-blas-TOH-muh)

A fast-growing type of central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Glioblastoma usually occurs in adults and affects the brain more often than the spinal cord. Also called GBM, glioblastoma multiforme and grade IV astrocytoma.

The Environmental Impact of Cycling

2024-06-03T15:00:00.004+01:00

In Celebration of World Bicycle Day (June 3), we will be exploring the Environmental impact of Cycling and why it's an excellent choice for a sustainable future.

Cycling is an environmental friendly, sustainable and healthy mode of transportation that offers numerous benefits:

1. Reducing Carbon Footprint
Cycling is a zero-emission mode of transportation producing no greenhouse gas(es) or air pollutants.

According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “a vehicle emits about 4.6 metric tons CO2 per year” equating to about .96 pounds of CO2 per mile while bicycles emit around .03 pounds per mile (including the emissions produced from manufacturing the bike) and that’s substantially less than even other environmentally friendly alternatives to driving.

2. Air Quality improvement

Cycling also improves air quality by reducing vehicles tailpipes emissions, which release harmful particles, chemicals and gases contributing to air pollution and negatively impacting our health and that of the planet.

3. Reducing Traffic Congestion
Cycling provides an alternative mode of transportation, reducing traffic congestion and promoting a more efficient use of road.

Health Benefits:
Cycling offers numerous physical and mental health beings from reducing stress to improving cardiovascular health and posture to boosting mood and more.

In Conclusion,
The pressing issues of Climate change, wildfires, droughts and other extreme events pose significant risks to both current and future generations. And as transportation remains a major contributor to the alarming increase in greenhouse gases, Cycling emerges as a sustainable solution to reducing our carbon footprint.

Wildfires; A Suffocating Murderer | EstheraSTEM

2024-02-15T16:57:00.005+01:00

With every moment that passed, dense smoke choked the air as the wildfire's flames rose higher and higher. What once refreshed our souls with purity became a suffocating enemy, slaughtering our lungs and destroying our health.

These blazing flames ate up everything standing in their way, robbing every living thing of its soul and transforming every entity into suffocating ashes. The flames of the wildfire were vicious monsters, moving forward into the forests, moving to slaughter trees and animals, only stopping before their greatest enemy; rivers.

People were speechless in front of this devastating natural disaster that moved as though it owned the world, turning what we breath for life into a terrible chronic disease that invades lungs and murders public health.

What are Wildfires?

Bushfires, brush fires or forest fires, all those are names used to describe wildfires, large, uncontrolled, destructive natural disasters that not only affect forests and grasslands but urban and rural areas too.

Such fires are characterized by their rapid spread, sudden change in direction, and the way they can 'jump' across large distances when wind carries sparks. While the spread of a wildfire results from dry vegetation, dead wood, and weather conditions, those natural disasters can start in as little as seconds and last for as long as several weeks.

There are 2 types of wildfires;

• The first being the one capable of burning in vegetation located in the soil, and

• The second being the one capable of burning above the soil.

To begin with, ground fires usually ignite in soil abundant with organic matter where the flames are fed from plant roots and the such. Ground fires burn for as long as an entire season until circumstances are suitable for them to grow into a surface fire. On the contrary, surface fires ignite in dead or dehydrated vegetation directly above the ground and are fed by dry grass and leaves.

Some Causes of Wildfires

Climate Change

Lightning Strikes

High Temperatures

Low Winter Precipitation

Dry Vegetation

It is important to note that weather conditions play a crucial role in determining how much a wildfire grows.

For instance, dry seasons with little rainfall, wind and high temperatures all contribute in fueling wildfires due to the dry shrubs, leaves, wood… that they leave behind. Not to mention that topography plays a significant role in the growth of a wildfire too, for the flames of the fire ignite uphill faster than they do downhill.

Effects of Wildfires on Air Quality

Wildfires have drastic effects on the air quality around us.

To demonstrate, a mixture of perilous air pollutants such PM2.5, NO2, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and lead make up wildfire smoke. Not to mention that besides contaminating the air with lethal toxins, wildfires also release massive amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere severely impacting the climate.

Particle pollution, also known as particle matter (PM), is a mixture of solid and liquid droplets suspended in the air, formed due to combustion-related activities such as wildfires. Such particles come in various sizes and shapes, and while some may be microscopic, other particles become so large they are visible to the human eye due to their drastic increase in concentrations during wildfires and combustion-related activities. Not only that, but those particles can be made up of different components like acids, inorganic compounds, organic chemicals, as well as metals and can easily penetrate buildings, houses, structures…

Furthermore, another threat from wildfire smoke is carbon monoxide (CO), also known as the silent killer. CO is a colorless and odorless gas that when inhaled leads to critical health conditions and even death.

