I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours

Part 62 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Mon, 26 Oct 2026 15:38:52 +0000

Part 62
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Hongdong earthquake Mongol Empire: Location Zhaocheng counties, Shanxi Province Northern China [death toll 200,000] 17 September 1303

•Great European Famine Europe (all) [death toll 7,500,000] 1315–1317 AD

From [AI overview]: The Great European Famine of 1315–1317 AD was primarily caused by the onset of the Little Ice Age, which brought relentless torrential rains and freezing temperatures that devastated crops. These compounding environmental and societal factors triggered the catastrophe. The cold and excessively wet conditions weakened farm animals, making them highly susceptible to viral outbreaks like murrain or livestock plague and foot-and-mouth disease. This drastically reduced the number of cattle, sheep, and horses, leading to a shortage of both meat and the draft animals required to plow fields. Market Failures and War: The crisis was compounded by man-made factors. Ongoing military conflicts (such as the Scottish Wars of Independence) and unequal property systems in areas like Flanders disrupted farming and prevented the fair distribution of remaining food. From [Wikipedia]: In the spring of 1315, unusually heavy rain began in much of Europe. Throughout the spring and the summer, it continued to rain, and the temperature remained cool. Under such conditions, grain could not ripen, leading to widespread crop failures. Grains were brought indoors in urns and pots to keep dry. The straw and hay for the animals could not be cured, so there was no fodder for the livestock. The soil became extremely moist from the heavy rain, making it impossible to plow the fields ready for planting. In England, lowlands in Yorkshire and Nottingham were flooded, while stew ponds on the River Foss in Yorkshire were washed away. The price of food began to rise. Prices in England doubled between spring and midsummer. Salt, the only way to cure and preserve meat, was difficult to obtain because brine could not be effectively evaporated in wet weather. As a result, its price increased from 30 to 40 shillings. In Lorraine, wheat prices rose by 320%, making bread unaffordable to peasants. Stores of grain for long-term emergencies were limited to royalty, lords, nobles, wealthy merchants and the Church. Because of the general increased population pressures, even lower-than-average harvests meant some people would go hungry. People began to harvest wild edible roots, grasses, nuts and bark in the forests. Nearly all European societies at that time attributed natural disasters as divine retribution or divine punishment for their apparent misdeeds, and religion was regarded as the final recourse for nearly all problems. However, no amount of prayer seemed effective against the root causes of the famine. This undermined the institutional authority of the Catholic Church, which established the limits of accepted faith. This weakening of the Church's authority subsequently contributed to the emergence and spreading of movements that were deemed heretical by the Church, as they opposed the papacy or office of pope and blamed the perceived failure of prayer upon corruption and doctrinal errors within the Church itself; heretic is a proponent of heresy.

•Vijayanagara Empire South India

1336–1646 AD

From [AI overview]: International Reach: The empire maintained over 300 seaports along its extensive coastline, driving robust trade with Persia, Arabia, China, Southeast Asia, and the Malay Archipelago. Vijayanagara exported valuable spices, rice, textiles, sandalwood, sugar, and iron. In return, it imported raw materials, ivory, and—most crucially—Arabian horses to supply its formidable cavalry. The empire developed a highly lucrative trade relationship with the Portuguese. In exchange for spices and precious stones, the Portuguese supplied Vijayanagara with muskets, gunpowder, and horses, greatly enhancing the empire's military capabilities.

•Hundred Years' War Western Europe [death toll 2,794,995÷2] 1337–1453 AD

From [https://www.history.com]: Causes of the Hundred Years' War: In the early 1200s, France regained most of its land from England, but the 1259 Treaty of Paris kept the Duchy of Guyenne (also known as Aquitaine) in southwestern France under English control. The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) was a complicated ongoing conflict between the kingdoms of England and France, rooted in territorial disputes and control of the French crown. Spanning about 116 years during the 14th and 15th centuries, it started when English King Edward III, grandson of Philip IV of France, was denied his claim to the French throne and launched a retaliatory attack. From [AI overview]: A medieval retaliatory attack was a military or economic counter-strike intended to punish an enemy for a previous wrong, such as an unsanctioned border raid, unpaid debts, or a broken treaty. From [Wikipedia]: The Hundred Years' War was a significant conflict in the Middle Ages. During the war, five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of France, then the wealthiest and most populous kingdom in Western Europe. The war had a lasting effect on European history: both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed European warfare. Chivalry reached its height during the conflict and subsequently declined. Stronger national identities took root in both kingdoms, which became more centralized and gradually emerged as global powers. The periodisation of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the Black Death, and several years of truces. From [AI overview]: In the Middle Ages, truces were temporary suspensions of warfare, negotiated either between opposing commanders to halt fighting—such as the Truce of Calais during the Hundred Years' War—or mandated broadly by the Catholic Church to limit the violent habits of the feudal nobility. While it does not officially end a conflict, it provides a crucial pause so sides can remove the wounded, exchange prisoners, negotiate, or simply take a breather.

The last 3 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Part 63

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[british-historical-drama-133093]

[grand_project-epic-emotional_59sec-197083]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

2:https://fastdl.app/photo

FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER

3:https://fdownloader.net/en

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

4:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=17

5:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=14

6:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/1303-hongdong-earthquake/481/7496

7:https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-00016-3

8:https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/09/22/great-famine-soggiest-years-centuries/

9:https://hiddenfrontiers.com/medieval-europe-society-politics-culture/?amp=1

10:https://share.google/ki7JVcyPjLP1g10KV

11:https://share.google/rp6mgYcILAvnMRIc7

12:https://share.google/cUUyBcOlTxkKkzR5Q

13:https://sg.news.yahoo.com/flemish-nationalists-tread-cautiously-scottish-independence-vote-132224784.html

14:https://share.google/a2yTpfdCQnJRnCVIe

15:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Di4N6RzC5/

16:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19uWZnHxJS/

17:https://share.google/a1ASOCM9WEV1aWKD2

18:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CpS72WK5Z/

19:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19w4aYDxSb/

20:https://share.google/8ymQyX7x5lg0bKCyt

21:https://share.google/rC36ZJ85cp5TRZsV8

22:https://thefoodthatshapedus.com/food/salt

23:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HLQwwdhZG/

24:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Empire_of_Vijaynagar_map.svg

25:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdV9FRxAdWF/?img_index=1

26:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdV9FRxAdWF/?img_index=3

27:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdV9FRxAdWF/?img_index=4

28:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdV9FRxAdWF/?img_index=2

29:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19qQXUaYFr/

30:https://www.linkedin.com/posts/harshadshah1953_why-is-the-indian-ocean-named-after-activity-7515291441246609410-v-eS/

31:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19piG3o7pE/

32:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14739/map-of-jeanne-darcs-campaigns-and-the-hundred-year/

33:https://share.google/FJwI6g2CrAPTXp0Sg

34:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZE2K6qjhlb/?img_index=2

35:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZE2K6qjhlb/?img_index=3

36:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZE2K6qjhlb/?img_index=4

37:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZE2K6qjhlb/?img_index=5

38:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DxrJGBrbs/

39:https://schoolhistory.co.uk/medieval/hundred-years-war-worksheets/

40:https://momo100yrswar.weebly.com/timeline-of-the-100-years-war.html

41:https://www.instagram.com/p/DesrnehOa4M/

42:https://www.instagram.com/p/DeaT6sEOuUz/

43:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWtc9o2kVKH/?img_index=3

44:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWtc9o2kVKH/?img_index=5

45:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18gX7xnaV5/

46:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdjpkadDcPA/?img_index=1

47:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdjpkadDcPA/?img_index=2

48:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdjpkadDcPA/?img_index=5

49:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdjpkadDcPA/?img_index=6

50:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdjHpv-jDgB/?img_index=6

51:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdjpkadDcPA/?img_index=7

52:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdjpkadDcPA/?img_index=8

53:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1922h82eKE/

54:https://share.google/IgoMEdG4Cz9VgPcfL

55:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Daq1XpCHJ/

Partial Screen Recorded Video From:

56:https://youtu.be/TIj5UMKyXQM?si=RerWAXYuNmp9zlxG

57:https://youtu.be/Gzhnd-7N7iI?si=nWEn4pAR55mT4kGB

58:https://youtu.be/svVykTznk9Q?si=cgRtqPqDpxDe63j3

59:https://youtu.be/hJr7wbeE0Fw?si=yjiLtXdgl_gQpONm

60:https://youtu.be/J7QvHPyAQJU?si=hh_qxB2Lk9QeyoxZ

61:https://youtu.be/yyqFuVllfWA?si=ZC5e4EENWP8uHaNV

62:https://youtu.be/lELo8kqbrP0?si=vYvphMa621icy1kP

Screen Recorded Map Viewer From

63:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/1303-hongdong-earthquake/481/7496

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other websites:

NONE IN THIS CONTENT

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 61 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Mon, 19 Oct 2026 14:06:44 +0000

Part 61
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo

Size 4096 × 4096 7.87 MB

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Khilji or Khalji dynasty 1290–1320 AD

From [AI overview]: The Khalji (or Khilji) dynasty of 1290–1320 is firmly a part of India's history. They were a Turco-Afghan dynasty that established and ruled the second empire of the Delhi Sultanate. While their ancestors and some nobles originated from the Garmsir region of present-day Afghanistan, the dynasty itself operated out of Delhi, controlling large parts of the Indian subcontinent. Maritime Hubs: Khilji control of Gujarat and Malabar coast ports connected India’s cotton, linen, and gems to international merchants travelling to the Middle East, East Africa, and the Indonesian archipelago. Mongol Treaties & Conflicts: The wars against the Mongols simultaneously restricted trade via Central Asia, forcing the Sultanate to rely on indigenous self-sufficiency and internal commerce rather than Silk Road trade. Following subsequent Mongol incursions in 1303 (where Mongols sacked the outskirts of Delhi) and 1305, Alauddin Khalji implemented a strict defensive and offensive strategy. He built strong frontier forts, repaired old ones, and sent generals to regularly raid Mongol territories in Afghanistan.

•Zhili or Chihli earthquake Mongol Empire: Location near present-day Ningcheng in Inner Mongolia (China) [death toll 100,000] 27 September 1290

•Majapahit Empire Malay Archipelago

1293–1527 AD From [Wikipedia]: Established by Raden Wijaya in 1292, Majapahit rose to power after the Mongol invasion of Java and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuvana and her son Hayam Wuruk, whose reigns in the mid-14th century were marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1293 to invade Java, an island in modern Indonesia, with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers. This was intended as a punitive expedition against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed or disfigured one of their emissaries. Kublai, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, had sent envoys to many states demanding that they pay tributes and submit themselves to Yuan China. Men-shi or Meng-qi, one of his ministers, was sent to Java (Singhasari) but was not well received there. The king of Singhasari, Kertanegara, was offended by Men-shi's proposal and branded his face with a hot iron as was done to common thieves, cut his ears, and scornfully sent him on his way. Kublai Khan was shocked and ordered a punitive expedition against Kertanegara, whom he labeled a barbarian, in 1292. The campaign also had other objectives. According to Kublai Khan, if the Yuan forces were able to defeat Singhasari, the other countries around it would submit themselves. The Yuan dynasty could then control the Asian sea trade routes, because of the strategic geographical position of the archipelago in trading.

•Wars of Scottish Independence Scotland England [death toll 77,459] 1296–1357 AD From [Wikipedia]: The Scottish wars (1296–1357) were two extended military conflicts in which the Kingdom of England attempted to establish control over the Kingdom of Scotland. In spite of significant temporary successes, the English efforts in both wars ultimately failed due to Scottish resistance and Scotland remained an independent country. From [AI overview]: Disrupted Trade & Agriculture: The fighting pulled peasants away from agricultural production and paralyzed vital cross-border trade, meaning regions affected by the famine could not easily import food. While the wars did not cause the continental weather crisis, they exacerbated the starvation and economic disaster locally in Scotland and Northern England, which was related in part to Great European Famine in Europe.

•Ottoman Empire 1299–1922 AD

From [AI overview]: The Mongols & Timurids: While the early Ottomans grew in the power vacuum left by the declining Mongol-weakened Seljuq dynasty, they directly clashed with the Turco-Mongol leader Timur (Tamerlane). Timur disastrously defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, capturing Sultan Bayezid I and throwing the empire into a decade-long civil war. Safavid Empire: To the east, the Ottomans frequently clashed with the Persian Safavids over territorial and religious dominance, resulting in pivotal battles such as the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. The Ottomans became the ultimate gatekeepers between East and West. After capturing Constantinople and defeating the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517, they controlled vital portions of the overland Silk Road and Red Sea maritime spice routes. By imposing heavy taxes and monopolizing trade, they inadvertently pushed European empires—such as Spain and Portugal—to seek new, all-water oceanic routes around Africa, permanently shifting global commerce. This economic dominance also forced Europeans to seek alternative oceanic routes to Asia, triggering the Age of Exploration. Crusaders: The Ottomans repeatedly clashed with European crusading coalitions. In 1396, Sultan Bayezid I crushed a major European force at the Battle of Nicopolis, solidifying Ottoman control in the Balkans. Later, in 1453, Mehmed II captured Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire. European powers actively sought out new naval routes (initiating the Age of Discovery) largely to bypass these Ottoman tolls. Internally, the Ottomans engaged in the Capitulation system—special trade agreements granting low customs rates to allied European nations (such as the French and English) in exchange for diplomatic alliances or war resources like tin and steel. Capitulations: To maintain diplomatic ties and generate state revenue via customs duties, the Ottomans granted trading privileges to European powers. For example, the sultan gave Francis I of France freedom of trade in 1536. European Competition: Nations like Venice, France, and England fiercely competed for these trading rights, supplying the Ottomans with important arms, tin, and steel. Shifting Dynamics: When European powers found new sea routes around the Cape of Good Hope of Southern Africa, the Ottoman Empire's monopoly on overland trade routes weakened. From [Wikipedia]: The Ottoman Empire, historically also known as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state that spanned much of Southeastern Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century to the early 20th century, centred in modern-day Turkey. It also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and 18th centuries.

The next 7 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [62 to 63]

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[epic-231521]

[grand_project-political-documentary-background-the-last-resolution_35-sec-505624]

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2:https://fastdl.app/photo

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4:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/1290-chihli-earthquake/481/7502

5:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GxcvSeN1S/

7:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db727EeCYwu/?img_index=2

8:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db727EeCYwu/?img_index=1

9:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dcv8U59D10N/?img_index=1

10:https://www.liberatingnarratives.com/sewha-indian-ocean-workshop/

11:https://www.indiaonthisday.com/blog/historic-trade-routes-of-india-a-timeline-of-global-commerce/

12:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_h1FGJYst/

13:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=1

14:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=2

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16:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=4

17:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=5

18:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dap9BchDLnh/?__d=1%252F&img_index=6

19:https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/488

20:https://www.britannica.com/place/Majapahit-empire

21:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=19

22:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdTt-4MjGVz/?img_index=16

23:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1F2zgaaZyL/

24:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Majapahit_Kings_Genealogy.gif

25:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rajasa_Dynasty.svg

26:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D7ZjVDcBG/

27:https://www.suarakuningan.com/2026/06/mengapa-tanah-jawa-sulit-ditaklukkan.html?m=1

28:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1MozMAbuwf/

29:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBALKxjRyA/?img_index=6

30:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CAuZjmrWH/

31:https://sevenswords.uk/battle-of-dunbar-1296/

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33:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcB-vsuILpE/

34:https://share.google/wt1jTVbIzMTYfpY1r

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36:https://share.google/61d2Yfb7wCjqMKPug

37:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcluDyBCt3I/

38:https://louis.pressbooks.pub/westernciv2/chapter/7-2the-collapse-of-the-ottomans-and-the-coming-of-war/

39:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samagar

40:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX9kHzxCkFk/?img_index=2

41:https://periklisdeligiannis.wordpress.com/timur-empire/

42:https://elon.io/learn-world-history-1/lesson/17.1.1-ottoman-growth

43:https://www.instagram.com/p/C9mksqot2-k/

44:https://www.instagram.com/p/DSU5g6_kn2r/

45:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1C9jFkaixU/

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48:https://historycollection.com/ottoman-empire-map-territory-at-its-height/

49:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HME8YmxtQ/

50:https://sevenswords.uk/battle-of-nicopolis-1396/

51:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1C8RgDpt1z/

52:https://azizyardimli.com/ottoman/DT_CKM_2018-19_osmanli_SAVA%C5%9ELAR_ni%C4%9Fbolu_nicopolis22.html

53:https://share.google/QoDJzyfKJeviznrt0

54:https://historycollection.com/was-the-ottoman-empire-turkish/

55:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbBBgWWEeis/?img_index=2

56:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14123/map-of-the-portuguese-commercial-empire-c-1580/

57:https://storyofgrace.org/2026/05/26/vasco-da-gama-opening-the-sea-route-to-india-1497-1499-and-expanding-gods-story-of-grace/

Partial Screen Recorded Video From:

58:https://youtu.be/q-GQSUmR7no?si=hQRWZyljZRsvnAh-

59:https://youtu.be/kDKUwvt9lXw?si=Yg11joY-6IOIqYaN

60:https://youtu.be/abQcYFRjZ7k?si=YDfXe5UEUcnp3Qx1

61:https://youtu.be/KuJCG7woR8U?si=NOsHqLGpkp_iLl8-

62:https://youtu.be/45eEKHAs9h8?si=EPxQluYGiAf3dxPt

63:https://youtu.be/pFOL-zOv-ZI?si=qCBfKNAtrkReSJvV

64:https://youtu.be/UnZ7TySDSs0?si=nwyhDTHiewBujHbc

65:https://youtu.be/TK7eU58qQxM?si=XHRaUjr0Ck1TXrD0

Screen Recorded Map Viewer From

66:https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/488

67:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/1290-chihli-earthquake/481/7502

Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and

other websites:

68:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/339793304-ottoman-empire-boundaries-cartographic-animation-and-histori

69:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/309431806-maps-ottoman-empire-seen-space

70:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/205894592-istanbul-turkey-sultanahmet-area-blue-mosque-and-hagia-sophi

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 60 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Sat, 10 Oct 2026 05:11:05 +0000

Part 60
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo

Size 4096 × 4096 8.15 MB

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Marinid dynasty Morocco

1244–1465 AD

From [AI overview]: The Marinids of Morocco and the Kingdom of Tlemcen (Algeria) were bitter rivals in the Maghreb. During the Reconquista, Marinids intervened directly in the Iberian Peninsula to save Al-Andalus, while Tlemcen allied with Christian Castile against them to disrupt Marinid supply lines and curb their imperial ambitions. Marinid Interventions: Fearing a total collapse of Muslim rule in Spain, the Marinid dynasty (centered in Fez) crossed the Strait of Gibraltar multiple times starting in the late 13th century, capturing strategic ports like Algeciras and Gibraltar. Tlemcen's Strategic Counter: To weaken the Marinids, Tlemcen forged alliances with the Crown of Castile and Portugal, providing naval and strategic support against Marinid forces across the Strait. The Military Orders: The Crown of Castile and Portugal shared deep ties in the Reconquista. The Castilian Order of Calatrava actually expanded into Portugal, eventually transforming into the famous Order of Aviz. Similarly, the Portuguese Order of Christ—which succeeded the Knights Templar—worked alongside the Castilian Orders of Santiago and Alcántara to push back Moorish forces. From [https://www.pyramking.com]: When most people think of the Templars, they imagine the Crusades in the Holy Land. Yet their most enduring legacy may not lie in Jerusalem, but in Iberia. Without them, there might not be Portugal today. Age of Discovery: The Templars in Portugal were never just warriors. They were: Engineers, raising castles, bridges, and fortifications that still dominate the landscape; Shipbuilders and sailors, active along the Tagus and Atlantic coasts; Navigators and cartographers, preserving and expanding precious geographical knowledge; Administrators and bankers, masters of organization, logistics, and resources.

•Mamluk Sultanate Egypt Syria 1250–1517 AD

From [AI overview]: During the 11th to 13th centuries, the Middle East was completely transformed by three converging forces: Christian Crusaders, the expanding Islamic Arab states, and the devastating Mongol invasions. This era witnessed catastrophic sieges, dramatic shifts in power, and complex diplomatic alliances across the Near East. Sourced from [www.worldhistory.org]: The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (1250–1517) emerged from the military elite of the late Ayyubid state and transformed a palace coup into one of the most durable powers of the late medieval Islamic world. Following the death of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb (reign 1240–1249), his mamlūk regiments in Egypt seized authority (1250), briefly elevating Shajar al-Durr before consolidating rule under Aybak (reign 1250–1257). Although the early decades were marked by factional rivalries between competing military households, the sultanate quickly established legitimacy through military success and custodianship of key Islamic territories. Its decisive victory over the Mongols at the Battle of ʿAyn Jālūt (1260), under Sultan Qutuz (reign 1259–1260) and Baybars (reign 1260–1277), halted further Mongol expansion into Syria and Egypt, reinforcing Cairo’s strategic centrality in the eastern Mediterranean. Over the following decades, the Mamluks dismantled the remaining Crusader strongholds, culminating in the fall of Acre (1291), and consolidated control over Egypt, Syria, the Levant, and the Hijaz. Under rulers such as al-Nasir Muhammad (reign 1293–1294; 1299–1309; 1310–1341), the sultanate developed a centralized administrative structure supported by iqṭāʿ land grants, a powerful cavalry elite, and revenues derived from Red Sea and Mediterranean trade networks, particularly the spice trade. Control of Mecca and Medina enhanced its religious prestige, while architectural patronage in Cairo symbolized political authority. Despite cycles of court intrigue and elite factionalism, the regime endured for over 260 years until defeat by the expanding Ottoman Empire under Selim I (reign 1512–1520) at Marj Dābiq (1516) and al-Ridāniyya (1517), integrated Egypt and Syria into a rapidly consolidating imperial system, marking a major shift in the balance of power within the eastern Mediterranean and the broader Islamic world. From [AI overview]: Court intrigue and elite factionalism refer to the covert power struggles, shifting alliances, and competition for influence that occur among the ruling class within a central government or royal court.

From [https://www.historytoday.com]: The word Mamluk means ‘owned’ and the Mamluks were not native to Egypt but were always slave soldiers, mainly Qipchak Turks from Central Asia. In principle (though not always in practice) a Mamluk could not pass his property or title to his son, indeed sons were in theory denied the opportunity to serve in Mamluk regiments, so the group had to be constantly replenished from outside sources. The Bahri Mamluks were mainly natives of southern Russia and the Burgi comprised chiefly of Circassians from the Caucasus. Boys of about 13 would be captured from areas to the north of the Persian empire, and trained to become an elite force for the personal use of the sultan or higher lords. The Arabic word Ghulam (boy) was sometimes employed for the bodyguards they would become. The boys would be sent by the caliph or sultan to enforce his rule as far afield as Spain (Venice and Genoa were major players in their transportation despite Papal interdictions or church prohibition) and sold to the commanders of the Islamic governments of the region. Under their new masters they were manumitted, converted to Islam, and underwent intensive military training. As steppe people, they had more in common with the Mongols than with the peoples of Syria and Egypt among whom they lived. And they kept their garrisons distinct, not mixing with the populace in the territories. The contemporary Arab historian Abu Shama noted after the Mamluk victory over the Mongols at Ayn Jalut in 1260 that, ‘the people of the steppe had been destroyed by the people of the steppe’.