Effects of Wildfires on Public Health

But the effects of wildfires don’t stop at ruining the quality of the air, but they also significantly deteriorate one’s health especially for the elderly, pregnant women, children, and all those suffering from cardiovascular or respiratory diseases.

Besides the damage wildfires cause to houses, burning them down alongside killing thousands of people, the air pollution they cause severely impacts people’s health. In fact, a study has shown that PMs that are 10 micrometers (µm) and less in diameter are a leading cause for concern since they infiltrate the nose and trachea, entering the lungs. Not to mention that the smallest particles being less than 2.5 µm even translocate into circulation. Once inhaled, these particles negatively impact the lungs and heart, causing grave health conditions.

Some of the conditions that wildfires cause are:

Chest tightness or pain

Shortness of breath or trouble breathing,

Allergies and asthma

Severe coughing

Burning or stinging of the nose, throat and eyes

Feeling dizzy or lightheaded

Safety Measures

Several safety measures can be taken to lessen the danger of wildfires, such as preparing evacuation plans and centers as well as equipping buildings with necessary tools.

First, governments should prepare evacuation plans and centers to help the people depart the areas with wildfires and find shelter afterward. For example, in Australia, state and territory authorities accountable for fire management have invested in coping capacities like early-warning evacuation text messages to the residents. In fact, as the Black Summer bushfires took hold, more than 100 evacuation centers were set up to provide displaced people with food, water, personal items, and a shelter to stay inside. The Australian Red Cross also provided free psychosocial support in evacuation centers for people and children who suffered from stress and anxiety.

Moreover, governments must construct buildings and equip them with the necessary tools to protect people from the smoke of wildfires. To point out, houses in areas prone to wildfires can be constructed of fire-resistant bricks, steel, gypsum drywall, insulated concrete forms, and dual paned glass windows since these materials prevent fire from spreading into one’s home. Closed-off rooms that are equipped with air cleaners or filters should also be prepared inside the house to prevent the smoke outdoors from entering, and people should have respirators, fire extinguishers, and first aid kits.

Conclusion
“The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.” - Robert Swan

Our future depends on what WE do today, so don’t let your future, your children’s future, and our world’s future burn into ashes. Don’t let our earth suffocate on the smoke of wildfires. Wake up from your trance and take action, for your act no matter how small can echo far beyond what you can imagine.

How Melodies Enkindle the Mind... | EstheraSTEM

2024-01-07T23:49:00.007+01:00

Introduction

For centuries, music has been life, accompanying man through good and bad, evolving over the years from beats to symphonies. It has been translating our souls’ deepest desires, our minds’ complicated thoughts, and hearts’ intricate emotions. Humans have always resorted to music as an escape from reality to soothe their aching souls. But what is the truth behind such joy that seeps into our minds once we listen to music? This question is what will be discussed in the following paper; the psychology of music.

How our Brain Perceives Music

As we all know, music, or any other sound in general, enters through our ear as sound waves which are then converted into electrical impulses that can be interpreted by the brain. This process takes place in three stages involving the pinna, ossicles, and cochlea (parts of our outer, middle, and inner ear respectively).

Stage 1: The pinna channels the sound waves down the ear canal to the eardrum which in response to those incoming sound waves, vibrates.

Stage 2: The ossicles, three tiny bones in the middle ear, amplify the vibrations and send them to the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ which is full of fluid and lined with thousands of minuscule hair cells called stereocilia.

Stage 3: The vibrations trigger the fluid in the cochlea to move causing the stereocilia to shift up and down. In turn, this activates the nerve cells connected to the hair cells to release neurotransmitters; thus, generating an electrical signal which reaches the brain through the auditory nerve.

As the signal reaches the brain, it is processed and identified as sounds. It is important to note that distinct frequencies of sound waves cause distinct stereocilia in the cochlea to move which is why we can distinguish different pitches. Moreover, the intensity of the sound wave; in other words, how much the pinna and ossicles vibrate due to the sound wave, determines the capacity of the sound we perceive.

How our Brain Responds to Music

There are various sections of our brain that are stimulated when the sound signal reaches the brain, but each area responds distinctly based on how the brain classifies the auditory signal. Some of the areas stimulated when we listen to music are explained below:

The Temporal Lobe

It assists in several roles, one of which is language comprehension. This is important when listening to music since as our brain’s language center; it is able to help us understand the lyrics of the song we’re listening to. There are also two other sub-regions of the temporal lobe that aid in the process of listening to music which are:

Wernicke's area
Broca's area

Wernicke’s Area
It is an essential component of the brain that is responsible for the comprehension of speech sounds. For instance, when listening to music, it analyzes and comprehends what we hear, turning the words of a song into specific phrases and stories.

Broca’s Area
It is a crucial component of an intricate speech network which devises a plan for speaking and passes it along to the motor cortex that is responsible of controlling the movements of the mouth. When listening to music, it aids us in forming our own words so we can sing alongside the music or converse with others regarding what we are listening to.

The Amygdala
The amygdala, another fundamental part of the temporal lobe, is responsible for emotional processing, managing both negative and positive emotions especially anxiety and fear. The amygdala also contributes in the management of autonomic and endocrine functions as well as decision-making and the adaptation of inborn and motivational behaviors to alterations in one’s setting. The amygdala is a paired structure, meaning each person has two, one on each side of his brain.

The amygdala also takes a part in the activation of the fight-or-flight instinct of the brain, where it processes the sounds we hear and determines our emotional response towards them, that’s why music can activate those emotional signals. For example, when we listen to calming music we feel a sense of tranquility, whereas when we listen to music such as that of horror movies we feel a sense of fear.

The Frontal Lobe

The frontal lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, expressive language as well as the management of advanced executive functions which are a collection of cognitive skills such as thinking, planning, reasoning, and organizing as well as self-monitoring and controlling one's responses. The relation of music and the frontal lobe rests in how one’s interests and opinions about music and specifically one’s tastes in genres and songs, branch from the activities of the frontal lobe.

The Cerebellum

The cerebellum plays an essential role when listening to music. For instance, it maintains balance and coordinates movement by timing muscle actions and sending signals to the body to move. Therefore, the cerebellum in performers who dance to a certain song is usually what allows them to move in time with the music. Additionally, the cerebellum teaches the body movements that entail practice; thus, playing an instrument is entirely dependent on this specific part of the brain.

Moreover, the cerebellum manages muscle memory, that’s why Alzheimer’s patients who previously played instruments were still capable of doing that even after losing their memory.

The Hippocampus

The hippocampus is mainly responsible for the formation of memories besides aiding in the process of learning and storing of information. Not to mention that it is also part of the brain’s limbic system which is involved in the regulation of emotional responses to certain things; this can be tied to memories linked with related triggers.

It is important to note that studies found that the repetitive nature of music triggers short-term memory while simultaneously building long-term memories. That’s the reason behind why people are capable of remembering a song they listened to on the radio a day before, but can also recall the outfit they wore that day and who else was in the car when they heard that song around 30 years later.

How Music Affects Emotions, Health and Development

As the melodies of music enter our brains, one of the first things that occur is the activation of the orbitofrontal cortex that releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is responsible for feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation. That is why listening to music is tied with feelings of happiness and pleasure.

Moreover, research has revealed that listening to music enhances one’s health by boosting antibodies and cells that defend our body against bacteria. Not to mention that music has also proven to treat various diseases and conditions such as depression and even Parkinson's disease.

Finally, learning to play an instrument significantly increases the gray matter volume, which consists of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, in certain areas of the brain which often leads to improvement in brain functions like auditory processing, learning, and memory.

How to Build a STEM Club in Your School | EstheraSTEM

2024-01-01T15:56:00.021+01:00

In this era of technological advancements and scientific discoveries, fostering Students interest in STEM is crucial. And one effective way to accomplish this is by establishing a STEM Club in your school.

In this blog post, We will guide you through the process of building a STEM Club in your school and highlight the resources and support EstheraSTEM (a leading non-profit organization dedicated to promoting STEM Education) offer to help you.

Getting Started

The first step in building a STEM Club is to lay a strong foundation for the driving force behind the club which include passionate individuals (students, teachers and mentors). Gaining support from teachers, parents and school administrators can help make the Club a reality.

Defining the Club Vision and Goals

Every STEM Club needs a clear vision and goal that defines the purpose of the Club whether it was established to foster curiosity, encourage innovation or promote career exploration in STEM Fields.

Planning Engaging Activities

To ignite students interest in STEM, it is essential to offer wide range of engaging activities.