•Massacre of the French in Sicily: Kingdom of Sicily Revolt

[death toll 3,000] 1282 AD

•St. Lucia's flood, storm surge Holy Roman Empire: Location Netherlands and Northern Germany [death toll 80,000] in the year of 1287

The next 12 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [61 to 63]

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4:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19bdXwns8N/

5:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marinids_Zayyanids_and_Hafsids_c1360.png

6:https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maghreb_15th_Century.svg

7:https://vocal.media/art/the-conquest-of-al-andalus

8:https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/xa6688040:spain-portugal-15th-16th-century/beginners-guide-art-spain/a/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-avis-dynasty-in-portugal-an-introduction

9:https://share.google/J9bvMhirSzcT1FzIj

10:https://share.google/tFzZ3BoGzBVlCItnC

11:https://www.deviantart.com/williammarshalstore/art/Military-Orders-Symbols-Poster-580905564

12:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CYYMQpHsn/

13:https://share.google/oahW895owErs7yJM1

14:https://m.arteguias.com/convento/conventual-san-benito-alcantara.htm

15:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19HFeqaDvU/

16:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1F8txEKyhw/

17:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXX_xH-jOnD/?img_index=6

18:https://catholicconnect.in/news/the-knights-templar-the-warrior-monks-who-built-a-banking-empire-before-they-were-destroyed

19:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14pRbw52UTJ/

20:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc8n4mHDUu1/?img_index=7

21:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc8n4mHDUu1/?img_index=4

22:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc8n4mHDUu1/?img_index=13

23:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut

24:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/20583/map-of-the-crusader-states-outremer-1096-1291/

25:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdUWhMqmmth/?img_index=7

26:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdUWhMqmmth/?img_index=5

27:https://www.instagram.com/p/DdUWhMqmmth/?img_index=6

28:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12208/mamluk-frankish-and-mongol-movement-in-1271-2-ce/

29:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16003/map-of-the-mamluk-sultanate-of-egypt-c-1330/

30:https://about-history.com/the-history-of-the-mamluk-sultanate-1250-1517/

31:https://www.deviantart.com/benjiskyler/art/Ayyubid-Dynasty-Sultans-of-Egypt-982753824

32:https://www.instagram.com/p/DH5X9VWRMeB/?img_index=3

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34:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1C5jUixAza/

35:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19sGB6qhFi/

36:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CJ1tSdube/

37:https://www.jimbsail.info/mediterranean/levant

38:https://fx-companion.com/map-mamluk-egypt-syria-2/

39:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Egypt_under_al-Nasir_Muhammad_%281310-1341%29.png

40:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbTkcsRDEk9/?img_index=1

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42:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1E4FwK7FEi/

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45:https://share.google/2ITg53r4skHVzSKIC

46:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1bamAhWUoo/

47:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DFpGtj1qC/

48:https://pennocle.com/from-slaves-to-sultans-the-mamluks-who-saved-islam/

49:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=1

50:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=2

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57:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd_ww_KjlxI/?img_index=9

58:https://www.instagram.com/p/DABga9uOGo9/?img_index=2

59:https://www.instagram.com/p/DH6EEjxuJS8/?img_index=1

60:https://note.com/large_kiwi7929/n/n3dba4181f2c3?hl=en

61:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1dRkUp7WzV/

62:https://alchetron.com/St.-Lucia%27s-flood

63:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/st-lucia-s-flood/481/7705

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64:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/st-lucia-s-flood/481/7705

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65:https://youtu.be/IlEskViZF8U?si=T_id8hAMaHfDkvAv

66:https://youtu.be/pFOL-zOv-ZI?si=kq5Kxp-Qfmly0yIt

67:https://youtu.be/f0hmckEf1OY?si=U2UF2IaEnh2AP1me

68:https://youtu.be/WUcoNSJb5hY?si=Z-D_o6JDrMuG3DIx

69:https://youtu.be/cJEr7661Oww?si=5-gqCC43BxXEUhzN

70:https://youtu.be/_3dEat5Q61s?si=-wlnXWOpZsIZuO-h

71:https://youtu.be/KqLHaysjRlI?si=rxRzcivwpoaaPt8Y

72:https://youtu.be/tbbUHwXlkWk?si=jLwh3Or7XvwjTxps

73:https://youtu.be/7W4hKMFBCyM?si=giv03JdHXGoqaSb0

74:https://youtu.be/EPbzjsAMaYY?si=LNnQWHvZUup1jmqm

75:https://youtu.be/cIfOyvUU35s?si=HgX8w8TES87w8MAj

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Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 59 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 12:48:35 +0000

Part 59
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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Size 4096 × 4096 8.13 MB

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COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Golden Horde Central Asia

1240–1502 AD

From [https://www.worldhistory.org]: In fact, one of the potential origins of the name “Golden Horde” is that the color derived from that of Batu's splendid golden tent. However, the color gold was associated with Genghis' family (called the “golden” family) and it was associated with the center in the Mongol's color system for cardinal directions, so those could also be potential origins. From [AI overview]: The traditional Mongol and Turko-Mongolian color system for cardinal directions associates each direction with a specific color from nature and mythology. In this system, North is represented by Black, East by Blue, South by Red, West by White, and the Center by Yellow. Continued from [www.worldhistory.org]: Meanwhile, the Golden Horde became involved in the Balkans when a former Seljuk sultan was held captive by the Byzantine Empire. Nogai, with the help of the Golden Horde vassal Bulgaria, invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1271 CE and forced the emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos (1259-1281 CE) to marry one of his daughters to Nogai. From [AI overview]: A de facto ruler is a leader who exercises actual power and control over a country or organization in practice, regardless of whether they hold the official legal title. Nogai Khan (1299–1300) was a powerful general and de facto ruler of the western Golden Horde. A great-grandson of Genghis Khan, he never formally took the title of khan himself but commanded the Horde's western wing, wielding enough military influence to dictate terms across Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Continued from [www.worldhistory.org]: The khan Mengu-Timur (1266-1280 CE) opened the Golden Horde to trade, giving the Genoese and Venice trading colonies at Azov and Caffa, and ordering the Russians to allow German traders into their lands. After Mengu-Timur's death, Nogai was the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde. He raided Europe from Lithuania to Bulgaria and forced Serbia to accept vassalage. While Nogai was a powerful warrior leader, his death in 1299 CE did not overly halt the campaigns of the Golden Horde. From [AI overview]: The term vassalage refers to the relationship between said vassal and his suzerain. Usually, the suzerain granted his vassal land in exchange for taxes and military service in times of need. Feudalism and vassalage originated in the Roman Empire, whose manors were run by aristocratic lords who had power over locals. [https://www.thecollector.com] Source: Yet alongside exploitation, the Golden Horde also opened doors to unprecedented economic connections. The Horde’s dominion stretched across the Eurasian steppe, linking the Slavic lands with Central Asia, Persia, and China. Merchants from Genoa, Venice, and the Muslim world established trading posts in Black Sea ports such as Caffa and Tana, which flourished under Mongol protection. Through these routes, Eastern European merchants gained access to luxury goods like silk, spices, and precious metals, while exporting furs, slaves, and grain. The Mongols also provided some security along the trade arteries of the Silk Road, ensuring that caravans and envoys could pass through their territory with fewer risks. This stability benefited urban centers in Rus’, where new markets and crafts took root. The Golden Horde promoted prosperity even as it drained wealth through taxation. From [AI overview]: Emerging during the Migration Period, early Slavic tribes were first prominently recorded in the 6th century by Byzantine and Roman historians. Beginning in the 7th century, the Slavs were gradually Christianized and shifted from independent, loosely affiliated tribes into powerful medieval states. Key empires included the First Bulgarian Empire, the Kievan Rus', the Great Moravia empire, and the Kingdom of Poland. Culturally and religiously, these lands were transformed during the Middle Ages through gradual Christianization. Slavic territories found themselves bridging the divide between the Roman Catholic Church in the West (e.g., Poland, Bohemia, Croatia) and the Eastern Orthodox Church tied to the Byzantine Empire (e.g., Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, Serbia). [https://www.oca.org] Source: In the 13th century Kieven Rus was overwhelmed by the Mongolian invasion. The Tatar Yoke fell over the land when Khan Batu, a grandson of the Mongolian conqueror Ghengis Khan, led the four hundred thousand horsemen of the Golden Horde into the Russian lands in 1237. The Kievan state collapsed in 1240. From [https://www.ebsco.com]: The Golden Horde was a significant political entity and subdivision of the Mongol Empire that emerged in the early 13th century and lasted until the late 15th century. Established by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, the Golden Horde exerted control over a vast area of southern Russia, including key cities like Kiev and Moscow, after a series of destructive campaigns. Although initially part of the Mongol Empire, it gradually became an independent state by the 14th century, while maintaining a loose grip on Russian principalities. The power of the Golden Horde began to wane in the 15th century, particularly due to internal strife and the rise of Moscow. Key figures such as Ivan the Great played a pivotal role in the decline of Mongol influence, culminating in or having reached the cessation of tribute payments in 1476 and the eventual military confrontations that led to the Horde's dissolution. By the early 1500s, the Golden Horde had fragmented, with remnants ultimately absorbed into emerging Russian territories. The end of the Golden Horde signified not only the conclusion of Mongol rule in Russia but also the rise of a more unified Russian state, laying the groundwork for future developments in Russian history. From [AI overview]: Types of Tribute Payment: Tribute was heavily diversified. It included direct silver taxes (Yasak or Alba), commercial/transit taxes (Tamga), and "in-kind" deliveries such as agricultural products, furs, weapons, and conscripted soldiers. Volume of Tribute collection: In 1275, the total volume extracted from Russian lands reached roughly 1.5 tons of silver. By the mid-14th century, this volume grew to 2–3 tons (roughly 12,000 to 14,000 silver rubles per year). 3 tons of silver is worth approximately $3,530,000 to $3,850,000 today. Societal Wealth: When the Golden Horde or Mongol Empire demanded "three tons of silver" in tribute from conquered principalities (such as the early Russian states), it drained the local economies of nearly all their liquid capital. This amount could fund large standing armies, build major fortifications, or secure vast diplomatic alliances. Labor & Goods: Because silver was much scarcer and harder to mine before modern industrialization, three tons represented years of collective labor output across an entire province or duchy. Collection Strategy: Instead of fixed sums per state, the Mongols demanded a "tenth of everything"—10% of all livestock, men, horses, and agricultural yields. For herders, this often scaled to one animal per hundred, exempting herds under 100 to ensure future viability. Military & Labor Levies: While cash and commodities were the primary focus, the Golden Horde also demanded military service or quotas of horses, men, and craftsmen to support their empire's infrastructure and postal network (yam). Exemptions: The clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church was granted limited tax exemptions under special decrees (known as Yarlyks) issued by khans like Öz Beg, though they were still expected to pray for the khan.

The next 16 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [60 to 63]

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5:https://www.britannica.com/place/Golden-Horde

6:https://bathosbardess.tumblr.com/

7:https://www.instagram.com/p/DOzf0HcETqc/

8:https://qalam.global/en/articles/byzantium-and-the-turks-the-fall-and-rise-of-civilizations-en-6

9:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Ebyc9xAJB/

10:https://share.google/V6Or26RBF2sibakQb

11:https://en.kinorium.com/734155/

12:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXtNM0NH8LN/

13:https://venicecityproject.wordpress.com/how-venice-has-contributed-to-the-definition-of-europe/

14:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade

15:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbBBgWWEeis/?img_index=7

16:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15424/the-feudal-society-in-medieval-europe/

17:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbBBgWWEeis/?img_index=11

18:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1PxgMhLo3D/

19:https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-history/what-is-feudalism/

20:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=3

21:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=4

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27:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14s8FcWryfM/

28:https://www.instagram.com/p/CjyJYVoMqAh/

29:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CSZj8j6s6/

30:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EaZnn3v7F/

31:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HwssL2GQ7/

32:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19aMnGAbGV/

33:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19NJEh7tN6/

34:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1MKhc5mdyC/

35:https://www.kinoafisha.info/en/movies/8371814/

36:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JuCdsUVLh/

37:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1QdRYwiYeN/

38:https://schoolhistory.co.uk/medieval/ivan-the-great/

39:https://schoolhistory.co.uk/early-modern/ivan-the-terrible/

40:https://www.facebook.com/share/1Dath3Vatb/

41:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Dp2YWKiuf/

42:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Golden_Horde

43:https://www.historyhoard.com/products/the-mongol-collection-coins-of-the-4-khanates-1242-to-1502-ce-mongol-empire?srsltid=AU7gw4X_RZRDmjqTuW1o0duVSbRYnSvDoBB8xUW32P6U-weukGh1aLj_

44:https://thewessexmint.com/en-int/blogs/academy-articles/the-prague-groschen-the-coin-that-bankrolled-medieval-central-europe?srsltid=AU7gw4UmfvuqwYENcjlnbzLICUH51owMAT656a0rvzM_rMkfUdG77bc0

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49:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcWg1vDgYJZ/?img_index=2

50:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1H9v14SLca/

51:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarlig

52:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14r9uKEkZWx/

53:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYS2a9MDBNO/?img_index=4

54:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=5

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55:https://youtu.be/7W4hKMFBCyM?si=aH014-GCKukzf4Oe

56:https://youtu.be/2D37NP_KccI?si=vTJYILHskvkPYHZp

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60:https://youtu.be/TSlddglkl_Y?si=RNOpBWq3gYoFCPLv

61:https://youtu.be/y5w5zXTibqA?si=DFrurY2hzlvRSJjH

62:https://youtu.be/zwqzbRCwfQM?si=XIMWRzQnbxboUJk_

63:https://youtu.be/PT0Vcm_WuRI?si=E-GaA6NowxvDW_Wj

64:https://youtu.be/NxfLI102xQA?si=YtFZj2y8QWkvKPdR

65:https://youtu.be/o_yOyT7CKoQ?si=v4lKfGvRHxYuAckN

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66:https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Nogai%20Khan/3505262

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other websites:

67:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/129982626-heap-silver-nuggets-background-seamless-loopable

68:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/305073991-medieval-tax-collector-counting-gold-and-silver-coins

69:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/333609602-treasure-trove-ancient-coins-silver-and-gold-coins

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 58 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Sun, 20 Sep 2026 07:10:48 +0000

Part 58
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo

Size 4096 × 4096

8.25 MB

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Delhi Sultanate India 1206–1527 AD

•Chagatai Khanate Transoxania

Central Asia 1225–1687 AD

•Tlemcen Kingdom Algeria Africa

1235–1556 AD

•Mali Empire West Africa

1235–1610 AD

From [https://www.albert.io]: Geography, the Camel, and the Foundation of Trade: The Sahara Desert spans approximately 9 million square kilometers — larger than Australia — of sand, rock, and hardship. Crossing it on foot is nearly impossible; crossing it with wheeled vehicles is suicide. The domestication of the dromedary camel (single-humped, adapted to extreme arid heat) transformed the Sahara from an impassable barrier into a navigable corridor. From [Wikipedia]: The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up 6%. Continued from [https://www.albert.io]: Camels can travel for weeks with minimal water, cover 30–50 kilometers daily, and carry 300 pounds of cargo without exhaustion. They made the trans-Saharan trade economically viable in ways no other technology could. The foundation of trans-Saharan commerce was a simple but powerful imbalance: gold and salt. West Africa, particularly the Mali Empire and regions around Bambuk and Bure, possessed vast quantities of placer and alluvial gold that could be mined relatively easily. From [AI overview]: Placer gold is a broad term for heavy gold particles released from solid bedrock (lode) deposits and naturally concentrated by gravity in loose sediments. Alluvial gold is the most common sub-category of placer gold, specifically referring to deposits concentrated in or alongside flowing water, such as rivers and streams. Continued from [https://www.albert.io]: North Africa and the Sahara’s interior possessed vast deposits of rock salt in places like Taoudenni and Idjil. Neither region had much of the other, yet both were essential for survival and wealth. The price differentials were staggering: salt that cost mere pennies in the Sahara could be sold for its weight in gold on the southern edge of the desert. This asymmetry or counterbalance created the permanent incentive that kept merchants moving for centuries. Trade routes followed oasis chains and water sources that made the crossing survivable. Key oases included Sijilmasa (the gateway to Morocco and North African markets), Tamanrasset, and Araouane. These oases were not way stations only — they became permanent trading posts and collection centers where merchants bought, sold, and warehoused goods for weeks at a time. Caravan sizes ranged from dozens to thousands of camels, depending on the season and security conditions. The largest expeditions could take 40–50 days to cross the Sahara, with strict protocols for water rationing, night navigation by stars, and protection from raiders. From [AI overview]: Water scarcity is the physical lack or poor quality of sufficient water resources to meet demand, defined by nature and long-term climate. Medieval water rationing in the Sahara was governed by strict allocation systems for underground aquifers known as foggaras (horizontal subterranean tunnels that brought groundwater to the surface). Administered by water judges and strict registries (such as the Ezmmam), water rights were mathematically divided, tracked by time, and measured volumetrically using calibrated dividers called kasrias to prevent conflict and ensure equitable survival in oasis towns. Water management in the medieval Sahara—particularly in present-day Algeria (e.g., the Adrar and Timimoun regions) and Libya—was essential for both surviving in a hyper-arid environment and sustaining the massive trans-Saharan trade caravans. Caravan Protocols: For desert crossers, water rationing was planned stop-to-stop. When traversing long, dry stretches between waystations like Sijilmasa or Araouane, hydration was heavily managed, as carrying too much water compromised the cargo weight available for profitable gold or salt trade. Continued from [https://www.albert.io]: The trans-Saharan trade did not create Mali, but created conditions for dominance. The Mali Empire (1200–1500) controlled most West African gold-producing regions and major trading cities. Sundiata and Mansa Musa built empires by controlling trade choke points and extracting maximum revenue from commercial activity. State formation mechanics were straightforward: Tax the trade: Mali imposed tariffs on every transaction passing through its territories. Gold merchants paid duties to cross Mali’s borders; salt caravans paid to reach West African markets; horses and cloth paid transit fees. Over time, these tariffs funded standing armies, bureaucracies, and religious institutions. Mansa Musa’s ability to commission the Sankore Mosque, the University of Timbuktu, and lavish public works rested entirely on his control of trans-Saharan commerce. The routes also demanded stable governance. Caravans needed security from raiders; merchants needed predictable laws and fair courts; trading cities needed effective administration. Mali responded by establishing military governors in conquered cities and enforcing Islamic law in commercial zones. This state capacity — the ability to project power, maintain order, and regulate commerce fairly — made Mali rich and powerful. When Mali’s power declined in the 15th century, the Songhai Empire took control and became equally dominant. Trans-Saharan routes were smaller in absolute volume than Silk Roads or Indian Ocean trade, but had outsized regional impact. They brought the Islamic world into direct contact with West African gold supplies and fundamentally transformed political economy of the entire continent.

The next 17 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [59 to 63]

CONTENT COMPOSITION

Computer Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

How my MP3 content is made, referred to my collective utilization of App and Computer Software Listed Below:

Click On This Link 🔗

MP4 to MP3

In-Text Voice

MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion

Photo Maker For Album Art Cover

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[grand_project-epic-emotional_short-2-197084]

[grand_project-time_medium-4-379693]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

2:https://fastdl.app/photo

FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER

3:https://fdownloader.net/en

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

4:https://correctmongolia.com/genghis-khan-children/

5:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19b8hF3zgv/

6:https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=2964059224

7:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYCfw4cDZW5/?img_index=2

8:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17WchsNvV2/

9:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXkNEjNDGGw/?img_index=2

10:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXkNEjNDGGw/?img_index=1

11:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19RjB1XZRi/

12:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19FxV76DJN/

13:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWRMHhdiFuA/

14:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6593249/

15:https://www.instagram.com/p/DafeiU6kTt_/?img_index=8

16:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaxXA3KEVuH/?img_index=9

17:https://www.liberatingnarratives.com/mapping-medieval-west-african-states/

18:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXSKp43k9tO/?img_index=3

19:https://www.minejxsc.com/ru/blog/placer-gold-vs-lode-gold-key-differences-explained/

20:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GnobjM1eJ/

21:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWByYYUFyu1/

22:https://www.instagram.com/p/DTeaCn4D-ZX/

23:http://year4learners.weebly.com/humanities-and-social-science.html

24:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/10161/salt-slabs-timbuktu/

25:https://www.instagram.com/p/DPqOkgOjt_E/?img_index=2

26:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaxXA3KEVuH/?img_index=3

27:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijilmasa#/media/File:Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg

28:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19piCRVGev/

29:https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/trans-saharan-trade-routes-ana-casaca-phd-fics-jxpzf

30:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HLuWzuJ8y/

31:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYTaBHRgizP/

32:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXxEvkFEcVk/

33:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EHpByEm6Z/

34:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DUNFwYLAE/

35:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaZtYO0jpYd/?img_index=4

36:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXvJLDHDG9K/

37:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CUoFPoPwX/

38:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1XY3mZDjsX/

39:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-appearance-and-diffusion-of-foggaras-khettara-in-Egypt-and-North-Africa-Source_fig3_380784039

40:https://share.google/flxux3xpWD7KrSuid

41:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYkW-PEDBvq/

42:https://share.google/v0Ah7Mk6mkfCMbCvp

43:https://muslimheritage.com/water-management/

44:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18903/map-of-the-mali-empire-under-mansa-musa-c1337/

45:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=2

46:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=3

47:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=5

48:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=7

49:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=8

50:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=9

51:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbAwsMrDeLr/?img_index=6

52:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BqzcsoVuf/

53:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXRJ-mJCIYE/

54:https://share.google/kI1noorZmRVWpTBzy

55:https://www.instagram.com/p/DclhvhwgXrJ/

56:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXSKp43k9tO/?img_index=5

57:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXSKp43k9tO/?img_index=6

58:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ43EE9ABLY/?img_index=5

59:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYbWHg2CQAe/

Partial Screen Recorded Video From:

60:https://youtu.be/COpmRTtksPs?si=_qXT46SV2I-n0WEp

61:https://youtu.be/Ff87j_ccnkY?si=rGCOrBI7eIlwjayY

62:https://youtu.be/vx_ygrM0Ox8?si=iAhnOe7fj3B9zc_P

63:https://youtu.be/tZWhNAYzd5c?si=5yg1-GW1wgpSWJ3h

64:https://youtu.be/TK7eU58qQxM?si=oFvK63NS1uDzBJ2j

Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and

other websites:

65:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/76167030-map-north-africa-seasons-changing-time-lapse

66:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/332553068-aerial-orbiting-shot-road-vehicles-desert

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 57 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Sat, 12 Sep 2026 11:11:19 +0000

Part 57
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo

Size 4096 × 4096

8.25 MB

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Mongol conquests [death toll 34,641,016÷2] 1206–1368 AD

From [AI overview]: During the medieval era, sedentary dynasties were characterized by permanent capital cities, complex bureaucratic administration, and economies based on agriculture and organized trade. Sedentary Dynasties (Agricultural): Relied on intensive farming, grain production, and permanent city networks. Wealth and taxation were tied to land and massive trade networks (e.g., the Song or Ming Dynasties in China, or the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East). Medieval Mongol empires contrasted sharply with sedentary dynasties in their economy, governance, and military foundations. Mongols were nomadic pastoralists operating a highly mobile, mobile horse-archer military and decentralized tribal rule. Conversely, sedentary dynasties relied on agriculture, urban cities, and rigid bureaucracies. How it Started (1206–1220s) Trade Disputes: Mongol expansion began as a response to economic blockades. Neighboring sedentary dynasties in north and northwest China reduced vital trade with the Mongols, prompting Genghis Khan to launch raids and invasions for resources. Early Campaigns: The Mongols first conquered the Western Xia (Tanguts) and the Jin dynasty of North China, capturing Beijing in 1215. Western Expansion: After the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia killed Mongol trade envoys, Genghis Khan sent an army to obliterate the shah or Persian ruler, sweeping through Persia and reaching as far as Russia by 1223. Middle East: Möngke's brother Hulagu conquered Persia, destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad in 1258, and ended the 500-year-old Abbasid Dynasty. Europe: Mongol forces swept into Eastern Europe (including Kievan Rus) in 1237, reaching Hungary before retreating to Mongolia in 1241 due to Ögedei Khan's death. Ögedei Khan died in December 1241 from complications tied to excessive alcohol consumption. His passing immediately halted the advancing Mongol invasion of Western Europe. Because Mongol custom required princes and generals to return to the capital, Karakorum, for the election of a new leader, Europe was saved from further conquest. Ögedei Khan, the third son and chosen successor of Genghis Khan, was the second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He expanded the empire across Asia and Eastern Europe but struggled with severe alcoholism. Despite attempts by his family to limit his drinking, he famously outsmarted them by using larger cups. These heavy drinking bouts ultimately led to his death on December 11, 1241. Drinking bouts are extended periods or sessions of heavy, continuous alcohol consumption. Also referred to as drinking binges or benders, they typically involve intensive drinking over several hours, days, or even weeks. Halt of the European Campaign: At the time of Ögedei Khan’s death, Mongol forces under Batu Khan and Subutai were poised to invade Western Europe and were advancing on Vienna, a prominent capital of the Holy Roman Empire. The news forced all top-ranking commanders to abandon their westward push and travel thousands of miles back to Mongolia for the kurultai (the leadership election). In his work “The Travels of Marco Polo”, he recorded that Genghis Khan died from a poisoned arrow to the knee during his final invasion of the Western Xia in 1227. This version of events is just one of several conflicting historical theories; for example, other sources claim he died from an illness or a fall from a horse. Because protecting the location of the burial was critical, Marco Polo recorded a dramatic and extensive funeral process. Elimination of Witnesses: According to Marco Polo’s accounts, a group of guards killed the 2,000 slaves who attended the funeral to keep the location secret. Executing the Guards: These guards were then killed by another group of soldiers. Extreme Secrecy: These secondary soldiers killed anyone or anything they crossed along the path, eventually committing suicide to ensure the burial site remained entirely unknown. Genghis Khan died in August 1227 during a military campaign in northwest China. Because of the extreme measures his followers took to conceal his final resting place, the exact location of his tomb remains an unsolved archaeological mystery to this day. The Four Khanates and Their Dynasties: Following Genghis Khan's death, his vast empire was subdivided among his descendants. By the late 13th century, it fragmented into four major, independent states, each integrating with or giving rise to distinct dynasties: The Yuan Dynasty (East Asia): Founded by Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan, in 1271. Kublai conquered the Southern Song dynasty in 1279, becoming the first non-Han Chinese emperor to rule all of China. The Ilkhanate (Persia & the Middle East): Ruled by Genghis Khan's grandson, Hulagu Khan. His forces captured Baghdad in 1258 and dismantled the Abbasid Caliphate. The Ilkhanate eventually adopted Islam and patronized Persian art and architecture. In art history, "patronized Persian art and architecture" refers to creative works and monumental buildings funded, commissioned, and directed to legitimize their rule, display imperial power, and reflect the cultural diversity of their empires. The Golden Horde (Eastern Europe): Established by Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi, this khanate controlled a large portion of the Eurasian steppe, including parts of Russia, for centuries. Kievan Rus (1237–1240): Mongol armies devastated Russian principalities, incorporating them into the newly formed Golden Horde. A dynasty is the who (the ruling family); a principality is the what (a specific type of territory); and an empire is the scale (a vast, multi-ethnic collection of states). The Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia): Founded by Genghis Khan's second son, it remained a largely nomadic, steppe-based empire and later produced leaders like Timur (Tamerlane). How it Finished: In China, over-taxation, corruption, resentment against foreign rule, combined with peasant unrest and flooding, sparked uprisings. A peasant monk named Hongwu overthrew the Mongols and established the Ming Dynasty in 1368. The Mongol Empire did not fall in a single defeat, but rather shattered from within. Frequent succession crises and civil wars fractured the vast territory into four independent khanates. Succession Crises & Fragmentation: After the death of Mongke Khan in 1259, the empire erupted into civil war. The ruling family split the empire into four distinct, independent states: the Yuan Dynasty (China), the Ilkhanate (Persia), the Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia), and the Golden Horde (Russia/Eastern Europe). The unified empire effectively ended in 1368, when native Chinese forces overthrew the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty. In Eastern Europe: The Golden Horde fractured into smaller khanates by the 15th century, ultimately falling as the power of the Russian Tsars (Muscovy) grew. Loss of China (1368): In China, the Yuan Dynasty suffered from financial strain, failed military campaigns (like the attempted invasions of Japan and Java), and plague. In 1368, rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang successfully captured the capital and established the native Ming Dynasty, driving the Mongols back to their original steppe homelands. Cultural Assimilation: The Mongols originally hailed from a harsh nomadic background but found themselves ruling over millions of settled, urbanized people. Over time, regional khans and their armies culturally assimilated into the local populations. For example, the Ilkhans converted to Islam and adopted Persian customs, while the Golden Horde adopted Turkic language and culture. Revolts and External Pressures: Once the Mongols could no longer maintain cohesive military cooperation between regions, local populations began to rebel. The Golden Horde faced major internal decline following the Black Death and was defeated by a Muscovy-led coalition in 1380. Eventually, continued Ming Dynasty incursions into the Mongolian steppes further fractured remaining Mongol unity.

The next 21 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [58 to 63]

SOURCE COMPOSITION

Computer Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text Voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech Tor.App]

[PDF Speaker Text To Speech TTS

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Dekiru AI]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech

King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor]

MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer palcoder]

Photo Maker For Album Art Cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker

stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the picture, video and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[grand_project-creative-rise_57sec-178303]

[the-power-of-a-heroic-epic-story-60s-10810]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

2:https://fastdl.app/photo

FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER

3:https://fdownloader.net/en

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

4:https://share.google/IoFtbOksBjEkIgWr7

5:https://founderskingdom.com/

6:https://share.google/SI9uRmahK8lxIYARl

7:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcHK9Bwkkyy/?img_index=11

8:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbZI6z1GiYR/?img_index=5

9:https://share.google/98PJGlNbPJi8NAy11

10:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcjNAnjDmVm/

11:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcjNAnjDmVm/?img_index=2

12:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcjNAnjDmVm/?img_index=3

13:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcjNAnjDmVm/?img_index=4

14:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcjNAnjDmVm/?img_index=6

15:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcjNAnjDmVm/?img_index=7

16:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcjNAnjDmVm/?img_index=9

17:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcjNAnjDmVm/?img_index=11

18:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcNz6ZtjU-F/?img_index=3

19:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcNz6ZtjU-F/?img_index=4

20:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcNz6ZtjU-F/?img_index=5

21:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcNz6ZtjU-F/?img_index=6

22:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcNz6ZtjU-F/?img_index=8

23:https://www.instagram.com/p/DUOdWSzAAy8/?img_index=1

24:https://www.instagram.com/p/DUOdWSzAAy8/?img_index=2

25:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcqbdgzjAuL/

26:https://www.instagram.com/p/DasE5M0jnxP/?img_index=3

27:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcFNzEmkXXC/?img_index=7

28:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Jt1ojo5W2/

29:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1PGz4Qb62p/

30:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1TR5s5XiWj/

31:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18S4jJVkEm/

32:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EBCUNtj7o/

33:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1ED2yKQTXA/

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37:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HVKbZNMyy/

38:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZX7BrzE2w6/?img_index=9

39:https://www.instagram.com/p/DW_b3u7Cdlv/

40:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Ajqx9GKP3/

41:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19KZGfwa3s/

42:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GsckggXaP/

43:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19AA2DcRQ6/

44:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1TmNHhDhkX/

45:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18sP9EXt5E/

46:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcJe_ZsIZzN/

47:https://el.kz/ru/mogila-chingishana-nahoditsya-v-kurgane-altynshoky-na-ulytau-versiya_400047547/

48:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BhKrwVxYJ/

49:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14496/map-of-the-mongol-empire-conquests-of-genghis-khan/

50:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11439/four-khanates-of-the-mongol-empire/

51:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ-MUh_DH-a/?img_index=9

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56:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ-MUh_DH-a/?img_index=15

57:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ-MUh_DH-a/?img_index=16

58:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ-MUh_DH-a/?img_index=19

59:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZxGZXAEZqC/?img_index=11

60:https://www.instagram.com/p/DUs-o_2DVup/?img_index=3

61:https://www.facebook.com/share/18VBYoMYfS/

62:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CCfcAov6e/

63:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BkLAPK3Bx/

64:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Hpgswi231/

65:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CFXMoVQ2j/

66:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BtXqhhDKq/

67:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/197ubsqmUU/

68:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18TWKKZVWa/

69:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CLqB1ewX1/

70:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Ge8rxDC4C/

71:https://share.google/TRhbijXfe3Hak2Qyw

72:https://share.google/ks5Zj8K3ZabQ4LLKH

73:https://www.facebook.com/groups/780017767602512/permalink/972352658369021/

74:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ-MUh_DH-a/?img_index=8

75:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ-MUh_DH-a/?img_index=7

76:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire_and_the_Mongol_Federation_circa_1200_CE.png

77:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcKD_wPiA_h/

78:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXtNM0NH8LN/

79:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/16AGYypuUio/

80:https://www.chinahighlights.com/map/ancient-china-map/ming-dynasty-map.htm

Partial Screen Recorded Video From:

81:https://youtu.be/fTzKhjRVk-U?si=adx-mycszIU6lVWP

82:https://youtu.be/URnCVw2rJww?si=cxRdaXO6tr6Fr3E6

83:https://youtu.be/q-GQSUmR7no?si=gooE9V3qbJNEwM3C

84:https://youtu.be/Azm6NtijsWk?si=2AkEB6n03AugtlbH

85:https://youtu.be/7W4hKMFBCyM?si=KOmy1qsf6kXn1EFm

86:https://youtu.be/nHaYiA6u3Co?si=oETDUK5PqW8N3WXO

Video AI Generated With Prompt Text To Video Features Website Link:

87:https://stock.adobe.com/search/ai-studio

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other websites:

88:https://stock.adobe.com/video/epic-ancient-army-marching-through-a-dusty-mountain-pass-during-sunset-with-cavalry-and-infantry/2098669663

89:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/321755382-map-arab-caliphate-year-638-ad-timelapse

90:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/90120450-mongol-empire-map

91:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/309274474-mongol-empire-map-animation-khanates-mongol-empire

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 56 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Fri, 04 Sep 2026 07:18:44 +0000

Part 56
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo

Size 4096 × 4096

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Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Goryeo Dynasty Korea 918–1392 AD

From [AI overview]: The Mongol Empire's relationship with Goryeo (Korea) began with bloody warfare. Starting in 1231, a series of relentless campaigns forced the Goryeo royal family to hold out for decades. The conflict ended in 1259 when Goryeo capitulated or surrendered, becoming a vassal state to the Yuan Dynasty for nearly 80 years. Military Integration: Goryeo was forced to serve as a military base for the Yuan Dynasty. The Mongols mobilized Goryeo's resources, soldiers, and tens of thousands of sailors for their disastrous or ill-fated invasions of Japan. Cultural and Trade Exchange: Despite a turbulent beginning, trade and cultural exchange flourished under a forced peace. Several Yuan princesses were married to Goryeo kings, establishing heavy Mongol influence (Mongolpung) on Korean fashion, language, and diet. Independence: The Mongol invasions of Goryeo (Korea) spanned from 1231 to 1259. Goryeo's military regime held out for nearly three decades by relocating the royal court to the heavily fortified Ganghwa Island. This protracted war of attrition ended when Goryeo agreed to a peace treaty, becoming a vassal state of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Terms of the Treaty: Goryeo agreed to destroy their coastal fortifications, return their capital to the mainland, and pay tribute to the Mongols. In return, the Mongols guaranteed the survival of the Goryeo dynasty, allowing it to retain its traditional customs and political institutions. From [Wikipedia]: Militarily, following the 1259 peace treaty, Mongol ambitions on Japan resulted in two invasions of Japan. In both efforts, the Mongols directed Korean shipbuilding and militarization towards the amphibious assault of the Japanese coasts and pressed a large proportion of Korean naval and infantry forces into the service of Mongol military objectives. Korea supplied 770 fully manned ships and 5,000 soldiers in 1274 and 900 ships and 10,000 soldiers in 1281. For a variety of reasons, both invasions failed. During the periods leading up to and during the invasions, Korea was effectively forced to serve as a Mongol military base. The Yuan dynasty paid for ships and soldiers in Goryeo with baochao paper money. From [AI overview]: As the Yuan Dynasty weakened in the 1350s, King Gongmin launched successful northern campaigns to oust Mongol garrisons and reclaim lost Goryeo territory. Internal Purges (1352–1356): He banned the wearing of Mongol attire, forbade the use of Mongol hairstyles, replacing them with traditional Han Chinese-style attire that historically connected Goryeo to the Middle Kingdom. Gongmin forced the court to revert to traditional Goryeo and earlier Chinese (Song dynasty) styles to reassert Korean national identity. King Gongmin executed powerful pro-Yuan aristocrats like Ki Cheol, symbolizing the shattering of Mongol influence over the Goryeo court.

•Tu'i Tonga empire: Pacific Ocean

950–1865 AD

•Holy Roman Central Europe

962–1806 AD

•Kingdom of Georgia also known as Georgian Empire 1008–1490 AD

•Trebizond empire: Pontus far northeastern corner of Anatolia, and portions of southern Crimea

1204–1461 AD

•Hoysala dynasty or empire India 1026–1343 AD

•Crusades (Europe Middle east)

[death toll 1,732,051÷2] 1095–1291 AD

From [AI overview]: The Mamluk Powerhouse: Emerging out of Egypt and Syria, the Mamluks were highly disciplined and became the premier military force in the Arab world, successfully fighting off both Crusader knights and Mongol horse archers. Failed Christian-Mongol Alliances: European Crusaders and the Mongols briefly attempted to form a "Franco-Mongol alliance" against the Mamluks. However, the alliance largely failed due to miscommunications and differing regional goals. From [https://www.history.com]: In November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the Pope called on Western Christians to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. This marked the beginning of the Crusades. The Crusades set the stage for several religious knightly military orders, including the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Hospitallers. These groups defended the Holy Land and protected Christian pilgrims traveling to and from the region. As the Crusaders struggled, a new dynasty, known as the Mamluks, descended from former slaves of the Islamic Empire, took power in Egypt. In 1260, Mamluk forces in Palestine managed to halt the advance of the Mongols, an invading force led by Genghis Khan and his descendants, which had emerged as a potential ally for the Christians in the region.

•Ethiopian empire

1137–1974 AD

From [AI overview]: Ethiopian Empire: Defending its sovereignty against both the Ottoman Empire and European colonizers, Ethiopia maintained early diplomatic relations with Portugal. A notable conflict saw Ethiopia, aided by Portuguese muskets, defeat the Adal Sultanate (which was backed by the Ottomans) at the 1543 Battle of Wayna Daga. Developed in the late 15th century, these musket weapons replaced older hand cannons. The Portuguese Empire famously utilized them to pioneer early modern warfare and even introduced the Matchlock technology to Japan in 1543. Because the Portuguese Empire peaked at the dawn of the Age of Discovery (the transition period between the end of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance), their armies utilized specific early gunpowder technologies.

•Ayyubid empire or dynasty

Middle East 1171–1341 AD

From [AI overview]: The Mongol conquests effectively ended the Ayyubid dynasty in 1260. Led by Hulagu Khan, the Mongols swept through the Middle East, destroying Ayyubid principalities in Syria and capturing cities like Aleppo and Damascus. The remaining Ayyubid leaders were largely deposed by the Mamluks. The Ayyubids (founded by Saladin) never fought the Mongols at the peak of their shared power. By the time of the Mongol invasion of the Levant (1259–1260), the Ayyubid realm was highly fragmented and had already lost control of Egypt to their former slave soldiers, the Mamluks, in 1250.

•Second Bulgarian Empire Balkans

1185–1422 AD

•Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Central Europe 1200–1569 AD

From [AI overview]: The expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a primary rival to the Golden Horde's western frontier. Grand Duke Algirdas notably defeated the Horde armies at the Battle of Blue Waters (1362), permanently stripping the Mongols of control over the Podolia and Kiev regions. The Conflict: As Lithuania expanded eastward into collapsing Rus' principalities, they frequently clashed with the Mongol Golden Horde. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania became the primary European power capable of checking Mongol dominance in the region. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania battled two major forces that sought to dominate Eastern Europe: the Crusaders (Teutonic and Livonian Orders) to the north and west, and the Mongols (Golden Horde) to the east. These conflicts shaped the medieval European balance of power.

The next 22 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [57 to 63]

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Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[battle-ship-111902]

[grand_project-epic-cinematic-drama_54sec-187364]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

2:https://fastdl.app/photo

FACEBOOK VIDEO DOWNLOADER

3:https://fdownloader.net/en

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

4:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea

5:https://historynet.com/mongol-khan-korea-invasion/

6:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EgEmhWbVo/

7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GCD6Hg3Rp/

8:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db4o5EXgcxy/?img_index=1

9:https://www.instagram.com/p/DTfwJNEkuhq/?img_index=1

10:https://www.instagram.com/p/DTfwJNEkuhq/?img_index=2

11:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule

12:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EPzu28hz5/

13:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZc14VhE80S/

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15:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18UHcWaJCQ/

16:https://www.instagram.com/p/DY9jLJ-CDWw/?img_index=10

17:https://note.com/large_kiwi7929/n/ne14e6f98546c

18:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DJ5Qv7odo/

19:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan

20:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D72dNUcMu/

21:https://www.themoviedb.org/tv/23410-shin-don/images/backdrops?language=zh-CN

22:https://m.blog.naver.com/jungyoupkim/222694840780

23:https://m.blog.naver.com/jedi_anakin/221501274000

24:https://information-factory.tistory.com/343

25:https://m.blog.naver.com/hongyw/222464533414?view=img_2

26:https://www.instagram.com/p/Cdl7vS-hOUb/

27:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga

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30:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19AeeGLfbK/

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33:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CGVQS3RZC/

34:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcC32lsER5C/

35:https://x.com/TrabzonVilayeti/status/1641552270587318273

36:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXV5heCD393/

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38:https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*dc5XCoMR8drNwAji7wzdpg.jpeg

39:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JqjHF7D7G/

40:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYRXjvHFEkc/?img_index=7

41:https://smarthistory.org/mamluk-candlestick-base/

42:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BB6pYHXAv/

43:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbB0QHSIJhn/?img_index=6

44:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbB0QHSIJhn/?img_index=7

45:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbB0QHSIJhn/?img_index=5

46:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbB0QHSIJhn/?img_index=3

47:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYUjoFUkQAT/?img_index=4

48:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12208/mamluk-frankish-and-mongol-movement-in-1271-2-ce/

49:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DXHZbUGPW/

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52:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbB0QHSIJhn/?img_index=4

53:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DbwQTRdiX/

54:https://www.facebook.com/share/1C6sQVqBFQ/

55:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EfBf7oQv6/

56:https://share.google/Qut9hMuubTeormmM6

57:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BafUBu8vo/

58:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=9

59:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Dxd9z4x2h/

60:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D2oEaKsXA/

61:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut

62:https://thequran.love/2026/04/12/the-zenith-of-resistance-the-mongol-incursions-the-mamluk-defense-and-the-transformation-of-meccan-civil-life/

63:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19A2fBuM98/

64:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaIEgQBEzhK/?img_index=4

65:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbBBgWWEeis/?img_index=4

66:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcGpCNoDrYv/?img_index=10

67:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbA_2JtkdGA/?img_index=3

68:https://www.deviantart.com/prussianink/art/Greater-Ethiopia-Empire-478221860

69:https://share.google/fi1mqqcXA5XQ7QQd5

70:https://www.history.com/articles/battle-adwa-ethiopia-africa-colonization

71:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbsuPC3iJD-/?img_index=1

72:https://www.facebook.com/share/1Bfiq2Jr32/

73:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1jW2W6b4wF/

74:https://www.instagram.com/p/DV_O826Dcxy/?img_index=6

75:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CMnZvsjzS/

76:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcDHmbBMZWl/

77:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BmxJ92f5n/

78:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1TEmk79JWQ/

79:https://www.instagram.com/p/DUtl-2UFp9S/

80:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1260MongolConquestsLevant.jpg

81:https://share.google/TKWSwDjDhW2chXyxb

82:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BjajaBD9c/

83:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D7Dt2huK5/

84:https://share.google/VnuvGUTpRwqK0o3sx

85:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaGcyafjXrr/?img_index=1

86:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaGcyafjXrr/?img_index=2

87:https://share.google/pcfdyZt84or3f8yES

88:https://share.google/UHYM0DsXSEkFaHUIG

89:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blue_Waters#/media/File:Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png

90:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaiW8IojUdm/

91:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1M3qzcUP2x/

92:https://x.com/Karol1669024/status/2091278420768416147

93:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BwwT69pCr/

Video From Facebook Post Downloaded By Web Downloader

94:https://www.facebook.com/share/v/18QrBNHLuW/

95:https://www.facebook.com/share/v/18UV3NWik3/

Partial Screen Recorded Videos From

96:https://youtu.be/MEjhB5_Te4A?si=IkxOMMWg3kJOlI2q

97:https://youtu.be/2r_8CV180xw?si=bLm-6FSaDRJKc25I

98:https://youtu.be/1w0DlyP-fgE?si=fJ7lU-OVMpHGnYlg

99:https://youtu.be/q-GQSUmR7no?si=q8dUWskJ2qjsUF4b

100:https://youtu.be/YINPHAPlBgQ?si=El1pWexOQbHWffVJ

101:https://youtu.be/_f1Yn7885gQ?si=MRRfGi7_-MDd32BT

102:https://youtu.be/9rIeRsBojKI?si=F4WvdjadFpLDdBuU

103:https://youtu.be/g9RQhd4-1mQ?si=vunCLsXo0gdkDxYx

104:https://youtu.be/Wm6975M-AJM?si=CWF_ayAcZJX3UZ2O

105:https://youtu.be/6efbd8_TZLM?si=JPWNulE44aEKZUjj

106:https://youtu.be/1B3BYNo4-to?si=Hx-DgCgeDrfNqvYg

107:https://youtu.be/yuYpDLM9OW4?si=YkAbr9dsuyZ6nRJF

108:https://youtu.be/j9yDzhqW9vI?si=IZzKvUFg3XKYS4xa

109:https://youtu.be/W1eUadzEt1M?si=vxVlkeiaqMhZbPTl

110:https://youtu.be/wCj9bjvesKE?si=bUBPJnEMB_tp2IAG

Video AI Generated: Text To Video Prompt Features With This Link:

111:https://stock.adobe.com/search/ai-studio

Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and

other websites:

112:https://stock.adobe.com/video/naval-warfare-in-the-ancient-polynesian-islands-an-ancient-naval-battle-between-rival-polynesian-island-tribes/1076282397

113:https://stock.adobe.com/video/saladin-leading-his-elite-armored-army-into-a-fierce-medieval-battle/1870474926

114:https://stock.adobe.com/video/knights-templar-in-full-armor-standing-in-a-cathedral/1093416905

115:https://stock.adobe.com/video/an-epic-wide-shot-of-a-fierce-medieval-battle-between-two-massive-armies-knights-and-soldiers-clash-with-swords-on-a-vast-chaotic-battlefield-a-concept-of-war-history-conflict-and-fantasy/1679084245

116:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-knight-overlooking-fiery-battlefield-chainmail-armor-and-viking-shield-with-snowy-mountains-in-the-background-atmospheric-cinematic-war-scene-for-an-historical-combat/897064901

117:https://stock.adobe.com/video/the-crusades-battle-scene-knights-in-chainmail-4k-videos/1608803521

118:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ottoman-soldier-stares-at-istanbul-cityscape-with-hagia-sophia-cinematic/1826852807

119:https://stock.adobe.com/video/some-warriors-carry-muskets-a-sign-of-the-zulu-kingdoms-evolving-tactics-and-adoption-of-new-technologies/770451092

120:https://stock.adobe.com/video/person-sits-over-ancient-treasure-map-and-taps-his-fingers-on-the-table-in-thought-then-suddenly-grabs-a-musket-from-the-table-but-calms-down-and-puts-the-gun-back-close-up/510961739

121:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/142647712-shooting-old-medieval-handgun-wick-and-gunpowder-side-view-s

122:https://www.pond5.com/it/stock-footage/item/229027101-historical-pirate-stuff-and-navigation-items-old-map

123:https://stock.adobe.com/video/europe-medieval-lifestyle-a-moody-atmospheric-portrayal-of-a-maritime-scene-a-wooden-ships-deck-is-the-main-subject-adorned-with-ropes-masts-and-lanterns/2060101285

124:https://stock.adobe.com/video/historical-naval-ships-in-combat/1555417013

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 55 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 11:18:56 +0000

Part 55
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo

Size 4096 × 4096

7.73 MB

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Reconquista Iberian Peninsula

(Christian Muslim War) [death toll 7,000,000÷5] 711–1492 AD

•Khmer Empire Angkor 802–1431 AD

From [AI overview]: The Khmer Empire Diplomatic Deference Conflict & Threat: At the height of its power, the Khmer Empire (modern-day Cambodia) faced external threats in the 1280s when Mongol-led Yuan armies campaigned through Southeast Asia. However, the Mongols struggled heavily in the tropical climate. Trade & Relations: Instead of outright conquest, the Khmer Empire became a tributary state. The relationship was largely diplomatic and commercial. In 1296, the Yuan diplomat Zhou Daguan spent a year in Angkor, authoring The Customs of Cambodia, which remains our most vital historical record of daily life and trade in the Khmer capital. Warfare: Unlike Korea, the Mongols under Kublai Khan failed to conquer the Khmer Empire. The tropical, humid, and malaria-ridden geography of mainland Southeast Asia, combined with fierce localized resistance from the Khmer, Dai Viet, and Champa, prevented Mongol armies from securing a long-term foothold in the region. History & Relations: The Khmer rulers were geopolitical realists. Realizing that invading China was impossible and battling their neighbors was resource-draining, they opted to formally appease the Yuan dynasty through regular diplomatic and tributary missions, saving their military resources for conflicts with Champa. Trade: Cambodia Khmer empire was actively enmeshed or involved in maritime trading networks linking India and Yuan China. The Khmer traded local forest products and regional tribute in exchange for highly valued Chinese silks. Trade & History: The Khmer Empire relied on a massive international trade network. The relationship with Yuan China was mostly diplomatic. A famous 1296 diplomatic mission by Yuan emissary Zhou Daguan documented a thriving Angkor, noting that Chinese merchants settled there to trade fine silks, porcelain, and metalware for Cambodian spices, gold, and ivory. Warfare & Battles: By 1283, the Yuan Dynasty exerted severe military pressure on mainland Southeast Asia, forcing the Khmer Empire to pay tribute. However, the Mongol forces struggled in the tropical climate and were repelled by the Trần Dynasty of nearby Annam (modern Vietnam), ultimately sparing the Khmer core from direct Mongol conquest. Trade and Relations: The Khmer heavily participated in maritime and overland trade with Yuan China. The relationship is well documented because the Yuan diplomat Zhou Daguan visited Angkor in 1296. In his accounts, he detailed a thriving market economy in the Khmer Empire driven by Chinese merchants and noted that Chinese gold, silver, and silk fabrics were highly prized in the region. From [Wikipedia]: Diplomatic mission to Cambodia Khmer empire: Zhou Daguan was part of an official delegation sent by Yuan Dynasty Temür Khan in 1296, although official Chinese records made no mention of his mission. On 20 February 1296, Zhou Daguan set sail from Mingzhou (today's Ningbo) in Jiangzhe province (composing modern Zhejiang and some parts of Jiangsu and Anhui), on a compass guided ship, passing the ports of Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Quanzhou (Zaiton), the Island of Hainan, the Seven-Islands Sea (Qizhou yang), the sea off Central Vietnam coast (Jiaozhi Sea), and stopped over in Zhancheng or Champa (today's Qui Nhon). The ship resumed its trip past the province of Zhenpu (Bà Rịa in present-day southeastern Vietnam), through Poulo Condor Sea, then heading north on the Mekong River into Tonle Sap River reaching the town of Kampong Chhnang of Cambodia; from there he boarded a small boat, sailing for a dozen days, through Tonle Sap Lake arriving at Yaśodharapura (Angkor Thom), the capital of Cambodia in August. As part of the diplomatic mission, Zhou Daguan was given access to the Royal Palace, although not to the inner palace. He described the palaces and temples, along with the buildings in and around the city. He observed the parades and ceremonies as well as the daily life of the people, and he also travelled outside the capital to the countryside. For much of his stay in Cambodia, he lived in a house near the north gate of Angkor Thom. Zhou Daguan stayed in Cambodia for eleven months, and left in July 1297. He wrote the book The Customs of Cambodia within 15 years of his return, although the exact date of the book's completion is uncertain. Little is known of his life after his return, but he may have lived until the 1350s. From [AI overview]: Warfare and Defense: The Khmer never marched north to challenge China, protected by the dense, malaria-ridden jungles of the Indochinese peninsula and the rugged Annamite Range. Instead, they fought frequent regional conflicts against neighboring states like Champa. The Mongols attempted episodic incursions into Southeast Asia, but disease, unfamiliar terrain, and coordinated resistance from local kingdoms prevented the Mongols from securing a foothold. From [Wikipedia]: The Annamite Range is a major mountain range of Mainland Southeast Asia, extending approximately 1,100 km through Laos, Vietnam, and a small area in northeast Cambodia. The highest points of the Annamite Range are the 2,819 meter-high Phou Bia, the 2,720 meter-high Phu Xai Lai Leng and the 2,598 meter-high Ngọc Linh (Ngoc Pan). The latter is located at the northwestern edge of the Triassic Kontum Massif in central Vietnam. The Annamite Range runs parallel to the Vietnamese coast, in a gentle curve which divides the basin of the Mekong River from Vietnam's narrow coastal plain along the South China Sea. Most of the crests are on the Laotian side. The eastern slope of the range rises steeply from the plain, drained by numerous short rivers. The western slope is more gentle, forming significant plateaus before descending to the banks of the Mekong. The range itself has three main plateaus, from north to south: Phouane Plateau, Nakai Plateau and Bolaven Plateau.

•Norwegian Kingdom Norway

872–1814 AD

•Tondo Kingdom Philippine

900–1587 AD

From [AI overview]: European contact with the Srivijaya, Majapahit, and Tondo empires did not occur through battles but through the Age of Discovery. Westerners visited these empires as merchants, diplomats, and chroniclers seeking to control the lucrative Spice Trade. A medieval chronicler was a writer, typically a monk, cleric or religious official, court scribe or court reporter, who recorded historical events in chronological order. Acting as predecessors to modern historians, they kept official or semi-official accounts of the day's events, often focusing on royal reigns, religious milestones, and natural phenomena.

The next 33 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [56 to 63]

SOURCE COMPOSITION

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Dekiru AI]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech

King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor]

MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer palcoder]

Photo Maker For Album Art Cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker

stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

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[beyond-horizons-201654]

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7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1E9UkA3ceY/

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10:https://share.google/izgjYf8hSXiwlEG42

11:https://timebite.org/10-spice-trade-routes-that-built-southeast-asian-empires/

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22:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=6

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24:https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Zhou%20Daguan/86461

25:https://www.instagram.com/p/Db6YOkvgdNX/?img_index=8

26:https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s68019a5fe4b068c68f1284b7.html

27:https://brunch.co.kr/@d783308fbd9a4e1/9

28:https://share.google/aCD6MkPK6yFf5wmqY

29:https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/maritime-silk-road-quanzhou-port-largest-east-e-ports-co-ltd-

30:https://share.google/Gwwi6IOEi0dc7Ns11

31:https://vigormedia.tw/%E3%80%90%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84%E3%80%91%E5%BE%9E%E6%AF%98%E9%97%8D%E8%80%B6%E5%88%B0%E6%9D%B1%E8%9E%BA%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E5%A0%B4%E8%B7%A8%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%AD%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84/

32:https://nghiencuulichsu.com/2026/05/04/vi-the-lich-su-cua-tran-thuong-xuyen-qua-cac-nguon-su-lieu-ve-su-kien-nhom-di-than-nha-minh-1679-1689/

33:https://eigonou-english.com/southeast-asian-culture/

34:https://www.cambodgemag.com/en/post/the-humanitarian-influencer-a-field-guide-to-charity-washing-your-art-opening-in-cambodge

35:https://www.instagram.com/p/DboT8tml_U0/?img_index=2

36:https://www.instagram.com/p/DboT8tml_U0/?img_index=5

37:https://www.instagram.com/p/DboT8tml_U0/?img_index=6

38:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaVo0xXiNDC/?img_index=10

39:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EfXLAUtJR/

40:https://share.google/HoAOeIJ9oKpyUZvzh

41:https://www.facebook.com/share/1GmA5AwnUM/

42:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaC8sI5CM6c/?img_index=12

43:https://www.amazon.in/Record-Cambodias-Land-Customs/dp/0755213068

44:https://danviet.vn/doi-quan-voi-chien-uy-luc-nhat-dong-nam-a--nhung-co-xe-tang-song-cua-quan-doi-de-quoc-khmer-manh-co-nao-d1451164.html

45:https://stock.adobe.com/be_fr/images/epic-ancient-southeast-asian-army-with-majestic-war-elephants-marching-through-misty-tropical-jungle/2056058118

46:https://annamites.com/about

47:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam#/media/File:Vietnam_Topography.png

48:https://hailam.miraheze.org/wiki/Annamite_Mountains

49:https://viet-thanh.vn/ban-do-dia-hinh-viet-nam-3d-nhung-thong-tin-can-biet/

50:https://dialyvakhttdialy.wordpress.com/2024/10/14/dia-hinh-va-to-bong-relief-topography-and-shading/

51:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/3/241

52:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14jt4Wq9WDK/

53:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JRaoHRikM/

54:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Topography-and-the-major-geographic-features-of-Indochina-Vietnam-Laos-Cambodia-and_fig2_352708079

55:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Laos-and-the-Bolaven-PlateauSource-Lazarus-2009_fig3_260753045

56:https://news.ifeng.com/c/8dW4oiXxyjH

57:https://www.facebook.com/share/1Dp9gauY2h/

58:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1G3HjBBx61/

59:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HLqnurdo1/

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61:https://www.instagram.com/p/DcJ1OI-IAHE/?img_index=8

62:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYj9nY6DSI2/?img_index=5

63:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HvHtLMCBY/

64:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19EiFbDTPM/

65:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dav1TMfmE9K/

66:https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-chronicles-definition-history-famous-examples-and-why-they-matter/famous-medieval-chronicles-that-shaped-history/

67:https://historiesandcastles.com/blogs/medieval-england/lanfranc-archbishop-canterbury?srsltid=AfmBOopMWL-83gbxW33xy2-aZDOnO1-2Gdox0m3jlf4fy5a_Bgmt8Fzz

68:https://templarblog.com/blogs/knights-code/templar-discipline-rule

69:https://share.google/tcKwZ7GJAsAjp3xVs

70:https://pensamientopentecostalarminiano.org/2026/05/30/el-mito-de-la-antiguedad-dispensacionalista-cuando-la-historia-corrige-los-creditos/

71:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14o5Wwde2kQ/

72:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DKH3oX63c/

Screen recorded partial video of the full video and complete compiled source from:

73:https://youtu.be/q-GQSUmR7no?si=q8dUWskJ2qjsUF4b

Videos From Facebook Post Downloaded By Web Downloader

74:https://www.facebook.com/share/r/1Lq8aM27VZ/

75:https://www.facebook.com/share/r/14uAhncg4Ga/

Partial Screen Recorded Video From Full Video Documentary Via This Link:

76:https://youtu.be/owY4EWq62UM?si=FZlsHM2QAvq9Mlge

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other websites:

77:https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Quanzhou%20Port/937036

78:https://stock.adobe.com/video/muslim-cavalry-charge-against-christian-fortress-during-reconquista-holy-wars-with-hooded-warriors-wielding-spears-under-ominous-battlefield-atmosphere/1547635613

79:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/70847956-zoom-annamite-mountain-range-glowed-relief-map

80:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/70847792-zoom-annamite-mountain-range-glowed-natural-earth

81:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/265952098-annamite-range-aerial-vietnams-lush-rainforest

82:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/313924154-drone-reveal-bolaven-plateau-cliffs-and-rainforest-near-tad

83:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-fierce-viking-warrior-with-a-beard-and-an-axe-stands-on-his-longship-leading-his-fleet-for-a-raid-representing-norse-history-mythology-and-the-spirit-of-ancient-warfare/1634747759

84:https://stock.adobe.com/video/historical-17th-century-european-explorer-examines-ancient-navigation-map-with-concerned-crew-members-during-maritime-expedition/1580561267

85:https://stock.adobe.com/video/master-calligrapher-devoted-to-ancient-traditional-chinese-artistry/1296168589

86:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/297090031-chronicler-writing-quill-ancient-parchment-preserving-lost-s

87:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/304874962-medieval-monk-writing-historic-manuscripts-table

88:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/330531999-cambodia-and-southeast-asia-zoom-out-space-sunrise-planet-ea

89:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/100217422-group-several-boats-different-sizes-crowd-river-southeast

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 54 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 11:53:16 +0000

Part 54
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

•Byzantine empire: 330–1453 AD Historically regarded as the Eastern Roman or continuation of Roman Empire

•Srivijaya empire: Malay Archipelago Sumatra, Indonesia 683–1293 AD

From [AI overview]: The Majapahit, Tondo, and Srivijaya empires were maritime trade powerhouses connected by the ancient Asian spice and silk networks. Trade relations were mostly peaceful inter-island exchanges, though Srivijaya was sacked by the South Indian Chola Empire in 1025. European interaction primarily consisted of 16th-century Spanish and Portuguese explorers and missionaries. Chola Raids on Srivijaya (1025): The Tamil Chola dynasty of southern India launched a naval invasion of Srivijaya, crippling its ports and carrying off its wealth. [https://www.thoughtco.com] Source: The first historical source that mentions Srivijaya is the memoir of a Chinese Buddhist monk, I-Tsing, who visited the kingdom for six months in 671 CE. He describes a rich and well-organized society, which presumably had been in existence for some time. A number of inscriptions in Old Malay from the Palembang area, which is dated from as early as 682, also mention the Srivijayan Kingdom. The earliest of these inscriptions, the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, tells the story of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, who founded Srivijaya with the help of 20,000 troops. King Jayanasa went on to conquer other local kingdoms such as Malayu, which fell in 684, incorporating them into his growing Srivijayan Empire. We know for certain that for at least four hundred years, between the seventh and eleventh centuries CE, the Kingdom of Srivijaya prospered from the rich Indian Ocean trade. Srivijaya controlled the key Melaka Straits, between the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Indonesia, through which passed all sorts of luxury items such as spices, tortoiseshell, silk, jewels, camphor, and tropical woods. Definition from [AI overview]: In the medieval period, highly coveted camphor—imported from Southeast Asia along ancient trade routes—was a multi-purpose luxury. It served as a medicine, a culinary spice, an embalming agent, an air-purifying fumigant during the Black Death, and even as a burning additive in early European gunpowder. Historically, tortoiseshell was prized in the medieval period and beyond for its durability, unique warmth, and deep, translucent patterns. Extracted from the hawksbill sea turtle, artisans heated and molded the rigid plates into luxurious everyday and ornamental goods, such as combs, jewelry, snuffboxes, book bindings, and musical instrument veneers. Musical instrument veneers are thin slices of premium wood (typically 0.5mm to 1.5mm thick) applied to instruments like guitars, violins, and pianos. Continued from [https://www.thoughtco.com]: The kings of Srivijaya used their wealth, gained from transit taxes on these goods, to extend their domain as far north as what is now Thailand and Cambodia on the Southeast Asian mainland, and as far east as Borneo. Srivijaya presented a tempting target for foreign powers and for pirates. In 1025, Rajendra Chola of the Chola Empire based in southern India attacked some of the Srivijayan Kingdom’s key ports in the first of a series of raids that would last at least 20 years. Srivijaya managed to fend off the Chola invasion after two decades, but it was weakened by the effort. As late as 1225, Chinese author Chou Ju-kua described Srivijaya as the richest and strongest state in western Indonesia, with 15 colonies or tributary states under its control. By 1288, however, Srivijaya was conquered by the Singhasari Kingdom. At this tumultuous “chaotic” time, between 1291 and 1292, the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo stopped in Srivijaya on his way back from Yuan China. Despite several attempts by fugitive princes to revive Srivijaya over the next century, one decisive factor in the fall of Srivijaya was the conversion of the majority of Sumatran and Javanese to Islam, introduced by the very Indian Ocean traders who had long provided Srivijaya’s wealth. From [AI overview]: Shift to Islam: As the religion took root in localized port communities, a socio-religious divide emerged. Many of the very Indian, Arab, and regional traders who sustained Srivijaya's wealth began favoring newer, Islamic port states that were emerging across the region. The shift of Sumatra and Java's populations to Islam—facilitated by the exact Indian Ocean merchants who built Srivijaya’s wealth—was a crucial tipping point. As coastal networks adopted the faith, the empire’s Buddhist rulers lost their grip on the vital maritime choke points, paving the way for Islamic states like the Sultanate of Aceh and the Malacca Sultanate. This religious and economic transition fundamentally rewired power dynamics in the archipelago. The empire, centered near the modern city of Palembang in South Sumatra, relied on a complex tribute system and the centralized collection of regional trade commodities. As Muslim traders spread the faith along the coasts and river systems, they naturally bypassed Srivijaya's traditional Buddhist authorities, aligning themselves instead with emerging local Islamic leaders. These compounding military, economic, and religious factors ultimately led to the empire's dissolution.

•Kanem empire: northeast of Lake Chad in modern-day Chad Africa 700–1387 AD

From [AI overview]: Kanem-Bornu Empire: Centered around Lake Chad, this empire (later Kanem-Bornu) held a strategic monopoly on Saharan trade. Its leaders traded extensively with the Ottoman Empire, exchanging embassies and importing Ottoman firearms to equip their cavalry.