Hands on Projects

Environmental Conservation Initiatives such as Recycling programs & Awareness campaign about an Environmental issue
Science Fair Project

STEM Challenges

Coding Challenge
Robotics Challenge

Collaboration with EstheraSTEM

EstheraSTEM offer support and resources that can help you in building and sustaining the STEM Club. Collaborating with EstheraSTEM for your school STEM club will be a transformative experience. With the common goal of promoting STEM Education, EstheraSTEM provide resources and support to enrich your student's learning journey. Hence, your students will gain access to a wider network of like-minded individual passionate about STEM.

Conclusion

After going through these steps, There are still other action steps you will take to get your club launched and moving which include:

Naming the Club
Promoting the Club and encouraging membership
Where the Club meetings will hold
Fundraising method for the Club projects and activities
Club Resources (curriculum) and Partners

Good luck as you get your Club started. Comment below if you are starting a STEM club or have additional tips and suggestions.

Thanks for Reading!

Exploring the Universe with Astrophysics - EstheraSTEM

2023-12-30T14:33:00.001+01:00

Astrophysics, the scientific study of the universe offer the pathway for us to understand and explore space and unravel mysteries of the universe (a vast place full of galaxies, stars, and planets). Astrophysics provides insights into the fundamental forces and phenomena that shapes our cosmic surrounding.

In this blog post, We will embark on a journey of exploration, delve into the World of Astrophysics and uncover incredible discoveries and advancement in the Field.

1. Star

A star is an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity. It is a large ball of burning gas in space. Stars appear to us as small points of light in the sky on clear nights.

•The Nearest Star to Earth is the Sun.

2. Cosmic Mysteries

The mysteries of the cosmos continue to captivate and challenge scientists worldwide. From the enigmatic nature of dark matter and dark energy to the search for extraterrestrial life, each cosmic mystery holds the potential to reshape our understanding of the universe.

Examples of Cosmic Mysteries are

Dark Matter (the Invisible cosmic ingredient)
Axions
Ghost particles
The Higgs Boson
WIMPs
Supersymmetry
Dark Energy (a cosmic accelerator)

3. Black holes

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light and other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. It is one of the strangest and most fascinating objects in space

4. Search for Life beyond Earth.

So far, the only place or planet known so far to sustain life is Earth. But we're searching if Is there life beyond Earth? Life beyond earth is a extraordinary thing, that has made scientist all over the world study this fascinating topic. Hence, Exoplanet exploration are being organized by NASA and other Space Exploration Agencies to search for life beyond Earth.

Incredible Discoveries in the Astrophysics Field

Invention of the Telescope.
Galileo Galilei's Observations.
Discovery of Neptune
Hot Jupiter Exoplanet
Radiating Black Hole Collision
The Heaviest Black Holes

Conclusion

Astrophysics fuels our curiosity and expand our understanding of the universe. It inspires us to become a part of an ongoing quest to unravel the secrets of the cosmos.

•Angelo Secchi is the Father of Astrophysics, He was a renowned mathematician and physicist who had a great passion for astronomic studies.

Milestone Moments: Celebrating EstheraSTEM One-Year Anniversary

2023-12-18T14:27:00.007+01:00

Can you believe it? It has been a year since EstheraSTEM embarked on it's mission to ignite a passion for STEM in individuals and empower students and learners around the World with enriching STEM Education.

We are excited to celebrate this significant milestone and reflect on the achievements, growth and impact we have made so far.

Our Journey

In just one year, EstheraSTEM has been able to make remarkable impacts in igniting passion for STEM in students. From the launch of our Online platform (STEM Club/Program) on December 15, 2022 to the creation of engaging and enriching educational contents, we have been dedicated to providing accessible learning resources for individuals around the World.

Unveiling New Initiatives & Features

As we celebrate our One-Year anniversary, we are excited to announce that several new initiatives and features will be introduced soon to our Program to further our mission.

Our Team worked tirelessly to develop a Resources Page, Discussion Forum and redesign our Community Membership Form to enhance learning experiences and provide students with more opportunities for growth and guidance.

Celebrating Together

We planned series of exciting activities to connect and learn while we celebrate our 1st Anniversary. We made t-shirts to celebrate our Our One-Year Anniversary milestone.

Conclusion

As we celebrate EstheraSTEM One-Year Anniversary, we are grateful for the support and enthusiasm from the community. Together, we have accomplished great things and the journey has just begun. Here's to many more years of making a lasting impact.

Thank you for being a Part of EstheraSTEM Community!

Marine Life… Murdered | EstheraSTEM

2023-12-10T18:59:00.006+01:00

Introduction

Plastic becoming the new ‘fish’ swimming in our seas, rivers the new garbage dumps, animals choking to death on bottles, and innocent tortoises tangled up in bags; this is what humanity has done to our breathtaking ocean; genocide of the beautiful marine life we have been granted. 75 to 199 million tons of plastic waste are currently in our oceans, with a further 33 billion pounds of plastic entering the marine environment every single year. Can you imagine how many innocent animals mistake plastic for food? Death has wrapped its claws around 100 million oceanic animals each year from plastic waste alone and this number keeps increasing. Not to mention the 100,000 others that die after getting entangled in plastic yearly. That is why every individual, company, and organization must work toward a healthier, sustainable environment.

The Heart of the Problem: Plastic

But to address this critical issue, the essence of plastic must be firstly understood. Plastic is a polymeric material mostly derived from petroleum and is largely non-biodegradable, meaning it persists in the environment for hundreds of years. Most of the plastic waste in the oceans flows from the land by rivers which in turn pick up more and more litter as they move downstream. Once at sea, this plastic waste settles in coastal waters to later transport around the world through ocean currents.

Did you know?

Every year, around 8 million tons of plastic litter escapes into the oceans from coastal nations; this is equivalent to situating five full garbage bags on every foot of seashore around the world!

In 2021, it was found that 44% of plastic debris in rivers, oceans, and on shorelines was made up of bags, bottles, and takeout meal-related items.

Scientists discovered that more than 114 aquatic species have micro plastics in their organs, including several species only found in the deepest ocean channels.

Micro-plastics: Particles Causing Massive Damage

If you have ever wondered what those tiny multicolored plastic bits in sand were, you can now be sure of the answer. Unfortunately, they’re micro-plastics.
Micro-plastics are tiny plastic particles less than five millimeters in diameter which contribute immensely to plastic pollution. There are two types of said plastics: primary and secondary.
Primary micro-plastics, designed for commercial usage, are tiny particles such as those in cosmetics as well as microfibers shed from textiles. On the other hand, secondary micro-plastics are particles that result from the breakdown of larger plastic products due to the exposure to environmental factors, primarily the sun’s radiation and ocean waves. Undoubtedly, both have a severe negative effect on the environment and marine life, for micro-plastics have been detected in marine animals, seafood, and even in drinking water. Alarmingly, standard water treatment facilities are incapable of erasing all the traces of micro-plastics especially since they can bind with other harmful chemicals in the ocean.

Resolutions: Hope for a Brighter Future

Adopting a Circular Lifestyle: In other words, reuse plastic products instead of throwing them away.

Choosing your Clothes Carefully: About 60% of material made into clothing is plastic. When washed those clothing shed micro-plastics; therefore, it is advised to utilize cotton clothes with no synthetic fiber content.

Utilizing Reusable Bags such as Cloth Bags

Joining or Organizing Cleanups for Polluted Areas in your town/city

Spreading Awareness through Media Campaigns, Social Media, Schools, and Colleges.

Conclusion

As what was once said, “Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people, can transform the world.” Plastic pollution is accountable for the grave state the environment and marine life are suffering from; therefore, every action no matter how small can have a great impact towards a healthier environment and brighter future. Every individual, big or small, must work on eliminating this critical issue in order to save our Earth from this vicious, contagious disease that dwells in its oceans, for without clean seas, water, and safe marine life how will the future generations survive?

Impact of Climate Change | EstheraSTEM

2023-11-22T17:00:00.006+01:00

Climate change is a Global issue that affects every living being on the Planet.

In this blog post, We will explore the effects of Climate Change on different ecosystems and the species that inhabit them. I will discuss how rising temperatures and extreme weather events are affecting the survival of plants and animals alongside highlighting the importance of the biodiversity and how it contributes to the health of our planet. Finally, I will provide some tips on how Individuals can help reduce their carbon footprint and protect biodiversity.

Effect of Climate Change on different Ecosystems & Species that inhabit them

1. Increased Forest fire caused by warmer temperature

Nearly all land areas are seeing more hot days and heat waves since Warmer temperatures are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature posing many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth.

It is important to note that "Wildfires start more easily and spread rapidly when weather conditions are hotter".