The next 37 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [55 to 63]

SOURCE COMPOSITION

Computer Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text Voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech Tor.App]

[PDF Speaker Text To Speech TTS

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Dekiru AI]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech

King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor]

MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer palcoder]

Photo Maker For Album Art Cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker

stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[epic_trailer-216363]

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9:https://histofreak.com/srivijaya-history-a-kingdom-thatruled-southeast-asias-seas-for-600-years/

10:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/9106/chola-naval-expeditions/

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24:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYUNWhiET7R/?img_index=12

25:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BnEvMaiuS/

26:https://leminhkhaiblog.com/rescuing-history-from-srivijaya-part-2/

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34:https://www.mymagicplaceshop.com/blogs/blog/harnessing-the-power-of-camphor-in-spiritual-practices-a-guide-to-uses-and-rituals

35:https://www.truemeds.in/ayurveda/general-wellness/camphor-118

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48:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HZRMbxW4Y/

49:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DHqzgXr1u/

50:https://archive.wwf.org.ph/resource-center/story-archives-2022/wwf-kickstarts-shellbank-a-global-genetic-database-to-trace-and-protect-sea-turtles-from-poaching-and-the-illegal-trade/

51:https://themystickeys.com/musical-masterpieces-the-worlds-most-expensive-instruments/

52:https://www.woodenave.com/what-is-wood-veneer/

53:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FDvrD2YhR/

54:https://fadami.indozone.id/history/2486717210/rahasia-perdagangan-di-kerajaan-sriwijaya-mengalami-kemajuan-yang-pesat-terutama-karena-hal-ini

55:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BNPMoC6rM/

56:https://www.instagram.com/p/DAGiWRvhRLX/?img_index=3

57:https://www.instagram.com/p/DY1kNLVDBgr/?img_index=5

58:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYhToh6jN07/?img_index=6

59:https://www.instagram.com/p/DTHFI_VDy-E/?img_index=1

60:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_trade_route_map_XIIcentury.jpg

61:https://www.amazon.se/-/en/Friedrich-Hirth/dp/1527964949

62:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBALKxjRyA/?img_index=2

63:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singhasari_Kingdom_en.svg

64:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/10041/map-of-marco-polos-travels-1271---1295/

65:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14sVwKon1YK/

66:https://www.facebook.com/share/1MFkgezpze/

67:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EQmdHW4Mn/

68:https://easy-peasy.ai/ai-image-generator/images/glorious-era-kutai-kingdom-daily-life-trade

69:https://easy-peasy.ai/ai-image-generator/images/brunei-city-in-the-past-traditional-architecture-lifestyle

70:https://share.google/cUkFvfXpLno0lthYn

71:https://seasiastats.com/statistic/the-first-sultanates-islamic-kingdoms-in-southeast-asia-EwJey

72:https://www.kba13.com/acehnese-ulama-mecca-islamic-reform-southeast-asia/

73:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BiYD4wbPt/

74:https://www.britannica.com/place/Palembang

75:https://vigormedia.tw/%E3%80%90%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84%E3%80%91%E5%BE%9E%E5%B7%A8%E6%B8%AF%E5%88%B0%E9%9B%AA%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%9A%E8%AB%96%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%81%E8%BD%89/

76:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1F5z9nNXbe/

77:https://www.lepoint.fr/histoire/majapahit-lempire-de-la-mousson-qui-inventa-lindonesie-J2BS54NBBVB75ISYTVMATQMVWI/

78:https://www.facebook.com/share/1GFPZbTtqe/

79:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbW23a_lp0I/?img_index=2

80:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbW23a_lp0I/?img_index=4

81:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbW23a_lp0I/?img_index=5

82:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbW23a_lp0I/?img_index=6

83:https://www.instagram.com/p/DP7kijmDFsX/?img_index=13

84:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaIEgQBEzhK/?img_index=11

85:https://www.instagram.com/p/DafeiU6kTt_/?img_index=8

86:https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanem-Bornu

87:https://www.instagram.com/p/DbBBgWWEeis/?img_index=2

88:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1C5uAeaFpu/

Screen recorded partial video of the full video and complete compiled source from:

89:https://youtu.be/q-GQSUmR7no?si=q8dUWskJ2qjsUF4b

Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and

other websites:

90:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ai-generated-illustration-of-armored-constantinople-soldiers-standing-against-ancient-fortress/1344444509

91:https://stock.adobe.com/video/srivijaya-maritime-empire-harbor-the-bustling-harbor-of-the-srivijaya-empire-located-along-a-vast-river-system-with-massive-ships-and-rows-of-stilted-houses-on-the-water-temples-and-administrative/1092506616

92:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-dramatic-long-shot-of-an-ancient-srivijaya-trading-hub-with-grand-palaces-massive-trading-ships-anchored-near-the-shore-and-busy-canals-lined-with-traders-all-immersed-in-the-rich-warm-tones-an/1092508375

93:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/329249139-southeast-asia-space-planet-earth-space-globe

94:https://stock.adobe.com/video/grupo-de-tres-carabelas-o-galeones-histo-ricos-navegando-en-mar-abierto/1732861775

95:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-indian-naval-forces-in-the-bay-of-bengal-a-battle-between-ancient-indian-kingdoms-on-the-bay-of-bengal-showcasing-beautifully-decorated-wooden-ships-with-large-sails/1076287460

96:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-wars-4k/1317932456

97:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-wars-4k/1317938136

98:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-civilization-srivijaya-ships-on-a-river/1156215373

99:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-civilization-srivijaya/1156215842

100:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-civilization-srivijaya/1156217244

101:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-civilization-srivijaya/1156217602

102:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/330726386-malacca-strait-global-trade-shipping-traffic-map-animation-4

103:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/339842300-malacca-strait-world-map-4k-animation

104:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/332818914-great-camphor-tree-gamou

105:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202908926-medium-shot-recreation-sick-people-sitting-together-man-hood

106:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/336314182-hawksbill-sea-turtle-resting-close-thriving-coral-reef-subst

107:https://stock.adobe.com/video/men-and-woman-work-at-a-mystical-street-market-inside-an-old-cathedral-survivors-gather-around-stalls-with-fire-and-candlelight-post-apocalypse-camp-scene/2037960246

108:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/141413089-part-acoustic-guitar

109:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/309431806-maps-ottoman-empire-seen-space

110:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/199313532-ottoman-period-sultan

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 53 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 05:59:20 +0000

Part 53
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo

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7.29 MB

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COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

From [AI overview]: During the 13th to 14th centuries, massive empires like the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty in China, the Delhi Sultanate, and the Ilkhanate in Persia heavily utilized diplomats, envoys, and foreign travelers to manage international relations, secure trade routes, and project imperial power. These sweeping or massive diplomatic networks served several specific, mutual purposes for the empires and the envoys involved expanding and securing trade: Empires relied heavily on the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean trade networks. Envoys were dispatched to negotiate safe passage for merchants, establish tax agreements, and protect the postal relay systems, which mutually enriched the connected states. Intelligence and Geopolitics: Ambassadors served as early intelligence gatherers. For example, the Yuan Dynasty frequently exchanged envoys with the Delhi Sultanate and European leaders like the Pope to map regional alliances, assess threats, and look for potential military coalitions against mutual enemies (like the Mamluks of Egypt). Alliances & Coordinated Military Action: Envoys were dispatched to form coalitions against common enemies (e.g., the Franks and Mongols negotiating to jointly attack the Mamluks of Egypt). Foreign Legitimacy: Rulers like Kublai Khan used foreign embassies to assert their status as the supreme sovereign of the Mongol Empire and to demand tribute from other lands. Receiving envoys from distant lands enhanced a monarch's domestic prestige. Trade and Tribute Protection: To facilitate safe passage on the Silk Road, Mongol Khans issued Paizas (golden/silver tablets) to envoys and merchants, allowing them to travel safely and secure provisions. Envoys carried gifts of silk, spices, horses, and precious metals. Cultural and Technological Exchange: These missions facilitated massive cross-cultural transmission. Envoys, alongside famous travelers like Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, carried back innovations, such as paper money, gunpowder, and Persian astronomy, serving as emissaries to foreign courts along the way. In the Middle Ages, emissaries were official diplomatic agents, messengers, and negotiators sent by monarchs, popes, or lords to represent their interests in foreign courts. Cultural & Religious Exchange: Khans hosted foreign envoys (like Marco Polo from Europe and Rabban Bar Sauma from Persia) to exchange religious knowledge, engineering, and astronomy. Languages Used in Diplomacy: Persian (Fārsi): Served as the primary lingua franca across the central and western Mongol domains (such as the Ilkhanate in Persia). It was used by diplomats to communicate with the Mongol courts. Mongolian: The official language of the Mongol administration, written in several scripts (like the Uighur-based script). Latin: Used in written correspondence sent by European Popes and monarchs to the Mongol Khans. Chinese: Used for internal administration and diplomatic correspondence in the Yuan Dynasty: Kublai Khan’s empire.

•Roman empire (27 BC)–1453 AD

From [AI overview]: Rabban Bar Sauma (Late 13th - early 14th century journey): Although he originally set out in the 1270s, his famous diplomatic expedition across Europe took place in 1287–1288. Sent by the Mongol Ilkhan ruler of Persia, he met with Pope Nicholas IV in Rome, as well as King Philip IV of France and King Edward I of England. Rabban Bar Sauma’s primary purpose was serving as an ambassador for the Mongol Ilkhanate to Christian Western Europe. His goal was to forge a Franco-Mongol military alliance to expel Muslims from the Holy Land and establish mutual defenses. Key Aspects of His Mission: The Mongol Envoy in 1287, the Mongol Ilkhan of Persia, Arghūn, sent the Chinese-born Nestorian Christian monk to negotiate with European monarchs like King Philip IV of France and Edward I of England. Papal Meetings: He was also tasked with meeting the Pope to coordinate this crusade-style alliance. He met with the College of Cardinals in Rome and Pope Nicholas IV. East-to-West Discovery: Dubbed the "reverse Marco Polo," his journey provided the first Asian diplomatic perspective on medieval Europe, which he later documented in his travel accounts.

The next 40 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [54 to 63]

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Tool Apps Hub]

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[Social Media Post Maker

stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[grand_project-heroic-epic-cinematic-ascend-to-glory-496506]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

2:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Chagatai_Khanate_(with_text).png

3:https://www.facebook.com/share/1DmwNgHfHC/

4:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaewC4pkyI-/?img_index=1

5:https://itihashunt123.com/2025/11/delhi-sultanate-shasan-vyavastha/

6:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaxXA3KEVuH/?img_index=2

7:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaxXA3KEVuH/?img_index=5

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9:https://www.instagram.com/p/DafeiU6kTt_/?img_index=9

10:https://www.instagram.com/p/DafeiU6kTt_/?img_index=2

11:https://www.instagram.com/p/DafeiU6kTt_/?img_index=10

12:https://www.instagram.com/p/DT-_KaTDXC6/?img_index=1

13:https://www.instagram.com/p/DT-_KaTDXC6/?img_index=2

14:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1KNbmSUH2b/

15:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX7k9GHETK3/?img_index=3

16:https://share.google/Lz7aIZmpUuby8xkxb

17:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12208/mamluk-frankish-and-mongol-movement-in-1271-2-ce/

18:https://sevenswords.uk/battle-of-ain-jalut/

19:https://korean.cgtn.com/2026/06/05/ARTI1776650951786428

20:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX__vh3jq-B/?img_index=6

21:https://www.facebook.com/share/1BtQBvGz2g/

22:https://www.facebook.com/share/18czkiRfbo/

23:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19B9w8fDSD/

24:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYUjoFUkQAT/?img_index=4

25:https://www.facebook.com/share/1ZLQLyyBeH/

26:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14k6pc189FW/

27:https://share.google/pxFr8G3TrfqCJnI5R

28:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYfh10VDRWR/

29:https://chine365.fr/chine/marco-polo/

30:https://chine365.fr/chine/kubilai-khan/

31:https://www.instagram.com/p/DUhhuM2EwR1/?img_index=3

32:https://www.instagram.com/p/DUhhuM2EwR1/?img_index=5

33:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma#/media/File:VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg

34:https://www.amazon.co.uk/Monks-Kublai-Khan-Emperor-China/dp/1780764537

35:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg

36:https://www.amazon.com/RABBAN-SAUMA-chinese-astonishing-Nestorian-ebook/dp/B07DSCZTMP

37:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18Fpad558n/

38:https://archive.org/details/ashurcherry0321

39:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CAJkkjJDL/

40:https://www.facebook.com/share/1EZKPRvd6z/

41:https://thetemplarknight.com/2012/06/05/correspondence-between-the-popes-and-mongols/

42:https://historycollection.com/kublai-khan-invasion-japan-mongol-armada-kamikaze/

43:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYuqAY9jTZG/?hl=da

44:https://www.facebook.com/share/1BmTEQS1Kk/

45:https://www.instagram.com/p/DW9JRWwDHF8/?img_index=2

46:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Pc3WzvaKy/

47:https://www.instagram.com/p/DW9JRWwDHF8/

48:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZQ14t8jrfO/?img_index=1

49:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZQ14t8jrfO/?img_index=3

50:https://x.com/XacapTugch/status/2081970959054205041

51:https://www.facebook.com/share/19ZnwYvjST/

52:https://www.zedge.net/wallpapers/446eaf61-5d30-4844-9330-2e581a3cf15e

53:https://thetemplarknight.com/2011/03/13/templar-mongols/

54:https://share.google/QRUJaJ6ikq7aJ5vQR

55:https://smarthistory.org/reframing-art-history/art-under-the-mongols/

Video AI Generated by Text and/or Photo To Video Prompt Features From:

56:https://stock.adobe.com/search/ai-studio

57:https://pro.klingai.com/h5-app/share?work_id=317886751667480&creative_id=317886751667480&creative_type=WORK

58:https://www.topmediai.com/app/image-to-video/shared/1346462

Screen recorded website viewer:

59:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg

60:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma

Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and

other websites:

61:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-persian-general-in-traditional-battle-attire-surrounded-by-fellow-warriors-epic-historical-scene-showcasing-military-leadership-strength-honor-and-ancient-civilization/2058768670

62:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/78226478-warrior-horsemen-silhouette

63:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/60745655-envoy-beautiful-thoroughbred-white-horse-riding-street-middl

64:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/199296458-historical-battle-scene

65:https://stock.adobe.com/video/two-medieval-men-exchanging-a-coin-on-a-harbor-dock-in-realistic-style-with-ships-behind-concept-of-loyalty-and-farewell/1954474080

66:https://stock.adobe.com/video/scene-with-armored-knight-and-elder-ruler-in-detailed-medieval-style-on-castle-interior-background-concept-of-leadership-and-duty/1954686712

67:https://stock.adobe.com/video/roman-encounter-centurion-and-civilian-shake-hands/1691387062

68:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/199305543-historical-periods-reenactment

69:https://stock.adobe.com/video/roman-emperor-wearing-a-toga-and-laurel-wreath-standing-over-an-ancient-glowing-war-map-strategically-planning-military-campaigns-and-expanding-the-empire-with-digital-markers-on-the-table/1792596954

70:https://stock.adobe.com/video/powerful-roman-senators-debate-strategy-in-ancient-forum/1905825405

71:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-knights-templar-cavalry-charge-through-foggy-battlefield-war-scene-4k-video/1924228689

72:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/309274474-mongol-empire-map-animation-khanates-mongol-empire

73:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/78228083-warrior-horsemen-silhouette

74:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/340654489-xanadu-1955-film-marco-polo-kublai-khan-reads-translated

75:https://stock.adobe.com/video/persian-king-wearing-a-majestic-gold-and-red-robe-inside-an-ancient-castle-dramatic-regal-atmosphere-highlighting-royal-power-heritage-and-historic-grandeur/1912706101

76:https://stock.adobe.com/video/mongolian-man-draws-map-inside-traditional-yurt-structure/1787556268

77:https://stock.adobe.com/video/people-with-chinese-ancient-style-clothes-studied-in-study/536374012

78:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-roman-marketplace-scene-with-soldiers-and-merchants-in-bustling-trade-center-during-a-vibrant-historical-afternoon-setting-ai-generative-technology/1516582447

79:https://stock.adobe.com/video/epic-frontal-view-of-armored-commander-rallying-troops-on-battlefield/1918950552

80:https://stock.adobe.com/video/the-crusades-battle-scene-knights-in-chainmail-4k-videos/1608803521

81:https://stock.adobe.com/video/the-crusades-battle-scene-knights-in-chainmail-4k-videos/1608803521?asset_id=1608805509

82:https://stock.adobe.com/video/vibrant-marketplace-bursting-with-aromatic-spices-and-colorful-ingredients-in-an-ancient-setting/1136032858

83:https://stock.adobe.com/video/an-elderly-spice-merchant-in-traditional-attire-carefully-checks-the-quality-of-bright-yellow-turmeric-powder-letting-the-fine-grains-sift-through-his-fingers-in-a-bustling-dimly-lit-middle/1879740508

84:https://stock.adobe.com/video/market-scene-with-egyptian-merchant-amidst-ancient-artifacts/1296480310

85:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-traditional-market-scene-showcasing-a-scholar-in-historic-elegant-attire/1296393650

86:https://stock.adobe.com/video/experience-daily-life-in-ancient-egypt-with-pyramids-bustling-markets-and-people-engaged-in-various-activities-set-against-a-stunning-desert-backdrop/1512631802

87:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-romans-engaging-in-daily-life-at-a-vibrant-street-market-buying-and-selling-goods-with-food-cooking-over-fire-under-the-watchful-presence-of-the-iconic-colosseum/1792586977

88:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/240474019-ancient-paper-manuscript-leather-cover-wooden-table-legions

89:https://stock.adobe.com/video/roman-senator-meticulously-inscribing-a-historical-document-while-attending-a-legislative-session-capturing-the-essence-of-education-debate-and-the-foundations-of-law-and-governance-in-antiquity/1792496408

90:https://stock.adobe.com/video/group-of-medieval-crusader-knights-in-armor-and-white-tabards-with-red-crosses-advancing-in-formation-historical-reenactment-during-malta-independence-day/1693214575

91:https://stock.adobe.com/video/group-of-armored-medieval-knights-dressed-in-traditional-crusader-attire-featuring-red-crosses-on-white-tunics-and-shields-historical-parade-or-reenactment-malta-independence-day/1729123863

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 52 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Sun, 26 Jul 2026 12:22:54 +0000

Part 52
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

Click On This Link 🔗 To Download Full Quality Size Of This Photo

Size 4096 × 4096

8 MB

Click on PDF to download from Part 1

COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

From [AI overview]: Kublai Khan is the most common English spelling, while Qubilai Khan is a more historically precise phonetic translation of the original Mongolian name. Phonetic relates to the sounds of spoken language. From [https://www.cambridge.org]: One of the biggest questions in the study of China’s history is related to the impact of the Mongol conquest. The Mongols governed through multiple languages, and ruled ethnically and culturally distinct groups, in part through the adoption and adaptation of Chinese institutions. The reign of Qubilai Khan (1260–1294) laid the foundations of Mongol rule as the Yuan dynasty, establishing government administration that incorporated steppe patrimonialism emphasizing kinship and loyalty with Chinese bureaucracy. The Yuan capital, Dadu, the site of modern Beijing, was a planned political center that reflected the steppe origins of Mongol rulers as well as Chinese urban design. The Mongol conquest influenced artistic expression in a variety of ways, simultaneously continuing earlier traditions and introducing new ones. Both painters and poets left a rich legacy that can be used to reconstruct the multicultural and multiethnic world of Yuan cultural life. Regional differences mattered, especially the distinction between north and south following the loss of the north to the Jurchen in 1127. After the Mongol conquest, north and south were reunified, and Neo-Confucianism was adopted as orthodoxy by the Yuan government, clearly visible in the approved interpretations of the Classics for the examinations when they were restored in 1315. Orthodoxy refers to the adherence to accepted, traditional, or established beliefs and practices, particularly in religion, politics, or philosophy. From [https://www.scmp.com]: For Kublai, the victory was more than just a military conquest, as he did not see himself as merely a barbarian conqueror looting an ancient civilisation. He envisioned himself as the legitimate heir to the Dragon Throne, the one who would unite the fractured “Middle Kingdom” under a new order. And thus began the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Its name, meaning “origin” or “prime”, signified the dawn of a new era. The period was one of many firsts. For the first time in history, the whole of China was ruled not by a native Han descendant, but by a Mongol khan. The Yuan dynasty’s most significant contributions to Chinese history were its role as a bridge for global commerce and its institutional legacy. This was more than a mere regime change; it was a recalibration of the Chinese world. The Silk Road would thrive with unprecedented traffic, stretching the incredible distance from Beijing to Venice. A vibrant, international culture flourished in the capital, Dadu – modern-day Beijing – where Persian astronomers, Tibetan monks and European merchants walked the same streets. Marco Polo’s legendary accounts of its splendour filtered back to an astonished Europe. Marco Polo admired how the Great Khan used paper money as legal tender that was cheaper to produce than gold and silver coins. It established the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace), which made the Silk Road the dominant method of transport, and guaranteed safety and security for travel across Eurasia. This enabled the spread of technology, commodities and culture between China and the West.

•Pandyan dynasty India

(500 BC)–1350 AD

From [AI overview]: Key Visitors and Documentation: Ibn Battuta (1330s–1340s CE) Visit Details: The famous Moroccan explorer and Islamic scholar arrived in India during the reign of the Delhi Sultanate (Muhammad bin Tughlaq). During his extensive travels across the subcontinent, he journeyed to the southernmost parts of India, which included regions of the Pandyan dynasty. Documentation: His travelogue, commonly known as the Rihla (The Journey), serves as a crucial primary source. In it, he documented the cultural, social, and political landscape of 14th-century India, observing the interactions between Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim communities in the region. Marco Polo (1288–1292 CE) Visit Details: Although he arrived slightly before the 14th century, the Venetian merchant and explorer visited the Pandyan Kingdom (ruled by Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan) during his sea voyage back to Europe from China. Documentation: Marco Polo extensively documented the Pandyan realm in his memoir, The Travels of Marco Polo (Book of the Marvels of the World). He detailed the region's immense wealth, the thriving pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Mannar, and the busy international trade at the port of Kayal (present-day Kayalpattinam, Tamil Nadu). Wassaf al-Hadrat (late 13th/early 14th century): While not an on-the-ground traveler in the traditional sense, he was an influential Persian historian and chronicler at the court of the Ilkhanate in Persia. Documentation: His work, Tajziyat al-Amsar wa Tazjiyat al-A'sar is (often referred to as Tarikh-i-Wassaf). Observations: He relied heavily on contemporary trade logs and merchant accounts to write extensively about the Pandya Kingdom. He provided incredibly accurate details of the horse trade between the Pandyan ports and the Persian Gulf.

The next 41 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [53 to 63]

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Ambition Technologies]

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4:https://www.instagram.com/p/DTlJFy4EkzM/?img_index=1

5:https://zinglanguages.com/languages-of-china/

6:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty#/media/File:Yuan_Dynasty_Administrative_division_1330.jpg

7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1B2CaWn1iH/

8:https://timebite.org/10-nomadic-innovations-that-made-the-mongol-empire-unstoppable/

9:https://clothescolorguide.com/the-mongol-empire-steppes-of-grass-green-and-conquering-fire/

10:https://note.com/rekishi_dana/n/ned0bb6873dbd?hl=en

11:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yuan-dynasty

12:https://bbs.chinadaily.com.cn/forum/topics/648715ece4b02bd2272172fb.html

13:https://easy-peasy.ai/ai-image-generator/images/acampamento-militar-onde-mulan-8807683c-9bba-43e4-a7b7-bdbbbe6ccabc

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17:https://www.gauchetexpert.com/en/post/the-yuan-dynasty-unique-porcelain-expertise

18:https://kaz.inform.kz/news/kazak-tarihindagi-tagdirshesht-kuriltaylar-uli-kenester-sabaktastigi-76a9dd

19:https://www.instagram.com/p/DSAy5yeErTu/

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42:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZ_C5bCGisi/?img_index=3

43:https://newsarenaindia.com/education/the-silk-route-through-india-s-himalayan-passes/71493

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47:https://gracefulbeam.com/tang-dynasty-feiqian-flying-money-fintech-prototype/

48:https://www.instagram.com/p/DVow0A8jo58/

49:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYqxzvYjIhA/?img_index=4

50:https://share.google/mPO6KzYR65MyEB1c3

51:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYsNLotAm3y/?img_index=7

52:https://heritagetamil.in/tag/pandya-dynasty/

53:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EgSKyVqKz/

54:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CDYVoiKB2/

55:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1G2fpFf8TP/

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61:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYzaSCikzJN/?img_index=2

62:https://www.instagram.com/p/DY4WoZEDAs6/?img_index=7

63:https://heritagetamil.in/malik-kafurs-invasion-of-madurai-the-delhi-sultanates-conquest-of-the-pandya-kingdom/

64:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYq31dzjEjA/?img_index=7

65:https://www.instagram.com/p/DY4WoZEDAs6/?img_index=2

66:https://bangaloreinternationalcentre.org/event/the-india-they-saw/

67:https://www.amazon.com.au/Footsteps-Marco-Polo/dp/B005T5OBJ2

68:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZM0I1IEpjX/?img_index=7

69:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DXhRYh2fK/

70:https://krishnants.substack.com/p/when-the-pandyas-thanked-the-kakatiyas

71:https://www.instagram.com/p/Daj3liMDQEN/?img_index=2

72:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassaf

73:https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate

74:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tarikhe_Vassaf.jpg

75:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassaf

76:https://www.kancheepuramonline.in/guide/geography-of-kancheepuram

77:https://livingnomads.com/2023/03/varanasi-travel-blog/varanasi-map/

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79:https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Neo-Confucianism/1423469

80:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-majestic-reimagining-of-karakorum-the-mongol-empire-s-capital-bustling-with-activity-and-cultural-richness/1182705384

81:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/203957693-drone-footage-emperors-genghis-khans-and-kublai-khans-giant

82:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889209366

83:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889165849

84:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/196535947-night-day-forbidden-city-beijing-china

85:https://stock.adobe.com/video/couple-in-traditional-hanfu-strolling-through-ancient-chinese-market/1784644908

86:https://stock.adobe.com/video/elderly-chinese-man-with-long-white-beard-smiling-gently-at-camera-standing-in-traditional-hutong-alley-with-red-lanterns-ancient-courtyard-houses/1876901513

87:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889212940

88:https://stock.adobe.com/video/aerial-view-of-traditional-chinese-palace-at-sunset-featuring-orange-hues-and-historic-architecture-in-urban-environment/1551426396

89:https://stock.adobe.com/video/wise-man-in-ancient-china-portrait-of-a-learned-scholar-with-jade-ornament/1831557767

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92:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-battlefield-4k/1122409096

93:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jewish-priests-performing-sacred-rituals-in-jerusalems-ancient-synagogue/1522556454

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103:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-caravan-journey-camels-and-donkeys-trek-through-desert-landscape/1861744130

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109:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-fleet-of-historical-tall-ships-docked-in-a-misty-old-world-harbor-at-sunrise/1810482459

110:https://stock.adobe.com/video/an-antique-map-and-teacup-on-a-table-overlooking-a-misty-harbor-filled-with-historic-sailing-ships/1810482386

111:https://stock.adobe.com/video/realistic-aerial-view-of-an-ancient-coastal-harbor-with-wooden-ships-docked/1952985459

112:https://stock.adobe.com/video/an-ancient-collection-of-weathered-papers-stacked-in-disarray-showcasing-a-forgotten-archive-filled-with-history-knowledge-and-the-passage-of-time/1527136993

113:https://stock.adobe.com/video/bustling-medieval-port-town-a-vibrant-scene-of-trade-and-life/1832723601

114:https://stock.adobe.com/video/global-trade-illuminated-map-galleons-night/1206662889

115:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-trade-routes-and-modern-explorations/1151045904

116:https://stock.adobe.com/video/india-karnataka-murudeshwara-hyperlapse-4k/408975311

117:https://stock.adobe.com/video/fleet-of-historical-sailing-ships-on-a-dark-and-misty-sea-at-night/1700751065

118:https://stock.adobe.com/video/tall-ships-with-tattered-sails-approaching-foggy-shore-fleet-of-wooden-vessels-in-misty-sea-waters-historical-maritime-navigation-scene-evoking-adventure-and-mystery/2014383538

119:https://stock.adobe.com/video/sailing-ships-gliding-across-misty-sea-at-sunset-fleet-of-traditional-boats-with-full-sails-under-low-sun-serene-nautical-voyage-on-calm-water/2014383681

120:https://stock.adobe.com/video/sailing-ship-approaching-foggy-shore-in-sequence-tall-ship-with-multiple-masts-navigates-waves-near-beach-maritime-vessel-sails-through-mist-toward-coastline-in-overcast-weather/2014383068

121:https://stock.adobe.com/video/misty-sailing-ship-anchored-near-foggy-beach-at-dawn-eerie-seascape-with-waves-crashing-on-rocky-shore-atmospheric-maritime-scene-evoking-nautical-adventure-and-mystery/2014381802

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 51 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Sat, 18 Jul 2026 12:17:14 +0000

Part 51
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My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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COLUMN R

1279–1368 AD

Yuan Dynasty & Mongol

元朝 16 Emperors

Duration: 89 Years

21,061,490 is only inclusive of divided number in each respective total period from Reconquista Iberian Peninsula, Crusades, Mongol conquests, Wars of Scottish Independence, Hundred Years' War in Western Europe, while the balance of Massacre, Natural calamities and Famine are not calculated in this statistic.

From [https://www.worldhistory.org]: The Yuan Dynasty was established by the Mongols and ruled China from 1271 to 1368. Their first emperor was Kublai Khan 1260–1294 who finally defeated the Song Dynasty which had reigned in China since 960. Stability and peace within China brought a certain economic prosperity for some as Kublai and his successors promoted international trade which saw the now-unified country open up to the wider world. While there was peace in the western part of the Mongol Empire, Kublai launched two unsuccessful invasions of Japan and several others elsewhere in South East Asia. The Mongols' reign in China was finally ended due to a lethal cocktail of endless infighting amongst their leaders, inept or unsuitable and corrupt government which overspent and overtaxed, floods and famines. Peasant uprisings rumbled throughout the 14th century until one, led by the Red Turban Movement, toppled the Yuan and brought in a new regime, the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Kublai ensured that Mongols always gained an advantage in China by officially classing them as superior in rank to Chinese. The four official Yuan ranks, based on perceived loyalty to the Yuan rulers, were: 1st: Mongols; 2nd: Semu - people from Central Asia and/or speakers of Turkic languages; 3rd: Hanren - northern Chinese, Tibetans, Khitans, Jurchen and others; 4th: Nanren - southern Chinese formally ruled by the Song. Being a member of one of the above four classes had repercussions for an individual's tax status, their treatment by the judicial system and their eligibility for positions in the state administration (there was a 25% capped quota for southern Chinese, for example). Differences in treatment included northern Chinese being taxed by their household while southern Chinese had to pay according to the area of land they owned. Punishments were a particularly striking area of difference with, for example, a Mongol found guilty of murder only having to pay a fine while a southern Chinese convicted of mere theft was fined and then tattooed as a criminal. The new law code introduced in 1270, however, had only 135 capital crimes, half of those in the code used by the Song. At least traditional religions were permitted to continue as long as they did not threaten the state, although Buddhism was generally favoured over the traditional Chinese Confucianism. The Mongols' own preference for shamanism showed no signs of change, although Kublai himself converted to Tibetan (Lamaist) Buddhism. Further, despite the obvious discrimination, southerners kept their classical Chinese culture very much alive through private meetings and the arts, often producing paintings, poetry and plays which conveyed within them subtle or nonviolent protests against the Yuan regime. The latter art form, which included puppet theatre as well as live actors, boomed under the Yuan because of its visual appeal and striking stories; the Mongols, unable to speak Chinese, had little time for prose and poetry. Japan was twice invaded (1274 and 1281), but each time staunch resistance and fortuitous storms, the kamikaze or 'divine winds', forced a retreat. Like Japan, Southeast Asia was attacked in various land and naval campaigns but they also proved an elusive prize with invasions of Vietnam (1281 and 1286), Burma (1277 and 1287), and Java (1292) achieving only limited success but at least gaining regular tribute from the Pagan kingdom in Burma and the Champa and Dai Viet kingdoms of Vietnam. It seemed that conducting naval warfare overseas and the unfamiliar climate of Southeast Asia were insurmountable obstacles to Yuan expansion. Kublai never gave up on Japan, though, and continued to send unsuccessful diplomatic missions to persuade the country to join the Chinese tribute system. In other parts of Asia, to the west, there was relative peace, the so-called Pax Mongolica, although there was a major rebellion in Tibet in the early 1290s, and the other descendants of Genghis Khan, especially the Ogedeids, continued to nibble at China's western borders. Nevertheless, the Mongols as a group, by forging an empire from the Black Sea to the Korean peninsula (even if it was now split into large khanates ruled by Genghis Khan's descendants) had managed to expose China to a wider world. This was especially so in regard to the west with contacts through Persia and, thanks to missionaries, ambassadors, and travellers like Marco Polo (1254-1324), Europe. Between 1275 and 1292, Marco served Kublai Khan, seemingly in the capacity of a roving ambassador/reporter on the more remote parts of the Mongol Empire. Definition from [AI overview]: Roving ambassador/reporter: In the Middle Ages, permanent resident embassies did not exist; diplomacy was carried out by itinerant envoys (nuntii and procuratores) who traveled continuously across foreign courts. The term "ambassador" itself originates from the medieval Latin ambasiator, meaning a "servant" or "circuit-rider" sent to deliver messages and negotiate on behalf of a lord. On his return home, Marco wrote of his experiences in his book The Travels of Marco Polo, first circulated 1298. His descriptions are amongst our best sources for the Yuan Dynasty and the emperor, in particular. Of more concrete benefit to the Mongols and Chinese than world fame, the Yuan did promote international trade, too. Artisans and craftworkers were given a more elevated status than previously and given tax exemptions. Merchants, not being producers but 'exchangers,' had been discriminated against under the Song, and these, too, now benefitted from more favourable tax measures, low-cost loans and the end of sumptuary regulations. Definition from [AI overview]: Medieval sumptuary laws were regulations that dictated what individuals could wear, eat, or own based on their social rank. Merchants were encouraged to use paper money, currency exchanges were better regulated, and more roads, canals (including the Grand Canal connecting southern and northern China), and use of ocean-going ships aided the transport of goods. The effect of these policies was to create a boom in crafts and trade, especially of silk and fine porcelain, the latter product now being supervised by a specific government agency, paving the way for the later Ming potters to gain worldwide fame of their own. Definition from [AI overview]: Ming Dynasty potters revolutionized ceramics by mastering cobalt blue-and-white wares and refining kaolin clay mixtures. High-fired porcelain reached between 1,280°C and 1,400°C, while low-fire colored glazes required 800°C to 900°C. Trade also brought a greater exchange of ideas and technologies such as Persian expertise in astronomical observations, maps, luxury textile weaving, and irrigation coming to China, and gunpowder weapons, printing, the mariner's compass, and paper money to the west. Islam also spread further to the east as merchants crisscrossed Asia.

The next 42 items of “COLUMN R” 1279 to 1368 AD continued on Parts [52 to 63]

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Dekiru AI]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech

King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor]

MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer palcoder]

Photo Maker For Album Art Cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker

stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[grand_project-warrior_30sec-192838]

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3:https://bookofworldhistory.com/blog/yuan-dynasty-history-kublai-khan-mongol-china-1271-1368

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9:https://cards.algoreducation.com/en/content/ZtrusVhB/yuan-dynasty-overview

10:https://share.google/u3YDdnxjCzOQDmBJ0

11:https://www.instagram.com/p/DShwkG5DlzS/

12:https://timebite.org/10-oasis-cities-that-controlled-the-silk-road/

13:https://share.google/D4ffGiZWojWwEq9Zk

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18:https://www.deviantart.com/morelikethis/NusantaraHeritage/1345644300

19:https://bookofworldhistory.com/blog/yuan-dynasty-history-kublai-khan-mongol-china-1271-1368

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21:https://share.google/NbgwgK55zc7QmeZC2

22:https://www.facebook.com/share/1J4XMtU9Fs/

23:https://medium.com/molten/the-untold-story-of-genghis-khans-elite-squad-of-soldiers-fc2965ce5c6a

24:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11050404/mediaviewer/rm664308225/

25:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19Aw8Ciuxx/

26:https://m.baike.com/wikiid/610418036814301903

27:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0770722/

28:https://share.google/4PUZsru7jSae3N4y6

29:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZvoHJjmG0k/

30:https://www.facebook.com/share/193bK6f19q/

31:https://www.lingoace.com/blog/yuan-dynasty-culture-checklist-for-kids/

32:https://www.lingoace.com/blog/yuan-dynasty-culture-checklist-for-kids/

33:https://kknews.cc/zh-hk/history/mgz2nm9.html

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42:https://avid-archer.com/kublai-khan-emperor-grandson-of-genghis/

43:https://share.google/MaUvWoNLLImMQkM0z

44:https://mrdowling.com/mongols-invade-china

45:https://disco.teak.fi/asia/the-yuan-dynasty-1279-1369/

46:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ten_Kings_of_Hell_Taizan_%28Nara_National_Museum%293.jpg

47:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG

48:https://kr.pinterest.com/pin/809803576785612194#imgViewer

49:https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/4sub9/entry-5495.html

50:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWdBPnvk6bV/?img_index=1

51:https://m.yule.360.com/content/653987

52:https://lujustar.com/news-210322/

53:https://www.facebook.com/share/1BUnMGrpk8/

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55:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HdvYj2jDR/

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59:https://www.facebook.com/share/1GHk3xuBXz/

60:https://warhistory.org/article/mongol-invasions-of-vietnam-and-java

61:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam

62:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FG4LrLGXX/

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74:https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11439/four-khanates-of-the-mongol-empire/

75:https://www.worldhistory.org/Mongol_Empire/

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79:https://www.facebook.com/share/1GxxYvaUXW/

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88:https://zentara.blog/2026/01/18/top-10-journeys-and-discoveries-of-marco-polo/

89:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HpRMbSKke/

90:https://share.google/qkJ6lhkvBzlaCeGdB

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92:https://timebite.org/10-oasis-cities-that-controlled-the-silk-road/

93:https://timebite.org/10-song-dynasty-inventions-that-changed-the-world/

94:https://timebite.org/10-nomadic-innovations-that-made-the-mongol-empire-unstoppable/

95:https://www.instagram.com/p/DaXzvMSkazy/?img_index=6

96:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_Course_of_Grand_Canal_of_China.png

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98:https://www.oldest.org/vintage/weird-laws-from-the-middle-ages/

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102:https://arti.social/projects/silk-road-trade-secrets--462e532c-7f86-4c27-80b3-333051beea62/asset/the-blue-that-traveled-the-world--54e2c640-8d30-4626-aac9-9885f37759c4

103:https://www.instagram.com/p/Dadl8TMialp/?img_index=4

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105:https://share.google/TL06yWregNR68nuvW

106:https://share.google/BRfZsfnnPdt8PDsy2

107:https://mingdynastyhistory.com/why-ming-porcelain-valuable/

108:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Instrument_of_Ancient_Observatory_in_Beijing,_China_-_panoramio.jpg

109:https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/pop/china/astro_pop.htm

110:https://timebite.org/10-persian-astronomers-who-mapped-the-medieval-sky/

111:https://www.thechinajourney.com/chinese-silk/

112:https://share.google/oeL6P9eXx5EQ4uwYZ

113:https://www.freeman-pedia.com/silkroadsnetworks-ofexchange

114:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWu9MUdFLIs/?img_index=6

115:https://www.threads.com/@smartest.worker/post/DWWhTAHDklR/a-few-inventions-didnt-just-help-humans-they-changed-history-forever-from-paper

116:https://www.instagram.com/p/DV1_WPTkb5d/?img_index=2

Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and

other websites:

117:https://stock.adobe.com/video/confucius-vlog-selfie-stick-pov/1677210661

118:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-china-map-strategy-planning-in-war-camp-4k-video/1652391561

119:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/99129340-aerial-view-lijiang-old-town-china

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121:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/99134913-lijiang-old-town-aerial-view

122:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889210649

123:https://stock.adobe.com/video/rows-of-ancient-chinese-soldiers-clad-in-intricate-armor-and-helmets-standing-in-formation-on-a-misty-battlefield-exuding-readiness-for-the-impending-combat-ahead/1573538294

124:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889216198?asset_id=1889213756

125:https://stock.adobe.com/video/behold-the-stunning-aerial-view-of-the-wonderful-ancient-chinese-architecture/1297132747

126:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889171883

127:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889212938

128:https://stock.adobe.com/video/caravan-journey-through-the-desert-a-timeless-adventure/1907174700

129:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/327021401-asia-far-east-space-planet-earth-globe

130:https://stock.adobe.com/video/samurai-warrior-in-traditional-armor-standing-before-a-japanese-temple/1063536488

131:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-fierce-warrior-from-ancient-chinese-civilization-showcases-strength-and-leadership-standing-tall-before-a-mass-of-troops-the-backdrop-reveals-stunning-mountains-and-vibrant-banners/1215124472

132:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889207493

133:https://stock.adobe.com/video/this-dramatic-moving-piece-shows-a-ferocious-leader-on-a-white-horse-yelling-commands-riding-with-his-horde-across-a-wide-grassy-steppe-landscape-during-the-day-in-this-tatar-mongol-era-video/1705345016

134:https://stock.adobe.com/video/this-is-a-tatar-mongol-themed-video-warriors-on-horseback-are-traversing-a-wide-open-plain-during-sunrise-clad-in-armor-and-fur-heading-towards-conflict-in-the-east/1845784349

135:https://stock.adobe.com/video/wise-ancient-chinese-scholars-in-deep-contemplation-and-conversation-over-a-steaming-tea-ceremony/1711047166

136:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/219555012-prisoner-holds-bars-firelight

137:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-coins-and-scroll-roll-in-wooden-desk/1883698959

138:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-scholar-reading-bamboo-slips-in-traditional-study-4k/1257399944

139:https://stock.adobe.com/video/serene-meditation-at-ancient-chinese-temple/1297296614

140:https://stock.adobe.com/video/native-american-shaman-performs-a-ritual-ceremony-with-fire-and-ancient-symbols/1889695353

141:https://stock.adobe.com/video/mongolian-shaman-performing-a-blessing-praying-or-offering-during-a-ceremony-in-a-ger-west-mongolia/228228364

142:https://stock.adobe.com/video/chinese-historical-fictional-character-wearing-ancient-wuxia-style-clothes-a-philosopher-at-educational-institution-with-many-people/1046195719

143:https://stock.adobe.com/video/japanese-samurai-cavalry-on-horseback-riding-through-tall-grass-field-in-traditional-armor/1886962756

144:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/280313944-depiction-samurai-warriors-clad-armor-engaged-fierce-battle

145:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/326925434-asia-far-east-space-planet-earth-globe

146:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/330529768-cambodia-and-southeast-asia-space-planet-earth-globe

147:https://stock.adobe.com/video/feudal-japan-during-the-sengoku-jidai/1862028516

148:https://stock.adobe.com/video/samurai-warriors-on-horseback-looking-towards-mount-fuji-in-feudal-japan-a-cinematic-scene-of-historical-battle-japanese-culture-honor-and-the-way-of-the-warrior/1631859201

149:https://stock.adobe.com/video/samurai-commander-in-traditional-armor-stands-with-his-back-to-the-viewer-before-his-army-with-flags-at-dawn-symbolizing-japanese-history-martial-honor-and-military-leadership/1521652296

150:https://stock.adobe.com/video/cavalry-warrior-in-scale-armor-ready-for-ancient-battlefield-combat/1829404024

151:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/334168898-satellite-view-zooming-highlighted-tibet-region

152:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-seaport-with-armored-man-and-busy-ships-realistic-style-on-sunny-coastal-backdrop-concept-of-adventure-and-history/1954478779

153:https://stock.adobe.com/video/portrait-of-marco-polo-famous-explorer-and-merchant/1280322589

154:https://stock.adobe.com/video/cinematic-historical-scene-of-young-explorer-marco-polo-showing-golden-astrolabe-to-impressed-mongol-emperor-kublai-khan-inside-palace-yurt-depicting-intelligence-and-cultural-exchange-concept-in-anci/1904928809

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156:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-comprehensive-strategic-discussion-among-roman-generals-in-their-camp/1640203920

157:https://stock.adobe.com/video/the-imperial-gathering-event-takes-place-in-the-ancient-roman-senate/1640224383

158:https://stock.adobe.com/video/cinematic-historical-close-up-of-marco-polo-and-princess-kokochin-standing-on-wooden-ship-deck-looking-at-rough-sea-under-grey-overcast-sky-depicting-dangerous-sea-voyage-journey/1900818189

159:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-street-scene-with-people-in-historical-costumes-crowded-market-in-old-european-town-renaissance-fair-reenactment-historical-tourism-concept/1569912130

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163:https://stock.adobe.com/video/multiple-traditional-chinese-sailing-ships-on-the-water-with-dragon-decorations/1541811377

164:https://stock.adobe.com/video/blue-and-white-porcelain-collection-a-stunning-display-of-chinese-ceramics/1372633374

165:https://stock.adobe.com/video/collection-of-antique-style-chinese-porcelain-vases-with-blue-patterns-sitting-on-a-rustic-stone-wall/1884258519

166:https://stock.adobe.com/video/the-silk-road-trade-route-animated-with-caravans/1591584606

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168:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889204003

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170:https://stock.adobe.com/video/epic-naval-battle-ancient-chinese-warships-are-burning/1786931728

171:https://stock.adobe.com/video/cinematic-shot-of-samurai-army-marching-in-traditional-armor-with-mount-fuji-background-for-historical-documentary-or-cinematic-film-production/2014892818

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173:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889215541

174:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-chinese-war-epic-scenes/1889214638

175:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/336385278-times-change-chinese-civilization-traditional-culture-ancien

176:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ocean-sailing-fleet-sailing-on-calm-sea/1687806118

177:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-sailing-ship-and-modern-aircraft-carrier-in-sunset/1708393880

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 50 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 10:14:08 +0000

Part 50
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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COLUMN Q

960 AD to 1279 AD

Song Dynasty China

18 Emperors

Duration: 319 Years

[www.ebsco.com] Source: The Council of Chalcedon, convened in 451 CE, was a pivotal ecumenical assembly in the early Christian Church that addressed the complex theological debates regarding the nature of Jesus Christ. Stemming from earlier councils, particularly the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, Chalcedon aimed to clarify whether Christ was fully human, fully divine, or a combination of both. The council arose from controversies involving figures like Eutyches, who proposed that Christ possessed only a divine nature, a view that had already been condemned. From [AI overview]: Eutyches 375–454 AD was a 5th-century Byzantine archimandrite (head of a monastery) in Constantinople who became a central figure in early Christian theological controversy. He is best known for promoting Eutychianism, a form of monophysitism that asserted Christ had only one, divine nature, rather than two distinct natures (divine and human). Continued from [www.ebsco.com]: The assembly ultimately affirmed the dual nature of Christ—fully human and fully divine—by adopting the Chalcedonian Definition, which emphasized Christ's consubstantiality with both God the Father and humanity. The outcomes of the Council of Chalcedon were significant for both the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, establishing a theological foundation that has persisted throughout centuries. Despite this, some alternative interpretations, such as Monophysitism and Monotheletism, continued to resonate within certain Christian communities, particularly in Egypt, Palestine, and Armenia. The council’s decisions and the theological disputes it spurred have had lasting implications for Christian doctrine and the unity of the Church. From [AI overview]: Christian heresies are defined as teachings that contradict central, orthodox Christian doctrines, particularly regarding the nature of the Trinity and Jesus Christ. The Trinity is the core Christian doctrine that one God exists as three co-equal, distinct persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Monophysitism and Monothelitism are early Christian heresies regarding the nature and will of Christ. Monophysitism asserts Christ had only one, divine nature, with humanity absorbed. Monothelitism proposed that even if Christ had two natures, he only had one divine will. Both were rejected by the Council of Chalcedon and later councils. Context of Christianity: While Marco Polo and Western missionaries attempted to spread Catholicism, their efforts were largely unsuccessful due to the prevalence of Buddhism, Khan's religious tolerance and traditional Chinese customs. Christianity, particularly the Church of the East (Nestorianism), was present in China Yuan Dynasty, having been re-established after the Mongol conquest. Kublai Khan generally respected various religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam, utilizing diverse faiths for political stability rather than personal conversion.

Golden Horde Central Asia

1240 AD to 1502 AD

Marinid dynasty Morocco

1244 AD to 1465 AD

Mamluk Sultanate Egypt Syria

1250 AD to 1517 AD

ilkhanate Persia

1256 AD to 1335 AD

Cilicia earthquake Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, now Turkey [death toll 60,000] 1268 AD
Marco Polo travelled to Asia

1271 AD to 1295 AD

From [AI overview]: Key Features of Marco Polo's travel to Asia: 17-Year Service to Kublai Khan: Polo traveled from Venice to China with his father and uncle, arriving around 1275, where he entered the service of the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan, traveling extensively as an envoy through northern and southern China. Detailed Documentation of Eastern Civilization: His detailed observations, later compiled into The Travels of Marco Polo, documentation Yuan Dynasty innovations previously unknown to Europe, including the innovation and widespread use of paper money, the extensive use of coal, eyeglasses, and the efficient imperial postal system. Silk Road Exploration: The journey, starting in 1271, saw Marco Polo cross the Middle East and Central Asia to reach China, passing through cities like Samarkand and Kashgar, providing a rare European account of these regions. Return Voyage via Southeast Asia: Leaving China in 1292, they traveled by sea, documenting parts of Vietnam, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, and India before arriving back in Venice in 1295. Long-lasting Influence: The accounts written after his capture in 1298 helped reshape European cartography and inspired explorers such as Christopher Columbus. After returning to Venice in 1295, Marco Polo fought as a sopracomito (commander) of a Venetian ship, financing his own vessel, and was subsequently taken prisoner. Marco Polo was captured in 1298 because he was participating in naval warfare for Venice against its rival, Genoa, following his return from Asia. He was taken prisoner during the Battle of Curzola (Korčula) in the Mediterranean, a major conflict where over 7,000 Venetians were captured. Genoa and Venice were intense rivals fighting for control of trade routes, leading to frequent naval battles. While held in a Genoese prison, he met romance writer Rustichello da Pisa, a fellow prisoner and writer, to whom he dictated his famous travel accounts. He was released in 1299 and returned to Venice to continue his life as a merchant. European cartography history evolved from symbolic, religious medieval Mappae Mundi (T-O maps) into precise scientific, navigational, and commercial tools. Key features included the 13th-century invention of Portolan charts, the resurgence of Ptolemaic principles during the Renaissance, the impact of the Age of Discovery on mapping new continents, the rise of commercial mapping and the integration of printing technology to mass-produce detailed maps.

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King Clover Studio]

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Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[ambient-motivation-270001]

[battle-epic-241575]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

2:https://timebite.org/10-song-dynasty-inventions-that-changed-the-world/

3:https://share.google/ALVTNauCH9l72ii3A

4:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JvHG8g4WJ/

5:https://www.facebook.com/share/1DykcFZjc8/

6:https://share.google/WyNHsQcAbhtAYdTHq

7:https://sevenswords.uk/battle-of-yamen-1279/

8:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXJ7gDBEYY1/?img_index=1

9:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Eay16LR23/

10:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14i5BXJpxJ3/

11:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZGJ1PalyJ-/

12:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1MVsgh9k9b/

13:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWuVy-0DRfD/

14:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19F24Ec9zm/

15:https://www.amazon.in/Twenty-One-Ecumenical-Councils-Christian-Religious-ebook/dp/B0GHPTTXGZ

16:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYD4h0sDAKT/?img_index=2

17:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWRE6ajkqE_/

18:https://share.google/t0sisi79mpyMVH2dd

19:https://share.google/qXafmuIxS9aK811Ha

20:https://bible.art/p/tNB0mKcWYN5sIIhqZ8lg/2-thessalonians-1-5-12

21:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutyches

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102:https://archivio.fototeca-gilardi.com/MARCO-POLO-item/en/1/16397

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109:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#/media/File:World_Map_1689.JPG

110:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JUd1H7gZn/

111:https://www.scribd.com/presentation/527219173/GEOCENTRIC-MODEL-REPORT

112:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18q5oWTyNh/

113:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18k5A8yd5d/

114:https://www.amazon.in/Political-Earth-Globe-Diameter-Included/dp/B088QS9HNF

115:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Flag_map.png

Screen recorded map viewer from:

116:https://historydraft.com/story/disasters-with-highest-death-tolls/1268-cilicia-earthquake/481/7526

Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and

other websites:

117:https://stock.adobe.com/video/group-of-catholic-cardinals-in-red-robes-standing-inside-gothic-cathedral-with-rays-of-light-religious-spirituality-concept/1732808639

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120:https://stock.adobe.com/video/trial-of-the-inquisition/1544935768

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164:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-teaching-outdoor-with-his-hands-open-while-people-listen-attentively-around-him-biblical-event-with-man-speaking-to-crowd/1845844838

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170:https://stock.adobe.com/video/portrait-of-jesus-christ-with-beard-looking-to-the-right-against-a-galaxy-background-with-stars/1635294818

171:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-holding-the-earth-king-of-the-world-and-ruler-of-the-universe/1728116941

172:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-christ-on-cross-in-glowing-divine-light-within-a-nebula-filled-with-stars-and-galaxies-religious-concept-from-heaven-above/1866368244

173:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-appears-in-clouds-during-a-magnificent-display-of-light-and-beauty/1785195015

174:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-man-looks-up-with-awe-surrounded-by-vibrant-cosmic-colors-and-twinkling-stars-capturing-a-moment-of-introspection-and-imagination/925268963

175:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-holding-the-earth-king-of-the-world-and-ruler-of-the-universe/1728116972

176:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/271033179-wide-field-view-colorful-endless-universe-stars-and-galaxies

177:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/201686081-millions-galaxies-infinite-universe-flight-through-billions

178:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/275311023-galaxies-motion-deep-space-universe-fly-through

179:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/275311774-intergalactic-deep-space-fly-through-galaxies-journey

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 49 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Wed, 24 Jun 2026 05:27:11 +0000

Part 49
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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COLUMN Q

960 AD to 1279 AD

Song Dynasty China

18 Emperors

Duration: 319 Years

From [AI overview]: During the medieval period (approx. 500–1500 CE), Christianity was not a single unified entity but was classified into distinct, often competing, branches, with the Western Latin Church dominating Europe while the Eastern Orthodox Church controlled Eastern Europe and the Byzantine Empire. The central division occurred in 1054 CE with the Great Schism, which formally separated Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern (Greek Orthodox) traditions. Major Institutional Branches: Roman Catholic Church (Western or Latin Church): Centered in Rome under the Pope, this was the dominant religious institution in Western Europe. It was highly hierarchical, consisting of the Pope, cardinals, bishops, and local priests. Eastern Orthodox Church (Byzantine Church): Based in Constantinople, this branch was headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople and was popular in Eastern Europe and Russia. Oriental Orthodox Churches: A family of churches including the Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, and Ethiopian churches, which split from the main body following the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. Church of the East (Nestorian Church): A distinct branch that existed outside the Roman Empire, stretching into Persia, India, and China, maintaining a separate theology regarding the nature of Christ. From [AI overview]: Ecumenical refers to initiatives, movements, or attitudes aimed at promoting unity, cooperation, and better understanding among different Christian denominations and traditions. Derived from the Greek word oikoumene ("the whole inhabited world"), it signifies a desire to foster harmony across church divisions—such as Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant—by emphasizing shared beliefs rather than sectarian differences or divisions within a faith.

•Mali Empire West Africa

1235 AD to 1610 AD

From [AI overview]: The Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and Tlemcen Kingdom were deeply intertwined through trans-Saharan gold-salt trade. Ghana, then Mali, controlled southern trade routes, while Tlemcen in North Africa acted as a primary Mediterranean terminus or key logistical hub, connecting West Africa to Europe. The Ethiopian Empire remained a distinct, largely Christian entity, occasionally interacting through trade. From [AI overview]: Ghana Empire known as the "Land of Gold," it dominated trade between the Sahara and the Niger River. It weakened due to Almoravid pressure and internal disputes. The Almoravids were a powerful 11th-12th century Berber Muslim dynasty from the Sahara that exerted significant military, religious, and political pressure across North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus). Driven by a strict interpretation of Malikite Sunni Islam, Berber Muslim dynasty aimed to purify Islamic practice and expand their territory. Succeeded Ghana, with Sundiata Keita uniting the Malinke people, Mali empire expanded trade, becoming a center for Islamic learning in cities like Timbuktu. The Mali empire was a successor state to Ghana, taking over its trade dominance. From [Wikipedia]: Sundiata Keita was also the great-uncle of the Malian ruler Mansa Musa, who is regarded as the wealthiest person of all time, although there are no reliable ways to accurately calculate his wealth. Musa was exceptionally wealthy, to an extent that contemporaries described him as inconceivably rich; Time magazine reported: "There's really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth." It is known from local manuscripts and travellers' accounts that Mansa Musa's wealth came principally from the Mali Empire's control and taxing of the trade in salt from northern regions and especially from gold panned and mined in Bambuk and Bure to the south. Over a very long period Mali had amassed a large reserve of gold. Mali is also believed to have been involved in the trade in many goods such as ivory, spices, silks, and ceramics. However, presently little is known about the extent or mechanics of these trades. At the time of Musa's ascension to the throne, Mali consisted largely of the territory of the former Ghana Empire, which had become a vassal or feudal ruler of Mali. The Mali Empire comprised land that is now part of Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and the modern state of Mali. Sourced from [https://magazine.northwestern.edu]: One of the greatest caravans to ever cross the Sahara was led by Mansa Musa, the legendary ruler of the vast West African empire of Mali. In 1324 Musa embarked on a hajj, a religious pilgrimage to Mecca, traveling with an entourage or the accompanied personnels that included 8,000 courtiers, 12,000 servants and 100 camel loads of pure gold. From [Wikipedia]: Monarchs very often expected the more important nobles to spend much of the year in attendance on them at court. Not all courtiers were noble, as they included clergy, soldiers, clerks, secretaries, agents and middlemen with business at court. Continued from [https://magazine.northwestern.edu]: “Each night when they stopped, it was like a whole town decamping in the desert,” said Gus Casely-Hayford, director of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of African Art, who spoke at the Caravans of Gold opening in January. “They took with them everything they needed in the desert, including a mobile mosque they would construct so the emperor could pray.” Fourteenth century Arab historian Shihab al-‘Umari wrote that Mansa Musa “flooded Cairo with his benefactions. He left no court emir nor holder of a royal office without the gift of a load of gold. … They spent gold until they depressed its value in Egypt and caused its price to fall.” Musa is believed to have been the richest person in history, even by today’s standards. His expansive kingdom included all or parts of modern-day Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Chad. But “Musa didn’t just want wealth and power,” said Casely-Hayford. “He sought something more. He sought knowledge.” When the emperor returned from Mecca to Timbuktu, he brought back scholars and an Andalusian architect from Cairo to build a great mosque — Djinguereber — an architectural masterpiece and one of most iconic buildings in Africa. As the seat of Musa’s empire, Timbuktu drew scholars from all over the Islamic world to study in its libraries and universities. At its peak, the city could accommodate 25,000 students, and its archives held more than 800,000 manuscripts, according to Casely-Hayford.

The last 6 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part 50

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MP3 Tag and Album Art Maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor]

MP3-Volume-Increase Conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer palcoder]

Photo Maker For Album Art Cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker

stylish app world]

[AI Photo Enhancer & Upscaler

Nero AG]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB

Zilory app]

Music Source and Titles: Pixabay.com

[arabic-trap-131647]

[an-epic-cinematic-244064]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

1:https://toolzu.com/downloader/instagram/photo/

Picture sources if any: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

2:https://timebite.org/10-song-dynasty-inventions-that-changed-the-world/

3:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg

4:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYU1Wr7FKCK/

5:https://medium.com/@ceo_77135/the-causes-of-the-byzantine-and-western-churches-separation-8ac2c96d5e9e

6:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWqEt5AEjQZ/?img_index=1

7:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18fDTyffhH/

8:https://www.instagram.com/p/DVvzi-zlMe1/

9:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DnbiU5EiU/

10:https://www.instagram.com/p/DVkkm-fFISL/?img_index=1

11:https://www.instagram.com/p/DZM9daFFvt3/?img_index=1

12:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/720561615

13:https://share.google/Km91eS8L9MlX39HT5

14:https://share.google/0GoiwgL4UJojE02K0

15:https://share.google/jiyuTcocMCXE5cXi5

16:https://share.google/I5pXrRc0ECYlfa2OB

17:https://share.google/vvbfSU8hhHSW4Ao3l

18:https://www.catholicconnect.in/news/the-hierarchy-of-the-catholic-church-history-structure-and-mission

19:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CUY217Z6z/

20:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYpHgrQlJFh/?img_index=2

21:https://share.google/OVQE5zeMhtQ8Z72kv

22:https://share.google/LkQ6UyHM49HD9htlV

23:https://share.google/kJYDwNW8PxrnqtgzW

24:https://share.google/P0KbbffllOPjPWv6R

25:https://www.amazon.com.br/Council-Chalcedon-451-Natures-Christianity-ebook/dp/B0GJTXQ2Q1

26:https://share.google/1TGrt5qiCXrmtOGdv

27:https://share.google/7f0U8Svt1xhLpcO1m

28:https://www.amazon.com.br/Council-Nicaea-Rivalries-Political-Gathering-ebook/dp/B0GX2XSRZB

29:https://www.amazon.sg/Council-Nicaea-Ecumenical-Establish-Christian/dp/B0GRNXZ49V

30:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWRVwylAbsw/

31:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYVO3SjDXpw/

32:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18Y9ttfpNF/

33:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1KFLW9xk7d/

34:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWRE6ajkqE_/

35:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18cwhJi679/

36:https://ivypanda.com/essays/visualization-of-spread-of-christianity-in-europe/

37:https://vividmaps.com/apostles/

38:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/173cFwqJ67/

39:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/194fHyeRAk/

40:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYbj3H7DVa4/

41:https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali-historical-empire-Africa

42:https://share.google/opq2bjGSNSCRQLHsW

43:http://resourcesforhistoryteachers.pbworks.com/w/page/124186914/Sub-Saharan%20African%20Civilizations:%20%20Ghana,%20Mali%20and%20Songhai

44:https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/threads/kingdom-of-tlemcen.1577783/

45:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYDP7PnAk7T/?img_index=3

46:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYTaBHRgizP/

47:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CzCwEX7ur/

48:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18XQgQir9b/

49:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18rwX8bXjh/

50:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19Pznmsx16/

51:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYMxBfHDPEw/?img_index=6

52:https://www.gondwanatalks.com/l/niger-river/

53:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Ghana_map.png

54:https://www.instagram.com/p/DTxilExgqjS/

55:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYv1mAODQNT/?img_index=1

56:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BXVgoFFKb/

57:https://share.google/hjqsTNpqxwX0FhT9R

58:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muslims_schools.png

59:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EZGLUASdJ/

60:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EEuqagafz/

61:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CfjhmwmUZ/

62:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18Nj7hadQS/

63:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1L4x6w1vYd/

64:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Rf3nf85Nw/

65:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18WVFgudvg/

66:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX4ctTlE2yF/

67:https://www.instagram.com/p/DX1ILLDjXgp/?img_index=3

68:https://our-ancestories.com/blogs/news/a-short-history-of-the-mali-empire?srsltid=AfmBOoprR45dzjMR-9OtX7VEJXL5ZaFDG3obpwrCxTF8GqC992duZuYk

69:https://www.instagram.com/p/DVPDY1NDR5A/?img_index=2

70:https://www.instagram.com/p/DTGi5itEe3i/?img_index=4&hl=it

71:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FxvzANXpA/

72:https://www.instagram.com/p/DUR-lk2jzIQ/

73:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DKMmZEcnW/

74:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19JbQLR2E4/

75:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1J5TCwDwWC/

76:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1928MQugdq/

77:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYEei_9lmaC/

78:https://www.instagram.com/p/DFd7efxKkQE/?img_index=5

79:https://share.google/gnKkAr2C53Xck0czX

80:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18tBsj3fag/

81:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWnshS8lC3m/

82:https://www.instagram.com/p/DXPYmokE8rd/

83:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1BKVxer4Fc/

84:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JmDfo5nJR/

85:https://share.google/69rjcKlIJoIHaMYQ0

86:https://kentakepage.com/mansa-musa-emperor-of-mali/

87:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CsGBcDVVm/

88:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17yfPnedmo/

89:https://www.instagram.com/p/DUtxS11Eybq/?img_index=4

90:https://www.instagram.com/p/DQ1HzwpjL8f/?img_index=1

91:https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-mali-empires-golden-age-how-mansa-musas-pilgrimage-shook-the-medieval-world/vi-AA20DmQp

92:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYb4fq1kxTi/

93:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYbj3H7DVa4/

94:https://www.linkedin.com/posts/mark-anthony-johnson-55615926_africa-diaspora-continent-activity-7152915757956276224-eT89

95:https://www.yagerstuff.com/blog/lesson-3-the-empires-of-mali-and-songhaiearly-african-civilizations

96:https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DKD6SptSS/

97:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWediApjRRt/

98:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYcGKMFDwxi/

99:https://www.instagram.com/p/DYleRr3lII1/?img_index=15

100:https://www.facebook.com/61567778180359/photos/a-pilgrimage-meant-to-express-faith-unexpectedly-reshaped-economies-in-1324-mans/122199594104592606/

Video Sources if any: Pexels and Pixabay in PowerDirector and

other websites:

101:https://stock.adobe.com/video/monastic-religious-medieval-procession-in-the-city-two-videos-sequence/1663619415

102:https://stock.adobe.com/video/group-of-solemn-men-in-ancient-attire-discussing-engaged-in-a-serious-and-introspective-conversation-in-an-old-stone-room/1929350075

103:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/169344187-spread-christianity-globe

104:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/169343765-spread-christianity-animation

105:https://stock.adobe.com/video/bustling-medieval-market-square-illustration-vibrant-lively-historically-realistic/1514122639

106:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-solemn-atmosphere-fills-the-ancient-stone-church-as-people-gather-for-a-spiritual-ceremony-ideal-for-religious-or-cultural-content/1921292585

107:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-monks-gathering-for-prayer-in-the-church-of-a-monastery/1614876403

108:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-man-in-a-suit-of-armor-standing-in-front-of-a-church/1743413209

109:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-knight-and-elderly-monk-in-stone-hallway-historical-drama-scene-european-middle-ages-period-film-or-tv-series-costume-design-for-historical-reenactment/1574755434

110:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202909137-medieval-monks-process-church-reenactment

111:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-christ-sitting-on-mountain-peak-teaching-diverse-disciples-men-and-women-and-choosing-twelve-apostles-during-sermon-on-the-mount/1865416082

112:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-and-disciples-share-the-last-supper-in-a-biblical-scene-highlighting-christian-sacred-event-for-easter-and-passion-week/1910362337

113:https://stock.adobe.com/video/group-of-ancient-people-with-men-and-women-looking-up-and-praying-in-an-arid-biblical-landscape-during-sunset-historic-footage/1769543472

114:https://stock.adobe.com/video/group-of-ancient-men-in-historical-clothing-raising-their-hands-to-the-sky-with-religious-reverence-in-biblical-times-devotional-footage/1769536562

115:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-christ-appears-in-golden-cloud-of-light-surrounded-by-angels-as-a-vast-crowd-on-earth-worships-raises-hands-and-witnesses-the-glorious-second-coming-and-salvation/1890404467

116:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ai-generated-video-the-ascension-of-jesus-christ-view-from-the-back-the-lord-ascends-into-the-sky-christi-himmelfahrt-ascension-day/1859622346

117:https://stock.adobe.com/video/resurrected-jesus-christ-ascending-to-heaven-in-divine-glory/1729417156

118:https://stock.adobe.com/video/man-god-jesus-christ-carrying-a-wooden-cross-on-his-shoulder-with-blood-and-crown-of-thorns-on-his-head-passion-of-christ-film/1872396293

119:https://stock.adobe.com/video/nativity-scene-with-three-wise-men-and-baby-jesus-the-scene-depicts-the-nativity-with-the-baby-jesus-lying-in-a-manger/1769941544

120:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-christ-preaching-the-sermon-on-the-mount-in-a-golden-sunrise-with-followers-in-the-background/1398294958

121:https://stock.adobe.com/video/grieving-mother-mary-wearing-blue-robes-sitting-at-the-base-of-a-wooden-cross-with-mourning-followers-on-a-hill-during-the-biblical-scene-of-the-crucifixion-of-jesus-christ/1904927700

122:https://stock.adobe.com/video/the-feet-of-jesus-christ-in-sandals-are-shown-walking-on-the-surface-of-the-water-in-a-depiction-of-the-famous-biblical-miracle-symbolizing-faith-and-divine-power/1781370939

123:https://stock.adobe.com/video/biblical-magi-tale-wise-foreigners-three-kings-holy-pilgrimage-jesus-nativity-star-following-divine-revelation-eastern-sages-sacred-journey-messiah-arrival-gospel-account-prophetic-vision/1637728749

124:https://stock.adobe.com/video/back-view-of-jesus-christ-in-long-robe-entering-temple-doorway-ancient-near-east-quiet-holiness-in-motion/1741494386

125:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-christ-in-cosmic-glory-with-earth-divine-savior-figure-emerging-from-galaxies-holding-the-world-in-radiant-pose-heavenly-vision-of-redemption-and-universal-power-in-ethereal-space/1921857803

126:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-holding-the-earth-in-glowing-embrace-divine-savior-protecting-world-from-heaven-christian-faith-symbol-of-global-redemption-and-spiritual-light/1882299349

127:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-christ-holding-the-planet-earth-in-his-hands-against-a-cosmic-nebula-background-divine-savior-watching-over-globe-in-space-religious-spiritual-concept/1957258340

128:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-rising-in-divine-glory-from-open-bible-with-radiant-cross-in-starry-sky-symbolizing-the-living-word-salvation-through-scripture-divine-light-and-eternal-christian-truth/1547323137

129:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-holding-the-planet-earth-in-his-hands-divine-savior-protecting-the-world-in-space-religious-concept-of-god-providing-grace-and-care-for-the-universe/1957252403

130:https://stock.adobe.com/video/christ-appears-before-earth-in-heavenly-clouds/1458822718

131:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-holding-the-planet-earth-in-space-divine-manifestation-of-god-watching-over-world-catholic-religious-concept-representing-creation-and-eternal-protection/1957252357

132:https://stock.adobe.com/video/gods-of-olympus-walking-in-the-golden-heaven-realm-full-of-columns-surrounded-by-cosmic-portals-amd-galaxies-in-motion/1874727074

133:https://stock.adobe.com/video/gods-of-olympus-walking-in-the-golden-heaven-realm-full-of-columns-surrounded-by-cosmic-portals-amd-galaxies-in-motion/1874727074?asset_id=1874727071

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135:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/169803635-ananuri-castle-complex-aragvi-river-georgia

136:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/210426925-monolithic-rock-cut-church-bete-giyorgis-amhara-region-lalib

137:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/126369182-aerial-footage-over-saint-george-cross-shaped-rock-hewn-ethi

138:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/114346730-aerial-view-rock-hewn-monolithic-church-lalibela-religion-et

139:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/102226303-rock-hewn-monolithic-church-st-george-lalibela-ethiopia-visi

140:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/166816826-aerial-drone-shot-gergeti-trinity-monastery-kazbegi-georgia

141:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/136133899-old-retro-church-holy-trinity-gerviaty-grodno-region-belarus

142:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/168612430-aerial-drone-view-cetatuia-monastery-iasi-romania-main-churc

143:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/116403877-st-basils-cathedral-sunset-hyperlapse-moscow-russia-8k

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145:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/112020752-8k-time-lapse-moscow-kremlin-saint-basils-cathedral-frame

146:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/75365619-saint-basils-cathedral-church-red-square-moscow-russia-pokro

147:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/22347814-bible-study-animation

148:https://stock.adobe.com/video/saint-catheriners-church-nativity-church-in-bethlehem-4k-5k/196779873

149:https://stock.adobe.com/video/jesus-christ-blessing-a-child-in-a-medieval-square/1530503154

150:https://stock.adobe.com/video/saint-catheriners-church-nativity-church-in-bethlehem-4k-5k/196779873

151:https://stock.adobe.com/video/men-in-red-robes-seated-around-large-wooden-table-under-candlelight-in-dark-hall-having-intense-discussion-medieval-power-and-intrigue-atmosphere/1818820473

152:https://stock.adobe.com/video/byzantine-monks-in-sacred-hall-a-digital-masterpiece/1646216928

153:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202905025-civilians-inspecting-food-and-objects-open-air-market-reenac

154:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896907-men-holding-books-and-walking-through-market-1352-reenactmen

155:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896757-men-carrying-salt-slab-timbuktu-market-mali-africa-1352

156:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/98092541-europe-and-west-africa-viewed-space

157:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/96636558-earth-west-africa-daytime

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160:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202913569-men-traveling-camel-across-desert-reenactment

161:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202904586-high-angle-vendor-haggling-buyer-market-reenactment

162:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896837-merchant-weighing-and-selling-blocks-salt-1300s-reenactment

163:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896675-close-shot-men-trading-materials-and-items-timbuktu-mali-afr

164:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896401-people-buying-salt-market-mali-africa-1352-reenactment

165:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202903208-tuareg-traders-riding-camels-towards-timbuktu-mali-west-afri

166:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202912406-caravan-merchants-and-camels-desert-reenactment

167:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202916072-caravan-merchants-camelback-walking-through-desert-landscape

168:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202905253-civilians-shopping-open-air-market-reenactment

169:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896777-handheld-shot-crowded-outdoor-medieval-babylonian-market-ree

170:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/317662627-mali-country-outlined-world-map-2d-animation-west-africa-reg

171:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/117042632-closeup-old-vintage-world-map-focusing-west-africa

172:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/324704612-west-africa-and-sahel-region-political-map-niger-mali-chad-a

173:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/153055891-sahara-desert-planet-earth-aerial-view-outer-space

174:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/81092419-sahara-desert-planet-earth-aerial-view-outer-space

175:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/81164992-nile-river-planet-earth-aerial-view-outer-space

176:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/76161689-planet-earth-map-north-africa-evening-time-lapse

177:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202904664-men-working-mine-during-ancient-times-mahd-adh-dhahab-reenac

178:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202906451-carpenter-james-marshal-pulls-gold-nugget-1848-reenactment

179:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/154483280-panning-large-pieces-gold-nugget

180:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/204995355-close-multiple-rich-gold-nugget-pieces-extracted-ore-mine

181:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-era-king-s-court/1851314346

182:https://stock.adobe.com/video/a-powerful-king-in-red-stands-before-his-army-exuding-leadership-wisdom-and-authority/1306907993

183:https://stock.adobe.com/video/man-in-ancient-roman-toga-making-a-statement-in-a-court-or-assembly-hall-addressing-a-seated-authority-figure-and-other-men/1916292121

184:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202912293-egyptian-soldiers-sitting-front-emperor-reenactment

185:https://stock.adobe.com/video/ancient-silk-road-marketplace-with-traders-and-camel/1978718678

186:https://stock.adobe.com/video/armored-soldiers-marching-through-a-busy-historical-marketplace/1912880656

187:https://stock.adobe.com/video/silk-road-merchant-in-bustling-ancient-marketplace-a-heavily-armored-man-walks-through-a-crowded-marketplace-filled-with-merchants-and-traders/1640075568

188:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/27087937-zoom-out-famous-mosque-djenne-mali

189:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/27085789-famous-mosque-djenne-mali

190:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/57259257-timbuktu-manuscripts-case-tiltup

191:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/115768961-mali-timbuktu-zoom-space

192:https://stock.adobe.com/video/malian-flag-waving-over-timbuktu-with-desert-landscape-and-traditional-architecture-viewable/1736972817

193:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/57257193-mali-timbuktu-wideshot-rooftop-sunset

194:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/116104937-time-lapse-stars-timbuktu-mali-africa

195:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/62556267-gold-bars

196:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/136684323-fine-gold-bars-ingots-finance-3d-loop-4k-uhd

197:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202050811-stacks-pure-gold-bar-dark-background-business-and-finance-as

198:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/302694556-gold-investment-stock-market-graph-and-chart-background

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 48 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 08:50:43 +0000

Part 48
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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COLUMN Q

960 AD to 1279 AD

Song Dynasty China

18 Emperors

Duration: 319 Years

Delhi Sultanate India 1206 AD to 1527 AD From [Wikipedia]: The establishment of the Sultanate drew the Indian subcontinent more closely into international and multicultural Islamic social and economic networks, as seen concretely in the development of the Hindustani language and Indo-Islamic architecture. It was also one of the few powers to repel attacks by the Mongols (from the Chagatai Khanate). The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent under Muhammad bin Tughluq. A major political transformation occurred across North India, triggered by the Central Asian king Timur's devastating raid on Delhi in 1398, followed soon afterwards by the re-emergence of rival Hindu powers such as Vijayanagara Empire and Kingdom of Mewar asserting independence, and new Muslim sultanates such as the Bengal and Bahmani Sultanates breaking off. Timur 1336–1405 AD, or Tamerlane, was a 14th-century Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire renowned as a brilliant military strategist who never lost a major battle; he was a brutal conqueror whose campaigns caused massive loss of life.
Massacre at Béziers Albigensian Crusade France [death toll 15,000] in the year of 1209 AD
Albigensian Crusade France [death toll 447,214] 1209 AD to 1229 AD
Albigensian Crusade Cathar genocide (France) [death toll 1,000,000] 1209 AD to 1229 AD
•North Sea flood, storm surge Holy Roman Empire

[death toll 60,000] 1212 AD

St. Marcellus flood, storm surge Holy Roman Empire

[death toll 36,000] 1219 AD

Thessalonica Empire: Epirus northern Greece

1224 AD to 1246 AD

Chagatai Khanate Transoxania Central Asia 1225 AD to 1687 AD

From [Wikipedia]: Due to the lack of contemporary records, estimates of the violence associated with the Mongol conquests vary considerably. Not including the mortality from the Black Death in Europe, West Asia, or China it is possible that between 20 and 60 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaigns of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur. However, the book from which the figures originate has been criticized for its methodology and the Chinese censuses on which the estimates are based are considered unreliable. Nevertheless, the campaigns killed a large number of people and involved battles, sieges, early biological warfare, and massacres. From [AI overview]: Between 1206 and 1368, the Mongol Empire used biological warfare by catapulting plague-infected corpses over city walls to spread disease. This tactic, along with psychological warfare and total destruction of resisting cities, was part of a broader military strategy that included, use of, human shields. Siege of Caffa 1346: Mongol forces used catapults to launch bodies of soldiers who died from the plague into the city of Caffa southeastern coast of the Crimean Peninsula, which is considered one of the first recorded instances of biological warfare. While biological attacks were rare, the Mongol war machine was characterized by ruthless tactics designed to terrify cities into surrender, including destroying entire populations that refused to submit. From [Wikipedia]: Chagatai Khan was a son of Genghis Khan, a prominent figure in the early Mongol Empire, and the first khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Chagatai was renowned for his expertise in Mongol laws and traditional customs, especially when it came to following the will of the Khan. From [www.amicusmongolia.com]: The Chagatai Khanate was established when Genghis Khan divided his vast empire among his four sons, assigning each an autonomous region to govern. His second son, Chagatai Khan, was given control over a large territory that included much of present-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, western Xinjiang (China), northern Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. The administrative capital of the Chagatai Khanate was Samarkand, a key hub for camel caravan trade routes across Central Asia. From [www.worldhistory.org]: His state was thus surrounded by what would become the other three Mongol khanates: the Ilkhanate to the west, the Golden Horde to the north, and the Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty Empire) to the east. Constantly at war with its neighbours, the khanate rarely achieved any stability and was overtaken by the Mongol leader Qaidu II for three decades from 1272 to 1301 CE. The precarious control of his own state did not deter Qaidu from trying to expand in the east at the expense of Kublai Khan's territory, an ambition he was supported in by many traditional Mongol leaders who viewed Kublai as too susceptible to Chinese ways and so, having deserted his Mongol roots, he similarly forfeited Mongol support in central Asia. The border between the two states would constantly fluctuate as battles were won and lost, cities captured and abandoned. Only after Qaidu's death in 1301 CE did the conflict end and, by 1304 CE, there was finally a relative peace across Asia, a period known as the Pax Mongolica. From [https://grokipedia.com]: Raised in an environment of constant tribal warfare and scarcity following Temüjin's father's death when Temüjin was young, Chagatai underwent rigorous training typical of Mongol aristocracy, emphasizing horsemanship, archery, hunting, and martial skills from childhood. This upbringing instilled a deep commitment to Mongol customary law, or Yassa, which Chagatai later enforced stringently, as evidenced by his early involvement in family disputes over adherence to these traditions. By adolescence, he accompanied his father in campaigns unifying Mongol tribes, such as against the Tatars and Naimans, gaining practical command experience that shaped his role as a military leader.

Tlemcen Kingdom Algeria Africa 1235 AD to 1556 AD

The next 7 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part 49 & 50

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Tool Apps Hub]

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Mapache Dev]

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MP4 to MP3

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Ambition Technologies]

MP3 tag and album art maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor.]

MP3 volume-increase conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer]

[Super Sound Editor: Music Audio Editor, MP3 Cutter]

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[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
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Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

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FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

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164:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/321761711-evolution-timurid-empire-starting-1388

165:https://stock.adobe.com/video/heroic-medieval-knight-with-sword-and-armor-in-battle-scene/1440287222

166:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-knight-portrait-on-battlefield-a-dramatic-portrait-of-a-medieval-warrior-a-knight-in-chainmail-and-armor-standing-on-a-smoky-battlefield-without-his-helmet/1941989728

167:https://stock.adobe.com/video/knight-templar-medieval-warrior-this-video-shows-a-medieval-knight-templar-warrior-clad-in-rusty-armor-and-chainmail-holding-a-sword/1941985578

168:https://stock.adobe.com/video/close-up-of-medieval-knight-wearing-steel-helmet-with-red-cross-realistic-style-blurred-castle-background-concept-of-historical-warfare-heroism/1651122790

169:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-knight-on-battlefield-after-war-holding-a-sword-and-cloak-a-dark-raven-watches-the-burning-village-concept-of-historic-conflict/1790430432

170:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-templar-knight-commander-standing-before-his-army-at-sunset/1830694743

171:https://stock.adobe.com/video/medieval-crusader-knight-standing-before-his-army-at-sunrise/1830694051

172:https://stock.adobe.com/video/group-of-medieval-knights-wearing-metal-helmets-and-chainmail-are-praying-with-their-hands-clasped-together-before-engaging-in-battle-showcasing-their-faith-and-readiness-for-combat/1572704098

173:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/111928548-france-beziers-zooming-space-city

174:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/87041060-france-map-borders-view-space-earth-globe

175:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202912975-woman-dead-body-floating-river-reenactment

176:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202912238-dead-plague-bodies-floating-river-reenactment

177:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896524-plagued-corpses-near-shore-1300s-reenactment

178:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202904608-dead-bodies-wrapped-sheets-floating-river-reenactment

179:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202915635-sick-people-sitting-streets-coughing-and-some-are-dead-542-a

180:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/309274474-mongol-empire-map-animation-khanates-mongol-empire

181:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/309274640-mongol-empire-map-animation-mongol-empire-historical-world-m

182:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/68028006-genghis-khan-his-army-or-after-battle

183:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/109618054-digital-world-map-population-information-concept-statistics

184:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202896847-mongolian-soldiers-pulling-catapult-siege-caffa-1344-reenact

185:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202910117-low-angle-view-mongolian-catapult-against-sky-launching-cont

186:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202913459-soldier-operating-trebuchet-throwing-projectiles-reenactment

187:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/202906847-cgi-animation-repeating-catapult-winching-and-firing

188:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/62466386-warrior-stands-top-mountain-and-looking-desert

188:https://stock.adobe.com/video/weathered-mongol-khan-with-battle-scars-and-traditional-steppe-armor-displaying-fierce-determination-reflecting-decades-of-conquest-across-vast-asian-territories/1584053979

189:https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/78227989-warrior-horsemen-silhouette

190:https://stock.adobe.com/video/mongolian-warlord-in-traditional-fur-trimmed-armor-and-ornate-helmet-intense-gaze-and-long-beard-desert-landscape-with-warriors-in-background/1530761795

191:https://stock.adobe.com/video/mongolian-warrior-intense-gaze-ancient-helmet-fur-4k-video-footage/1672155781

192:https://stock.adobe.com/video/archer-aims-at-sunset-with-cavalry-in-the-background-on-a-golden-field/1713272203

193:https://stock.adobe.com/video/mongolian-fighter-or-knight-in-mongolia/852666982

194:https://stock.adobe.com/video/mongol-cavalry-charge-across-vast-steppes-at-golden-hour-showcasing-empire-expansion-with-mounted-warriors-galloping-through-dust-clouds-in-epic-cinematic-formation/1584053586

Consulted References:

Refer to Part 1: Timeline_the untold_the retold for combined references of all parts.

Part 47 Timeline_the untold_the retold

noreply@blogger.com (I Love My Time or Another Time of Yours) — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 15:18:36 +0000

Part 47
Article: Timeline
My Blog Title: The untold the retold

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COLUMN Q

960 AD to 1279 AD

Song Dynasty China

18 Emperors

Duration: 319 Years

Renaissance Map 1201 AD to 1900 AD From [AI overview]: Key features included detailed coastlines, standardized symbols, and the integration of the New World. From [Wikipedia]: The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity, the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm. World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period. The Hellenistic period was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean to the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt. Since Ptolemy, knowledge of the approximate size of the Earth allowed cartographers to estimate the extent of their geographical knowledge, and to indicate parts of the planet known to exist but not yet explored as terra incognita. From [AI overview]: Claudius Ptolemy 100–170 AD was a highly influential Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, and astrologer who lived in Alexandria, Egypt. He is best known for establishing the geocentric model (the "Ptolemaic system"), which placed Earth at the center of the universe and dominated scientific thought for over 1,400 years. Renaissance maps 1201–1900 AD evolved from medieval Portolan charts into precise globes, reflecting "Age of Discovery" voyages by explorers like Columbus from Genoa, Magellan from Portugal, and Vespucci from Florence. They were Italian and Portuguese explorers who, sponsored largely by Spain and Portugal, mapped the New World and connected the globe in the 15th-16th centuries. Their voyages defined the Age of Discovery. Key maps including the Juan de la Cosa 1500 AD and Waldseemüller 1507 AD depicted newly found American coasts, featuring Mercator’s projection 1569 AD for navigation. These maps highlighted linear perspective, increased coastal accuracy, and the global expansion of European empires. From [Wikipedia]: When applied to world maps, the Mercator projection inflates the size of lands the farther they are from the equator. Therefore, landmasses such as Greenland and Antarctica appear far larger than they actually are relative to landmasses near the equator. Sourced from [https://beinecke.library.yale.edu]: The portolan chart began as a wayfinding tool that enabled sailors to cross the Mediterranean Sea and engage in trade among distant ports. Portolan charts encompass the known world at the time of their composition, and they reflect the ancient concept of an orbis terrarum, a circle of land surrounding the Mediterranean. As Europeans began to explore the world beyond that region, their maps charted their progress. These maps have been chosen because they demonstrate the effect of travel and exploration on maps and an expansion of the European perspective on the world driven by curiosity, greed, and religious zealotry. Like all maps, these tell many stories. From [AI overview]: Medieval religious zealotry was defined by extreme, uncompromising devotion to faith, often leading to violence, intolerance, and severe social control. Key manifestations included the Crusades 1096 to 1270 AD to reclaim the Holy Land, the Inquisition targeting heretics or contradictory belief, and the brutal persecution of minority groups, driven by the belief that "true" faith required the elimination of deviance or “the conceived disobediences”.
Nicaea empire: Bithynia ancient Greek city of Byzantine territory 1204 AD to 1261 AD
Trebizond empire: Pontus far northeastern corner of Anatolia, and portions of southern Crimea 1204 AD to 1461 AD
Mongol conquests

[death toll 34,641,016÷2]

1206 AD to 1368 AD

From [AI overview]: Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace): Despite the violent conquests, the empire enabled safe travel and trade across Eurasia along the Silk Roads, fostering a massive exchange of goods, technologies, and cultures. The resulting empire facilitated the secure exchange of goods, ideas across Eurasia, Middle East and China. Sourced from [www.nationalgeographic.com]: Genghis Khan reformed his people’s laws and ushered in a military-feudal form of government. He embraced trade and religious freedom, and adopted advanced technology of the time, such as stirrups, composite bows, leather armor, and gunpowder. Stirrups are pair-matched, usually metal loops hanging from a horse saddle, providing a crucial footrest, aid for mounting, and a platform for balance and weight distribution. [www.worldhistory.org] Source: The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan 1206 to 1227 AD, first Great Khan or 'universal ruler' of the Mongol peoples. Genghis forged the empire by uniting nomadic tribes of the Asian steppe and creating a devastatingly effective army with fast, light, and highly coordinated cavalry. Expert horsemen and archers, the Mongols proved unstoppable in Central Asia and beyond, defeating armies in Iran, Russia, Eastern Europe, China, and many other places. The Mongols were pastoral nomads of the Asian steppe who herded sheep, goats, horses, camels, and yaks. These tribes moved according to the seasons and lived in temporary camps of circular felt tents or yurts (gers). The climate of Mongolia is often harsh and, reflecting this, clothing was warm, durable, and practical. Felt from sheep's wool and animal furs were the most common material to make clothing which was remarkably similar for both men and women: heelless boots, baggy trousers, a long jacket-robe (deel) worn with a leather belt, and a conical hat with earflaps, while underclothes were made from cotton or silk. From [Wikipedia]: The Mongol Empire is also referred to as the "Mongolian Empire" or the "Mongol World Empire" in some English sources. From [AI overview]: The Mongol Population: The core Mongolian population was relatively small, estimated at around 1 million people—with perhaps only 800,000 in the 1200s—who managed to control two-thirds of the known world.

The next 16 items of “COLUMN Q” 960 AD to 1279 AD continued on Part [48 to 50]

SOURCE COMPOSITION

PC Software

APP: AppStore PlayStore

In-text voice

[Text Reader - Text to Speech

Transkriptor]

[Odify - PDF Speaker and Reader

Tool Apps Hub]

[Read Aloud AI - Text to Speech

Mapache Dev]

[aiReader: AI Text to Speech
King Clover Studio]

[TTS Reader - Text To Speech withtheflow01]

MP4 to MP3

[Unlimited MP3 Audio Merger

Ambition Technologies]

MP3 tag and album art maker

[MusicBrainz Picard]

[MP3TAG The universal tag editor.]

MP3 volume-increase conversion

[MP3 Audio Gain and Equalizer]

[Super Sound Editor: Music Audio Editor, MP3 Cutter]

Photo maker for album art cover

[InCollage - Collage Maker Pic Collage,Photo Editor,
Grid SHANTANU PTE. LTD.]

[Social Media Post Maker stylish app world Art & Design]

[Compress Image Size in KB&MB Zilory app]

Music Sources and Titles: Pixabay

[Content composition of “In-Brief Archives Facebook Page” and of my blogger page “www.ilovemytimeoranothertimeofyours.blogspot.com” in sound and music does not represent the pictures, videos and text contents.] [Music volume is increased if deviated from the actual files.]

[baroque-bliss-220470]

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[inspiring-trailer-1-min-203617]

FILE DOWNLOADER INSTAGRAM

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Picture sources: Peakpx.com and Pexels, Pixabay in PowerDirector and other websites:

2:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg

3:https://www.threads.com/@dr_ikenna

4:https://www.instagram.com/p/DWggBJ3GoZp/?img_index=4

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