2. Coral bleaching which can eventually cause the death of Coral reefs.

3. Melting Polar ice and Glaciers (threatening the habitat of polar bear, penguin and other species).

The ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming. This melts ice and glaciers and raises sea levels, threatening and endangering marine life.

4. Disruption of the Natural Habitat and Migration pattern of Wildlife.

5. Decline in the Population of species in a particular habitat

Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. Some species will be able to survive and migrate while others will not.

6. Drought

Water is becoming scarce in more regions as Deserts are expanding and reducing land for growing food leaving many people to face the threat of not having enough water on a regular basis.

7. Flooding

Changes in temperature cause changes in rainfall resulting in more severe and frequent storms alongside flooding.

Tips to Protect Biodiversity

1. Reduce Pollution on different habitats (ocean, land and air)

2. Plant trees and Support Forest Conservation efforts

3. Reduce Energy Consumption

4. Advocate for Policies to Reduce Greenhouse gas emissions

5. Conserve Water and Support Conservation organizations

6. Practice responsible tourism

7. Raise Awareness about Climate Change

8. Reduce Waste & Recycle ♻️

Collective Action is crucial in Addressing Climate Change and Protecting the biodiversity.

Hence, encourage others to join in efforts to make a Positive Impact on the Environment.

What is DNA? | EstheraSTEM

2023-10-18T16:24:00.009+01:00

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. It contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce and is mostly known as the master blueprint for life that constitutes the genetic material in all organisms.

History

DNA was first recognized and identified by the Swiss biologist Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869 during his research on white blood cells.

The double helix structure of a DNA molecule was later discovered through the experimental data by James Watson and Francis Crick. Finally, it was proved that DNA is responsible for storing genetic information in living organisms.

Structure

DNA is made of two polynucleotide chains (or strands) composed of simpler monomeric units called Nucleotides that coil around each other in opposite directions to form a double helix. These DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bond.

Nucleotides are the basic building block of DNA composed of:

Nitrogen bases (cytosine[C], guanine[G], adenine[A] or thymine[T])

A Sugar (deoxyribose) - the backbone of a DNA molecule

A Phosphate group.

Base Pairing

Base pairs are essential for the DNA’s double helix structure, which resembles a twisted ladder.

They are paired together as A with T, and C with G; which is Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.The order of these nitrogenous bases determines the genetic code or the DNA’s instructions.

DNA Replication

DNA Replication is the Process of copying and duplicating a DNA molecule. It is an important process that occurs during cell division whereby the two strands of DNA separate to two new identical daughter cells which will contain same genetic information(DNA) as the parent cell.

Function

DNA is the genetic material that carries all the hereditary information. Apart from Storing Genetic Information, DNA is involved in:

DNA Fingerprinting
Transcription
Replication
Cellular metabolism
Mutation

Did You Know?

DNA was First Discovered in 1869.
DNA is contained in the chromosomes of a cell.
All living things have DNA.
Human DNA is 99.9% Identical
DNA Contains Approximately 3 Billion Base Pairs.

What is Feminism and Why is it Important - EstheraSTEM

2023-10-09T17:29:00.012+01:00

Feminism is the movement to Put an end to sexist exploitation and oppression to achieve gender equality. It is also the advocacy of women's rights to achieve equality since its all about giving all people equal rights and opportunities. Feminism is a positive movement that continues to bring beneficial social change to society.

A Common Misconception of Feminism is that only women can be feminists. It is absolutely wrong because Feminism does not only benefit only women. Advocacy for equal rights of other sexes and identities e.g LGBTQ+ are included in feminist campaigns

Why is Feminism Important?

1. Women Empowerment

"Feminism is the notion that all humans are equal regardless of their gender. Feminism is uplifting women so that men and women are treated equally. It’s not about demeaning men or declaring them inferior. It’s not based on women having power over men; rather, the idea is that women should have power over themselves."
-Drafted from Youth ki Awaaz

2. Advocacy for Gender Equality of all Sexes

Feminism foster a society that does not associate activities, clothes or any distinctions with any gender paving way for Gender Equality. It also serves as an outlet for turning gender equality concerns into cultural change with feminist support.

3. Fight against Sexism

Sexism means perceiving and judging people only on the basis of their belonging to a particular sex or gender. It is the discrimination of a person based on their sex. It is important to note that sexism applies to both men and women, however, women are more affected by sexism than men in all areas of life. Hence, Feminism recognizes minority groups who experience sexism since it is a movement to put an end to sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression.