No Descriptionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/16814https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstreams/0c83f982-17ee-437e-8ae9-c09536c5a3d3/download2026-05-16T15:49:34Z2026-05-16T15:49:34Z100100901Taye, Meron TeferiEbrahim, Girma YimerGebreyesus, KirubelTadesse, MulugetaSeid, Abdulkarimhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1829222026-05-16T01:08:50Z2026-05-15T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Current Practices and Challenges in Smallholder Irrigation Water Management: A WEFE Nexus-Based Assessment; The Case of the Meki Catchment dc.contributor.author: Taye, Meron Teferi; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Gebreyesus, Kirubel; Tadesse, Mulugeta; Seid, Abdulkarim dcterms.abstract: As part of the CGIAR Policy Innovations Program of CGIAR, this study focuses on water management for smallholder irrigated agriculture in Ethiopia. Noting that Ethiopia’s promotion of multi-season food production for food security and livelihood improvements there is a need to assess the system from Water-Energy-Food-Environment perspective for optimized resources management. This study provides baseline analysis of the current irrigation practices, the use of surface and groundwater for a case study area in the Meki catchment of the Rift Valley Lakes Basin, Ethiopia. The study used literature review and field visits to conduct the assessment using WEFE nexus methods. The results indicate that that the catchment is already experiencing water management challenges and water use conflicts due to uncoordinated surface water withdrawals between upstream and downstream users. Some of the rivers dry up during peak irrigation seasons. Conversely, farmers believe that there are enough groundwater resources for irrigation and their major challenge is limited access to affordable energy to expand irrigation with groundwater sources. While this is an important factor for improved food production; there is a risk of unsustainable groundwater abstraction when access to energy improves in the future. Hence, this study provides recommendations on how to scale irrigation with sustainable use of water and alerts practitioners and policy makers to exercise caution as irrigation expands in the catchment and beyond in other parts of Ethiopia. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-05-15T00:00:00ZTaye, Meron TeferiEbrahim, Girma YimerGebreyesus, KirubelTadesse, MulugetaSeid, AbdulkarimAs part of the CGIAR Policy Innovations Program of CGIAR, this study focuses on water management for smallholder irrigated agriculture in Ethiopia. Noting that Ethiopia’s promotion of multi-season food production for food security and livelihood improvements there is a need to assess the system from Water-Energy-Food-Environment perspective for optimized resources management. This study provides baseline analysis of the current irrigation practices, the use of surface and groundwater for a case study area in the Meki catchment of the Rift Valley Lakes Basin, Ethiopia. The study used literature review and field visits to conduct the assessment using WEFE nexus methods. The results indicate that that the catchment is already experiencing water management challenges and water use conflicts due to uncoordinated surface water withdrawals between upstream and downstream users. Some of the rivers dry up during peak irrigation seasons. Conversely, farmers believe that there are enough groundwater resources for irrigation and their major challenge is limited access to affordable energy to expand irrigation with groundwater sources. While this is an important factor for improved food production; there is a risk of unsustainable groundwater abstraction when access to energy improves in the future. Hence, this study provides recommendations on how to scale irrigation with sustainable use of water and alerts practitioners and policy makers to exercise caution as irrigation expands in the catchment and beyond in other parts of Ethiopia.Palay, IsisFragaszy, StephenStifel, ElizabethAbeyrathna, Wasudha PrabodhaniGharaibeh, Sawsanhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1829092026-05-15T01:01:08Z2026-05-14T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Al Murunah: Building Climate Resilience from the Ground Up with Scalable, Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions Pilot Projects in the MENA Region dc.contributor.author: Palay, Isis; Fragaszy, Stephen; Stifel, Elizabeth; Abeyrathna, Wasudha Prabodhani; Gharaibeh, Sawsan dcterms.abstract: This thematic brief explores how the Al Murunah project is implementing scalable, resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) pilot projects to strengthen climate resilience and water security across fragile and climate-vulnerable settings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Focusing on pilot sites in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, Al Murunah pilots combine technical innovation, inclusive governance and community-led approaches to address water scarcity, land degradation, climate change and institutional fragility. Al Murunah pilots are designed as integrated and scalable models embedded within local institutions, households and policy systems. Through participatory planning, co-design and partnerships with communities, cooperatives, water user associations and government stakeholders, the project strengthens local ownership while supporting long-term adaptation and resilience. This brief presents Al Murunah as a proven and investable process for scaling locally led climate resilience solutions across the MENA region.

2026-05-14T00:00:00ZPalay, IsisFragaszy, StephenStifel, ElizabethAbeyrathna, Wasudha PrabodhaniGharaibeh, SawsanThis thematic brief explores how the Al Murunah project is implementing scalable, resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) pilot projects to strengthen climate resilience and water security across fragile and climate-vulnerable settings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Focusing on pilot sites in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, Al Murunah pilots combine technical innovation, inclusive governance and community-led approaches to address water scarcity, land degradation, climate change and institutional fragility. Al Murunah pilots are designed as integrated and scalable models embedded within local institutions, households and policy systems. Through participatory planning, co-design and partnerships with communities, cooperatives, water user associations and government stakeholders, the project strengthens local ownership while supporting long-term adaptation and resilience. This brief presents Al Murunah as a proven and investable process for scaling locally led climate resilience solutions across the MENA region.Matchaya, Greenwell C.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828972026-05-14T01:09:33Z2026-05-13T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Energy Shocks and Food System Transmission: A Rapid Assessment Framework for Import-Dependent Economies with Evidence from Malawi dc.contributor.author: Matchaya, Greenwell C. dcterms.abstract: This technical report develops a rapid assessment framework for understanding how global shocks transmit into domestic food systems, with particular emphasis on import-dependent economies. Drawing on evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and recent energy market disruptions linked to tensions in the Strait of Hormuz, the report examines how external shocks spread through interconnected channels including energy and transport costs, trade disruptions, agricultural input markets, and macroeconomic pressures. The report introduces a structured conceptual framework that explains how shocks move through food systems over time, highlighting short-, medium-, and long-term transmission pathways. It emphasizes that impacts are not uniform and vary depending on market integration, geographic location, commodity type, and the degree of dependence on imported food, fuel, and agricultural inputs. Using Malawi as an empirical case study, the report applies high-frequency price data to assess early-stage transmission dynamics. The findings show that global energy shocks are reflected immediately in fuel prices and import-dependent commodities such as rice, while domestically produced staples such as maize and beans respond more gradually due to delayed pass-through effects. Rural and poorly integrated markets face higher long-term vulnerability due to elevated transport costs and weaker market connectivity. The report concludes that strengthening resilience requires integrated policy responses across energy, trade, agriculture, water systems, and social protection, while also highlighting the need for improved market monitoring and early warning systems in vulnerable economies. cg.contributor.initiative: Diversification in East and Southern Africa cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-05-13T00:00:00ZMatchaya, Greenwell C.This technical report develops a rapid assessment framework for understanding how global shocks transmit into domestic food systems, with particular emphasis on import-dependent economies. Drawing on evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and recent energy market disruptions linked to tensions in the Strait of Hormuz, the report examines how external shocks spread through interconnected channels including energy and transport costs, trade disruptions, agricultural input markets, and macroeconomic pressures. The report introduces a structured conceptual framework that explains how shocks move through food systems over time, highlighting short-, medium-, and long-term transmission pathways. It emphasizes that impacts are not uniform and vary depending on market integration, geographic location, commodity type, and the degree of dependence on imported food, fuel, and agricultural inputs. Using Malawi as an empirical case study, the report applies high-frequency price data to assess early-stage transmission dynamics. The findings show that global energy shocks are reflected immediately in fuel prices and import-dependent commodities such as rice, while domestically produced staples such as maize and beans respond more gradually due to delayed pass-through effects. Rural and poorly integrated markets face higher long-term vulnerability due to elevated transport costs and weaker market connectivity. The report concludes that strengthening resilience requires integrated policy responses across energy, trade, agriculture, water systems, and social protection, while also highlighting the need for improved market monitoring and early warning systems in vulnerable economies.Boxall, Alistair B. A.Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.Beckenham, SallyBertram, Michael G.Gaw, SallyGray, Austin D.Kidd, Karen A.Langan, Laura M.Leung, Kenneth M. Y.Manera, Jack L.Miglioranza, Karina S. B.Oldenkamp, RikBrooks, Bryan W.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828832026-05-13T05:52:43Z2026-05-06T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Environmentally Safe and Just Pharmacy: A Framework and Action Plan for Operating within the Earth System Boundary for Novel Entities dc.contributor.author: Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Beckenham, Sally; Bertram, Michael G.; Gaw, Sally; Gray, Austin D.; Kidd, Karen A.; Langan, Laura M.; Leung, Kenneth M. Y.; Manera, Jack L.; Miglioranza, Karina S. B.; Oldenkamp, Rik; Brooks, Bryan W. dcterms.abstract: Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are essential for global health, yet their use and release into the environment contribute to the transgression of the Earth System Boundary for Novel Entities. This study proposes a novel framework for an Environmentally Safe and Just Pharmacy, establishing 4 overarching criteria and 12 subcriteria designed to ensure that the pharmaceutical lifecycle is environmentally safe and just from a novel entities perspective. Using the extensive expertise of our global author group, we conclude that current practices for API design and development, approval and monitoring, use and disposal are only partially or poorly aligned with our criteria. Key vulnerabilities include a lack of environmental considerations in early-stage drug design, widespread exceedances of environmental concentrations deemed safe to ecosystems, persistent selection for antimicrobial resistance in the environment, and severe data gaps in low- and middle-income countries. We further highlight environmental injustices, particularly for Indigenous and marginalized communities whose cultural identities and livelihoods are compromised by chemical contamination. To address these challenges, we present a 10-point roadmap for a transition to a sustainable future by 2050. This plan includes calls for green chemistry investments, the integration of social and cultural equity into risk assessments, and the global upgrade of treatment and management infrastructure. We emphasize that solutions to pharmaceutical impacts must be culturally sensitive and safeguard the dignity of vulnerable populations to ensure a truly just transition that operates within Earth System Boundaries.

2026-05-06T00:00:00ZBoxall, Alistair B. A.Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.Beckenham, SallyBertram, Michael G.Gaw, SallyGray, Austin D.Kidd, Karen A.Langan, Laura M.Leung, Kenneth M. Y.Manera, Jack L.Miglioranza, Karina S. B.Oldenkamp, RikBrooks, Bryan W.Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are essential for global health, yet their use and release into the environment contribute to the transgression of the Earth System Boundary for Novel Entities. This study proposes a novel framework for an Environmentally Safe and Just Pharmacy, establishing 4 overarching criteria and 12 subcriteria designed to ensure that the pharmaceutical lifecycle is environmentally safe and just from a novel entities perspective. Using the extensive expertise of our global author group, we conclude that current practices for API design and development, approval and monitoring, use and disposal are only partially or poorly aligned with our criteria. Key vulnerabilities include a lack of environmental considerations in early-stage drug design, widespread exceedances of environmental concentrations deemed safe to ecosystems, persistent selection for antimicrobial resistance in the environment, and severe data gaps in low- and middle-income countries. We further highlight environmental injustices, particularly for Indigenous and marginalized communities whose cultural identities and livelihoods are compromised by chemical contamination. To address these challenges, we present a 10-point roadmap for a transition to a sustainable future by 2050. This plan includes calls for green chemistry investments, the integration of social and cultural equity into risk assessments, and the global upgrade of treatment and management infrastructure. We emphasize that solutions to pharmaceutical impacts must be culturally sensitive and safeguard the dignity of vulnerable populations to ensure a truly just transition that operates within Earth System Boundaries.Becker, KristenMcGuire, ErinEnokenwa Baa, OjongetakahLiani, Millicent LodenyiNortje, Karenhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828642026-05-13T01:02:18Z2026-05-12T00:00:00Z

dc.title: A Self-Guided Handbook on the Use of the GenderUp Method for Responsible Scaling of Innovation dc.contributor.author: Becker, Kristen; McGuire, Erin; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Liani, Millicent Lodenyi; Nortje, Karen dcterms.abstract: This technical guide presents the GenderUp methodology, a self-guided, participatory approach designed to support responsible and inclusive scaling of agricultural innovations within the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) program. Recognizing that conventional scaling approaches are often gender-blind and risk reinforcing inequalities, GenderUp integrates gender equality, social inclusion, and intersectionality into innovation design and scaling strategies to ensure equitable outcomes across diverse user groups. The handbook provides a structured, six-stage process that guides innovation teams through reflection, analysis, and action. It begins with strengthening foundational understanding of gender dynamics and inclusive innovation design, followed by defining scaling ambitions and assessing existing strategies. Subsequent stages support teams in identifying relevant social dimensions—such as gender, age, wealth, and education—and analyzing how these intersect to shape access to, and benefits from, innovation. Through tools such as participatory surveys, persona mapping, and reflective exercises, GenderUp enables teams to identify vulnerable intersectional groups and anticipate potential unintended consequences of scaling. A key contribution of the methodology is its emphasis on mitigating negative impacts through adaptive scaling strategies and “innovation packages,” which combine core innovations with complementary interventions (e.g., policy support, financing mechanisms, or inclusive training approaches). This shift scaling from a linear, technical process to a socially embedded and adaptive one, aligned with Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) principles, including inclusivity, anticipation, responsiveness, and transparency. Evidence from applications across CGIAR and partner organizations demonstrates that GenderUp strengthens teams’ capacity to identify overlooked user groups, design inclusive solutions, and foster institutional learning. By embedding equity considerations throughout the innovation lifecycle, the GenderUp approach contributes to more sustainable, inclusive, and transformative agrifood systems, ensuring that scaling efforts not only reach more people but do so in ways that empower marginalized populations and address systemic inequalities. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-05-12T00:00:00ZBecker, KristenMcGuire, ErinEnokenwa Baa, OjongetakahLiani, Millicent LodenyiNortje, KarenThis technical guide presents the GenderUp methodology, a self-guided, participatory approach designed to support responsible and inclusive scaling of agricultural innovations within the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) program. Recognizing that conventional scaling approaches are often gender-blind and risk reinforcing inequalities, GenderUp integrates gender equality, social inclusion, and intersectionality into innovation design and scaling strategies to ensure equitable outcomes across diverse user groups. The handbook provides a structured, six-stage process that guides innovation teams through reflection, analysis, and action. It begins with strengthening foundational understanding of gender dynamics and inclusive innovation design, followed by defining scaling ambitions and assessing existing strategies. Subsequent stages support teams in identifying relevant social dimensions—such as gender, age, wealth, and education—and analyzing how these intersect to shape access to, and benefits from, innovation. Through tools such as participatory surveys, persona mapping, and reflective exercises, GenderUp enables teams to identify vulnerable intersectional groups and anticipate potential unintended consequences of scaling. A key contribution of the methodology is its emphasis on mitigating negative impacts through adaptive scaling strategies and “innovation packages,” which combine core innovations with complementary interventions (e.g., policy support, financing mechanisms, or inclusive training approaches). This shift scaling from a linear, technical process to a socially embedded and adaptive one, aligned with Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) principles, including inclusivity, anticipation, responsiveness, and transparency. Evidence from applications across CGIAR and partner organizations demonstrates that GenderUp strengthens teams’ capacity to identify overlooked user groups, design inclusive solutions, and foster institutional learning. By embedding equity considerations throughout the innovation lifecycle, the GenderUp approach contributes to more sustainable, inclusive, and transformative agrifood systems, ensuring that scaling efforts not only reach more people but do so in ways that empower marginalized populations and address systemic inequalities.Bhaduri, Tanmoyhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828632026-05-12T10:12:40Z2026-05-11T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Landless Bangladeshi Farmers Suffer as Paddy Fades in Barind dc.contributor.author: Bhaduri, Tanmoy

2026-05-11T00:00:00ZBhaduri, TanmoyAheeyar, Mohamed M. M.Kesamreddy, LokeshwarPawera, LukasNisansala, DuleeshaOthim, Stephen T. O.Srinivasan, RamasamyKodikara, K. M. S.Hafeez, Mohsinhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828542026-05-12T14:26:28Z2026-12-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Comparative Analysis of Good Agronomic Practices (GAP) and Conventional Methods in Sri Lankan Vegetable Farming dc.contributor.author: Aheeyar, Mohamed M. M.; Kesamreddy, Lokeshwar; Pawera, Lukas; Nisansala, Duleesha; Othim, Stephen T. O.; Srinivasan, Ramasamy; Kodikara, K. M. S.; Hafeez, Mohsin dcterms.abstract: The agricultural sector in Sri Lanka faces persistent challenges in optimizing crop yields, reducing production costs, and enhancing farmers’ incomes. This study evaluates the economic viability of Good Agronomic Practices (GAP) compared with conventional farming practices across four vegetable crops (tomato, pole bean, cabbage, and carrot) cultivated in two agroecologically distinct vegetable production areas: Balangoda and Boralanda. Using a participatory field trial design, we assessed crop yield, cultivation costs, and net income over two growing seasons. The results indicate that the GAP plots produced agronomic and economic improvements or no losses compared to conventional plots, though effects varied by crop and season. For cabbage, no significant differences were observed in season one; however, in season two, GAP recorded a 35% higher cultivation costs (p < 0.001), an 18% higher yield (p < 0.05), and a 31% increase in gross returns (p < 0.05), without significant improvements in net returns or benefit–cost ratio (BCR). For carrots, season one showed 10% lower cultivation costs (p < 0.001) and 33.9% higher yields (p < 0.05) under the GAP, although net returns were not significantly different. In season two, GAP achieved significantly higher net returns (an 83.2% increase; p < 0.05) and BCR (a 50.3% improvement; p < 0.05). For pole beans, season one recorded 20% lower cultivation costs (p < 0.001) and a 53.1% higher BCR (p < 0.05) under the GAP. In contrast, in season two, GAP production costs were 43% higher (p < 0.001) but achieved statistically non-significant increase in net returns and the BCR. Importantly, GAP consistently used fewer chemical inputs than the control, suggesting its potential for safer, more sustainable production. These findings highlight the importance of context-specific GAP packages to inform policy and guide farmers toward profitable, sustainable vegetable production. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Better Diets and Nutrition

2026-12-01T00:00:00ZAheeyar, Mohamed M. M.Kesamreddy, LokeshwarPawera, LukasNisansala, DuleeshaOthim, Stephen T. O.Srinivasan, RamasamyKodikara, K. M. S.Hafeez, MohsinThe agricultural sector in Sri Lanka faces persistent challenges in optimizing crop yields, reducing production costs, and enhancing farmers’ incomes. This study evaluates the economic viability of Good Agronomic Practices (GAP) compared with conventional farming practices across four vegetable crops (tomato, pole bean, cabbage, and carrot) cultivated in two agroecologically distinct vegetable production areas: Balangoda and Boralanda. Using a participatory field trial design, we assessed crop yield, cultivation costs, and net income over two growing seasons. The results indicate that the GAP plots produced agronomic and economic improvements or no losses compared to conventional plots, though effects varied by crop and season. For cabbage, no significant differences were observed in season one; however, in season two, GAP recorded a 35% higher cultivation costs (p < 0.001), an 18% higher yield (p < 0.05), and a 31% increase in gross returns (p < 0.05), without significant improvements in net returns or benefit–cost ratio (BCR). For carrots, season one showed 10% lower cultivation costs (p < 0.001) and 33.9% higher yields (p < 0.05) under the GAP, although net returns were not significantly different. In season two, GAP achieved significantly higher net returns (an 83.2% increase; p < 0.05) and BCR (a 50.3% improvement; p < 0.05). For pole beans, season one recorded 20% lower cultivation costs (p < 0.001) and a 53.1% higher BCR (p < 0.05) under the GAP. In contrast, in season two, GAP production costs were 43% higher (p < 0.001) but achieved statistically non-significant increase in net returns and the BCR. Importantly, GAP consistently used fewer chemical inputs than the control, suggesting its potential for safer, more sustainable production. These findings highlight the importance of context-specific GAP packages to inform policy and guide farmers toward profitable, sustainable vegetable production.Palay, IsisFragaszy, StephenAbeyrathna, Wasudha PrabodhaniRabi, Aymanhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828392026-05-12T03:34:39Z2026-05-11T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Al Murunah: Strengthening Water Security and Livelihoods in Palestine dc.contributor.author: Palay, Isis; Fragaszy, Stephen; Abeyrathna, Wasudha Prabodhani; Rabi, Ayman

2026-05-11T00:00:00ZPalay, IsisFragaszy, StephenAbeyrathna, Wasudha PrabodhaniRabi, AymanPalay, IsisFragaszy, StephenAbeyrathna, Wasudha PrabodhaniHayajneh, AliSlehat, Faizahhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828302026-05-11T09:33:09Z2026-05-08T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Al Murunah: Building Climate-Resilient Water and Food Systems in Jordan’s Fragile Areas dc.contributor.author: Palay, Isis; Fragaszy, Stephen; Abeyrathna, Wasudha Prabodhani; Hayajneh, Ali; Slehat, Faizah dcterms.abstract: This country brief explores how Al Murunah is strengthening climate-resilient water and food systems in Jordan through resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) in Wadi Seer, Greater Amman Municipality. The brief highlights how the project combines spring and irrigation canal rehabilitation, regenerative agriculture, inclusive governance and women-led enterprise development to address water scarcity, land degradation and climate vulnerability in fragile rural-urban areas. Al Murunah and Al Murunah+ work together to restore local water systems, strengthen cooperatives and canal committees and build household and community resilience through gender-transformative approaches, capacity-building and climate-smart agriculture. Through partnerships with national and local stakeholders, the project supports scalable and community-driven adaptation models aligned with Jordan’s climate and water strategies. The brief positions the Jordan pilot as an adaptable and investable model for scaling resilient water management, inclusive livelihoods and locally led climate resilience across Jordan and the wider MENA region.

2026-05-08T00:00:00ZPalay, IsisFragaszy, StephenAbeyrathna, Wasudha PrabodhaniHayajneh, AliSlehat, FaizahThis country brief explores how Al Murunah is strengthening climate-resilient water and food systems in Jordan through resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) in Wadi Seer, Greater Amman Municipality. The brief highlights how the project combines spring and irrigation canal rehabilitation, regenerative agriculture, inclusive governance and women-led enterprise development to address water scarcity, land degradation and climate vulnerability in fragile rural-urban areas. Al Murunah and Al Murunah+ work together to restore local water systems, strengthen cooperatives and canal committees and build household and community resilience through gender-transformative approaches, capacity-building and climate-smart agriculture. Through partnerships with national and local stakeholders, the project supports scalable and community-driven adaptation models aligned with Jordan’s climate and water strategies. The brief positions the Jordan pilot as an adaptable and investable model for scaling resilient water management, inclusive livelihoods and locally led climate resilience across Jordan and the wider MENA region.Bhattacharjee, Suchiradiptahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828232026-05-08T09:42:07Z2025-08-28T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Jasmines, Roses and a Tale of Farmer Prosperity dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta

2025-08-28T00:00:00ZBhattacharjee, SuchiradiptaPalay, IsisFragaszy, StephenStifel, ElizabethGharaibeh, Sawsanhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828182026-05-08T03:32:37Z2026-05-07T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Al Murunah: From Pilot to Practice, Building Readiness for Adoption and Scaling of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions dc.contributor.author: Palay, Isis; Fragaszy, Stephen; Stifel, Elizabeth; Gharaibeh, Sawsan dcterms.abstract: This thematic brief explores how the Al Murunah project is building readiness for the adoption and scaling of resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) across fragile and water-scarce contexts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Covering Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, the brief examines how the project strengthens the technical, institutional, social and policy conditions needed for long-term uptake and replication.   Al Murunah combines infrastructure improvements, governance strengthening, inclusive community engagement and capacity-building to support sustainable climate adaptation and water resilience. The brief outlines barriers to scaling, including weak governance, limited financing, social exclusion and fragility, and demonstrates how locally led and systems-based approaches can address these challenges. It presents Al Murunah as a scalable model for strengthening climate resilience, water security and inclusive development across the MENA region.

2026-05-07T00:00:00ZPalay, IsisFragaszy, StephenStifel, ElizabethGharaibeh, SawsanThis thematic brief explores how the Al Murunah project is building readiness for the adoption and scaling of resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) across fragile and water-scarce contexts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Covering Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, the brief examines how the project strengthens the technical, institutional, social and policy conditions needed for long-term uptake and replication.   Al Murunah combines infrastructure improvements, governance strengthening, inclusive community engagement and capacity-building to support sustainable climate adaptation and water resilience. The brief outlines barriers to scaling, including weak governance, limited financing, social exclusion and fragility, and demonstrates how locally led and systems-based approaches can address these challenges. It presents Al Murunah as a scalable model for strengthening climate resilience, water security and inclusive development across the MENA region.Jolaiya, Emmanuel AyodeleNejo, Bright OluwaferanmiAjeyomi, Adedoyin S.Olufemi, DamilolaMartins, Carolina IglésiasGarcia Andarcia, Mariangelhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1828082026-05-07T01:05:01Z2026-05-06T00:00:00Z

dc.title: The Multidimensional Digital Inclusiveness Index Scoring Dashboard (Version 2.0): A Tool for Visualizing Digital Inclusiveness and Innovation Performance within the CGIAR Framework dc.contributor.author: Jolaiya, Emmanuel Ayodele; Nejo, Bright Oluwaferanmi; Ajeyomi, Adedoyin S.; Olufemi, Damilola; Martins, Carolina Iglésias; Garcia Andarcia, Mariangel dcterms.abstract: The Multidimensional Digital Inclusiveness Index Scoring Dashboard Version 2.0 is an advanced analytical platform developed within the CGIAR framework to evaluate and visualize digital inclusiveness across agriculture, food, water, and land sectors. Building on its earlier version, the system enhances usability, interactivity, and data integration, enabling more effective monitoring of digital innovation performance. It operationalizes seven core dimensions, including accessibility, beneficial impact, usage effectiveness, ethical innovation, governance, risks, and ecosystem support, using structured survey data from diverse stakeholders. The dashboard integrates data from KoboToolbox and consolidated repositories, processed through an API and modeled in Microsoft Power BI to generate hierarchical metrics and key performance indicators. New modules such as Stakeholder Relationships and People and Impact provide deeper insights into collaboration patterns, co-creation, and demographic outcomes, linking inclusiveness metrics to real-world social impact. Interactive visualizations and dynamic filters support comparative analysis across tools, countries, and technologies. Overall, Version 2.0 transforms heterogeneous data into actionable insights, strengthening evidence-based decision-making, accountability, and continuous improvement in digital innovation, while advancing inclusive and sustainable development goals within CGIAR’s digital transformation agenda. cg.contributor.initiative: Digital Innovation cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Sustainable Farming

2026-05-06T00:00:00ZJolaiya, Emmanuel AyodeleNejo, Bright OluwaferanmiAjeyomi, Adedoyin S.Olufemi, DamilolaMartins, Carolina IglésiasGarcia Andarcia, MariangelThe Multidimensional Digital Inclusiveness Index Scoring Dashboard Version 2.0 is an advanced analytical platform developed within the CGIAR framework to evaluate and visualize digital inclusiveness across agriculture, food, water, and land sectors. Building on its earlier version, the system enhances usability, interactivity, and data integration, enabling more effective monitoring of digital innovation performance. It operationalizes seven core dimensions, including accessibility, beneficial impact, usage effectiveness, ethical innovation, governance, risks, and ecosystem support, using structured survey data from diverse stakeholders. The dashboard integrates data from KoboToolbox and consolidated repositories, processed through an API and modeled in Microsoft Power BI to generate hierarchical metrics and key performance indicators. New modules such as Stakeholder Relationships and People and Impact provide deeper insights into collaboration patterns, co-creation, and demographic outcomes, linking inclusiveness metrics to real-world social impact. Interactive visualizations and dynamic filters support comparative analysis across tools, countries, and technologies. Overall, Version 2.0 transforms heterogeneous data into actionable insights, strengthening evidence-based decision-making, accountability, and continuous improvement in digital innovation, while advancing inclusive and sustainable development goals within CGIAR’s digital transformation agenda.Dhehibi, BoubakerMeyliev, ObidjonSouissi, AsmaAkramov, KamiljonAkramkhanov, AkmalOumer, Ali M.Al-Zu’bi, MahaHaddad, MiraCrichton, RhiannonAmanov, OybekJuraev, DiyorFayzullayev, AbdullaBaum, Michaelhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1827902026-05-06T18:38:19Z2025-10-23T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Unpacking Scaling in Agricultural Research for Development: Performance Insights from the Kashkadarya Research Station for Agricultural Innovation dc.contributor.author: Dhehibi, Boubaker; Meyliev, Obidjon; Souissi, Asma; Akramov, Kamiljon; Akramkhanov, Akmal; Oumer, Ali M.; Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Haddad, Mira; Crichton, Rhiannon; Amanov, Oybek; Juraev, Diyor; Fayzullayev, Abdulla; Baum, Michael dcterms.abstract: This working paper explores the strategic role of the Southern Research Institute of Agriculture (SRIA) in advancing agricultural innovation, productivity, and climate resilience in Uzbekistan’s Kashkadarya region. As a key public research institution, SRIA has played a critical role in developing drought- and salinity-tolerant seed varieties, promoting improved agronomic practices, and introducing water-saving technologies suited to semi-arid conditions. The study aims to: assess SRIA’s effectiveness in generating and disseminating farmer-relevant innovations; identify the main barriers to their adoption; and examine institutional mechanisms to enhance impact. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining farm surveys, field trials, cluster and social network analyses, and statistical evaluations. Data were collected from farmers and households in the Karshi District, as well as through interviews with researchers and key stakeholders. Between 2018 and 2023, SRIA implemented 45 research projects and introduced innovations such as climate-resilient seed varieties and no-till farming techniques. These technologies contribute to increasing yield and reducing production costs. However, their adoption remains limited due to weak extension services, outdated infrastructure, and fragmented communication channels. To overcome these challenges, the study recommends the establishment of a multi-actor Innovation Platform (IP) to foster collaboration, enhance knowledge exchange, and accelerate the scaling of sustainable agricultural innovations.

2025-10-23T00:00:00ZDhehibi, BoubakerMeyliev, ObidjonSouissi, AsmaAkramov, KamiljonAkramkhanov, AkmalOumer, Ali M.Al-Zu’bi, MahaHaddad, MiraCrichton, RhiannonAmanov, OybekJuraev, DiyorFayzullayev, AbdullaBaum, MichaelThis working paper explores the strategic role of the Southern Research Institute of Agriculture (SRIA) in advancing agricultural innovation, productivity, and climate resilience in Uzbekistan’s Kashkadarya region. As a key public research institution, SRIA has played a critical role in developing drought- and salinity-tolerant seed varieties, promoting improved agronomic practices, and introducing water-saving technologies suited to semi-arid conditions. The study aims to: assess SRIA’s effectiveness in generating and disseminating farmer-relevant innovations; identify the main barriers to their adoption; and examine institutional mechanisms to enhance impact. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining farm surveys, field trials, cluster and social network analyses, and statistical evaluations. Data were collected from farmers and households in the Karshi District, as well as through interviews with researchers and key stakeholders. Between 2018 and 2023, SRIA implemented 45 research projects and introduced innovations such as climate-resilient seed varieties and no-till farming techniques. These technologies contribute to increasing yield and reducing production costs. However, their adoption remains limited due to weak extension services, outdated infrastructure, and fragmented communication channels. To overcome these challenges, the study recommends the establishment of a multi-actor Innovation Platform (IP) to foster collaboration, enhance knowledge exchange, and accelerate the scaling of sustainable agricultural innovations.Chakraborty, ShreyaAravindakshan, SreejithMinh, Thai ThiCofie, Olufunke O.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1827792026-05-06T03:05:35Z2026-05-05T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling in Bangladesh dc.contributor.author: Chakraborty, Shreya; Aravindakshan, Sreejith; Minh, Thai Thi; Cofie, Olufunke O. dcterms.abstract: This report synthesizes findings of eliciting and interpreting demand signals across 11 critical domains of the agrifood system, ranging from nutrition-sensitive agriculture and behavior change to climate resilience and indigenous innovations. These findings are based on analyzing qualitative datasets collected through a workshop organized in Dhaka, on Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling. By engaging diverse actors, the engagement sought to move beyond supply-driven narratives to understand how stakeholders specifically articulate their needs, priorities, and constraints for scaling innovations. Three dominant scaling imperatives across the agrifood system were identified in Bangladesh: (i) closing systemic infrastructure and production readiness gaps, particularly in post-harvest handling, cold chains, climate-resilient crops, and water management; (ii) strengthening market pull through traceability, food safety compliance, branding, and risk-mitigation mechanisms; and (iii) institutionalizing community-based and behavioural delivery models, including clusters, care groups, cooperatives, and local food hubs, as the primary unit of scaling. The report demonstrates that demand in Bangladesh is systemic rather than purely technological. Stakeholders consistently call for "innovation bundles" that integrate physical assets with social and financial mechanisms. Successful scaling requires a hybrid strategy, integrating modernizing production for commercial zones, preserving indigenous assets for vulnerable areas, transitioning financial models from short-term subsidies to long-term market de-risking and institutionalizing community structures as the unit of scaling. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-05-05T00:00:00ZChakraborty, ShreyaAravindakshan, SreejithMinh, Thai ThiCofie, Olufunke O.This report synthesizes findings of eliciting and interpreting demand signals across 11 critical domains of the agrifood system, ranging from nutrition-sensitive agriculture and behavior change to climate resilience and indigenous innovations. These findings are based on analyzing qualitative datasets collected through a workshop organized in Dhaka, on Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling. By engaging diverse actors, the engagement sought to move beyond supply-driven narratives to understand how stakeholders specifically articulate their needs, priorities, and constraints for scaling innovations. Three dominant scaling imperatives across the agrifood system were identified in Bangladesh: (i) closing systemic infrastructure and production readiness gaps, particularly in post-harvest handling, cold chains, climate-resilient crops, and water management; (ii) strengthening market pull through traceability, food safety compliance, branding, and risk-mitigation mechanisms; and (iii) institutionalizing community-based and behavioural delivery models, including clusters, care groups, cooperatives, and local food hubs, as the primary unit of scaling. The report demonstrates that demand in Bangladesh is systemic rather than purely technological. Stakeholders consistently call for "innovation bundles" that integrate physical assets with social and financial mechanisms. Successful scaling requires a hybrid strategy, integrating modernizing production for commercial zones, preserving indigenous assets for vulnerable areas, transitioning financial models from short-term subsidies to long-term market de-risking and institutionalizing community structures as the unit of scaling.Al-Zu’bi, MahaKhalifa, MuhammadBrouziyne, Youssefhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1827692026-05-05T07:52:44Z2026-01-14T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Digital Solutions for Sustainable Water Management in MENA dc.contributor.author: Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Khalifa, Muhammad; Brouziyne, Youssef dcterms.abstract: This chapter examines the role of digital tools in addressing water scarcity challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a particular focus on agriculture. With climate change, population growth, and rising agricultural demands, efficient water management and irrigation are critical. The chapter examines technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), and advanced data analytics in optimizing water usage. Case studies from Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Morocco, and Syria illustrate how these tools enhance water conservation, crop yields, and reduce costs and analysis time. The chapter also discusses barriers to adoption, such as technological, economic, and social factors, and proposes strategies to overcome them. Ultimately, it highlights the transformative potential of digital solutions for sustainable water management in the MENA region.

2026-01-14T00:00:00ZAl-Zu’bi, MahaKhalifa, MuhammadBrouziyne, YoussefThis chapter examines the role of digital tools in addressing water scarcity challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a particular focus on agriculture. With climate change, population growth, and rising agricultural demands, efficient water management and irrigation are critical. The chapter examines technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), and advanced data analytics in optimizing water usage. Case studies from Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Morocco, and Syria illustrate how these tools enhance water conservation, crop yields, and reduce costs and analysis time. The chapter also discusses barriers to adoption, such as technological, economic, and social factors, and proposes strategies to overcome them. Ultimately, it highlights the transformative potential of digital solutions for sustainable water management in the MENA region.International Water Management Institutehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1827392026-05-15T01:06:29Z2026-05-04T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Regional Strategic Roadmap: East Africa 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The IWMI East Africa Strategic Roadmap (2024–2030) positions water (security) as central to addressing the region’s toughest challenges: climate change, food insecurity, environmental degradation, and social fragility. Recognizing water as a systemic risk, the roadmap calls for integrated, climate-resilient, and inclusive solutions that cross sectors and borders. Moving beyond fragmented projects, IWMI embraces a bold, partnership-driven approach—connecting research, policy, and action. The roadmap draws on past successes in building robust data systems, managing droughts and floods, restoring ecosystems, and fostering shared waters dialogues. Five strategic priorities shape the agenda: sustaining ecosystems; advancing water security for livelihoods and economies; managing drought risks; mitigating flood risks; and deepening cooperation over shared waters. These priorities rest on a research-for-development model focused on co-design, national ownership, and scaling impact through strong partnerships. With phased implementation—from evidence-building to piloting, capacity development, and scaling—the roadmap champions gender equality, social inclusion, youth engagement, and digital innovation. Overall, it aims to turn science into action, empower decision-makers, and guide East Africa toward a water-secure, resilient, and equitable future.

2026-05-04T00:00:00ZInternational Water Management InstituteThe IWMI East Africa Strategic Roadmap (2024–2030) positions water (security) as central to addressing the region’s toughest challenges: climate change, food insecurity, environmental degradation, and social fragility. Recognizing water as a systemic risk, the roadmap calls for integrated, climate-resilient, and inclusive solutions that cross sectors and borders. Moving beyond fragmented projects, IWMI embraces a bold, partnership-driven approach—connecting research, policy, and action. The roadmap draws on past successes in building robust data systems, managing droughts and floods, restoring ecosystems, and fostering shared waters dialogues. Five strategic priorities shape the agenda: sustaining ecosystems; advancing water security for livelihoods and economies; managing drought risks; mitigating flood risks; and deepening cooperation over shared waters. These priorities rest on a research-for-development model focused on co-design, national ownership, and scaling impact through strong partnerships. With phased implementation—from evidence-building to piloting, capacity development, and scaling—the roadmap champions gender equality, social inclusion, youth engagement, and digital innovation. Overall, it aims to turn science into action, empower decision-makers, and guide East Africa toward a water-secure, resilient, and equitable future.Varshney, DeepakKhan, RamshaBanerjee, AnuragRavindranath, DarshiniDavda, AkashDesai, HimanshuPathak, MananBhat, PalakVala, Juhihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1827322026-05-05T01:02:53Z2026-05-04T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Technical and Financial Aspects of Solar Irrigation Pumps in India: Training Manual dc.contributor.author: Varshney, Deepak; Khan, Ramsha; Banerjee, Anurag; Ravindranath, Darshini; Davda, Akash; Desai, Himanshu; Pathak, Manan; Bhat, Palak; Vala, Juhi dcterms.abstract: The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) is a flagship initiative to promote solar energy in agriculture, reduce fossil fuel dependence, and enhance farmer livelihoods while contributing to India’s climate commitments. This training manual focuses on Component B (off-grid solar irrigation pumps) and Component C1 (grid-connected individual pumps), addressing key barriers to adoption such as limited awareness, uncertainty about technical performance, and low familiarity with financial procedures. Designed as a practical resource for agricultural extension agents and field-level stakeholders, the manual provides clear, field-oriented guidance on the technical and financial aspects of solar irrigation systems. It combines simplified technical explanations, farmer-friendly training tools, and case-based examples to support effective grassroots engagement. Particular emphasis is placed on enabling smallholder and women farmers to understand costs, benefits, operation, and maintenance of solar irrigation technologies. Developed under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) project, the training manual is part of a broader effort to institutionalize Energy Extension Agents and Citizen Service Centres. It will be piloted through a randomized controlled trial across 96 villages, supporting outreach to 1,280 farmers and generating evidence to scale sustainable and resilient solar irrigation solutions in India. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-05-04T00:00:00ZVarshney, DeepakKhan, RamshaBanerjee, AnuragRavindranath, DarshiniDavda, AkashDesai, HimanshuPathak, MananBhat, PalakVala, JuhiThe Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) is a flagship initiative to promote solar energy in agriculture, reduce fossil fuel dependence, and enhance farmer livelihoods while contributing to India’s climate commitments. This training manual focuses on Component B (off-grid solar irrigation pumps) and Component C1 (grid-connected individual pumps), addressing key barriers to adoption such as limited awareness, uncertainty about technical performance, and low familiarity with financial procedures. Designed as a practical resource for agricultural extension agents and field-level stakeholders, the manual provides clear, field-oriented guidance on the technical and financial aspects of solar irrigation systems. It combines simplified technical explanations, farmer-friendly training tools, and case-based examples to support effective grassroots engagement. Particular emphasis is placed on enabling smallholder and women farmers to understand costs, benefits, operation, and maintenance of solar irrigation technologies. Developed under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) project, the training manual is part of a broader effort to institutionalize Energy Extension Agents and Citizen Service Centres. It will be piloted through a randomized controlled trial across 96 villages, supporting outreach to 1,280 farmers and generating evidence to scale sustainable and resilient solar irrigation solutions in India.Sayedi, Sayedeh SaraSingh, Kunwar K.Fabrizio, Mary C.Nepal, Santoshhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1827262026-05-01T08:41:24Z2026-01-13T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Anthropogenic Drivers and Their Impact on the Hydrological Regime of Nepal: A Review dc.contributor.author: Sayedi, Sayedeh Sara; Singh, Kunwar K.; Fabrizio, Mary C.; Nepal, Santosh dcterms.abstract: Nepal’s hydrological regime, shaped by steep topography, monsoon-dominated rainfall, and extensive cryospheric systems, offers a useful testbed for understanding how climate change and human activities are reshaping water resources in mountain regions globally. Despite abundant water sources, Nepal faces persistent water security challenges driven by extreme seasonality, rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and rapid land-use change. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on anthropogenic drivers of hydrological change in Nepal and draw lessons relevant to other data-sparse, high-mountain and monsoon-influenced regions. We find that warming-induced glacial retreat, altered snowmelt timing, and changing monsoon dynamics are intensifying wet-season flood risks while heightening dry-season water scarcity, patterns increasingly observed across the Himalaya, Andes, and other mountain systems. Human activities, including urban expansion, agricultural intensification, hydropower, and extraction of sediments from rivers, further modify river flows, reduce groundwater recharge, and increase vulnerability to extremes. Yet major uncertainties persist, especially concerning high-elevation hydrology, permafrost dynamics, sediment extraction, and the cumulative impacts of expanding infrastructure. Nepal’s pronounced topographic and climatic gradients limit broad generalizations, underscoring the need for region-specific hydrological monitoring and modeling. These challenges mirror global limitations in mountain hydrology, where sparse observations and rapidly changing conditions constrain predictive capacity. By identifying key knowledge gaps and highlighting cascading impacts on agriculture, hydropower, domestic water supply, and aquatic ecosystems, this review emphasizes the urgency of strengthening monitoring networks and integrating uncertainty into water management and climate adaptation strategies. Nepal’s experience offers broader insights for countries facing similar pressures at the intersection of climate change, development, and fragile mountain water systems. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-01-13T00:00:00ZSayedi, Sayedeh SaraSingh, Kunwar K.Fabrizio, Mary C.Nepal, SantoshNepal’s hydrological regime, shaped by steep topography, monsoon-dominated rainfall, and extensive cryospheric systems, offers a useful testbed for understanding how climate change and human activities are reshaping water resources in mountain regions globally. Despite abundant water sources, Nepal faces persistent water security challenges driven by extreme seasonality, rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and rapid land-use change. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on anthropogenic drivers of hydrological change in Nepal and draw lessons relevant to other data-sparse, high-mountain and monsoon-influenced regions. We find that warming-induced glacial retreat, altered snowmelt timing, and changing monsoon dynamics are intensifying wet-season flood risks while heightening dry-season water scarcity, patterns increasingly observed across the Himalaya, Andes, and other mountain systems. Human activities, including urban expansion, agricultural intensification, hydropower, and extraction of sediments from rivers, further modify river flows, reduce groundwater recharge, and increase vulnerability to extremes. Yet major uncertainties persist, especially concerning high-elevation hydrology, permafrost dynamics, sediment extraction, and the cumulative impacts of expanding infrastructure. Nepal’s pronounced topographic and climatic gradients limit broad generalizations, underscoring the need for region-specific hydrological monitoring and modeling. These challenges mirror global limitations in mountain hydrology, where sparse observations and rapidly changing conditions constrain predictive capacity. By identifying key knowledge gaps and highlighting cascading impacts on agriculture, hydropower, domestic water supply, and aquatic ecosystems, this review emphasizes the urgency of strengthening monitoring networks and integrating uncertainty into water management and climate adaptation strategies. Nepal’s experience offers broader insights for countries facing similar pressures at the intersection of climate change, development, and fragile mountain water systems.Varshney, DeepakMukherji, AditiSharma, KritiBanerjee, AnuragSikka, Alokhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1827182026-04-30T04:53:29Z2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Solar Irrigation and Just Energy Transitions in Agriculture: Insights from Evaluation of Gujarat’s SKY Program dc.contributor.author: Varshney, Deepak; Mukherji, Aditi; Sharma, Kriti; Banerjee, Anurag; Sikka, Alok dcterms.abstract: Set against the backdrop of reducing agricultural emissions, improving smallholder livelihoods, and promoting sustainable groundwater use, this paper evaluates the Surya Shakti Kisan Yojana (SKY)—the world's first largescale grid-connected solar irrigation pump (SIP) scheme, launched in Gujarat, India in 2018. Using real-time monitoring data from 4321 farmers and a primary survey of 2435 farmers, the study addresses three core objectives. First, it examines the determinants of SKY participation and evaluates the scheme's technical performance, financial features, and income effects. Our findings reveal that financial constraints and risk aversion among smallholder farmers hinder scheme adoption. Farmers earn up to ₹ 21,917 (~USD 257) annually from electricity sales—43 % of their crop income—even after repaying an annual loan of ₹ 105,000 (~USD 1235). The simulation suggests that extending the loan repayment period from 7 to 10 years could nearly double farmers' income from energy sales. Second, the study assesses SKY's impact on energy use for groundwater extraction. During the Rabi (dry) season, SKY-enrolled farmers show significantly slower growth in energy consumption than non-enrolled farmers, indicating more sustainable water use. No such difference is observed in the Kharif (monsoon) season. Third, it estimates SKY's climate mitigation potential. Each participant offsets about 12.34 metric tons of CO2 annually—over twice the impact of off-grid systems—yielding 53,308 metric tons of CO2 abatement across 4321 farmers. These findings demonstrates grid-connected SIP as a scalable, climate-aligned model for energy transitions in the Global South, offering practical insights for integrated energy-water-livelihood strategies.

2026-03-01T00:00:00ZVarshney, DeepakMukherji, AditiSharma, KritiBanerjee, AnuragSikka, AlokSet against the backdrop of reducing agricultural emissions, improving smallholder livelihoods, and promoting sustainable groundwater use, this paper evaluates the Surya Shakti Kisan Yojana (SKY)—the world's first largescale grid-connected solar irrigation pump (SIP) scheme, launched in Gujarat, India in 2018. Using real-time monitoring data from 4321 farmers and a primary survey of 2435 farmers, the study addresses three core objectives. First, it examines the determinants of SKY participation and evaluates the scheme's technical performance, financial features, and income effects. Our findings reveal that financial constraints and risk aversion among smallholder farmers hinder scheme adoption. Farmers earn up to ₹ 21,917 (~USD 257) annually from electricity sales—43 % of their crop income—even after repaying an annual loan of ₹ 105,000 (~USD 1235). The simulation suggests that extending the loan repayment period from 7 to 10 years could nearly double farmers' income from energy sales. Second, the study assesses SKY's impact on energy use for groundwater extraction. During the Rabi (dry) season, SKY-enrolled farmers show significantly slower growth in energy consumption than non-enrolled farmers, indicating more sustainable water use. No such difference is observed in the Kharif (monsoon) season. Third, it estimates SKY's climate mitigation potential. Each participant offsets about 12.34 metric tons of CO2 annually—over twice the impact of off-grid systems—yielding 53,308 metric tons of CO2 abatement across 4321 farmers. These findings demonstrates grid-connected SIP as a scalable, climate-aligned model for energy transitions in the Global South, offering practical insights for integrated energy-water-livelihood strategies.Salmawobil, JosephZane, GiuliaAppiah, SarahGbodji, Kekeli KofiAkosua, RichealTaron, AvinandanBuisson, Marie-Charlottehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1827072026-05-01T01:08:41Z2026-04-29T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Business Case: Sustainable Tilapia Aquaculture in the North East Region of Ghana dc.contributor.author: Salmawobil, Joseph; Zane, Giulia; Appiah, Sarah; Gbodji, Kekeli Kofi; Akosua, Richeal; Taron, Avinandan; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte dcterms.abstract: The report presents a business case for tilapia cage aquaculture in small reservoirs in the Northeast Region of Ghana. It responds to declining capture fisheries, limited access to affordable protein, and underutilized water resources in a region where water is scarce, and poverty and food insecurity are high. Piloted in 2023-2025 by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in partnership with the CSIR Water Research Institute and the Fisheries Commission of Ghana, four youth-led aquaculture groups were established and supported with inputs, training, and technical assistance. Findings show that the model is technically feasible, socially inclusive, and environmentally compatible with other reservoir uses. The Business Model Canvas highlights strong partnerships, clear value propositions (fresh, high-quality fish), and diversified revenue streams, though costs, especially feed and labor, remain high. The SWOT analysis identifies key strengths such as trained members and strong teamwork, while weaknesses include limited finances, high input costs, and logistical constraints. Cost-benefit analysis reveals that initial production cycles were not profitable once full costs (including labor) were considered, mainly due to inefficiencies such as poor feed management, inaccurate weighing, and post-harvest losses. However, correcting these inefficiencies could significantly improve outcomes, with some groups reaching break-even or profitability. Long-term projections indicate strong potential: at realistic market prices, the model achieves positive net present value and favorable benefit-cost ratios, suggesting financial viability over time. Overall, the study concludes that small-reservoir aquaculture can become a scalable, inclusive livelihood model. Key recommendations include reducing input costs (e.g., local feed production), strengthening infrastructure and market access, and continuing technical support to improve efficiency and sustainability. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods

2026-04-29T00:00:00ZSalmawobil, JosephZane, GiuliaAppiah, SarahGbodji, Kekeli KofiAkosua, RichealTaron, AvinandanBuisson, Marie-CharlotteThe report presents a business case for tilapia cage aquaculture in small reservoirs in the Northeast Region of Ghana. It responds to declining capture fisheries, limited access to affordable protein, and underutilized water resources in a region where water is scarce, and poverty and food insecurity are high. Piloted in 2023-2025 by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in partnership with the CSIR Water Research Institute and the Fisheries Commission of Ghana, four youth-led aquaculture groups were established and supported with inputs, training, and technical assistance. Findings show that the model is technically feasible, socially inclusive, and environmentally compatible with other reservoir uses. The Business Model Canvas highlights strong partnerships, clear value propositions (fresh, high-quality fish), and diversified revenue streams, though costs, especially feed and labor, remain high. The SWOT analysis identifies key strengths such as trained members and strong teamwork, while weaknesses include limited finances, high input costs, and logistical constraints. Cost-benefit analysis reveals that initial production cycles were not profitable once full costs (including labor) were considered, mainly due to inefficiencies such as poor feed management, inaccurate weighing, and post-harvest losses. However, correcting these inefficiencies could significantly improve outcomes, with some groups reaching break-even or profitability. Long-term projections indicate strong potential: at realistic market prices, the model achieves positive net present value and favorable benefit-cost ratios, suggesting financial viability over time. Overall, the study concludes that small-reservoir aquaculture can become a scalable, inclusive livelihood model. Key recommendations include reducing input costs (e.g., local feed production), strengthening infrastructure and market access, and continuing technical support to improve efficiency and sustainability.Omondi, JoshuaTK, ChristiNkosi, MahlatseKamanda, Joseyhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1826952026-05-04T13:04:14Z2026-04-29T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Scaling Agtech Innovation Bundles Across African Markets dc.contributor.author: Omondi, Joshua; TK, Christi; Nkosi, Mahlatse; Kamanda, Josey dcterms.abstract: This report provides an applied overview of the agtech innovation landscape across Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and Zambia, with a focus on how innovation bundles can support more resilient, productive, and inclusive agrifood systems. It examines three priority areas: irrigation technologies, soil and water management, and circular water and nutrient management. These areas address core constraints affecting African agriculture, including limited water access, declining soil fertility, low productivity, climate vulnerability, infrastructure gaps, and weak market integration. Using an adapted Adaptive Scaling Ecosystem (ASEco) framework, the report assesses how innovations are positioned across different market contexts and what is required for them to scale. It combines quantitative market and investment data, desk-based reviews, and qualitative insights from key informant interviews with innovators, investors, and ecosystem actors. The analysis maps companies, funding flows, product bundling strategies, country-level enabling conditions, and real-world case studies from firms such as Mechro, Rhea Africa, AgroCares, Sistema.bio, Lersha, and Emerging Cooking Solutions. The report serves as a decision-support tool for the CGIAR Scaling for Impact Program and related partners. It identifies viable scaling pathways, financing needs, policy considerations, and ecosystem interventions needed to accelerate market-driven agtech solutions across African food, land, and water systems. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-04-29T00:00:00ZOmondi, JoshuaTK, ChristiNkosi, MahlatseKamanda, JoseyThis report provides an applied overview of the agtech innovation landscape across Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and Zambia, with a focus on how innovation bundles can support more resilient, productive, and inclusive agrifood systems. It examines three priority areas: irrigation technologies, soil and water management, and circular water and nutrient management. These areas address core constraints affecting African agriculture, including limited water access, declining soil fertility, low productivity, climate vulnerability, infrastructure gaps, and weak market integration. Using an adapted Adaptive Scaling Ecosystem (ASEco) framework, the report assesses how innovations are positioned across different market contexts and what is required for them to scale. It combines quantitative market and investment data, desk-based reviews, and qualitative insights from key informant interviews with innovators, investors, and ecosystem actors. The analysis maps companies, funding flows, product bundling strategies, country-level enabling conditions, and real-world case studies from firms such as Mechro, Rhea Africa, AgroCares, Sistema.bio, Lersha, and Emerging Cooking Solutions. The report serves as a decision-support tool for the CGIAR Scaling for Impact Program and related partners. It identifies viable scaling pathways, financing needs, policy considerations, and ecosystem interventions needed to accelerate market-driven agtech solutions across African food, land, and water systems.Davies, StephenAli, Muhammad TahirAkram, IqraHafeez, MohsinRingler, Claudiahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1826942026-05-11T17:50:48Z2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Securing a resilient future for Pakistan: How hydro-economic modeling guides evidence-based adaptation dc.contributor.author: Davies, Stephen; Ali, Muhammad Tahir; Akram, Iqra; Hafeez, Mohsin; Ringler, Claudia dcterms.abstract: Pakistan’s water crisis has steadily evolved into a binding constraint on economic growth, food security, and climate resilience. Behind this crisis lie the tightly coupled challenges of rapid groundwater depletion, rising energy costs for pumping, overreliance on water-intensive crops such as rice and sugarcane, and increasing climate variability. This calls for solutions that recognize the water–energy–food–environment (WEFE) nexus. For years, policy discussions acknowledged these interlinkages; yet decision-making largely relied on sector-by-sector evidence, making it difficult to anticipate economywide consequences of water-related reforms. What was missing was a nationally relevant hydro-economic framework capable of quantifying trade-offs, synergies, and distributional effects of alternative policy pathways. Policymakers and researchers have long understood this need but have taken limited steps to develop such a framework until recently – with the development and launch of the Hydro-Economic Decision Support System. cg.contributor.initiative: NEXUS Gains cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-04-28T00:00:00ZDavies, StephenAli, Muhammad TahirAkram, IqraHafeez, MohsinRingler, ClaudiaPakistan’s water crisis has steadily evolved into a binding constraint on economic growth, food security, and climate resilience. Behind this crisis lie the tightly coupled challenges of rapid groundwater depletion, rising energy costs for pumping, overreliance on water-intensive crops such as rice and sugarcane, and increasing climate variability. This calls for solutions that recognize the water–energy–food–environment (WEFE) nexus. For years, policy discussions acknowledged these interlinkages; yet decision-making largely relied on sector-by-sector evidence, making it difficult to anticipate economywide consequences of water-related reforms. What was missing was a nationally relevant hydro-economic framework capable of quantifying trade-offs, synergies, and distributional effects of alternative policy pathways. Policymakers and researchers have long understood this need but have taken limited steps to develop such a framework until recently – with the development and launch of the Hydro-Economic Decision Support System.International Water Management Institutehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1826902026-04-29T03:08:12Z2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Country Strategic Roadmap: Nepal 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: IWMI’s Nepal Strategic Roadmap 2024–2030 sets out an ambitious agenda for research, innovation, and partnerships to advance water security, climate resilience, and inclusive development in Nepal. Aligned with national priorities—including the 16th Five-Year Plan, the National Irrigation Policy, the Food System Transformation Strategic Plan, NDC 3.0, and the National Adaptation Plan—the roadmap positions water as a foundation for growth, food security, resilient livelihoods, ecosystem health, equality, and long-term prosperity. It responds to Nepal’s priorities for socio‑economic transformation, effective governance, and resilient development amid evolving political‑economy and environmental drivers. The roadmap addresses key water systems challenges—from drying springs and seasonal water stress to climate and disaster risks, irrigation gaps, weak governance amid rapid urbanization and federalism, and persistent inequalities affecting women, youth, smallholder farmers, and marginalized groups. The roadmap identifies six strategic priorities for 2024–2030: strengthening resilience through water systems management; energizing water and food systems through low-emission technologies; advancing transformative and inclusive water governance; embedding gender equality, disability and social inclusion across water systems; accelerating agrifood system transformation through irrigation modernization and innovation; and scaling nature-based solutions and integrated river basin management. Through these strategic priorities, IWMI will work with government, communities, academic and knowledge‑system partners, development partners, civil society, and the private sector to co‑create knowledge and evidence, strengthen institutions, and scale solutions for a resilient, equitable, and water‑secure Nepal.

2026-04-28T00:00:00ZInternational Water Management InstituteIWMI’s Nepal Strategic Roadmap 2024–2030 sets out an ambitious agenda for research, innovation, and partnerships to advance water security, climate resilience, and inclusive development in Nepal. Aligned with national priorities—including the 16th Five-Year Plan, the National Irrigation Policy, the Food System Transformation Strategic Plan, NDC 3.0, and the National Adaptation Plan—the roadmap positions water as a foundation for growth, food security, resilient livelihoods, ecosystem health, equality, and long-term prosperity. It responds to Nepal’s priorities for socio‑economic transformation, effective governance, and resilient development amid evolving political‑economy and environmental drivers. The roadmap addresses key water systems challenges—from drying springs and seasonal water stress to climate and disaster risks, irrigation gaps, weak governance amid rapid urbanization and federalism, and persistent inequalities affecting women, youth, smallholder farmers, and marginalized groups. The roadmap identifies six strategic priorities for 2024–2030: strengthening resilience through water systems management; energizing water and food systems through low-emission technologies; advancing transformative and inclusive water governance; embedding gender equality, disability and social inclusion across water systems; accelerating agrifood system transformation through irrigation modernization and innovation; and scaling nature-based solutions and integrated river basin management. Through these strategic priorities, IWMI will work with government, communities, academic and knowledge‑system partners, development partners, civil society, and the private sector to co‑create knowledge and evidence, strengthen institutions, and scale solutions for a resilient, equitable, and water‑secure Nepal.Codjia, Audrey Kantz DossouAkpoti, KomlaviDembélé, MoctarYonaba, RolandFowe, TazenOrowale, Triumph ProsperKoissi, Modeste G. Déo-GratiasZwart, Sander J.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1826812026-04-28T03:46:33Z2026-06-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Satellite Remote Sensing for Estimating Reservoir Physical Characteristics: A Global Review of Existing Methodologies for Operational Monitoring dc.contributor.author: Codjia, Audrey Kantz Dossou; Akpoti, Komlavi; Dembélé, Moctar; Yonaba, Roland; Fowe, Tazen; Orowale, Triumph Prosper; Koissi, Modeste G. Déo-Gratias; Zwart, Sander J. dcterms.abstract: Accurate and timely estimates of reservoir surface area, water level, and volume are essential for water resource management. Yet no recent synthesis compares the remote sensing methods used to obtain these physical characteristics. This study evaluates peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to 2025 that derived any of the three characteristics from satellite data to identify reliable techniques and operational gaps. A total of 169 cases of surface area mapping (88), water level retrieval (49), and volume estimation (32) were analyzed from 106 articles across more than 60 countries. Each case was classified according to its physical characteristics, approach, sensor, and validation method. Surface area is typically mapped using optical imagery (76 %). Threshold indices dominate at 63 %. Meanwhile, machine and deep learning methods are being used more frequently to provide more accurate classifications. Water levels are usually obtained from radar altimetry (67 %) followed by areaelevation models (30 %). Volume is most often computed using combined area-elevation approaches (60 %), followed by water level-volume regressions (25 %) and area-volume curves (15 %), with average errors of up to 10 %. Three critical gaps emerge: only 11 % of studies address reservoirs smaller than 1 km2 , turbid or vegetated waters incur estimation errors, and only a few studies use sensors with a revisit time of three days or less, which limits real-time management. Although fusion of several sensor data is demonstrably more accurate, it remains rare. These insights guide managers and future research directions to enable automated, high-resolution monitoring of both large and small reservoirs.

2026-06-01T00:00:00ZCodjia, Audrey Kantz DossouAkpoti, KomlaviDembélé, MoctarYonaba, RolandFowe, TazenOrowale, Triumph ProsperKoissi, Modeste G. Déo-GratiasZwart, Sander J.Accurate and timely estimates of reservoir surface area, water level, and volume are essential for water resource management. Yet no recent synthesis compares the remote sensing methods used to obtain these physical characteristics. This study evaluates peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to 2025 that derived any of the three characteristics from satellite data to identify reliable techniques and operational gaps. A total of 169 cases of surface area mapping (88), water level retrieval (49), and volume estimation (32) were analyzed from 106 articles across more than 60 countries. Each case was classified according to its physical characteristics, approach, sensor, and validation method. Surface area is typically mapped using optical imagery (76 %). Threshold indices dominate at 63 %. Meanwhile, machine and deep learning methods are being used more frequently to provide more accurate classifications. Water levels are usually obtained from radar altimetry (67 %) followed by areaelevation models (30 %). Volume is most often computed using combined area-elevation approaches (60 %), followed by water level-volume regressions (25 %) and area-volume curves (15 %), with average errors of up to 10 %. Three critical gaps emerge: only 11 % of studies address reservoirs smaller than 1 km2 , turbid or vegetated waters incur estimation errors, and only a few studies use sensors with a revisit time of three days or less, which limits real-time management. Although fusion of several sensor data is demonstrably more accurate, it remains rare. These insights guide managers and future research directions to enable automated, high-resolution monitoring of both large and small reservoirs.International Water Management Institutehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1826502026-04-28T08:33:34Z2026-04-27T00:00:00Z

dc.title: IWMI in India - fact sheet dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute

2026-04-27T00:00:00ZInternational Water Management InstituteBhattacharjee, SuchiradiptaNicol, Alanhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1826442026-04-27T05:56:10Z2026-04-27T00:00:00Z

dc.title: How AI Helped Promote Community-Led Development in Rajasthan dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Nicol, Alan cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-04-27T00:00:00ZBhattacharjee, SuchiradiptaNicol, AlanShrestha, ShisherKarki, DarshanAryal, MamataBuchy, Marlenehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825982026-05-04T06:05:56Z2026-08-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Unpacking the Challenges of Solar Lift Irrigation in Nepal’s Mid-Hills: Toward a Sustainable Energy-Water Solution dc.contributor.author: Shrestha, Shisher; Karki, Darshan; Aryal, Mamata; Buchy, Marlene dcterms.abstract: Solar Lift Irrigation (SLI) presents a promising water-energy-food nexus solution, especially in off-grid, low-income countries with mountainous terrain. Yet adoption and scaling remain limited. This study examines barriers to the clean energy adoption for irrigation and identifies Critical Success Factors (CSFs) influencing SLI sustainability. The study draws on qualitative evidence from thirteen SLI projects across eight districts in Nepal, based on primary data collected through nine group discussions and nineteen semi-structured interviews with multiple stakeholder groups. The analysis identifies seven interdependent CSFs: detailed feasibility study, cost of technology, farm income, transparency, synergies, ownership, and operation and management (O&M) plan. We find that the successful adoption of technological innovations like SLI depends on a host of interrelated factors that cannot be addressed in isolation. Yet our study reveals that SLI projects often prioritize techno-financial dimensions while governance and social dimensions are neglected. For long-term sustainability, it is imperative to understand and balance all dimensions of the project, fostering an enabling environment that supports technological adoption. Addressing the interlinkages among these CSFs can strengthen SLI sustainability through an integrated approach linking energy and water access with rural livelihood. The findings highlight three policy priorities: formalizing inter-governmental coordination, establishing dedicated post-installation maintenance funding, and integrating SLI projects with agricultural value chains. These insights are relevant for similar off-grid contexts across the Global South. cg.contributor.initiative: NEXUS Gains cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Climate Action; Policy Innovations

2026-08-01T00:00:00ZShrestha, ShisherKarki, DarshanAryal, MamataBuchy, MarleneSolar Lift Irrigation (SLI) presents a promising water-energy-food nexus solution, especially in off-grid, low-income countries with mountainous terrain. Yet adoption and scaling remain limited. This study examines barriers to the clean energy adoption for irrigation and identifies Critical Success Factors (CSFs) influencing SLI sustainability. The study draws on qualitative evidence from thirteen SLI projects across eight districts in Nepal, based on primary data collected through nine group discussions and nineteen semi-structured interviews with multiple stakeholder groups. The analysis identifies seven interdependent CSFs: detailed feasibility study, cost of technology, farm income, transparency, synergies, ownership, and operation and management (O&M) plan. We find that the successful adoption of technological innovations like SLI depends on a host of interrelated factors that cannot be addressed in isolation. Yet our study reveals that SLI projects often prioritize techno-financial dimensions while governance and social dimensions are neglected. For long-term sustainability, it is imperative to understand and balance all dimensions of the project, fostering an enabling environment that supports technological adoption. Addressing the interlinkages among these CSFs can strengthen SLI sustainability through an integrated approach linking energy and water access with rural livelihood. The findings highlight three policy priorities: formalizing inter-governmental coordination, establishing dedicated post-installation maintenance funding, and integrating SLI projects with agricultural value chains. These insights are relevant for similar off-grid contexts across the Global South.International Water Management Institutehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825922026-04-24T01:06:58Z2026-04-23T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Country Strategic Roadmap: Pakistan 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The Pakistan Country Strategic Roadmap 2024–2030 outlines a comprehensive, science-driven framework to address the country’s growing water, climate, and development challenges. Set against the backdrop of increasing water scarcity, climate variability, rapid population growth, and institutional complexities, the strategy positions water as central to Pakistan’s food security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. Building on nearly four decades of engagement, IWMI’s roadmap emphasizes evidence-based decision-making, strengthened governance, and integrated approaches across the water–energy–food–environment nexus. It identifies four strategic priority areas: irrigation modernization and food security; integrated river basin management; climate resilience and livelihoods improvement; and wastewater reuse within a circular water economy. These are supported by cross-cutting commitments to capacity building, gender equality, youth engagement, and social inclusion. The roadmap adopts a phased, partnership-driven implementation model, focusing on co-design with government institutions, embedding analytical tools and data systems, and scaling proven solutions. It highlights IWMI’s role as a trusted research-for-development partner, bridging science, policy, and practice. Overall, the strategy aims to enable Pakistan’s transition toward a water-secure, climate-resilient, and inclusive future through actionable evidence, institutional strengthening, and collaborative partnerships at national and sub-national levels.

2026-04-23T00:00:00ZInternational Water Management InstituteThe Pakistan Country Strategic Roadmap 2024–2030 outlines a comprehensive, science-driven framework to address the country’s growing water, climate, and development challenges. Set against the backdrop of increasing water scarcity, climate variability, rapid population growth, and institutional complexities, the strategy positions water as central to Pakistan’s food security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. Building on nearly four decades of engagement, IWMI’s roadmap emphasizes evidence-based decision-making, strengthened governance, and integrated approaches across the water–energy–food–environment nexus. It identifies four strategic priority areas: irrigation modernization and food security; integrated river basin management; climate resilience and livelihoods improvement; and wastewater reuse within a circular water economy. These are supported by cross-cutting commitments to capacity building, gender equality, youth engagement, and social inclusion. The roadmap adopts a phased, partnership-driven implementation model, focusing on co-design with government institutions, embedding analytical tools and data systems, and scaling proven solutions. It highlights IWMI’s role as a trusted research-for-development partner, bridging science, policy, and practice. Overall, the strategy aims to enable Pakistan’s transition toward a water-secure, climate-resilient, and inclusive future through actionable evidence, institutional strengthening, and collaborative partnerships at national and sub-national levels.Gul, NazarAshraf, MuhammadSalam, Hafiz Abdulhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825912026-04-22T17:23:04Z2026-03-18T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Tharparkar Desert Flora: Resilient Ecological System dc.contributor.author: Gul, Nazar; Ashraf, Muhammad; Salam, Hafiz Abdul dcterms.abstract: Discover the unique flora of the Tharparkar Desert, a resilient ecological system that supports diverse plant species essential for soil conservation, dune stabilization, and the livelihoods of local communities. Learn how these plants provide food, medicine, fuel, and income. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-03-18T00:00:00ZGul, NazarAshraf, MuhammadSalam, Hafiz AbdulDiscover the unique flora of the Tharparkar Desert, a resilient ecological system that supports diverse plant species essential for soil conservation, dune stabilization, and the livelihoods of local communities. Learn how these plants provide food, medicine, fuel, and income.Memon, Shamim AraShaikh, Irfan AhmedTalpur, Mashooque AliJunejo, Abdul RahimMangrio, Munir AhmedGul, NazarKhan, Zaheer AhmedSalam, Hafiz AbdulAshraf, Muhammadhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825832026-04-22T13:32:30Z2026-04-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Validating the Efficiency of the AquaCrop Model Under Full and Deficit Irrigation Regimes to Simulate Future Climate Impacts on Wheat Crop dc.contributor.author: Memon, Shamim Ara; Shaikh, Irfan Ahmed; Talpur, Mashooque Ali; Junejo, Abdul Rahim; Mangrio, Munir Ahmed; Gul, Nazar; Khan, Zaheer Ahmed; Salam, Hafiz Abdul; Ashraf, Muhammad dcterms.abstract: Wheat yield and water demand are affected by the ongoing disturbance of climatic factors and greenhouse gases (GHG). As a result, the AquaCrop model's ability to anticipate climate change impacts on wheat harvests under full and deficit irrigation regimes in Sindh, Pakistan, was evaluated using wheat trials conducted between 2018 and 2020. However, for its validation, the results of the deficit irrigation treatment ITS50 (50% controlled irrigation at the tillering stage) for both seasons were employed. The model efficiently estimated yield with a normalised root-mean-square error (NRMSE) of 13% and 17%, a Willmott's d-index of 98% and a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NME) of 95% under full and deficit irrigation treatments, respectively. The simulation results revealed an adverse effect of climate change on the yield and water productivity of wheat. Over the century, the model predicted an increase of 6% to 7% in wheat yield under full (well-watered) irrigation and a decrease of 10 to 12% in 25% reduced water applied depth (RAD) and 21% to 24% under 50% RAD scenarios for both representative concentration pathway RCPs (4.5 and 8.5). The overall wheat water productivity increased under a well-watered irrigation regime by 16% in RCP8.5 compared with RCP4.5. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-04-01T00:00:00ZMemon, Shamim AraShaikh, Irfan AhmedTalpur, Mashooque AliJunejo, Abdul RahimMangrio, Munir AhmedGul, NazarKhan, Zaheer AhmedSalam, Hafiz AbdulAshraf, MuhammadWheat yield and water demand are affected by the ongoing disturbance of climatic factors and greenhouse gases (GHG). As a result, the AquaCrop model's ability to anticipate climate change impacts on wheat harvests under full and deficit irrigation regimes in Sindh, Pakistan, was evaluated using wheat trials conducted between 2018 and 2020. However, for its validation, the results of the deficit irrigation treatment ITS50 (50% controlled irrigation at the tillering stage) for both seasons were employed. The model efficiently estimated yield with a normalised root-mean-square error (NRMSE) of 13% and 17%, a Willmott's d-index of 98% and a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NME) of 95% under full and deficit irrigation treatments, respectively. The simulation results revealed an adverse effect of climate change on the yield and water productivity of wheat. Over the century, the model predicted an increase of 6% to 7% in wheat yield under full (well-watered) irrigation and a decrease of 10 to 12% in 25% reduced water applied depth (RAD) and 21% to 24% under 50% RAD scenarios for both representative concentration pathway RCPs (4.5 and 8.5). The overall wheat water productivity increased under a well-watered irrigation regime by 16% in RCP8.5 compared with RCP4.5.Adhikari, AashikaKarki, DarshanShrestha, ShisherKC, Jibeshhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825722026-04-23T01:05:59Z2026-04-22T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Sunlight to Sustenance: Early Implementation Insights from a Solar-Grid Lift System Pilot in Nepal’s Mid-Hills dc.contributor.author: Adhikari, Aashika; Karki, Darshan; Shrestha, Shisher; KC, Jibesh dcterms.abstract: This technical brief presents early insights from a pilot solar-grid lift system (SLS) implemented in Bisdeutar, a remote and marginalized Majhi community in Indrawati Rural Municipality, Nepal. The intervention addresses chronic water scarcity exacerbated by climate change, difficult terrain, and limited infrastructure. Designed as a multiple-use system, the SLS supplies both domestic and irrigation water, lifting over 90,000 liters daily and serving 55 households. The study highlights that strong community engagement, in-kind contributions, and continuous social mobilization are critical for successful adoption. Capacity-building, agricultural support, and stakeholder collaboration including local government involvement are essential for long-term sustainability. Early outcomes show improved water access, reduced workload for women, increased cropping intensity, and emerging livelihood opportunities such as vegetable farming and beekeeping. The intervention has also enhanced disaster preparedness and strengthened community initiative in accessing external support. Overall, the pilot demonstrates that integrated, context-specific water solutions can generate broader socio-economic and environmental benefits, emphasizing the importance of combining technological innovation with institutional support and local ownership. cg.contributor.initiative: NEXUS Gains; Mixed Farming Systems cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Climate Action; Policy Innovations

2026-04-22T00:00:00ZAdhikari, AashikaKarki, DarshanShrestha, ShisherKC, JibeshThis technical brief presents early insights from a pilot solar-grid lift system (SLS) implemented in Bisdeutar, a remote and marginalized Majhi community in Indrawati Rural Municipality, Nepal. The intervention addresses chronic water scarcity exacerbated by climate change, difficult terrain, and limited infrastructure. Designed as a multiple-use system, the SLS supplies both domestic and irrigation water, lifting over 90,000 liters daily and serving 55 households. The study highlights that strong community engagement, in-kind contributions, and continuous social mobilization are critical for successful adoption. Capacity-building, agricultural support, and stakeholder collaboration including local government involvement are essential for long-term sustainability. Early outcomes show improved water access, reduced workload for women, increased cropping intensity, and emerging livelihood opportunities such as vegetable farming and beekeeping. The intervention has also enhanced disaster preparedness and strengthened community initiative in accessing external support. Overall, the pilot demonstrates that integrated, context-specific water solutions can generate broader socio-economic and environmental benefits, emphasizing the importance of combining technological innovation with institutional support and local ownership.Enokenwa Baa, OjongetakahChinyophiro, AmonNortje, Karenhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825712026-04-23T08:31:27Z2026-04-22T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Gender Action Learning System Assessment: Insights on How Inclusive Innovations Shape Gender Transformative Outcomes dc.contributor.author: Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Chinyophiro, Amon; Nortje, Karen dcterms.abstract: The Gender Action Learning System (GALS) is a household and community-led transformative tool that offers researchers and practitioners a guide to drive inclusive transformation across food systems. The GALS assessment conducted under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) program in Malawi evaluates how inclusive innovations drive gender-transformative outcomes in scaling climate-smart agriculture. This study engaged 1,417 participants—78% women—representing 4,095 households trained under the CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi). Using mixed methods (household surveys and Most Significant Change stories), the assessment found that GALS fosters equitable decision-making, agency, and climate resilience. Results show 87% of participants improved visioning and goal setting, 64% strengthened gender equality awareness, and 62% enhanced financial management. Joint household decision-making rose from 74–82% across domains such as farming, finance, and education, while women’s leadership and participation increased markedly. Adoption of climate-smart practices was high—96% for manure use and tree planting, 95% for crop rotation, and 93% for irrigation—demonstrating GALS’ effectiveness in promoting sustainable agriculture. Despite strong household and community uptake, institutional adoption remains limited (24%), signaling the need for integration into governance and partner systems. The report recommends strengthening facilitation capacity, linking GALS to economic empowerment initiatives, and embedding it in local institutions. Overall, GALS provides a scalable, self-sustaining methodology for gender-equitable innovation and climate-smart transformation. cg.contributor.initiative: Diversification in East and Southern Africa cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-04-22T00:00:00ZEnokenwa Baa, OjongetakahChinyophiro, AmonNortje, KarenThe Gender Action Learning System (GALS) is a household and community-led transformative tool that offers researchers and practitioners a guide to drive inclusive transformation across food systems. The GALS assessment conducted under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) program in Malawi evaluates how inclusive innovations drive gender-transformative outcomes in scaling climate-smart agriculture. This study engaged 1,417 participants—78% women—representing 4,095 households trained under the CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi). Using mixed methods (household surveys and Most Significant Change stories), the assessment found that GALS fosters equitable decision-making, agency, and climate resilience. Results show 87% of participants improved visioning and goal setting, 64% strengthened gender equality awareness, and 62% enhanced financial management. Joint household decision-making rose from 74–82% across domains such as farming, finance, and education, while women’s leadership and participation increased markedly. Adoption of climate-smart practices was high—96% for manure use and tree planting, 95% for crop rotation, and 93% for irrigation—demonstrating GALS’ effectiveness in promoting sustainable agriculture. Despite strong household and community uptake, institutional adoption remains limited (24%), signaling the need for integration into governance and partner systems. The report recommends strengthening facilitation capacity, linking GALS to economic empowerment initiatives, and embedding it in local institutions. Overall, GALS provides a scalable, self-sustaining methodology for gender-equitable innovation and climate-smart transformation.Smith, JoNaher, Umme AminunDahal, Khem RajHasan, Md MahmodolRahman, Md MizanurSmith, PeteBhusal, MukundaWardle, JenniferBittner, DominikChukwu, VinceAdhya, TapanAdhikari, Raj KumarAkter, MasudaCampbell, Grant A.Gaihre, Yam KantaHossain, A. T. M. SakhawatIslam, Md NurulKhan, Mehedi HasanMaharjan, SaluMekuria, WoldeMia, RiponMoges, AwdenegestNalavade, RujutaNamaswa, TimothyPanhwar, Qurban AliTumwesige, VianneyVista, Shree PrasadYakob, GetahunZuan, Ali Tan Keehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825632026-04-21T10:08:20Z2026-04-13T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Low-Cost and Labour-Efficient Innovations in Household Recycling of Organic Wastes for Soil Improvement dc.contributor.author: Smith, Jo; Naher, Umme Aminun; Dahal, Khem Raj; Hasan, Md Mahmodol; Rahman, Md Mizanur; Smith, Pete; Bhusal, Mukunda; Wardle, Jennifer; Bittner, Dominik; Chukwu, Vince; Adhya, Tapan; Adhikari, Raj Kumar; Akter, Masuda; Campbell, Grant A.; Gaihre, Yam Kanta; Hossain, A. T. M. Sakhawat; Islam, Md Nurul; Khan, Mehedi Hasan; Maharjan, Salu; Mekuria, Wolde; Mia, Ripon; Moges, Awdenegest; Nalavade, Rujuta; Namaswa, Timothy; Panhwar, Qurban Ali; Tumwesige, Vianney; Vista, Shree Prasad; Yakob, Getahun; Zuan, Ali Tan Kee dcterms.abstract: Organic matter plays an important role in the health and productivity of soils, but its depletion is a common problem in households in low-income countries. This is due to lack of and competing uses for organic resources, and limited information on recycling methods. Therefore, here we review low-cost and labour-efficient innovations to improve recycling of organic wastes, stabilising residues so that soil organic matter can be increased with less inputs and enhancing nutrient content to produce a more effective organic fertiliser. Composting, anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis are all processes that stabilise organic matter. Innovations in treatments are needed to improve stabilization and control the release of nutrients so that they are available to crops in the right amounts and at the right time. This can be achieved by maintaining appropriate treatment conditions: for composting, carbon to nitrogen ratio 25–35, carbon to phosphorus ratio ∼50, pH 5.5–8.5 and 50%–60% moisture content; for anaerobic digestion, carbon to nitrogen ratio 20–35, bulk density 0.6–0.8 g cm−3, lignin content < 7.5%, pH 6.8–7.4 and moisture content 85%–95%; and for pyrolysis, carbon to nitrogen > 40 and moisture content < 20%. Different methods to achieve these ideal conditions are discussed, including appropriate choice of treatment method, co-composting/co-digestion for ideal nutrient content, enhancing nutrients using collected urine, nitrogen-fixing plants, bioslurry or by inoculating with bacterial communities, absorbing excess nutrients on biochar, adjusting pH using wood ash or biochar, pre-treatment to break down lignin and cellulose, and designs to achieve ideal moisture and temperature. Innovations should also ensure that treatment processes do not overuse or compete with other important household resources, such as finances, water or labour. We draw together findings to identify methods with most potential to improve soils in low-income countries, providing decision tables to guide selection of approaches for different contexts.

2026-04-13T00:00:00ZSmith, JoNaher, Umme AminunDahal, Khem RajHasan, Md MahmodolRahman, Md MizanurSmith, PeteBhusal, MukundaWardle, JenniferBittner, DominikChukwu, VinceAdhya, TapanAdhikari, Raj KumarAkter, MasudaCampbell, Grant A.Gaihre, Yam KantaHossain, A. T. M. SakhawatIslam, Md NurulKhan, Mehedi HasanMaharjan, SaluMekuria, WoldeMia, RiponMoges, AwdenegestNalavade, RujutaNamaswa, TimothyPanhwar, Qurban AliTumwesige, VianneyVista, Shree PrasadYakob, GetahunZuan, Ali Tan KeeOrganic matter plays an important role in the health and productivity of soils, but its depletion is a common problem in households in low-income countries. This is due to lack of and competing uses for organic resources, and limited information on recycling methods. Therefore, here we review low-cost and labour-efficient innovations to improve recycling of organic wastes, stabilising residues so that soil organic matter can be increased with less inputs and enhancing nutrient content to produce a more effective organic fertiliser. Composting, anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis are all processes that stabilise organic matter. Innovations in treatments are needed to improve stabilization and control the release of nutrients so that they are available to crops in the right amounts and at the right time. This can be achieved by maintaining appropriate treatment conditions: for composting, carbon to nitrogen ratio 25–35, carbon to phosphorus ratio ∼50, pH 5.5–8.5 and 50%–60% moisture content; for anaerobic digestion, carbon to nitrogen ratio 20–35, bulk density 0.6–0.8 g cm−3, lignin content < 7.5%, pH 6.8–7.4 and moisture content 85%–95%; and for pyrolysis, carbon to nitrogen > 40 and moisture content < 20%. Different methods to achieve these ideal conditions are discussed, including appropriate choice of treatment method, co-composting/co-digestion for ideal nutrient content, enhancing nutrients using collected urine, nitrogen-fixing plants, bioslurry or by inoculating with bacterial communities, absorbing excess nutrients on biochar, adjusting pH using wood ash or biochar, pre-treatment to break down lignin and cellulose, and designs to achieve ideal moisture and temperature. Innovations should also ensure that treatment processes do not overuse or compete with other important household resources, such as finances, water or labour. We draw together findings to identify methods with most potential to improve soils in low-income countries, providing decision tables to guide selection of approaches for different contexts.Fragaszy, StephenSamarasekara, VidhishaStifel, Elizabethhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825592026-05-06T01:06:17Z2026-04-21T00:00:00Z

dc.title: ’Driving Impact with Partners and Communities to Achieve Research for Development - Client Orientation – Part 2 dc.contributor.author: Fragaszy, Stephen; Samarasekara, Vidhisha; Stifel, Elizabeth dcterms.abstract: This Project Insight Note (PIN) explores how the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) drives impact through effective partnerships with implementation partners and project beneficiaries in research-for-development projects. Drawing on lessons from the Al Murunah project led by IWMI, it highlights the importance of assessing partner capabilities, strengthening accountability, managing expectations and ensuring communities are genuine co-creators of solutions. The PIN shows that successful development outcomes depend on aligning donors, governments, partners and beneficiaries through strong coordination, mutual respect and adaptive management. It positions IWMI as a keystone organization that helps complex multi-stakeholder systems function effectively, creating trust, scalable results and new opportunities for policy influence and investment.

2026-04-21T00:00:00ZFragaszy, StephenSamarasekara, VidhishaStifel, ElizabethThis Project Insight Note (PIN) explores how the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) drives impact through effective partnerships with implementation partners and project beneficiaries in research-for-development projects. Drawing on lessons from the Al Murunah project led by IWMI, it highlights the importance of assessing partner capabilities, strengthening accountability, managing expectations and ensuring communities are genuine co-creators of solutions. The PIN shows that successful development outcomes depend on aligning donors, governments, partners and beneficiaries through strong coordination, mutual respect and adaptive management. It positions IWMI as a keystone organization that helps complex multi-stakeholder systems function effectively, creating trust, scalable results and new opportunities for policy influence and investment.Fragaszy, StephenSamarasekara, VidhishaGharaibeh, Sawsanhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825582026-05-06T01:05:45Z2026-04-30T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Connecting Donors and Governments to Achieve Research for Development - Client Orientation - Part 1 dc.contributor.author: Fragaszy, Stephen; Samarasekara, Vidhisha; Gharaibeh, Sawsan dcterms.abstract: This Project Insight Note (PIN) highlights how the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) bridges donors and national governments to deliver impactful research for development. It draws on lessons from the Al Murunah project led by IWMI, and emphasizes the importance of listening-led engagement, aligning research with policy and implementation needs, managing expectations in complex contexts and leveraging the strengths of all partners. It positions IWMI not only as a research institution, but also as a trusted knowledge broker and delivery partner that helps turn evidence into practical action, investment priorities and scalable resilience solutions across the MENA region.

2026-04-30T00:00:00ZFragaszy, StephenSamarasekara, VidhishaGharaibeh, SawsanThis Project Insight Note (PIN) highlights how the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) bridges donors and national governments to deliver impactful research for development. It draws on lessons from the Al Murunah project led by IWMI, and emphasizes the importance of listening-led engagement, aligning research with policy and implementation needs, managing expectations in complex contexts and leveraging the strengths of all partners. It positions IWMI not only as a research institution, but also as a trusted knowledge broker and delivery partner that helps turn evidence into practical action, investment priorities and scalable resilience solutions across the MENA region.Yami, MastewalMcGuire, ErinEnokenwa Baa, OjongetakahNortje, Karenhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825562026-04-22T01:02:47Z2026-04-21T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Assessing the Use and Impact of GenderUp: Lessons for Gender-Responsive Innovation Design and Scaling dc.contributor.author: Yami, Mastewal; McGuire, Erin; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Nortje, Karen dcterms.abstract: The GenderUp tool was developed by Responsible Innovation in collaboration with CGIAR and partners as a responsible scaling method designed to support inclusive and responsible innovation strategies in agri-food systems. The tool has been used over time to support project teams anticipate risks, address power dynamics, and adapt scaling approaches to ensure equitable and socially responsible outcomes. This evaluation report was conducted under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) Program, and it assesses GenderUp’s use, reach, outcomes, and challenges. The tool has been applied and used in over 20+ countries across 38 diverse organizations and institutions resulting in over 100 trained facilitators. Evidence suggests strong uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa where GenderUp has been used by both women (60%) and men (40%). The evaluation highlights that GenderUp has i) relevance for GESI tools users (43%) and or when combined with scaling activities ii) been integrated into different project stages by combining other tools such as biophysical modelling (adaptability) iii) increased capacity for designing gender-responsive interventions, influenced budget allocations toward gender-related activities (impact). These high-level insights have shifted mindsets toward inclusion, participatory research and institutional practices as evidenced by documented cases in this report. The tool remains a valuable reflective and capacity building tool for enhancing responsible scaling practices. Under the S4I program, this tool will be applied as a co-design instrument for innovation uptake with stronger institutional integration and systematic tracking of outcomes. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-04-21T00:00:00ZYami, MastewalMcGuire, ErinEnokenwa Baa, OjongetakahNortje, KarenThe GenderUp tool was developed by Responsible Innovation in collaboration with CGIAR and partners as a responsible scaling method designed to support inclusive and responsible innovation strategies in agri-food systems. The tool has been used over time to support project teams anticipate risks, address power dynamics, and adapt scaling approaches to ensure equitable and socially responsible outcomes. This evaluation report was conducted under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) Program, and it assesses GenderUp’s use, reach, outcomes, and challenges. The tool has been applied and used in over 20+ countries across 38 diverse organizations and institutions resulting in over 100 trained facilitators. Evidence suggests strong uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa where GenderUp has been used by both women (60%) and men (40%). The evaluation highlights that GenderUp has i) relevance for GESI tools users (43%) and or when combined with scaling activities ii) been integrated into different project stages by combining other tools such as biophysical modelling (adaptability) iii) increased capacity for designing gender-responsive interventions, influenced budget allocations toward gender-related activities (impact). These high-level insights have shifted mindsets toward inclusion, participatory research and institutional practices as evidenced by documented cases in this report. The tool remains a valuable reflective and capacity building tool for enhancing responsible scaling practices. Under the S4I program, this tool will be applied as a co-design instrument for innovation uptake with stronger institutional integration and systematic tracking of outcomes.International Water Management Institutehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825382026-04-21T01:03:23Z2026-04-17T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Commission on Water for Food Futures (CWFF): A Cambridge Sustainability Commission dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The Commission on Water for Food Futures (CWFF) is a Cambridge Sustainability Commission addressing growing challenges at the intersection of water and food security. Formed through collaboration between the International Water Management Institute, the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, Collective Action for Water Security, and Cambridge University Press, its mission is to rethink and catalyze how water is managed in food systems. CWFF aims to translate the Global Commission on the Economics of Water’s call for a “new revolution in food systems” into practical, evidence-based action by 2040. This requires a fundamental shift not only in water management, but in how we produce food to feed a growing global population while preserving the planet’s resources. CWFF follows a demand-led approach, with global consultations informing four main themes: optimizing and diversifying water use; strengthening governance and institutions; improving market mechanisms for sustainable water use; and shaping diets to reflect water constraints. Drawing on wide-ranging expertise and research, CWFF will identify and highlight emerging innovations and actionable solutions, connecting scales from local farms and river basins to national and global policies, and providing essential guidance for practitioners, investors, and policymakers. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-04-17T00:00:00ZInternational Water Management InstituteThe Commission on Water for Food Futures (CWFF) is a Cambridge Sustainability Commission addressing growing challenges at the intersection of water and food security. Formed through collaboration between the International Water Management Institute, the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, Collective Action for Water Security, and Cambridge University Press, its mission is to rethink and catalyze how water is managed in food systems. CWFF aims to translate the Global Commission on the Economics of Water’s call for a “new revolution in food systems” into practical, evidence-based action by 2040. This requires a fundamental shift not only in water management, but in how we produce food to feed a growing global population while preserving the planet’s resources. CWFF follows a demand-led approach, with global consultations informing four main themes: optimizing and diversifying water use; strengthening governance and institutions; improving market mechanisms for sustainable water use; and shaping diets to reflect water constraints. Drawing on wide-ranging expertise and research, CWFF will identify and highlight emerging innovations and actionable solutions, connecting scales from local farms and river basins to national and global policies, and providing essential guidance for practitioners, investors, and policymakers.International Water Management Institutehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825232026-04-18T01:00:24Z2018-06-04T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Mobile Weather Stations dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: Low-cost weather stations help monitor the weather more closely, helping rural communities better prepare for floods and landslides. These devices automatically measure and transmit weather information — rainfall, temperature and wind speed data — every five minutes. They operate autonomously, powered by solar energy. The stations are locally assembled using off-the-shelf technology and open-source software, like Arduino boards and code. The data is stored in microSD cards, and can be accessed directly from the card or received via SMS text message alerts. Users can use additional sensors and reprogram the software, making these stations incredibly flexible for a variety of applications. The weather stations can last up to ten years and cost only $350 each. Given their potential to reduce damage from flooding, it is estimated that they will pay for themselves in only two and a half years. This project was funded by the World Bank, through its Challenge Fund and the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR), and the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

2018-06-04T00:00:00ZInternational Water Management InstituteLow-cost weather stations help monitor the weather more closely, helping rural communities better prepare for floods and landslides. These devices automatically measure and transmit weather information — rainfall, temperature and wind speed data — every five minutes. They operate autonomously, powered by solar energy. The stations are locally assembled using off-the-shelf technology and open-source software, like Arduino boards and code. The data is stored in microSD cards, and can be accessed directly from the card or received via SMS text message alerts. Users can use additional sensors and reprogram the software, making these stations incredibly flexible for a variety of applications. The weather stations can last up to ten years and cost only $350 each. Given their potential to reduce damage from flooding, it is estimated that they will pay for themselves in only two and a half years. This project was funded by the World Bank, through its Challenge Fund and the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR), and the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).Akpoti, KomlaviZwart, Sander J.Win, S.Buisson, Marie-Charlottehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825102026-04-17T01:10:52Z2026-04-16T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Strengthening Aquatic Food Systems with Decision Support Tools: Evidence from Ghana and Myanmar dc.contributor.author: Akpoti, Komlavi; Zwart, Sander J.; Win, S.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte dcterms.abstract: Aquatic food systems in low- and middle-income countries face mounting pressures from climate variability, population growth, and competition for land and water resources. Decision-makers in these contexts frequently lack spatially explicit, integrated data to guide aquaculture planning and investment. This technical brief presents two Decision Support Tool (DST) ecosystems developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) under the CGIAR Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods (SAAF) Program: Ghana's Small Reservoir Decision Support System and Myanmar's Aqua-DST. Ghana's DST integrates Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, drying-risk classification, multi-criteria aquaculture suitability analysis, and an interactive dashboard to support planning across 2000 small reservoirs in northern Ghana. Pilot applications supported youth-led cage aquaculture in the Northeast Region, validating DST outputs and generating livelihood opportunities for young cooperatives. Myanmar's Aqua-DST applies a multi-criteria evaluation framework, combining climate hazard, biophysical, socio-economic, and management indicators to produce township-level suitability maps across 170 townships in Upper Myanmar. The tool was formally adopted by the Department of Fisheries following capacity-building workshops that trained over 130 government officials, university partners, and civil society actors. Comparative analysis across both systems reveals shared design principles: co-creation with end-users, integration of Earth observation and spatial modelling, dashboard-based dissemination, and institutional embedding as preconditions for long-term sustainability. Together, these experiences demonstrate that context-specific, yet methodologically aligned DSTs can substantially improve planning, investment targeting, and climate resilience in aquatic food systems. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods

2026-04-16T00:00:00ZAkpoti, KomlaviZwart, Sander J.Win, S.Buisson, Marie-CharlotteAquatic food systems in low- and middle-income countries face mounting pressures from climate variability, population growth, and competition for land and water resources. Decision-makers in these contexts frequently lack spatially explicit, integrated data to guide aquaculture planning and investment. This technical brief presents two Decision Support Tool (DST) ecosystems developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) under the CGIAR Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods (SAAF) Program: Ghana's Small Reservoir Decision Support System and Myanmar's Aqua-DST. Ghana's DST integrates Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, drying-risk classification, multi-criteria aquaculture suitability analysis, and an interactive dashboard to support planning across 2000 small reservoirs in northern Ghana. Pilot applications supported youth-led cage aquaculture in the Northeast Region, validating DST outputs and generating livelihood opportunities for young cooperatives. Myanmar's Aqua-DST applies a multi-criteria evaluation framework, combining climate hazard, biophysical, socio-economic, and management indicators to produce township-level suitability maps across 170 townships in Upper Myanmar. The tool was formally adopted by the Department of Fisheries following capacity-building workshops that trained over 130 government officials, university partners, and civil society actors. Comparative analysis across both systems reveals shared design principles: co-creation with end-users, integration of Earth observation and spatial modelling, dashboard-based dissemination, and institutional embedding as preconditions for long-term sustainability. Together, these experiences demonstrate that context-specific, yet methodologically aligned DSTs can substantially improve planning, investment targeting, and climate resilience in aquatic food systems.McGuire, E.Mutiso, A.Enokenwa Baa, OjongetakahNortje, Karenhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825082026-04-23T08:43:59Z2026-04-16T00:00:00Z

dc.title: GESI-Responsive Scaling Framework: Pathways, Partnerships, and Operational Guide for Innovation Uptake dc.contributor.author: McGuire, E.; Mutiso, A.; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Nortje, Karen dcterms.abstract: The "GESI-Responsive Scaling Framework: Pathways, Partnerships, and Operational Guide for Innovation Uptake" presents a comprehensive strategy for integrating Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI), Responsible Innovation (RI), and Responsible Scaling (RS) within CGIAR's Scaling for Impact (S4I) program (2025–2030). The framework builds on broad consultation, blending evidence from workshops, surveys, interviews, and focus groups, to ensure innovations in food, land, and water systems are inclusive, equitable, and sustainable. Central to this framework is the recognition that scaling innovations is not simply a technical process, but a deeply social one. The framework identifies six key domains—problem framing, social differentiation, partnership, evidence, innovation packaging, and risk management—essential for embedding GESI and RI throughout the innovation lifecycle. Operational guidance details actionable requirements for S4I’s Areas of Work 2 (Pathways to Scale) and 3 (Enabling Environment Lab), emphasizing mandatory GESI-responsive checkpoints and data-driven learning loops. The framework advocates for harmonizing tools, strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration, and fostering partnerships that centre marginalized voices. All solution tracks are required to incorporate GESI analysis, participatory design, regular monitoring, and adaptive management to ensure that scaling delivers meaningful impact across diverse user groups. By institutionalizing these practices, CGIAR aims to ensure that innovations reach scale responsibly, enhancing agency, reducing inequality, and building resilience in agrifood systems. Ultimately, the framework offers a practical roadmap to embed inclusive, context-responsive scaling across CGIAR, calling for strong leadership, institutional alignment, and ongoing adaptive learning to realize systemic and lasting change. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-04-16T00:00:00ZMcGuire, E.Mutiso, A.Enokenwa Baa, OjongetakahNortje, KarenThe "GESI-Responsive Scaling Framework: Pathways, Partnerships, and Operational Guide for Innovation Uptake" presents a comprehensive strategy for integrating Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI), Responsible Innovation (RI), and Responsible Scaling (RS) within CGIAR's Scaling for Impact (S4I) program (2025–2030). The framework builds on broad consultation, blending evidence from workshops, surveys, interviews, and focus groups, to ensure innovations in food, land, and water systems are inclusive, equitable, and sustainable. Central to this framework is the recognition that scaling innovations is not simply a technical process, but a deeply social one. The framework identifies six key domains—problem framing, social differentiation, partnership, evidence, innovation packaging, and risk management—essential for embedding GESI and RI throughout the innovation lifecycle. Operational guidance details actionable requirements for S4I’s Areas of Work 2 (Pathways to Scale) and 3 (Enabling Environment Lab), emphasizing mandatory GESI-responsive checkpoints and data-driven learning loops. The framework advocates for harmonizing tools, strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration, and fostering partnerships that centre marginalized voices. All solution tracks are required to incorporate GESI analysis, participatory design, regular monitoring, and adaptive management to ensure that scaling delivers meaningful impact across diverse user groups. By institutionalizing these practices, CGIAR aims to ensure that innovations reach scale responsibly, enhancing agency, reducing inequality, and building resilience in agrifood systems. Ultimately, the framework offers a practical roadmap to embed inclusive, context-responsive scaling across CGIAR, calling for strong leadership, institutional alignment, and ongoing adaptive learning to realize systemic and lasting change.Bhattacharjee, SuchiradiptaNicol, AlanParhi, K. R.Papnoi, P.Iyer, R.Kettle, S.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825052026-04-17T04:03:46Z2026-04-16T00:00:00Z

dc.title: AI4WaterPolicy: AI-Assisted Qualitative Feedback for Community Water Security in Rajasthan, India dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Nicol, Alan; Parhi, K. R.; Papnoi, P.; Iyer, R.; Kettle, S. dcterms.abstract: AI4WaterPolicy is an action-research pilot implemented in Rajasthan, India, by IWMI in partnership with Centre for Microfinance (CmF), Colectiv, and the Institute of Development Studies (IDS). The initiative explored the feasibility of using AI-assisted interviewing via WhatsApp (voice and text) to collect timely, scalable qualitative feedback from frontline water governance actors. The study engaged 352 participants across four cohorts, including CmF staff, Pani Mitras, and Panchayat representatives, generating structured qualitative insights to complement routine monitoring systems. Findings reveal the multifaceted role of Pani Mitras, spanning community mobilization, technical promotion, and institutional liaison. Sustained engagement was driven by visible outcomes, training, stewardship, and recognition, while disengagement stemmed from trust deficits, process challenges, and competing responsibilities, particularly affecting women. A key contribution of the pilot was demonstrating the value of “closing the feedback loop,” which led to improved confidence among participants, stronger engagement with local governance institutions, and enhanced ability to navigate water-related schemes. The study also highlights that digital tools require active facilitation to ensure inclusion and must be complemented by human oversight to address risks in AI transcription and translation. As a feasibility pilot, the study underscores the potential of AI-enabled feedback systems to inform adaptive program design and strengthen community water security interventions. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-04-16T00:00:00ZBhattacharjee, SuchiradiptaNicol, AlanParhi, K. R.Papnoi, P.Iyer, R.Kettle, S.AI4WaterPolicy is an action-research pilot implemented in Rajasthan, India, by IWMI in partnership with Centre for Microfinance (CmF), Colectiv, and the Institute of Development Studies (IDS). The initiative explored the feasibility of using AI-assisted interviewing via WhatsApp (voice and text) to collect timely, scalable qualitative feedback from frontline water governance actors. The study engaged 352 participants across four cohorts, including CmF staff, Pani Mitras, and Panchayat representatives, generating structured qualitative insights to complement routine monitoring systems. Findings reveal the multifaceted role of Pani Mitras, spanning community mobilization, technical promotion, and institutional liaison. Sustained engagement was driven by visible outcomes, training, stewardship, and recognition, while disengagement stemmed from trust deficits, process challenges, and competing responsibilities, particularly affecting women. A key contribution of the pilot was demonstrating the value of “closing the feedback loop,” which led to improved confidence among participants, stronger engagement with local governance institutions, and enhanced ability to navigate water-related schemes. The study also highlights that digital tools require active facilitation to ensure inclusion and must be complemented by human oversight to address risks in AI transcription and translation. As a feasibility pilot, the study underscores the potential of AI-enabled feedback systems to inform adaptive program design and strengthen community water security interventions.Ngoma, HambuloMulungu, KelvinManyanga, MarkSimutowe, EsauMhlanga, BlessingHanke-Louw, NoraWaswa, BoazJacobs-Mata, IngaGivertz, EvanThierfelder, Christianhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1825042026-04-21T12:57:16Z2026-03-30T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Many Partners, Big Numbers? Estimating the Reach of CGIAR – Supported Innovations in East and Southern Africa dc.contributor.author: Ngoma, Hambulo; Mulungu, Kelvin; Manyanga, Mark; Simutowe, Esau; Mhlanga, Blessing; Hanke-Louw, Nora; Waswa, Boaz; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Givertz, Evan; Thierfelder, Christian dcterms.abstract: As resource envelopes to fund research for development activities become tighter, demonstrating value for money is key. This is difficult for various reasons, chief among these being the failure to embed evaluation frameworks in project design. The multiplicity of scaling partners and their interests, and levels of involvement makes it even more complicated to ensure consistent monitoring and evaluation. We demonstrate how to estimate the reach in research for development projects using a population-based computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) survey methodology that is statistically representative at the desired administrative unit level. This approach was applied to the CGIAR Research Initiative – Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi) implemented with several scaling partners across 12 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. The assessment focused on five of the 12 target countries covered in phase one of implementation. The goal of the assessment was to measure the extent of reach and use of agronomic, mechanization, livestock, and nutrition innovations promoted under Ukama Ustawi, and to assess the extent to which the Initiative reached its intended targets. The data comes from 6,445 randomly sampled rural individuals across 27 districts in the five countries. Approximately 1.05 million people were aware of Ukama Ustawi activities, with Kenya and Zambia showing the highest awareness at 16%. Overall, 164,363 people benefited from various innovations promoted by Ukama Ustawi as of September 2024, about 3 years from the beginning of the project. Of these, 135,767 people were direct beneficiaries in areas where specific interventions were implemented. The rest benefited from spillover effects. About 52% of the beneficiaries were female and 56% were youth aged 18–35 years. Innovation use was highest for minimum tillage and post-harvest mechanization in Zimbabwe, followed by agronomic and mechanization options in Malawi. The benefit-reach ratio was highest in Zimbabwe at 61%, followed by Malawi at 31%. This means that Ukama Ustawi activities were most effective at converting reach to beneficiaries in Zimbabwe and Malawi, partly because implementation was layered on past similar interventions. While our results are comparable to more traditional case studies, our survey approach is nearly fourfold cheaper, demonstrating cost-effectiveness and efficiency. We discuss project design and implementation issues necessary to facilitate this kind of evaluation in international development projects. cg.contributor.initiative: Diversification in East and Southern Africa cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-03-30T00:00:00ZNgoma, HambuloMulungu, KelvinManyanga, MarkSimutowe, EsauMhlanga, BlessingHanke-Louw, NoraWaswa, BoazJacobs-Mata, IngaGivertz, EvanThierfelder, ChristianAs resource envelopes to fund research for development activities become tighter, demonstrating value for money is key. This is difficult for various reasons, chief among these being the failure to embed evaluation frameworks in project design. The multiplicity of scaling partners and their interests, and levels of involvement makes it even more complicated to ensure consistent monitoring and evaluation. We demonstrate how to estimate the reach in research for development projects using a population-based computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) survey methodology that is statistically representative at the desired administrative unit level. This approach was applied to the CGIAR Research Initiative – Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi) implemented with several scaling partners across 12 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. The assessment focused on five of the 12 target countries covered in phase one of implementation. The goal of the assessment was to measure the extent of reach and use of agronomic, mechanization, livestock, and nutrition innovations promoted under Ukama Ustawi, and to assess the extent to which the Initiative reached its intended targets. The data comes from 6,445 randomly sampled rural individuals across 27 districts in the five countries. Approximately 1.05 million people were aware of Ukama Ustawi activities, with Kenya and Zambia showing the highest awareness at 16%. Overall, 164,363 people benefited from various innovations promoted by Ukama Ustawi as of September 2024, about 3 years from the beginning of the project. Of these, 135,767 people were direct beneficiaries in areas where specific interventions were implemented. The rest benefited from spillover effects. About 52% of the beneficiaries were female and 56% were youth aged 18–35 years. Innovation use was highest for minimum tillage and post-harvest mechanization in Zimbabwe, followed by agronomic and mechanization options in Malawi. The benefit-reach ratio was highest in Zimbabwe at 61%, followed by Malawi at 31%. This means that Ukama Ustawi activities were most effective at converting reach to beneficiaries in Zimbabwe and Malawi, partly because implementation was layered on past similar interventions. While our results are comparable to more traditional case studies, our survey approach is nearly fourfold cheaper, demonstrating cost-effectiveness and efficiency. We discuss project design and implementation issues necessary to facilitate this kind of evaluation in international development projects.Alam, Mohammad Faizhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1824842026-05-08T09:36:24Z2026-04-09T00:00:00Z

dc.title: India Has Built an Extraordinary Foundation of Groundwater Recharge Infrastructure over the Past 20 Years. The Task Now Is to Make It Work dc.contributor.author: Alam, Mohammad Faiz cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-04-09T00:00:00ZAlam, Mohammad FaizFalk, J.Asari, M.Bahar, F.Behera, S.von Braun, J.Caquet, T.Colwell, R.Damania, R.Ebi, K.El-Beltagy, A. E. S. T.Elouafi, IsmahaneHonma, M.Iskanda, L.Köhler, M.Koundouri, P.Lal, R.Leinen, M.Mulligan, C.Nishikawa, H.Pattberg, P.Prabhakar, S.Roopnarine, R.Serageldin, I.Smith, MarkTakara, K.Takeuchi, K.Watanabe, C.Zhang, Q.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823922026-04-07T10:11:33Z2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Food Security in a Time of Climate–Food–Water–Energy Convergence dc.contributor.author: Falk, J.; Asari, M.; Bahar, F.; Behera, S.; von Braun, J.; Caquet, T.; Colwell, R.; Damania, R.; Ebi, K.; El-Beltagy, A. E. S. T.; Elouafi, Ismahane; Honma, M.; Iskanda, L.; Köhler, M.; Koundouri, P.; Lal, R.; Leinen, M.; Mulligan, C.; Nishikawa, H.; Pattberg, P.; Prabhakar, S.; Roopnarine, R.; Serageldin, I.; Smith, Mark; Takara, K.; Takeuchi, K.; Watanabe, C.; Zhang, Q.

2026-03-01T00:00:00ZFalk, J.Asari, M.Bahar, F.Behera, S.von Braun, J.Caquet, T.Colwell, R.Damania, R.Ebi, K.El-Beltagy, A. E. S. T.Elouafi, IsmahaneHonma, M.Iskanda, L.Köhler, M.Koundouri, P.Lal, R.Leinen, M.Mulligan, C.Nishikawa, H.Pattberg, P.Prabhakar, S.Roopnarine, R.Serageldin, I.Smith, MarkTakara, K.Takeuchi, K.Watanabe, C.Zhang, Q.Belhaj Fraj, M. MakramBergaoui, KarimGafsaoui, Y.Schmitter, Petra S.Dembélé, Moctarhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823912026-04-09T01:10:15Z2026-04-07T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Demande et utilisation de l’eau : Tunisie dc.contributor.author: Belhaj Fraj, M. Makram; Bergaoui, Karim; Gafsaoui, Y.; Schmitter, Petra S.; Dembélé, Moctar dcterms.abstract: L'outil d'analyse de la consommation d'eau (WUT) évalue la consommation saisonnière d'eau d'irrigation dans le réseau d'irrigation de Bouheurtma, en s'appuyant sur les données WaPOR pour fournir des statistiques historiques et en temps réel via une interface accessible aux décideurs non spécialisés. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

2026-04-07T00:00:00ZBelhaj Fraj, M. MakramBergaoui, KarimGafsaoui, Y.Schmitter, Petra S.Dembélé, MoctarL'outil d'analyse de la consommation d'eau (WUT) évalue la consommation saisonnière d'eau d'irrigation dans le réseau d'irrigation de Bouheurtma, en s'appuyant sur les données WaPOR pour fournir des statistiques historiques et en temps réel via une interface accessible aux décideurs non spécialisés.Belhaj Fraj, M. MakramBergaoui, KarimBellahreche, A.Schmitter, Petra S.Dembélé, Moctarhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823902026-04-09T01:10:14Z2026-04-07T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Demande et utilisation de l’eau : Algérie dc.contributor.author: Belhaj Fraj, M. Makram; Bergaoui, Karim; Bellahreche, A.; Schmitter, Petra S.; Dembélé, Moctar dcterms.abstract: L'outil d'analyse de la consommation d'eau (WUT) évalue la consommation saisonnière d'eau d'irrigation dans le réseau d'irrigation de Mitidja Ouest. Il utilise les données WaPOR pour fournir des statistiques historiques et en temps réel via une interface conviviale destinée aux décideurs non spécialisés. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

2026-04-07T00:00:00ZBelhaj Fraj, M. MakramBergaoui, KarimBellahreche, A.Schmitter, Petra S.Dembélé, MoctarL'outil d'analyse de la consommation d'eau (WUT) évalue la consommation saisonnière d'eau d'irrigation dans le réseau d'irrigation de Mitidja Ouest. Il utilise les données WaPOR pour fournir des statistiques historiques et en temps réel via une interface conviviale destinée aux décideurs non spécialisés.Belhaj Fraj, M. MakramBergaoui, KarimBouselmi, A.Schmitter, Petra S.Dembélé, Moctarhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823882026-04-09T01:08:13Z2026-04-07T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Pilotage de l’irrigation : Tunisi dc.contributor.author: Belhaj Fraj, M. Makram; Bergaoui, Karim; Bouselmi, A.; Schmitter, Petra S.; Dembélé, Moctar dcterms.abstract: L'application « Irrigation Reference to Enhance Yield Smart Irrigation » (IREY App) utilise les données WaPOR pour fournir des alertes d'irrigation haute résolution et en temps quasi réel, adaptées à la demande en eau réelle et prévue dans les zones de culture du blé en Tunisie. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

2026-04-07T00:00:00ZBelhaj Fraj, M. MakramBergaoui, KarimBouselmi, A.Schmitter, Petra S.Dembélé, MoctarL'application « Irrigation Reference to Enhance Yield Smart Irrigation » (IREY App) utilise les données WaPOR pour fournir des alertes d'irrigation haute résolution et en temps quasi réel, adaptées à la demande en eau réelle et prévue dans les zones de culture du blé en Tunisie.Zwart, Sander J.Kassambara, B.Schmitter, Petra S.Dembélé, Moctarhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823872026-04-09T01:00:31Z2026-04-06T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Performances d’irrigation: Mali dc.contributor.author: Zwart, Sander J.; Kassambara, B.; Schmitter, Petra S.; Dembélé, Moctar dcterms.abstract: L'outil d'évaluation et de diagnostic des performances d'irrigation (IPADT) fournit des informations fondées sur des données pour la réhabilitation des infrastructures, en combinant des données satellitaires WaPOR haute résolution avec des observations sur le terrain afin d'évaluer les performances d'irrigation. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

2026-04-06T00:00:00ZZwart, Sander J.Kassambara, B.Schmitter, Petra S.Dembélé, MoctarL'outil d'évaluation et de diagnostic des performances d'irrigation (IPADT) fournit des informations fondées sur des données pour la réhabilitation des infrastructures, en combinant des données satellitaires WaPOR haute résolution avec des observations sur le terrain afin d'évaluer les performances d'irrigation.Adamseged, Muluken EliasMinh, Thai ThiSchmitter, Petra S.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823782026-04-06T12:33:08Z2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: WaPOR: Catalysing Data-Driven Solutions through a Co-Creation Approach dc.contributor.author: Adamseged, Muluken Elias; Minh, Thai Thi; Schmitter, Petra S. dcterms.abstract: This working paper presents a co-creation approach to developing and scaling data-driven solutions based on the WaPOR database. The co-creation approach customizes tools derived from the WaPOR portal to local needs, making them more relevant, user friendly, and adapted to various contexts, stimulating ownership and supporting wider adoption. The process involves engaging stakeholders, identifying challenges, co-designing solutions, and incentivizing adoption, with stakeholders continuously engaged to prioritize and address emerging needs. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Farming

2026-03-01T00:00:00ZAdamseged, Muluken EliasMinh, Thai ThiSchmitter, Petra S.This working paper presents a co-creation approach to developing and scaling data-driven solutions based on the WaPOR database. The co-creation approach customizes tools derived from the WaPOR portal to local needs, making them more relevant, user friendly, and adapted to various contexts, stimulating ownership and supporting wider adoption. The process involves engaging stakeholders, identifying challenges, co-designing solutions, and incentivizing adoption, with stakeholders continuously engaged to prioritize and address emerging needs.Dembélé, MoctarKoné, A.Amarnath, GirirajZwart, Sander J.Schmitter, Petra S.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823772026-04-09T01:08:24Z2026-04-06T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Suivi de la sécheresse : Mali dc.contributor.author: Dembélé, Moctar; Koné, A.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Zwart, Sander J.; Schmitter, Petra S. dcterms.abstract: Le Système de surveillance de la sécheresse au Mali (MaliDMS) permet de suivre l'apparition, la survenue, la durée, l'étendue et la gravité de la sécheresse à partir de données issues du WaPOR et d'autres données de télédétection à haute résolution générées en temps quasi réel, afin de permettre une évaluation complète des conditions de sécheresse. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

2026-04-06T00:00:00ZDembélé, MoctarKoné, A.Amarnath, GirirajZwart, Sander J.Schmitter, Petra S.Le Système de surveillance de la sécheresse au Mali (MaliDMS) permet de suivre l'apparition, la survenue, la durée, l'étendue et la gravité de la sécheresse à partir de données issues du WaPOR et d'autres données de télédétection à haute résolution générées en temps quasi réel, afin de permettre une évaluation complète des conditions de sécheresse.Appiah, SarahOsei-Amponsah, CharityNicol, Alanhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823762026-04-15T03:16:02Z2026-04-06T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Stakeholders’ Validation and Capacity Assessment for Gender Integration in Nigeria’s Water Sector Policies and Governance dc.contributor.author: Appiah, Sarah; Osei-Amponsah, Charity; Nicol, Alan dcterms.abstract: The Stakeholders' Validation and Capacity Assessment for Gender Integration workshops organized by IWMI in Abuja and Ibadan, Nigeria, brought together government, civil society, and academia to review findings from a gender analysis of Nigeria’s water governance frameworks and assess readiness for gender mainstreaming. Key challenges identified include weak policy coherence, limited institutional capacity, inadequate funding, sociocultural barriers, and low awareness of gender frameworks, alongside the absence of clear implementation plans and accountability mechanisms. The workshops highlighted the urgent need to align water policies with national gender frameworks, strengthen coordination, and invest in sustained capacity building. Participants expressed a shared commitment to move from dialogue to action in advancing inclusive and gender-responsive water governance in Nigeria. cg.contributor.initiative: National Policies and Strategies cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-04-06T00:00:00ZAppiah, SarahOsei-Amponsah, CharityNicol, AlanThe Stakeholders' Validation and Capacity Assessment for Gender Integration workshops organized by IWMI in Abuja and Ibadan, Nigeria, brought together government, civil society, and academia to review findings from a gender analysis of Nigeria’s water governance frameworks and assess readiness for gender mainstreaming. Key challenges identified include weak policy coherence, limited institutional capacity, inadequate funding, sociocultural barriers, and low awareness of gender frameworks, alongside the absence of clear implementation plans and accountability mechanisms. The workshops highlighted the urgent need to align water policies with national gender frameworks, strengthen coordination, and invest in sustained capacity building. Participants expressed a shared commitment to move from dialogue to action in advancing inclusive and gender-responsive water governance in Nigeria.Minh, Thai ThiSchmitter, Petra S.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823752026-04-30T12:50:22Z2026-04-02T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Adaptive Scaling to Achieve System Transformation in CGIAR dc.contributor.author: Minh, Thai Thi; Schmitter, Petra S. dcterms.abstract: Scaling agricultural innovations remains central to achieving development outcomes, yet prevailing approaches often equate success with widespread adoption of discrete technologies. Tools such as stage gating, scaling readiness, and scaling scans help assess scalability but do not sufficiently address the systemic changes required for sustained impact. Evidence shows that adoption alone does not guarantee improvements in productivity, food security, or environmental outcomes without parallel shifts in institutions, incentives, and market structures. This technical brief reframes scaling as a dynamic, system-wide process embedded in complex socio-economic, ecological, and policy environments. Building on innovation systems and ecosystem thinking, the Adaptive Scaling Ecosystem (ASEco) framework conceptualizes scaling as a co-evolutionary process involving multiple actors, networks, and subsystems. It emphasizes four interconnected functions—niche, reach, accelerate, and transform—guided by five principles: adaptability, responsiveness, reflectiveness, inclusiveness, and flexibility. Together, these enable continuous learning, coordination, and adjustment across scaling pathways. Niche supports experimentation and innovation development; reach drives adoption and market expansion; accelerate strengthens enabling environments and investments; and transform reshapes system structures, governance, and practices. Application of ASEco demonstrates how combining technological, financial, and institutional innovations can address systemic barriers, strengthen value chains, and foster inclusive participation. Adaptive scaling highlights the importance of multi-actor collaboration, context-specific pathways, and feedback loops to manage trade-offs and risks. By embedding scaling within innovation ecosystems, CGIAR can better align interventions with its impact areas, including poverty reduction, food security, gender equality, and climate resilience. This approach ultimately enables more sustainable, inclusive, and transformative outcomes at scale. cg.contributor.initiative: Mixed Farming Systems cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact; Sustainable Farming

2026-04-02T00:00:00ZMinh, Thai ThiSchmitter, Petra S.Scaling agricultural innovations remains central to achieving development outcomes, yet prevailing approaches often equate success with widespread adoption of discrete technologies. Tools such as stage gating, scaling readiness, and scaling scans help assess scalability but do not sufficiently address the systemic changes required for sustained impact. Evidence shows that adoption alone does not guarantee improvements in productivity, food security, or environmental outcomes without parallel shifts in institutions, incentives, and market structures. This technical brief reframes scaling as a dynamic, system-wide process embedded in complex socio-economic, ecological, and policy environments. Building on innovation systems and ecosystem thinking, the Adaptive Scaling Ecosystem (ASEco) framework conceptualizes scaling as a co-evolutionary process involving multiple actors, networks, and subsystems. It emphasizes four interconnected functions—niche, reach, accelerate, and transform—guided by five principles: adaptability, responsiveness, reflectiveness, inclusiveness, and flexibility. Together, these enable continuous learning, coordination, and adjustment across scaling pathways. Niche supports experimentation and innovation development; reach drives adoption and market expansion; accelerate strengthens enabling environments and investments; and transform reshapes system structures, governance, and practices. Application of ASEco demonstrates how combining technological, financial, and institutional innovations can address systemic barriers, strengthen value chains, and foster inclusive participation. Adaptive scaling highlights the importance of multi-actor collaboration, context-specific pathways, and feedback loops to manage trade-offs and risks. By embedding scaling within innovation ecosystems, CGIAR can better align interventions with its impact areas, including poverty reduction, food security, gender equality, and climate resilience. This approach ultimately enables more sustainable, inclusive, and transformative outcomes at scale.Mahapatra, SmaranikaPandey, ShivamVelpuri, Naga ManoharSchmitter, Petra S.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823742026-04-30T12:50:22Z2026-04-02T00:00:00Z

dc.title: A New Water Balance Model Leveraging Satellite Observations for Effective Water Management Decisions in Data-Scarce Paddy-Dominated Regions dc.contributor.author: Mahapatra, Smaranika; Pandey, Shivam; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Schmitter, Petra S. dcterms.abstract: Rice is consumed by roughly half the world's population, but its cultivation demands large volumes of water, accounting for 24–40% of global irrigation supplies. In Bihar's Eastern Gangetic Plains, rice is extensively grown across the landscape, yet farmers and stakeholders struggle to use water effectively due to lack of field hydrological information. Existing water balance models fail to capture paddy-specific hydrological processes, including ponding dynamics (depth and duration), soil water level fluctuation, and bund-influenced surface runoff. Even the limited modified water balance models for paddy which exist now cannot function in the data-scarce regions. The conventional Water Accounting Plus (WA+) framework operates at a coarser scale, and unable to capture above paddy field dynamics. To address these limitations, a new water balance framework (PaddyWA+), a daily water-accounting model, modified for paddy-dominated landscapes, was developed that integrates high-resolution (30-m) evapotranspiration data with satellite-derived inputs. It explicitly incorporates paddy-specific features: field bund heights, hardpan percolation constraints, and ponding dynamics. Analysis of PaddyWA+ results reveals significant regional variability in ponding depths and soil water levels across Bihar's districts, with southwestern regions experiencing notable water stress. The model demonstrates that in Bihar, rainfall accounts for most of the water used in paddy fields. As the framework supports irrigation scheduling, water budgeting, climate adaptation planning, and the assessment of methane mitigation potential, it will establish a scalable pathway for water management in rice-dominated regions. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Farming

2026-04-02T00:00:00ZMahapatra, SmaranikaPandey, ShivamVelpuri, Naga ManoharSchmitter, Petra S.Rice is consumed by roughly half the world's population, but its cultivation demands large volumes of water, accounting for 24–40% of global irrigation supplies. In Bihar's Eastern Gangetic Plains, rice is extensively grown across the landscape, yet farmers and stakeholders struggle to use water effectively due to lack of field hydrological information. Existing water balance models fail to capture paddy-specific hydrological processes, including ponding dynamics (depth and duration), soil water level fluctuation, and bund-influenced surface runoff. Even the limited modified water balance models for paddy which exist now cannot function in the data-scarce regions. The conventional Water Accounting Plus (WA+) framework operates at a coarser scale, and unable to capture above paddy field dynamics. To address these limitations, a new water balance framework (PaddyWA+), a daily water-accounting model, modified for paddy-dominated landscapes, was developed that integrates high-resolution (30-m) evapotranspiration data with satellite-derived inputs. It explicitly incorporates paddy-specific features: field bund heights, hardpan percolation constraints, and ponding dynamics. Analysis of PaddyWA+ results reveals significant regional variability in ponding depths and soil water levels across Bihar's districts, with southwestern regions experiencing notable water stress. The model demonstrates that in Bihar, rainfall accounts for most of the water used in paddy fields. As the framework supports irrigation scheduling, water budgeting, climate adaptation planning, and the assessment of methane mitigation potential, it will establish a scalable pathway for water management in rice-dominated regions.Wondie, M.Mekuria, WoldeAmare, D.Katzensteiner, K.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823732026-04-06T05:40:03Z2026-05-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Scenario-Based Land Management Options for the Highlands of Ethiopia: A Decision Support Tool to Implement Rural Land Use Plans dc.contributor.author: Wondie, M.; Mekuria, Wolde; Amare, D.; Katzensteiner, K. dcterms.abstract: The implementation of locally acceptable land management practices is crucial to improving the livelihoods of local communities and reducing the degradation of ecosystem services. This is particularly important in mountain regions, where steep slopes, fragile soils, high erosion risk, and climate variability intensify land degradation and livelihood shocks, while also influencing downstream water regulation and sediment delivery. This study was conducted in Tara Gedam watershed, northwestern Ethiopia, to evaluate 4 ecosystem-service-based scenarios—business as usual (BAU), transition agriculture (TAG), intensified agriculture (INA), and optimized ecosystem services (OPE)—as land management options using the analytic hierarchy process method. A stakeholder workshop and group discussions with farmers, agricultural experts, and local decision-makers were conducted to set criteria for selecting the best management option. Livelihood benefits and environmental improvements were rated highest and are therefore the most influential factors in selecting land management options. These 2 criteria were responsible for the best performance of OPE and INA. INA and/or TAG were the options preferred by farmers because they provide livelihood benefits within a shorter time than OPE. Smallholder farmers should therefore be provided with financial and technical support to implement OPE. The results of this study will contribute to the knowledge base of agricultural experts to support future implementation of rural land use plans in the highlands and mountain regions of Ethiopia.

2026-05-01T00:00:00ZWondie, M.Mekuria, WoldeAmare, D.Katzensteiner, K.The implementation of locally acceptable land management practices is crucial to improving the livelihoods of local communities and reducing the degradation of ecosystem services. This is particularly important in mountain regions, where steep slopes, fragile soils, high erosion risk, and climate variability intensify land degradation and livelihood shocks, while also influencing downstream water regulation and sediment delivery. This study was conducted in Tara Gedam watershed, northwestern Ethiopia, to evaluate 4 ecosystem-service-based scenarios—business as usual (BAU), transition agriculture (TAG), intensified agriculture (INA), and optimized ecosystem services (OPE)—as land management options using the analytic hierarchy process method. A stakeholder workshop and group discussions with farmers, agricultural experts, and local decision-makers were conducted to set criteria for selecting the best management option. Livelihood benefits and environmental improvements were rated highest and are therefore the most influential factors in selecting land management options. These 2 criteria were responsible for the best performance of OPE and INA. INA and/or TAG were the options preferred by farmers because they provide livelihood benefits within a shorter time than OPE. Smallholder farmers should therefore be provided with financial and technical support to implement OPE. The results of this study will contribute to the knowledge base of agricultural experts to support future implementation of rural land use plans in the highlands and mountain regions of Ethiopia.Osei-Amponsah, CharityDembélé, MoctarAkpoti, Komlavihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823722026-04-22T01:09:55Z2026-04-02T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Amplifying National Climate Action: Insights from Conference of Parties (COP) Engagements in Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Togo dc.contributor.author: Osei-Amponsah, Charity; Dembélé, Moctar; Akpoti, Komlavi

2026-04-02T00:00:00ZOsei-Amponsah, CharityDembélé, MoctarAkpoti, KomlaviPattinson, N. B.Russell, C.Langa, NicoleDarlington, DaniellaGraham, M.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823622026-04-09T01:06:12Z2026-04-02T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Model Framework for a Citizen Science Water Monitoring System in the Limpopo River Basin dc.contributor.author: Pattinson, N. B.; Russell, C.; Langa, Nicole; Darlington, Daniella; Graham, M. dcterms.abstract: This technical report presents a model framework for establishing a citizen science water monitoring system in the Limpopo River Basin. The basin faces significant environmental pressures, including water scarcity, declining water quality, climate variability, and growing socio-economic demands. Addressing these challenges is constrained by persistent data gaps, which limit effective water resource management. The framework proposes a six-step, iterative approach to integrating citizen science into basin-scale monitoring and decision-making. These steps include: (1) establishing a diverse and inclusive partner network; (2) implementing Training-of-Trainers programs to build local capacity; (3) engaging communities to recruit and train citizen scientists; (4) designing robust systems for data collection, curation, and storage aligned with FAIR principles; (5) visualizing and reporting data through integration with a river basin Digital Twin; and (6) developing sustainable inincentivization mechanisms to support participation. A central innovation is the integration of citizen-generated data into the Limpopo River Basin Digital Twin, enabling near real-time visualization, AI-assisted analysis, and improved data-to-action pathways for decision-makers. The framework emphasizes inclusivity, co-design, ethical data practices, and adaptive management through continuous feedback loops. The model demonstrates how citizen science can enhance environmental monitoring, empower communities, and strengthen transboundary water governance. While tailored to the Limpopo River Basin, it is designed as a scalable and adaptable approach for other river basins globally, contributing to improved water security, climate resilience, and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation

2026-04-02T00:00:00ZPattinson, N. B.Russell, C.Langa, NicoleDarlington, DaniellaGraham, M.This technical report presents a model framework for establishing a citizen science water monitoring system in the Limpopo River Basin. The basin faces significant environmental pressures, including water scarcity, declining water quality, climate variability, and growing socio-economic demands. Addressing these challenges is constrained by persistent data gaps, which limit effective water resource management. The framework proposes a six-step, iterative approach to integrating citizen science into basin-scale monitoring and decision-making. These steps include: (1) establishing a diverse and inclusive partner network; (2) implementing Training-of-Trainers programs to build local capacity; (3) engaging communities to recruit and train citizen scientists; (4) designing robust systems for data collection, curation, and storage aligned with FAIR principles; (5) visualizing and reporting data through integration with a river basin Digital Twin; and (6) developing sustainable inincentivization mechanisms to support participation. A central innovation is the integration of citizen-generated data into the Limpopo River Basin Digital Twin, enabling near real-time visualization, AI-assisted analysis, and improved data-to-action pathways for decision-makers. The framework emphasizes inclusivity, co-design, ethical data practices, and adaptive management through continuous feedback loops. The model demonstrates how citizen science can enhance environmental monitoring, empower communities, and strengthen transboundary water governance. While tailored to the Limpopo River Basin, it is designed as a scalable and adaptable approach for other river basins globally, contributing to improved water security, climate resilience, and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals.Osei-Amponsah, CharityMinh, Thai ThiAtampugre, GeraldOke, AdebayoCofie, Olufunke O.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823612026-04-09T01:07:27Z2026-04-02T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling in Nigeria dc.contributor.author: Osei-Amponsah, Charity; Minh, Thai Thi; Atampugre, Gerald; Oke, Adebayo; Cofie, Olufunke O. dcterms.abstract: This report analyzes demand signals for scaling innovations in Nigeria’s agri-food, water, and climate sectors, and is based on a workshop that took place on December 4, 2026 in Abuja. By profiling five key stakeholder groups—ranging from the public sector and private investors to farmers and donors—the study evaluates how these actors articulate priorities and constraints. The findings highlight a strong market pull for climate-smart agriculture, digital solutions, and improved supply chains. However, demand articulation is currently fragmented due to infrastructure deficits, weak coordination, and capacity gaps. Moving beyond a simple ‘technology push’, stakeholders emphasized systemic needs over purely technical ones. Successful scaling requires bundled solutions that integrate finance, policy support, and social legitimacy with the technology itself. The report concludes that to achieve meaningful impact, innovation design must be more demand-responsive, shifting toward integrated scaling pathways that address the complex, institutional realities of the Nigerian landscape. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-04-02T00:00:00ZOsei-Amponsah, CharityMinh, Thai ThiAtampugre, GeraldOke, AdebayoCofie, Olufunke O.This report analyzes demand signals for scaling innovations in Nigeria’s agri-food, water, and climate sectors, and is based on a workshop that took place on December 4, 2026 in Abuja. By profiling five key stakeholder groups—ranging from the public sector and private investors to farmers and donors—the study evaluates how these actors articulate priorities and constraints. The findings highlight a strong market pull for climate-smart agriculture, digital solutions, and improved supply chains. However, demand articulation is currently fragmented due to infrastructure deficits, weak coordination, and capacity gaps. Moving beyond a simple ‘technology push’, stakeholders emphasized systemic needs over purely technical ones. Successful scaling requires bundled solutions that integrate finance, policy support, and social legitimacy with the technology itself. The report concludes that to achieve meaningful impact, innovation design must be more demand-responsive, shifting toward integrated scaling pathways that address the complex, institutional realities of the Nigerian landscape.Somorin, TosinGebrezgabher, Solomie A.Amponsah, AndohKhalifa, MuhammadRuckstuhl, Sandrahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1823022026-04-09T01:11:47Z2026-03-30T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Leveraging Circular Bioeconomy for Resilience in Sudan’s Refugee-Hosting Communities dc.contributor.author: Somorin, Tosin; Gebrezgabher, Solomie A.; Amponsah, Andoh; Khalifa, Muhammad; Ruckstuhl, Sandra dcterms.abstract: This report examines how circular bioeconomy approaches can enhance resilience in Sudan’s refugee-hosting communities, particularly in White Nile, Gedaref, and Kassala. The objective is to identify practical, low-infrastructure pathways for converting locally available organic waste and by-products into resources that support food, energy, sanitation, and livelihoods. Drawing on a desk-based assessment, the study provides a framework for integrating resource recovery into humanitarian and development interventions under conditions of limited data and access constraints. The findings indicate that while organic waste, agricultural residues, and wastewater streams present important opportunities for resource recovery, their quantities, distribution, and consistency remain poorly quantified, constraining precise system design and scaling. Despite this uncertainty, five priority pathways are identified based on evidence from comparable humanitarian contexts: nutrient recycling to support food systems; decentralized bioenergy for clean cooking and services; feed production for displaced livestock; small-scale wastewater reuse for irrigation; and community-based bioproduct enterprises. These pathways demonstrate the potential to convert waste streams into valuable inputs while requiring flexible, context-specific approaches suited to dispersed and variable resources. Embedding circular bioeconomy approaches within the humanitarian–development–peace nexus offers a promising pathway for both immediate needs and long-term resilience, but effectiveness depends on stronger data, capacity, infrastructure, and governance. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

2026-03-30T00:00:00ZSomorin, TosinGebrezgabher, Solomie A.Amponsah, AndohKhalifa, MuhammadRuckstuhl, SandraThis report examines how circular bioeconomy approaches can enhance resilience in Sudan’s refugee-hosting communities, particularly in White Nile, Gedaref, and Kassala. The objective is to identify practical, low-infrastructure pathways for converting locally available organic waste and by-products into resources that support food, energy, sanitation, and livelihoods. Drawing on a desk-based assessment, the study provides a framework for integrating resource recovery into humanitarian and development interventions under conditions of limited data and access constraints. The findings indicate that while organic waste, agricultural residues, and wastewater streams present important opportunities for resource recovery, their quantities, distribution, and consistency remain poorly quantified, constraining precise system design and scaling. Despite this uncertainty, five priority pathways are identified based on evidence from comparable humanitarian contexts: nutrient recycling to support food systems; decentralized bioenergy for clean cooking and services; feed production for displaced livestock; small-scale wastewater reuse for irrigation; and community-based bioproduct enterprises. These pathways demonstrate the potential to convert waste streams into valuable inputs while requiring flexible, context-specific approaches suited to dispersed and variable resources. Embedding circular bioeconomy approaches within the humanitarian–development–peace nexus offers a promising pathway for both immediate needs and long-term resilience, but effectiveness depends on stronger data, capacity, infrastructure, and governance.Ires, Idilhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822962026-04-09T01:07:27Z2026-03-30T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Deliberating Policy Coherence in Kenya’s Agricultural Input Systems: The Case of Biofertilizers dc.contributor.author: Ires, Idil dcterms.abstract: Kenya’s agricultural input system remains heavily skewed toward chemical fertilizers, despite growing evidence of their long-term harm to soil and water quality. Biofertilizers—organic inputs that enhance nutrient uptake, water retention, and restore soil structure—are increasingly recognized in national policies, including the National Soil Fertility Management Policy (2023), Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy (2017–2026), and Agricultural Sector Growth and Transformation Strategy (2019–2029). However, this recognition has not translated into regulatory frameworks, public financing, or inclusion in subsidy and distribution systems. This paper uses a political economy and policy coherence lens to examine how biofertilizers are positioned within Kenya’s agricultural input system, focusing on the regulatory, financial, and institutional conditions shaping their uptake and scaling. Drawing on policy analysis, stakeholder mapping, and interviews with Kenyan biofertilizer enterprises, it identifies three core constraints: institutional fragmentation across government agencies responsible for agriculture, environment, and water; misalignment between national policy ambitions and county-level implementation capacity; and inconsistencies in policies that promote sustainable inputs while continuing to fund chemical fertilizers. The findings indicate that the absence of a dedicated regulatory framework—alongside fertilizer subsidies, weak coordination, and limited capacity—has created a system in which biofertilizers lack formal recognition and structured pathways for quality assurance, distribution, and scaled use. Regulatory agencies lack standards for certification and monitoring, excluding producers from formal markets and public programs. County governments face capacity and financing constraints. The paper recommends establishing a national regulatory framework, piloting inclusion in subsidy systems, strengthening extension services, and improving coordination to align input systems with climate and sustainability goals. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations; Scaling for Impact

2026-03-30T00:00:00ZIres, IdilKenya’s agricultural input system remains heavily skewed toward chemical fertilizers, despite growing evidence of their long-term harm to soil and water quality. Biofertilizers—organic inputs that enhance nutrient uptake, water retention, and restore soil structure—are increasingly recognized in national policies, including the National Soil Fertility Management Policy (2023), Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy (2017–2026), and Agricultural Sector Growth and Transformation Strategy (2019–2029). However, this recognition has not translated into regulatory frameworks, public financing, or inclusion in subsidy and distribution systems. This paper uses a political economy and policy coherence lens to examine how biofertilizers are positioned within Kenya’s agricultural input system, focusing on the regulatory, financial, and institutional conditions shaping their uptake and scaling. Drawing on policy analysis, stakeholder mapping, and interviews with Kenyan biofertilizer enterprises, it identifies three core constraints: institutional fragmentation across government agencies responsible for agriculture, environment, and water; misalignment between national policy ambitions and county-level implementation capacity; and inconsistencies in policies that promote sustainable inputs while continuing to fund chemical fertilizers. The findings indicate that the absence of a dedicated regulatory framework—alongside fertilizer subsidies, weak coordination, and limited capacity—has created a system in which biofertilizers lack formal recognition and structured pathways for quality assurance, distribution, and scaled use. Regulatory agencies lack standards for certification and monitoring, excluding producers from formal markets and public programs. County governments face capacity and financing constraints. The paper recommends establishing a national regulatory framework, piloting inclusion in subsidy systems, strengthening extension services, and improving coordination to align input systems with climate and sustainability goals.Ojeleye, O. A.Owolabi, M. A.Agyekumhene, ChristopherOke, AdebayoTilahun, Seifu A.Minh, Thai Thihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822882026-04-09T01:10:10Z2026-03-30T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Investment Plan for Solar-Based Irrigation Systems in Nigeria dc.contributor.author: Ojeleye, O. A.; Owolabi, M. A.; Agyekumhene, Christopher; Oke, Adebayo; Tilahun, Seifu A.; Minh, Thai Thi dcterms.abstract: This report makes the investment case for shifting irrigated smallholders in northern Nigeria from fuel pumping to Solar-Based Irrigation Systems (SBIS). Using a 579-household survey in Kebbi, Kano, and Kaduna, plus a Mixed Logit discrete-choice experiment, results are standardized to a 1-acre unit (typical SBIS command area). Rising fuel costs and climate variability are eroding the economics of conventional irrigation, while strong solar resources and shallow groundwater make SBIS feasible. The fixed SBIS package (~NGN 600,000) consistently outperforms the mobile “with cart” option (~NGN 1,000,000); the cart can reduce theft/insecurity risk, but its cost premium often lowers returns. Under profit-sharing financing assumptions, the fixed system typically yields high operating returns and a fast payback (~1.4–2.1 years), while the mobile option is usually viable only for the highest-margin uses. A tiered commercialization framework is proposed: Tier 1 (tomato, pepper) can support commercial finance, with tomatoes resilient to revenue shocks; Tier 2 (onion, rice) is viable with the fixed system only; Tier 3 (okra, wheat, maize) is financially fragile and needs concessional finance, performance-based subsidies, and stronger risk management. Recommendations focus on scaling fixed SBIS through cooperatives and small-group liability (2–3 farmers), longer tenors and low upfront payments (including Sharia-compliant options), and bundling insurance, off-taker agreements, extension support, certified installers, and spare-parts supply chains to reduce downtime and protect repayment. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-03-30T00:00:00ZOjeleye, O. A.Owolabi, M. A.Agyekumhene, ChristopherOke, AdebayoTilahun, Seifu A.Minh, Thai ThiThis report makes the investment case for shifting irrigated smallholders in northern Nigeria from fuel pumping to Solar-Based Irrigation Systems (SBIS). Using a 579-household survey in Kebbi, Kano, and Kaduna, plus a Mixed Logit discrete-choice experiment, results are standardized to a 1-acre unit (typical SBIS command area). Rising fuel costs and climate variability are eroding the economics of conventional irrigation, while strong solar resources and shallow groundwater make SBIS feasible. The fixed SBIS package (~NGN 600,000) consistently outperforms the mobile “with cart” option (~NGN 1,000,000); the cart can reduce theft/insecurity risk, but its cost premium often lowers returns. Under profit-sharing financing assumptions, the fixed system typically yields high operating returns and a fast payback (~1.4–2.1 years), while the mobile option is usually viable only for the highest-margin uses. A tiered commercialization framework is proposed: Tier 1 (tomato, pepper) can support commercial finance, with tomatoes resilient to revenue shocks; Tier 2 (onion, rice) is viable with the fixed system only; Tier 3 (okra, wheat, maize) is financially fragile and needs concessional finance, performance-based subsidies, and stronger risk management. Recommendations focus on scaling fixed SBIS through cooperatives and small-group liability (2–3 farmers), longer tenors and low upfront payments (including Sharia-compliant options), and bundling insurance, off-taker agreements, extension support, certified installers, and spare-parts supply chains to reduce downtime and protect repayment.Alegbeleye, OluwadaraMateo-Sagasta, Javierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822832026-04-10T17:19:21Z2026-04-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Contribution of the Use of Microbiologically Contaminated Water in Slaughterhouses to Food Safety Risks dc.contributor.author: Alegbeleye, Oluwadara; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier dcterms.abstract: Food animals can become contaminated with enteric pathogens during slaughter, with potentially significant consequences for food and public health safety. This overview examines the scientific evidence implicating slaughterhouses as critical points for microbiological contamination of meat, with particular focus on the role of process water as a potential source and vehicle for foodborne pathogens. Despite the extensive use of water—e.g., for carcass washing, equipment cleaning, and general hygiene, there is a notable lack of empirical data on how waterborne pathogens may contribute to food safety risks. This gap highlights the need to better characterize the potential for process water to act as a reservoir and a vehicle for foodborne pathogens. To address this, this overview proposes a framework for tracing, characterizing, and quantifying the food safety risks associated with water used during slaughter. It emphasizes the importance of generating experimental data on the survival, persistence, and fate of water-origin pathogens on or within meat. The ability of a pathogen to persist throughout processing and storage significantly influences its impact as a foodborne hazard, as it increases the likelihood that it reaches consumers at infectious doses. Establishing genetic relatedness among isolates recovered from slaughterhouse water, contaminated meat, and clinical cases of foodborne illness can confirm water as a contamination source. However, in general, robust microbiological and food chain surveys are needed to establish clearer links between water-mediated contamination in slaughterhouses and subsequent human illness. Addressing these research gaps is critical for designing effective interventions and ensuring meat safety from slaughter through distribution. cg.contributor.initiative: One Health cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods

2026-04-01T00:00:00ZAlegbeleye, OluwadaraMateo-Sagasta, JavierFood animals can become contaminated with enteric pathogens during slaughter, with potentially significant consequences for food and public health safety. This overview examines the scientific evidence implicating slaughterhouses as critical points for microbiological contamination of meat, with particular focus on the role of process water as a potential source and vehicle for foodborne pathogens. Despite the extensive use of water—e.g., for carcass washing, equipment cleaning, and general hygiene, there is a notable lack of empirical data on how waterborne pathogens may contribute to food safety risks. This gap highlights the need to better characterize the potential for process water to act as a reservoir and a vehicle for foodborne pathogens. To address this, this overview proposes a framework for tracing, characterizing, and quantifying the food safety risks associated with water used during slaughter. It emphasizes the importance of generating experimental data on the survival, persistence, and fate of water-origin pathogens on or within meat. The ability of a pathogen to persist throughout processing and storage significantly influences its impact as a foodborne hazard, as it increases the likelihood that it reaches consumers at infectious doses. Establishing genetic relatedness among isolates recovered from slaughterhouse water, contaminated meat, and clinical cases of foodborne illness can confirm water as a contamination source. However, in general, robust microbiological and food chain surveys are needed to establish clearer links between water-mediated contamination in slaughterhouses and subsequent human illness. Addressing these research gaps is critical for designing effective interventions and ensuring meat safety from slaughter through distribution.Khalifa, MuhammadBerama, Siddig Mohammed AliGebrezgabher, Solomie A.Somorin, TosinMekuria, WoldeRuckstuhl, SandraVelpuri, Naga Manoharhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822812026-04-06T13:01:29Z2026-03-27T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Water Data for Sudan’s Water, Food, and Environmental Systems dc.contributor.author: Khalifa, Muhammad; Berama, Siddig Mohammed Ali; Gebrezgabher, Solomie A.; Somorin, Tosin; Mekuria, Wolde; Ruckstuhl, Sandra; Velpuri, Naga Manohar dcterms.abstract: In fragile and conflict-affected regions, limited data and restricted access hinder effective water resource assessment and planning. To address this gap, IWMI developed a comprehensive data inventory for some parts of Sudan, integrating water, agriculture, and environmental indicators using publicly available datasets. The inventory enables spatial analysis of water availability, productivity, and climate stress to identify priority areas for intervention. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

2026-03-27T00:00:00ZKhalifa, MuhammadBerama, Siddig Mohammed AliGebrezgabher, Solomie A.Somorin, TosinMekuria, WoldeRuckstuhl, SandraVelpuri, Naga ManoharIn fragile and conflict-affected regions, limited data and restricted access hinder effective water resource assessment and planning. To address this gap, IWMI developed a comprehensive data inventory for some parts of Sudan, integrating water, agriculture, and environmental indicators using publicly available datasets. The inventory enables spatial analysis of water availability, productivity, and climate stress to identify priority areas for intervention.Stifel, ElizabethAbeyrathna, Wasudha PrabodhaniFragaszy, Stephenhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822792026-04-02T05:56:34Z2026-03-27T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Perceived Economic Viability of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions in the Middle East and North Africa Region dc.contributor.author: Stifel, Elizabeth; Abeyrathna, Wasudha Prabodhani; Fragaszy, Stephen dcterms.abstract: This report analyzes the economic viability of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions (RNBWS) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) using data from the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) from 24 projects. The MENA region faces severe water stress, with over 60% of the population affected, making sustainable water management critical. RNBWS integrate nature-based approaches with agricultural water management to enhance water supply, reduce demand, and improve ecosystem resilience. The study finds that while high upfront establishment costs lead to negative short-term perceptions, long-term benefits are strongly positive, with low maintenance costs enhancing cost-effectiveness. Overall, RNBWS is recognized as valuable long-term investments that deliver both economic and environmental benefits, with potential to improve water security, agricultural productivity and resilience. The study emphasizes the need for early-stage financial support to scale adoption and bridge initial investment gaps.

2026-03-27T00:00:00ZStifel, ElizabethAbeyrathna, Wasudha PrabodhaniFragaszy, StephenThis report analyzes the economic viability of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions (RNBWS) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) using data from the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) from 24 projects. The MENA region faces severe water stress, with over 60% of the population affected, making sustainable water management critical. RNBWS integrate nature-based approaches with agricultural water management to enhance water supply, reduce demand, and improve ecosystem resilience. The study finds that while high upfront establishment costs lead to negative short-term perceptions, long-term benefits are strongly positive, with low maintenance costs enhancing cost-effectiveness. Overall, RNBWS is recognized as valuable long-term investments that deliver both economic and environmental benefits, with potential to improve water security, agricultural productivity and resilience. The study emphasizes the need for early-stage financial support to scale adoption and bridge initial investment gaps.Kiala, ZoloMatheswaran, KarthikeyanDickens, ChrisGarcia Andarcia, MariangelLudwig, FulcoGhosh, Surajithttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822642026-03-26T11:38:11Z2026-12-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Operational Sentinel-2 System for Monthly Near‑real‑time Irrigated Area Mapping in the Limpopo River Basin dc.contributor.author: Kiala, Zolo; Matheswaran, Karthikeyan; Dickens, Chris; Garcia Andarcia, Mariangel; Ludwig, Fulco; Ghosh, Surajit dcterms.abstract: Monitoring irrigated agriculture is critical in the water-scarce Limpopo River Basin (LRB). However, existing approaches are often coarse, retrospective, or season-aggregated, which limits their ability to capture smallholder irrigation and the month-to-month dynamics required for operational management. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating a scalable, semi-supervised framework to produce monthly dry-season (May–September) 10 m irrigated-area maps and associated water-use estimates across the LRB for 2019–2024. The workflow integrates Sentinel-2 imagery, a Random Forest classifier, time-lagged precipitation–vegetation analysis, and slope masking in Google Earth Engine, and links mapped irrigated area to FAO’s WaPOR (Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed derived data) evapotranspiration to estimate water use. Validation against independent field observations (n = 190) achieved 80% overall accuracy (κ = 0.60). Dry-season irrigated area declined from ~ 211,000 ha (2019) to ~ 185,000 ha (2024), while mean dry-season water use increased from ~ 103–134 × 106 m3, indicating rising irrigation intensity. Irrigation hotspots were concentrated in key sub-basins including the Middle Olifants, Crocodile, and Letaba. The resulting open-access, basin-scale product provides operational irrigation intelligence to support transboundary water allocation and drought response. It also offers a replicable model for other water-stressed basins. cg.contributor.initiative: Digital Innovation

2026-12-01T00:00:00ZKiala, ZoloMatheswaran, KarthikeyanDickens, ChrisGarcia Andarcia, MariangelLudwig, FulcoGhosh, SurajitMonitoring irrigated agriculture is critical in the water-scarce Limpopo River Basin (LRB). However, existing approaches are often coarse, retrospective, or season-aggregated, which limits their ability to capture smallholder irrigation and the month-to-month dynamics required for operational management. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating a scalable, semi-supervised framework to produce monthly dry-season (May–September) 10 m irrigated-area maps and associated water-use estimates across the LRB for 2019–2024. The workflow integrates Sentinel-2 imagery, a Random Forest classifier, time-lagged precipitation–vegetation analysis, and slope masking in Google Earth Engine, and links mapped irrigated area to FAO’s WaPOR (Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed derived data) evapotranspiration to estimate water use. Validation against independent field observations (n = 190) achieved 80% overall accuracy (κ = 0.60). Dry-season irrigated area declined from ~ 211,000 ha (2019) to ~ 185,000 ha (2024), while mean dry-season water use increased from ~ 103–134 × 106 m3, indicating rising irrigation intensity. Irrigation hotspots were concentrated in key sub-basins including the Middle Olifants, Crocodile, and Letaba. The resulting open-access, basin-scale product provides operational irrigation intelligence to support transboundary water allocation and drought response. It also offers a replicable model for other water-stressed basins.Begum, KhadijaIlyas, NoumanHussain, Kashifhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822582026-03-27T02:10:57Z2026-03-26T00:00:00Z

dc.title: From Design to Impact: Insights from WMfEP’s Gender-Responsive Initiatives for Women and Youth in Tank and D.I. Khan Districts, Pakistan dc.contributor.author: Begum, Khadija; Ilyas, Nouman; Hussain, Kashif dcterms.abstract: This report presents key insights from the Water Management for Enhanced Productivity (WMfEP) project, implemented in the Gomal Zam Dam Command Area of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank districts in Pakistan. It explores how gender-responsive and youth-inclusive approaches can strengthen climate-smart agriculture in contexts shaped by socio-cultural constraints. Focusing on women and youth who often face limited access to resources, mobility, and decision-making, the project introduced locally appropriate technologies such as solar-powered micro-drip irrigation systems, tunnel farming, and smart sprayers. These interventions were complemented by targeted capacity-building, continuous field support, and participatory engagement to ensure adoption and sustainability. The report highlights how over 300 women and youth developed skills and confidence to engage in modern agricultural practices. Evidence from the field indicates improvements in household food security, reduced expenditure on vegetables, and increased opportunities for income generation. Women reported enhanced participation in decision-making and greater mobility, while youth showed increased interest in agriculture and farm-based entrepreneurship. Beyond technical outcomes, the report underscores gradual shifts in gender norms, with women and youth taking on more visible and active roles in agriculture. It also reflects the importance of sustained support systems, including market linkages and institutional engagement, to consolidate and scale these gains. The report demonstrates the transformative potential of context-sensitive, inclusive agricultural interventions in underserved rural settings.

2026-03-26T00:00:00ZBegum, KhadijaIlyas, NoumanHussain, KashifThis report presents key insights from the Water Management for Enhanced Productivity (WMfEP) project, implemented in the Gomal Zam Dam Command Area of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank districts in Pakistan. It explores how gender-responsive and youth-inclusive approaches can strengthen climate-smart agriculture in contexts shaped by socio-cultural constraints. Focusing on women and youth who often face limited access to resources, mobility, and decision-making, the project introduced locally appropriate technologies such as solar-powered micro-drip irrigation systems, tunnel farming, and smart sprayers. These interventions were complemented by targeted capacity-building, continuous field support, and participatory engagement to ensure adoption and sustainability. The report highlights how over 300 women and youth developed skills and confidence to engage in modern agricultural practices. Evidence from the field indicates improvements in household food security, reduced expenditure on vegetables, and increased opportunities for income generation. Women reported enhanced participation in decision-making and greater mobility, while youth showed increased interest in agriculture and farm-based entrepreneurship. Beyond technical outcomes, the report underscores gradual shifts in gender norms, with women and youth taking on more visible and active roles in agriculture. It also reflects the importance of sustained support systems, including market linkages and institutional engagement, to consolidate and scale these gains. The report demonstrates the transformative potential of context-sensitive, inclusive agricultural interventions in underserved rural settings.Ires, Idilhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822422026-03-26T02:03:13Z2026-03-25T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Enabling Environment Bottlenecks in Kenya’s Emerging Circular and Agrifood Economies dc.contributor.author: Ires, Idil dcterms.abstract: Small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) are vital to Kenya’s transition toward climate-smart, circular agri-food systems. However, firms in novel value chains, such as insect-based biofertilizers, urban waste composting, and indigenous plant-based milks, face enabling environments poorly aligned with their regulatory needs. This paper examines three Kenyan enterprises—EcoRich, Rebug2Debug, and OnlyPlants—to highlight how outdated frameworks and fragmented agency mandates stifle innovation. Despite aligning with national priorities for soil restoration and waste valorization, these SMEs are constrained by regulatory "grey zones," lack of product certification pathways, and exclusion from public procurement and subsidies. These barriers increase compliance costs and delay approvals, particularly for firms lacking the financial bandwidth to navigate institutional complexity. To address these hurdles, the paper identifies critical technical assistance needs. For SMEs, priorities include support for food safety classification, Access and Benefit Sharing ompliance, and quality assurance. At the system level, the paper calls for urgent reforms: developing standards for insect-based fertilizers, clarifying plant-based food oversight, and improving national-county coordination. By providing new empirical evidence on regulatory fragmentation, this study outlines actionable reforms for partners like IWMI and WFP to unlock the potential of frontier SMEs in Kenya’s circular economy. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

2026-03-25T00:00:00ZIres, IdilSmall and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) are vital to Kenya’s transition toward climate-smart, circular agri-food systems. However, firms in novel value chains, such as insect-based biofertilizers, urban waste composting, and indigenous plant-based milks, face enabling environments poorly aligned with their regulatory needs. This paper examines three Kenyan enterprises—EcoRich, Rebug2Debug, and OnlyPlants—to highlight how outdated frameworks and fragmented agency mandates stifle innovation. Despite aligning with national priorities for soil restoration and waste valorization, these SMEs are constrained by regulatory "grey zones," lack of product certification pathways, and exclusion from public procurement and subsidies. These barriers increase compliance costs and delay approvals, particularly for firms lacking the financial bandwidth to navigate institutional complexity. To address these hurdles, the paper identifies critical technical assistance needs. For SMEs, priorities include support for food safety classification, Access and Benefit Sharing ompliance, and quality assurance. At the system level, the paper calls for urgent reforms: developing standards for insect-based fertilizers, clarifying plant-based food oversight, and improving national-county coordination. By providing new empirical evidence on regulatory fragmentation, this study outlines actionable reforms for partners like IWMI and WFP to unlock the potential of frontier SMEs in Kenya’s circular economy.Epebinu, Eunice ModupeBodach, SusanneGebrezgabher, Solomie A.Somorin, Tosinhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822322026-03-25T02:11:05Z2026-03-24T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Pathways for Circular Aquaculture and Resource-Efficient Food Production dc.contributor.author: Epebinu, Eunice Modupe; Bodach, Susanne; Gebrezgabher, Solomie A.; Somorin, Tosin dcterms.abstract: Aquaculture systems vary significantly in how they manage water, nutrients, and waste, with system design emerging as the primary determinant of sustainability. This report aims to classify aquaculture system types, map pathways for water reuse and nutrient recovery, and assess their circular performance to inform more sustainable system design. This report finds that systems with greater internal control over water and nutrient flows, such as recirculating aquaculture systems, biofloc-based systems, and aquaponics, are better positioned to reduce losses and enable resource recovery, while systems dependent on continuous water exchange, such as cage culture, flow-through raceways, and open pond systems, tend to externalize environmental impacts. The analysis further shows that integrated biological systems enhance nutrient recycling and improve system stability by converting waste into productive biomass, whereas highly engineered systems offer precision and consistency but require higher energy, capital, and technical capacity. It also highlights that waste streams differ across systems in form and concentration, meaning that treatment and recovery approaches must be tailored to specific system configurations rather than applied uniformly. A central finding is that circular performance depends on how effectively production, treatment, and resource recovery processes are integrated. No single system optimizes all dimensions of circularity; instead, hybrid and modular configurations that combine biological and engineered processes provide the most practical and scalable pathway for achieving resource-efficient and environmentally sustainable aquaculture. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes; Food Frontiers and Security

2026-03-24T00:00:00ZEpebinu, Eunice ModupeBodach, SusanneGebrezgabher, Solomie A.Somorin, TosinAquaculture systems vary significantly in how they manage water, nutrients, and waste, with system design emerging as the primary determinant of sustainability. This report aims to classify aquaculture system types, map pathways for water reuse and nutrient recovery, and assess their circular performance to inform more sustainable system design. This report finds that systems with greater internal control over water and nutrient flows, such as recirculating aquaculture systems, biofloc-based systems, and aquaponics, are better positioned to reduce losses and enable resource recovery, while systems dependent on continuous water exchange, such as cage culture, flow-through raceways, and open pond systems, tend to externalize environmental impacts. The analysis further shows that integrated biological systems enhance nutrient recycling and improve system stability by converting waste into productive biomass, whereas highly engineered systems offer precision and consistency but require higher energy, capital, and technical capacity. It also highlights that waste streams differ across systems in form and concentration, meaning that treatment and recovery approaches must be tailored to specific system configurations rather than applied uniformly. A central finding is that circular performance depends on how effectively production, treatment, and resource recovery processes are integrated. No single system optimizes all dimensions of circularity; instead, hybrid and modular configurations that combine biological and engineered processes provide the most practical and scalable pathway for achieving resource-efficient and environmentally sustainable aquaculture.Aryal, AnilKC, JibeshChoudhary, DyutimanRana, MasudVarijakshapanicker, PadmakumarBhatt, Prem RajBhandari, HumnathKhadka, Manoharahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822202026-03-25T14:37:58Z2026-03-24T00:00:00Z

dc.title: CGIAR 10 Year Impact in Nepal dc.contributor.author: Aryal, Anil; KC, Jibesh; Choudhary, Dyutiman; Rana, Masud; Varijakshapanicker, Padmakumar; Bhatt, Prem Raj; Bhandari, Humnath; Khadka, Manohara dcterms.abstract: This report highlights the impact of CGIAR Centers in Nepal over the last decade (2014–2024), demonstrating how research, innovation, and partnerships have contributed to strengthening agriculture, livestock, water management, and climate resilience across the country. Over the past 10 years, CGIAR Centers have worked closely with government agencies, research institutions, private sector actors, and farming communities to support Nepal’s transition toward sustainable and inclusive agri-food systems. CGIAR initiatives have introduced innovations in climate-smart agriculture, irrigation modernization, water–energy–food nexus solutions, crop–livestock integration, and digital decision-support tools. These innovations have improved water use efficiency, enhanced agricultural productivity, strengthened livestock systems, and supported climate-resilient farming practices. Practical technologies such as solar-powered irrigation systems, hydro-meteorological monitoring tools, improved crop varieties, precision nutrient management, and digital advisory services have been developed and tested in partnership with farmers and institutions. Capacity building has been a major focus, with more than 10,000 stakeholders impacted - including farmers, technicians, policymakers, and researchers - participating in training programs, workshops, and policy dialogues through collaborations with more than 100 national and international stakeholders. Research evidence generated through these collaborations has influenced national policies and investment decisions, including contributions to the Irrigation Policy (2023), the draft Water Resources Bill (2024), promotion of community seed banks, agri-mechanization, and solar irrigation subsidy reforms. Looking ahead, CGIAR’s work in Nepal will continue to focus on climate-resilient water systems, sustainable livestock and crop systems, market-driven food systems, and digital innovations to strengthen resilient and inclusive agri-food systems. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-03-24T00:00:00ZAryal, AnilKC, JibeshChoudhary, DyutimanRana, MasudVarijakshapanicker, PadmakumarBhatt, Prem RajBhandari, HumnathKhadka, ManoharaThis report highlights the impact of CGIAR Centers in Nepal over the last decade (2014–2024), demonstrating how research, innovation, and partnerships have contributed to strengthening agriculture, livestock, water management, and climate resilience across the country. Over the past 10 years, CGIAR Centers have worked closely with government agencies, research institutions, private sector actors, and farming communities to support Nepal’s transition toward sustainable and inclusive agri-food systems. CGIAR initiatives have introduced innovations in climate-smart agriculture, irrigation modernization, water–energy–food nexus solutions, crop–livestock integration, and digital decision-support tools. These innovations have improved water use efficiency, enhanced agricultural productivity, strengthened livestock systems, and supported climate-resilient farming practices. Practical technologies such as solar-powered irrigation systems, hydro-meteorological monitoring tools, improved crop varieties, precision nutrient management, and digital advisory services have been developed and tested in partnership with farmers and institutions. Capacity building has been a major focus, with more than 10,000 stakeholders impacted - including farmers, technicians, policymakers, and researchers - participating in training programs, workshops, and policy dialogues through collaborations with more than 100 national and international stakeholders. Research evidence generated through these collaborations has influenced national policies and investment decisions, including contributions to the Irrigation Policy (2023), the draft Water Resources Bill (2024), promotion of community seed banks, agri-mechanization, and solar irrigation subsidy reforms. Looking ahead, CGIAR’s work in Nepal will continue to focus on climate-resilient water systems, sustainable livestock and crop systems, market-driven food systems, and digital innovations to strengthen resilient and inclusive agri-food systems.Mekonnen, KirubelVelpuri, Naga ManoharLeh, MansoorAkpoti, KomlaviOwusu, AfuaMahapatra, SmaranikaTinonetsana, PrimroseMadushanka, LahiruPerera, TharinduTedla, H. Z.Talema, M.Seid, Abdulkarimhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822142026-03-24T07:02:43Z2026-06-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: An Integrated Modeling Framework for Water Accounting Assessment in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin, Ethiopia: Impacts of Interbasin Water Transfer dc.contributor.author: Mekonnen, Kirubel; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Leh, Mansoor; Akpoti, Komlavi; Owusu, Afua; Mahapatra, Smaranika; Tinonetsana, Primrose; Madushanka, Lahiru; Perera, Tharindu; Tedla, H. Z.; Talema, M.; Seid, Abdulkarim dcterms.abstract: Study Region: Lake Tana Sub-Basin, Ethiopia Study Focus: The Lake Tana sub-basin plays a vital role in Ethiopia’s hydropower generation and irrigation development. However, the recent operation of an interbasin water transfer has intensified competition for water resources, raising concerns about long-term hydrological sustainability and downstream ecological flows. To evaluate these impacts, this study developed an integrated modeling framework that couples the HBV Light rainfall-runoff model, a lake water balance model, and the Water Accounting Plus (WA+) approach to assess water availability, consumption patterns, and downstream ecological flow conditions for 2010–2020. New hydrological insights for the Region: The HBV Light model was unable to accurately simulate the natural lake outflow, but its coupling with the lake water balance model significantly improved model performance, resulting in NSE of 0.79 and R² of 0.92. The mean annual inflow to the lake was estimated at 6.9 km³ , with 55% contributed by the Gilgel Abbay catchment. The rainfall and evaporation over the lake was estimated at 4.1 km³ yr⁻¹ and 5.1 km³ yr⁻¹ , respectively. Total annual outflow averaged 5.8 km³ , with 3.1 km³ yr⁻¹ diverted through the interbasin water transfer and 2.7 km³ yr⁻¹ outflow at the natural outlet. The interbasin water transfer now exceeds lake's natural outflow and has increased the frequency of unmet environmental flow requirements from 6% (pre-transfer period) to 27% during 2010–2020. In terms of consumption, rainfed agriculture dominates water consumption at 5.7 km³ yr⁻¹ , while irrigation accounts for only 0.4 km³ yr⁻¹ . Green evapotranspiration (ET) constitutes 68% of total water consumption, with blue ET making up the remaining 32%. These results demonstrate the hydrological implications of interbasin water transfer on lake outflow and downstream ecological conditions. The integrated modeling framework offers a scalable approach for hydrological assessment and water allocation in data-scarce basins.

2026-06-01T00:00:00ZMekonnen, KirubelVelpuri, Naga ManoharLeh, MansoorAkpoti, KomlaviOwusu, AfuaMahapatra, SmaranikaTinonetsana, PrimroseMadushanka, LahiruPerera, TharinduTedla, H. Z.Talema, M.Seid, AbdulkarimStudy Region: Lake Tana Sub-Basin, Ethiopia Study Focus: The Lake Tana sub-basin plays a vital role in Ethiopia’s hydropower generation and irrigation development. However, the recent operation of an interbasin water transfer has intensified competition for water resources, raising concerns about long-term hydrological sustainability and downstream ecological flows. To evaluate these impacts, this study developed an integrated modeling framework that couples the HBV Light rainfall-runoff model, a lake water balance model, and the Water Accounting Plus (WA+) approach to assess water availability, consumption patterns, and downstream ecological flow conditions for 2010–2020. New hydrological insights for the Region: The HBV Light model was unable to accurately simulate the natural lake outflow, but its coupling with the lake water balance model significantly improved model performance, resulting in NSE of 0.79 and R² of 0.92. The mean annual inflow to the lake was estimated at 6.9 km³ , with 55% contributed by the Gilgel Abbay catchment. The rainfall and evaporation over the lake was estimated at 4.1 km³ yr⁻¹ and 5.1 km³ yr⁻¹ , respectively. Total annual outflow averaged 5.8 km³ , with 3.1 km³ yr⁻¹ diverted through the interbasin water transfer and 2.7 km³ yr⁻¹ outflow at the natural outlet. The interbasin water transfer now exceeds lake's natural outflow and has increased the frequency of unmet environmental flow requirements from 6% (pre-transfer period) to 27% during 2010–2020. In terms of consumption, rainfed agriculture dominates water consumption at 5.7 km³ yr⁻¹ , while irrigation accounts for only 0.4 km³ yr⁻¹ . Green evapotranspiration (ET) constitutes 68% of total water consumption, with blue ET making up the remaining 32%. These results demonstrate the hydrological implications of interbasin water transfer on lake outflow and downstream ecological conditions. The integrated modeling framework offers a scalable approach for hydrological assessment and water allocation in data-scarce basins.Gul, N.Ashraf, MuhammadSalam, H. A.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822102026-03-23T14:15:31Z2026-02-27T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Resilient Agriculture in Thar Desert, Pakistan dc.contributor.author: Gul, N.; Ashraf, Muhammad; Salam, H. A. dcterms.abstract: Explore the agriculture in Thar Desert of Pakistan, particularly in Tharparkar District. Discover how rain-fed farming and localized irrigation systems foster resilience and enhance livelihoods in arid environments. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-02-27T00:00:00ZGul, N.Ashraf, MuhammadSalam, H. A.Explore the agriculture in Thar Desert of Pakistan, particularly in Tharparkar District. Discover how rain-fed farming and localized irrigation systems foster resilience and enhance livelihoods in arid environments.Gul, N.Salam, H. A.Ashraf, MuhammadShaikh, I. A.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822052026-03-23T10:17:29Z2026-01-13T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Management Strategies for Sustainable Wheat Production in Pakistan – a Review dc.contributor.author: Gul, N.; Salam, H. A.; Ashraf, Muhammad; Shaikh, I. A. dcterms.abstract: Sustainable wheat production in Pakistan relies on integrated best management practices that encompass land preparation, sowing methods, planting timing, weed control, balanced fertilization, irrigation scheduling, and disease management. Optimized land preparation techniques, including tillage sequencing, laser land leveling, and precise field surveying, enhance seedbed conditions, improve water use efficiency, and significantly increase yields. Modern sowing techniques such as ridge, raised-bed, and drill planting outperform traditional broadcasting methods, resulting in yield increases of 9–22% and water savings. Timely planting, especially early sowing with suitable varieties, is vital for avoiding thermal stress and maximizing grain development. Effective weed control using appropriate herbicides can prevent annual yield losses of 17–25%, while balanced fertilization guided by soil testing can boost production by up to 70%. Efficient irrigation scheduling based on crop water requirements and groundwater contributions helps prevent nutrient loss, waterlogging, and soil health decline. Additionally, proactive disease management particularly against rusts, root rot, smut, and black point through resistant varieties, timely fungicide applications, and optimized sowing times is essential for protecting yields. Collectively, these practices form a comprehensive framework for enhancing wheat productivity, water efficiency, and sustainability across Sindh and other wheat-growing regions of Pakistan. This review provides an extensive overview of best management practices that can guide farmers, researchers, and policymakers toward more efficient and sustainable wheat cultivation. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-01-13T00:00:00ZGul, N.Salam, H. A.Ashraf, MuhammadShaikh, I. A.Sustainable wheat production in Pakistan relies on integrated best management practices that encompass land preparation, sowing methods, planting timing, weed control, balanced fertilization, irrigation scheduling, and disease management. Optimized land preparation techniques, including tillage sequencing, laser land leveling, and precise field surveying, enhance seedbed conditions, improve water use efficiency, and significantly increase yields. Modern sowing techniques such as ridge, raised-bed, and drill planting outperform traditional broadcasting methods, resulting in yield increases of 9–22% and water savings. Timely planting, especially early sowing with suitable varieties, is vital for avoiding thermal stress and maximizing grain development. Effective weed control using appropriate herbicides can prevent annual yield losses of 17–25%, while balanced fertilization guided by soil testing can boost production by up to 70%. Efficient irrigation scheduling based on crop water requirements and groundwater contributions helps prevent nutrient loss, waterlogging, and soil health decline. Additionally, proactive disease management particularly against rusts, root rot, smut, and black point through resistant varieties, timely fungicide applications, and optimized sowing times is essential for protecting yields. Collectively, these practices form a comprehensive framework for enhancing wheat productivity, water efficiency, and sustainability across Sindh and other wheat-growing regions of Pakistan. This review provides an extensive overview of best management practices that can guide farmers, researchers, and policymakers toward more efficient and sustainable wheat cultivation.Akaffou, F. H.Obahoundje, SalomonKoffi, B.Yangouliba, G. I.Coulibaly, W. B.N’guessan, K. J.-Y.Diedhiou, A.Kouassi, K. L.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822012026-03-23T08:31:56Z2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Comparing Bias Adjustment Methods for CMIP6 Extreme Precipitation Projections in the San-Pédro River Basin (Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa) dc.contributor.author: Akaffou, F. H.; Obahoundje, Salomon; Koffi, B.; Yangouliba, G. I.; Coulibaly, W. B.; N’guessan, K. J.-Y.; Diedhiou, A.; Kouassi, K. L. dcterms.abstract: West Africa (WA) is highly vulnerable to flooding and needs accurate projections of extreme precipitations to improve flood preparedness. However, selecting appropriate bias adjustment method for such projections remain challenging. This study assesses four bias adjustment methods, namely Cumulative Distribution Function Transfert Singularity Stochastic Removal (CDFt SSR), Empirical Quantile Mapping (Eqm), Delta, and Scaling in refining seventeen Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models and their ensemble mean (EnsMean) for projecting extreme precipitations under three scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) over the San-Pédro River basin. Analyses were performed at the annual and long rainy season timescales. Using Climate Hazard Group Infrared Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) observational data, seven flood-related precipitation indices (PRCPTOT, R1mm, SDII, CWD, R99pTOT, Rx5day, and Rx1day) were computed over 1991–2020. Bias adjustment methods were calibrated (1982–2001) and validated (2002–2014) using statistical (R and Pbias) and graphical evaluations. Results revealed significant discrepancies among models and methods. While Delta-adjusted models achieved the best statistical performance (R > 0.8 and Pbias < 30%), CDFt SSR-adjusted models most accurately reproduced observed daily precipitation and indices distributions. However, limitations persisted for CWD and R99pTOT. Future projections indicate increase in extreme precipitation in the near (2031–2060) and far (2061–2090) futures, relative to the baseline period (1985–2014) across all scenarios, heightening flood risks, threatening agriculture, and challenging hydropower operations. CDFt SSR emerges as the most robust method for projecting extreme precipitations, offering a robust foundation for climate impact assessments and adaptation planning in WA.

2026-03-01T00:00:00ZAkaffou, F. H.Obahoundje, SalomonKoffi, B.Yangouliba, G. I.Coulibaly, W. B.N’guessan, K. J.-Y.Diedhiou, A.Kouassi, K. L.West Africa (WA) is highly vulnerable to flooding and needs accurate projections of extreme precipitations to improve flood preparedness. However, selecting appropriate bias adjustment method for such projections remain challenging. This study assesses four bias adjustment methods, namely Cumulative Distribution Function Transfert Singularity Stochastic Removal (CDFt SSR), Empirical Quantile Mapping (Eqm), Delta, and Scaling in refining seventeen Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models and their ensemble mean (EnsMean) for projecting extreme precipitations under three scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) over the San-Pédro River basin. Analyses were performed at the annual and long rainy season timescales. Using Climate Hazard Group Infrared Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) observational data, seven flood-related precipitation indices (PRCPTOT, R1mm, SDII, CWD, R99pTOT, Rx5day, and Rx1day) were computed over 1991–2020. Bias adjustment methods were calibrated (1982–2001) and validated (2002–2014) using statistical (R and Pbias) and graphical evaluations. Results revealed significant discrepancies among models and methods. While Delta-adjusted models achieved the best statistical performance (R > 0.8 and Pbias < 30%), CDFt SSR-adjusted models most accurately reproduced observed daily precipitation and indices distributions. However, limitations persisted for CWD and R99pTOT. Future projections indicate increase in extreme precipitation in the near (2031–2060) and far (2061–2090) futures, relative to the baseline period (1985–2014) across all scenarios, heightening flood risks, threatening agriculture, and challenging hydropower operations. CDFt SSR emerges as the most robust method for projecting extreme precipitations, offering a robust foundation for climate impact assessments and adaptation planning in WA.Rana, S. A.Ali, S. M.Ashraf, MuhammadAkhtar, N.Ulain, Q.Eqani, S. A. M. A. S.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1822002026-03-23T05:42:37Z2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Groundwater Assessment for Domestic and Irrigation Water Supply Based on Water Quality Indices and Geographic Information Systems in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area, Pakistan dc.contributor.author: Rana, S. A.; Ali, S. M.; Ashraf, Muhammad; Akhtar, N.; Ulain, Q.; Eqani, S. A. M. A. S. dcterms.abstract: Groundwater plays a vital role in drinking and daily supply in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan areas. The current study is designed to comprehensively address the problem of groundwater quality using a multi-methodological approach with water quality indices (WQI). For this purpose, 122 observations were recorded and analyzed following standard procedures. Piper and Gibbs diagrams demonstrated groundwater characterization. The GIS and multivariate statistical analyses were employed for vulnerability assessment and source apportionment. The findings of the present study revealed that certain parameters (pH, alkalinity, bicarbonates, and potassium) were within the desirable range stipulated by the WHO and PSQCA. However, groundwater quality impairment is related to toxicities of EC, TDS, turbidity, TH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, fecal, and total coliform. The WQI indicated that the study area exhibited poor to very poor groundwater quality. Irrigation indices explained that it is suitable or marginal at most studied sites, and only a few sites displayed unsuitable quality. Piper and Gibbs diagrams suggested that groundwater belongs to Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 or mixed types influenced by rock-water interactions and evaporation. Statistical analysis deciphered that anthropogenic and geogenic factors are the key determinants of water quality in the study area, including Lei recharge, domestic, agricultural, and industrial effluents, improper waste disposal, poor maintenance, and weathering processes. The study provides benchmark groundwater quality data that decision-makers can utilize to take appropriate measures for groundwater monitoring and pollution risk management in the twin cities. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-01-01T00:00:00ZRana, S. A.Ali, S. M.Ashraf, MuhammadAkhtar, N.Ulain, Q.Eqani, S. A. M. A. S.Groundwater plays a vital role in drinking and daily supply in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan areas. The current study is designed to comprehensively address the problem of groundwater quality using a multi-methodological approach with water quality indices (WQI). For this purpose, 122 observations were recorded and analyzed following standard procedures. Piper and Gibbs diagrams demonstrated groundwater characterization. The GIS and multivariate statistical analyses were employed for vulnerability assessment and source apportionment. The findings of the present study revealed that certain parameters (pH, alkalinity, bicarbonates, and potassium) were within the desirable range stipulated by the WHO and PSQCA. However, groundwater quality impairment is related to toxicities of EC, TDS, turbidity, TH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, fecal, and total coliform. The WQI indicated that the study area exhibited poor to very poor groundwater quality. Irrigation indices explained that it is suitable or marginal at most studied sites, and only a few sites displayed unsuitable quality. Piper and Gibbs diagrams suggested that groundwater belongs to Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 or mixed types influenced by rock-water interactions and evaporation. Statistical analysis deciphered that anthropogenic and geogenic factors are the key determinants of water quality in the study area, including Lei recharge, domestic, agricultural, and industrial effluents, improper waste disposal, poor maintenance, and weathering processes. The study provides benchmark groundwater quality data that decision-makers can utilize to take appropriate measures for groundwater monitoring and pollution risk management in the twin cities.Mabhaudhi, T.Dlamini, N.Geza, W.Taguta, C.Dirwai, Tinashe LindelNhamo, L.Mpandeli, S.Chibarabada, T. P.Jewitt, G. P. W.Slotow, R. H.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821972026-03-27T14:01:37Z2026-02-18T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Broadening the Dimensions of the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus: A Narrative Review dc.contributor.author: Mabhaudhi, T.; Dlamini, N.; Geza, W.; Taguta, C.; Dirwai, Tinashe Lindel; Nhamo, L.; Mpandeli, S.; Chibarabada, T. P.; Jewitt, G. P. W.; Slotow, R. H. dcterms.abstract: The water-energy-food (WEF and its variants) nexus addresses the intricate linkages between human and natural systems to ensure sustainable management of natural resources without compromising economic, social, and environmental well-being. Despite this, the WEF nexus has been mainly approached as a focused biophysical system connecting those three dimensions. This review maps the extent to which the WEF nexus has been conceptualised and the consideration of additional dimensions linked to environmental and social outcomes. The aim is to broaden the WEF nexus concept to enhance its applicability to human, planetary, and sustainable development outcomes. Of the identified nexus frameworks, approximately 50% are sectorally unbalanced, as they centralise one or more resource node(s). Water and energy are key nexus nodes in most frameworks. The second most popular framing is water-energy-food-climate, followed by water-energy-land (WEL) and water-energy-food-land-ecosystems. In addition, the current WEF nexus approach is biased towards input-oriented conceptualisation. It fails to make explicit linkages to outcome- and impact-based dimensions, such as politics, gender, environment, planetary health and the economy. This limits its relevance and practical application in decision-making and policymaking for addressing sustainability and developmental challenges. Models and tools should be improved to be more holistic, including WEF resources and other linked resources, and should be useful for monitoring all sustainability outcomes (economic, social, and environmental). We propose a conceptual broadening of the WEF nexus to a WEF+ nexus, with the “plus” representing added outcomes-based dimensions such as environment, climate, people, planet and health. This conceptual broadening balances WEF resource securities with human, planetary and sustainable development outcomes.

2026-02-18T00:00:00ZMabhaudhi, T.Dlamini, N.Geza, W.Taguta, C.Dirwai, Tinashe LindelNhamo, L.Mpandeli, S.Chibarabada, T. P.Jewitt, G. P. W.Slotow, R. H.The water-energy-food (WEF and its variants) nexus addresses the intricate linkages between human and natural systems to ensure sustainable management of natural resources without compromising economic, social, and environmental well-being. Despite this, the WEF nexus has been mainly approached as a focused biophysical system connecting those three dimensions. This review maps the extent to which the WEF nexus has been conceptualised and the consideration of additional dimensions linked to environmental and social outcomes. The aim is to broaden the WEF nexus concept to enhance its applicability to human, planetary, and sustainable development outcomes. Of the identified nexus frameworks, approximately 50% are sectorally unbalanced, as they centralise one or more resource node(s). Water and energy are key nexus nodes in most frameworks. The second most popular framing is water-energy-food-climate, followed by water-energy-land (WEL) and water-energy-food-land-ecosystems. In addition, the current WEF nexus approach is biased towards input-oriented conceptualisation. It fails to make explicit linkages to outcome- and impact-based dimensions, such as politics, gender, environment, planetary health and the economy. This limits its relevance and practical application in decision-making and policymaking for addressing sustainability and developmental challenges. Models and tools should be improved to be more holistic, including WEF resources and other linked resources, and should be useful for monitoring all sustainability outcomes (economic, social, and environmental). We propose a conceptual broadening of the WEF nexus to a WEF+ nexus, with the “plus” representing added outcomes-based dimensions such as environment, climate, people, planet and health. This conceptual broadening balances WEF resource securities with human, planetary and sustainable development outcomes.Ires, Idilhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821952026-03-21T02:03:27Z2026-03-20T00:00:00Z

dc.title: A Scorecard to Assess the Enabling Environment for Water and Climate Innovations in Agriculture dc.contributor.author: Ires, Idil dcterms.abstract: This paper offers an enabling environment scorecard to diagnose the institutional and political economy constraints that prevent agricultural and climate innovations from scaling, and to guide targeted reform and investment decisions to help address them. It suggests that persistent scaling failures arise less from gaps in technology or finance than from weak institutional conditions, specifically the absence of predictable rules, credible enforcement, and coordinated risk management needed to sustain private investment. Grounded in New Institutional Economics and political economy analysis, the scorecard evaluates seven institutional pillars: policy coherence and credibility; legal foundations and rights security; regulatory frameworks; finance and investment architecture; partnership capacity; market linkages; and governance conditions. It also assesses seven cross-cutting levers— incentives, interests, trust, ideas and narratives, information, capacity, and affordability—linking these to staged scaling pathways from agenda setting through design, implementation, adoption, and adaptation. An illustrative application to solar irrigation in Kenya reveals a mixed landscape. Strong digital finance and information systems enable pay-as-you-go and carbon-linked business models. However, gaps in contract enforcement, regulatory coordination, and policy stability increase transaction costs and force firms to internalize risks that should be managed by public institutions. The scorecard provides a structured approach to identify binding constraints and inform coordinated, stage-specific reforms and investments. By clarifying where institutional conditions undermine credible private commitment, it offers governments, development partners, and investors a shared basis to prioritize action, align interventions, and reduce avoidable risk in scaling climate-resilient agricultural innovations. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-03-20T00:00:00ZIres, IdilThis paper offers an enabling environment scorecard to diagnose the institutional and political economy constraints that prevent agricultural and climate innovations from scaling, and to guide targeted reform and investment decisions to help address them. It suggests that persistent scaling failures arise less from gaps in technology or finance than from weak institutional conditions, specifically the absence of predictable rules, credible enforcement, and coordinated risk management needed to sustain private investment. Grounded in New Institutional Economics and political economy analysis, the scorecard evaluates seven institutional pillars: policy coherence and credibility; legal foundations and rights security; regulatory frameworks; finance and investment architecture; partnership capacity; market linkages; and governance conditions. It also assesses seven cross-cutting levers— incentives, interests, trust, ideas and narratives, information, capacity, and affordability—linking these to staged scaling pathways from agenda setting through design, implementation, adoption, and adaptation. An illustrative application to solar irrigation in Kenya reveals a mixed landscape. Strong digital finance and information systems enable pay-as-you-go and carbon-linked business models. However, gaps in contract enforcement, regulatory coordination, and policy stability increase transaction costs and force firms to internalize risks that should be managed by public institutions. The scorecard provides a structured approach to identify binding constraints and inform coordinated, stage-specific reforms and investments. By clarifying where institutional conditions undermine credible private commitment, it offers governments, development partners, and investors a shared basis to prioritize action, align interventions, and reduce avoidable risk in scaling climate-resilient agricultural innovations.Khalifa, MuhammadAkpoti, KomlaviLeh, MansoorUmer, YakobJayathissa, IsuruAl-Zu’bi, MahaVelpuri, Naga ManoharRuckstuhl, Sandrahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821942026-03-23T06:30:39Z2026-03-19T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Climate and Water Risk Profile of Jerash Refugee Camp, Jordan dc.contributor.author: Khalifa, Muhammad; Akpoti, Komlavi; Leh, Mansoor; Umer, Yakob; Jayathissa, Isuru; Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Ruckstuhl, Sandra dcterms.abstract: In Jordan, environmental pressures including water scarcity, land degradation, and climate variability combined with conditions of fragility and displacement are increasing risks for both refugees and host communities. Refugee camps, including Jerash Camp, which are often located in already stressed environments are faced with limited infrastructure and resources. These conditions heighten exposure to climate-related hazards such as droughts, floods, and heat stress, while placing additional strain on local water, land, and public services. Strengthening resilience in these settings requires integrated approaches that address both environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. This brief provides a climate and water risk profile for Jerash Refugee Camp to support policymakers, researchers, humanitarian agencies, and practitioners in aligning local action with climate priorities. By applying an integrated framework for watershed and climate risk hotspot mapping across the Amman–Zarqa Basin, it analyzes water availability and access, drought intensity, and flood hazards to provide spatially targeted insights. The spatial risk maps produced can directly inform planning by humanitarian agencies like UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East), national agencies, and other actors helping prioritize shelter upgrades, drainage improvements, and water investments in the most exposed areas, while strengthening the evidence base for climate finance proposals. Ultimately, the findings make a clear case: protecting communities like Jerash from worsening climate impacts requires more than humanitarian response. It requires a deliberate alignment between humanitarian action, national climate planning, and climate finance. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

2026-03-19T00:00:00ZKhalifa, MuhammadAkpoti, KomlaviLeh, MansoorUmer, YakobJayathissa, IsuruAl-Zu’bi, MahaVelpuri, Naga ManoharRuckstuhl, SandraIn Jordan, environmental pressures including water scarcity, land degradation, and climate variability combined with conditions of fragility and displacement are increasing risks for both refugees and host communities. Refugee camps, including Jerash Camp, which are often located in already stressed environments are faced with limited infrastructure and resources. These conditions heighten exposure to climate-related hazards such as droughts, floods, and heat stress, while placing additional strain on local water, land, and public services. Strengthening resilience in these settings requires integrated approaches that address both environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. This brief provides a climate and water risk profile for Jerash Refugee Camp to support policymakers, researchers, humanitarian agencies, and practitioners in aligning local action with climate priorities. By applying an integrated framework for watershed and climate risk hotspot mapping across the Amman–Zarqa Basin, it analyzes water availability and access, drought intensity, and flood hazards to provide spatially targeted insights. The spatial risk maps produced can directly inform planning by humanitarian agencies like UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East), national agencies, and other actors helping prioritize shelter upgrades, drainage improvements, and water investments in the most exposed areas, while strengthening the evidence base for climate finance proposals. Ultimately, the findings make a clear case: protecting communities like Jerash from worsening climate impacts requires more than humanitarian response. It requires a deliberate alignment between humanitarian action, national climate planning, and climate finance.Tagele, A. B.Tarkegn, T. G.van Oel, P. R.Ray, R. L.Tefera, G. W.Demessie, S. F.Shawul, A. A.Ouko, O. C.Berhanu, D.Haileslassie, AmareWorqlul, A. W.Bantider, A.Dile, Y. T.Chukalla, A. D.Tadesse, T. A.Adgo, E.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821932026-03-20T13:41:57Z2026-02-05T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Evaluating the performance of selected CMIP6 GCMs for simulations of historical temperature over Ethiopia dc.contributor.author: Tagele, A. B.; Tarkegn, T. G.; van Oel, P. R.; Ray, R. L.; Tefera, G. W.; Demessie, S. F.; Shawul, A. A.; Ouko, O. C.; Berhanu, D.; Haileslassie, Amare; Worqlul, A. W.; Bantider, A.; Dile, Y. T.; Chukalla, A. D.; Tadesse, T. A.; Adgo, E. dcterms.abstract: This study evaluates the performance of seven Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and their Ensemble mean in reproducing historical maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures across five agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Ethiopia during 1995–2014. The assessment covers daily to annual time scales using observational and GCM datasets. Model performance was evaluated using Percent Bias (PBIAS), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (r), while the Comprehensive Rating Index (CRI) was applied for ranking. Results show substantial spatial and temporal variability in model performance. For Tmax, the Ensemble mean and EC-Earth3-veg performed best at the daily scale, while EC-Earth3-veg, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and BCC-CSM2-MR excelled at the monthly scale across most AEZs. Seasonally, top-performing models included Ensemble mean, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and MRI-ESM2-0 during Bega (October-January), EC-Earth3-veg, CNRM-CM6-1 and Ensemble mean during Belg (February-May) and CNRM-CM6-1 and MPI-ESM1-2-LR during Kiremt (June-September). For Tmin, CNRM-CM6-1, BCC-CSM2-MR and Ensemble mean ranked highest at both daily and monthly scales in most AEZs. At the annual scale, MRI-ESM2-0, Ensemble mean, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and CNRM-CM6-1 excel for Tmax, while EC-Earth3-veg, BCC-CSM2-MR and Ensemble mean lead for Tmin across most AEZs. MIROC6 consistently exhibited the weakest performance for both Tmax and Tmin across most AEZs and time periods. Thus, the Ensemble mean of all evaluated models does not consistently rank among the top three performers across all AEZs and time scales. The identified best-performing CMIP6 models provide valuable tools for assessing climate change impacts and developing region-and time-specific adaptation strategies in Ethiopia. Given the variability in GCM performance across AEZs and time scales, national or large-scale studies would benefit from using the Ensemble mean derived from the best-performing models. This study provides crucial insights into the strengths and weaknesses of different GCMs, supporting evidence-based decision-making and enhancing efforts to build climate resilience and adaptation strategies in the region. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-02-05T00:00:00ZTagele, A. B.Tarkegn, T. G.van Oel, P. R.Ray, R. L.Tefera, G. W.Demessie, S. F.Shawul, A. A.Ouko, O. C.Berhanu, D.Haileslassie, AmareWorqlul, A. W.Bantider, A.Dile, Y. T.Chukalla, A. D.Tadesse, T. A.Adgo, E.This study evaluates the performance of seven Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and their Ensemble mean in reproducing historical maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures across five agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Ethiopia during 1995–2014. The assessment covers daily to annual time scales using observational and GCM datasets. Model performance was evaluated using Percent Bias (PBIAS), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (r), while the Comprehensive Rating Index (CRI) was applied for ranking. Results show substantial spatial and temporal variability in model performance. For Tmax, the Ensemble mean and EC-Earth3-veg performed best at the daily scale, while EC-Earth3-veg, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and BCC-CSM2-MR excelled at the monthly scale across most AEZs. Seasonally, top-performing models included Ensemble mean, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and MRI-ESM2-0 during Bega (October-January), EC-Earth3-veg, CNRM-CM6-1 and Ensemble mean during Belg (February-May) and CNRM-CM6-1 and MPI-ESM1-2-LR during Kiremt (June-September). For Tmin, CNRM-CM6-1, BCC-CSM2-MR and Ensemble mean ranked highest at both daily and monthly scales in most AEZs. At the annual scale, MRI-ESM2-0, Ensemble mean, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and CNRM-CM6-1 excel for Tmax, while EC-Earth3-veg, BCC-CSM2-MR and Ensemble mean lead for Tmin across most AEZs. MIROC6 consistently exhibited the weakest performance for both Tmax and Tmin across most AEZs and time periods. Thus, the Ensemble mean of all evaluated models does not consistently rank among the top three performers across all AEZs and time scales. The identified best-performing CMIP6 models provide valuable tools for assessing climate change impacts and developing region-and time-specific adaptation strategies in Ethiopia. Given the variability in GCM performance across AEZs and time scales, national or large-scale studies would benefit from using the Ensemble mean derived from the best-performing models. This study provides crucial insights into the strengths and weaknesses of different GCMs, supporting evidence-based decision-making and enhancing efforts to build climate resilience and adaptation strategies in the region.Murphy, Gilliande Silva, SanjivAheeyar, Mohamed M. M.Liyanage, Pradeep Kulasinghttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821922026-03-20T06:50:24Z2026-03-17T00:00:00Z

dc.title: For Sri Lankan Farmers, Small Investments Bring Big Wins dc.contributor.author: Murphy, Gillian; de Silva, Sanjiv; Aheeyar, Mohamed M. M.; Liyanage, Pradeep Kulasing

2026-03-17T00:00:00ZMurphy, Gilliande Silva, SanjivAheeyar, Mohamed M. M.Liyanage, Pradeep KulasingLanga, NicoleHanke-Louw, NoraPeterson, N.Musau, C.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821832026-04-15T07:48:15Z2026-03-13T00:00:00Z

dc.title: When Investors Can’t Get to the Farm: What Happened When We Put a Kenyan Agribusiness in Virtual Reality dc.contributor.author: Langa, Nicole; Hanke-Louw, Nora; Peterson, N.; Musau, C.

2026-03-13T00:00:00ZLanga, NicoleHanke-Louw, NoraPeterson, N.Musau, C.Panda, R. K.Amarasinghe, Upali A.Sarangi, A.Sikka, AlokGorantiwar, S. D.Mandave, VidyaMahapatra, Smaranikahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821822026-03-19T07:34:56Z2026-01-25T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Scope and Feasibility of Enhancing the Irrigation Potential of the Kukadi Canal Command of Maharashtra, India dc.contributor.author: Panda, R. K.; Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Sarangi, A.; Sikka, Alok; Gorantiwar, S. D.; Mandave, Vidya; Mahapatra, Smaranika dcterms.abstract: Improving water use efficiency (WUE) in canal irrigation systems is vital for increasing agricultural output and maintaining ecological sustainability. Studies carried out in the Sina and Kukadi Left Bank Canal (KLBC) networks of Maharashtra, India, revealed marked disparities in the efficiency of the economic use of irrigation water. Investigations undertaken using geospatial tools highlighted a larger water influence zone (WIZ) in these systems, a factor often overlooked in conventional irrigation management. This finding led to the possibility of increasing the WUE by 113%, land productivity by 90% and EWP by 26% in KLBC, demonstrating the potential for optimising water resources and improving crop productivity. Additionally, the adoption of climate-resilient and water-efficient crop varieties resulted in a potential net value of output (NVOUP) increase of 80% in the KLBC irrigation system. These results emphasised the need for a comprehensive approach to irrigation water management that incorporates a detailed assessment of WIZ, conjunctive water use and sustainable cropping patterns. Such measures will not only improve water use efficiency but also contribute to a more sustainable and economically viable agricultural landscape in canal ecosystems.

2026-01-25T00:00:00ZPanda, R. K.Amarasinghe, Upali A.Sarangi, A.Sikka, AlokGorantiwar, S. D.Mandave, VidyaMahapatra, SmaranikaImproving water use efficiency (WUE) in canal irrigation systems is vital for increasing agricultural output and maintaining ecological sustainability. Studies carried out in the Sina and Kukadi Left Bank Canal (KLBC) networks of Maharashtra, India, revealed marked disparities in the efficiency of the economic use of irrigation water. Investigations undertaken using geospatial tools highlighted a larger water influence zone (WIZ) in these systems, a factor often overlooked in conventional irrigation management. This finding led to the possibility of increasing the WUE by 113%, land productivity by 90% and EWP by 26% in KLBC, demonstrating the potential for optimising water resources and improving crop productivity. Additionally, the adoption of climate-resilient and water-efficient crop varieties resulted in a potential net value of output (NVOUP) increase of 80% in the KLBC irrigation system. These results emphasised the need for a comprehensive approach to irrigation water management that incorporates a detailed assessment of WIZ, conjunctive water use and sustainable cropping patterns. Such measures will not only improve water use efficiency but also contribute to a more sustainable and economically viable agricultural landscape in canal ecosystems.Reddy, TanishaSamarasekara, VidhishaRavindranath, DarshiniColombo, Chiara Christinahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821812026-04-22T01:10:30Z2026-03-19T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Why IWMI Must Align with Global Processes: An Engagement Playbook for IWMI Scientists dc.contributor.author: Reddy, Tanisha; Samarasekara, Vidhisha; Ravindranath, Darshini; Colombo, Chiara Christina dcterms.abstract: Global policy processes play a crucial role in shaping water security, climate resilience and sustainable development, yet water remains under emphasized across these frameworks. This Project Insight Note (PIN) underscores the importance of aligning IWMI's science and engagement with key global processes such as UNFCCC, UNCCD and CBD. It draws on IWMI’s growing influence in global forums through partnerships, evidence-based contributions and participation in national delegations. The PIN outlines strategies to strengthen science-policy integration, partnerships and communications, while encouraging researchers to actively engage in global processes. The ultimate aim is bridging research and policy to ensure water is recognized and prioritized in global decision-making.

2026-03-19T00:00:00ZReddy, TanishaSamarasekara, VidhishaRavindranath, DarshiniColombo, Chiara ChristinaGlobal policy processes play a crucial role in shaping water security, climate resilience and sustainable development, yet water remains under emphasized across these frameworks. This Project Insight Note (PIN) underscores the importance of aligning IWMI's science and engagement with key global processes such as UNFCCC, UNCCD and CBD. It draws on IWMI’s growing influence in global forums through partnerships, evidence-based contributions and participation in national delegations. The PIN outlines strategies to strengthen science-policy integration, partnerships and communications, while encouraging researchers to actively engage in global processes. The ultimate aim is bridging research and policy to ensure water is recognized and prioritized in global decision-making.Kamanda, Joseyhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821742026-03-19T02:07:57Z2026-03-18T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) Phase II Inception Workshop in Kenya dc.contributor.author: Kamanda, Josey dcterms.abstract: The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) Phase II project supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), convened the SoLAR Phase II Inception Workshop in Nairobi on October 1, 2025. The workshop brought together 27 representatives from government, development partners, private sector actors, financial institutions, research organizations, and civil society to validate Kenya-specific entry points for scaling solar energy in agriculture. Discussions focused on policy and regulatory alignment, blended finance and de-risking mechanisms, and strengthening technical and institutional capacity for inclusive and climate-resilient solar adoption. Participants endorsed priority actions across policy, finance, and capacity areas, establishing a foundation for coordinated implementation of SoLAR Phase II in Kenya. The workshop aligned with national priorities including Vision 2030, the Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA), and the National Irrigation Sector Investment Plan (NISIP), reinforcing a shared commitment to advancing sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.

2026-03-18T00:00:00ZKamanda, JoseyThe International Water Management Institute (IWMI), under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) Phase II project supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), convened the SoLAR Phase II Inception Workshop in Nairobi on October 1, 2025. The workshop brought together 27 representatives from government, development partners, private sector actors, financial institutions, research organizations, and civil society to validate Kenya-specific entry points for scaling solar energy in agriculture. Discussions focused on policy and regulatory alignment, blended finance and de-risking mechanisms, and strengthening technical and institutional capacity for inclusive and climate-resilient solar adoption. Participants endorsed priority actions across policy, finance, and capacity areas, establishing a foundation for coordinated implementation of SoLAR Phase II in Kenya. The workshop aligned with national priorities including Vision 2030, the Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA), and the National Irrigation Sector Investment Plan (NISIP), reinforcing a shared commitment to advancing sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.Fanaian, SafaShrestha, ShisherAdhikari, AashikaMagar, K. T.Rana, O.Pokharel, S.Sapkota, H. S.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821682026-03-19T02:08:26Z2026-03-18T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Innovative Financing Solutions for Water-Agriculture Innovations in Nepal dc.contributor.author: Fanaian, Safa; Shrestha, Shisher; Adhikari, Aashika; Magar, K. T.; Rana, O.; Pokharel, S.; Sapkota, H. S. dcterms.abstract: This roundtable report documents a half-day consultation on innovative financing solutions for water–agriculture innovations in Nepal, hosted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) with support of Nepal Investment Mega Bank Limited (NIMB) under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact program. Bringing together more than 20 participants from commercial banks, cooperatives, the private sector, research organizations, and development partners, the roundtable aimed to examine constraints faced by financial institutions, identify policy and market gaps, and explore practical pathways for scaling inclusive and climate resilient water–agriculture innovations. Discussions highlighted persistent constraints, including fragmented policy implementation, high transaction costs, limited access to tailored credit, weak insurance penetration, and insufficient de-risking mechanisms. Participants emphasized the potential of blended finance instruments, loan guarantee schemes, parametric insurance, and digitally monitored loan products to reduce risks for both farmers and lenders. Well-governed cooperatives were recognized as critical intermediaries, alongside the need for capacity-building in financial literacy and clearer contractual arrangements. Technology-enabled solutions—such as solar irrigation, digital finance, and ICT-based advisory services—were seen as promising but underutilized due to affordability and institutional constraints. The report concludes with prioritized recommendations and follow-up actions to strengthen enabling policies, advance public–private–community partnerships, enhance inclusion—particularly for women and vulnerable groups—and sustain stakeholder engagement through regular deliberations on these topics. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-03-18T00:00:00ZFanaian, SafaShrestha, ShisherAdhikari, AashikaMagar, K. T.Rana, O.Pokharel, S.Sapkota, H. S.This roundtable report documents a half-day consultation on innovative financing solutions for water–agriculture innovations in Nepal, hosted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) with support of Nepal Investment Mega Bank Limited (NIMB) under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact program. Bringing together more than 20 participants from commercial banks, cooperatives, the private sector, research organizations, and development partners, the roundtable aimed to examine constraints faced by financial institutions, identify policy and market gaps, and explore practical pathways for scaling inclusive and climate resilient water–agriculture innovations. Discussions highlighted persistent constraints, including fragmented policy implementation, high transaction costs, limited access to tailored credit, weak insurance penetration, and insufficient de-risking mechanisms. Participants emphasized the potential of blended finance instruments, loan guarantee schemes, parametric insurance, and digitally monitored loan products to reduce risks for both farmers and lenders. Well-governed cooperatives were recognized as critical intermediaries, alongside the need for capacity-building in financial literacy and clearer contractual arrangements. Technology-enabled solutions—such as solar irrigation, digital finance, and ICT-based advisory services—were seen as promising but underutilized due to affordability and institutional constraints. The report concludes with prioritized recommendations and follow-up actions to strengthen enabling policies, advance public–private–community partnerships, enhance inclusion—particularly for women and vulnerable groups—and sustain stakeholder engagement through regular deliberations on these topics.Gebre, Eden SeifuHaile, Alemseged TamiruAlemu, Abel NegussieNicol, AlanDamtew, YaredGizaw, FetleworkDesalegn, Delelegnhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821652026-03-23T03:01:39Z2026-03-17T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Co-Creation of a Flood Risk Management Dashboard for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia dc.contributor.author: Gebre, Eden Seifu; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Alemu, Abel Negussie; Nicol, Alan; Damtew, Yared; Gizaw, Fetlework; Desalegn, Delelegn dcterms.abstract: This report assesses how the Addis Ababa Flood Risk Management Dashboard for the Akaki catchment—in which the city of Addis Ababa is situated—was collaboratively developed and utilized, emphasizing the contributions of multiple stakeholders throughout the co-creation process. Recognizing the complexity and data-intensive nature of flood risk management, the dashboard was developed through a participatory approach involving the Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission (AAFDRMC), Addis Ababa Water Governance Network and IWMI. The co-creation process involved four stages: co-identification, co-design, co-development, and co-delivery, ensuring that the dashboard aligns with institutional workflows, operational needs, and user priorities while addressing data gaps and coordination challenges. The dashboard is structured across seven thematic sections: Home, Catchment Overview, Hydrometeorology, Flood Risk, Stakeholder Institutions, Flood Risk Responses, and Risk Reduction Measures, consolidating heterogeneous flood-related data into interactive maps, charts, and analytical tools. It provides spatially comprehensive insights into hydrometeorological patterns, flood frequencies, hotspot distributions, exposure, and institutional roles, serving as a stakeholder convening tool supporting evidence-based planning and multi-agency coordination. The dashboard functionality can be enhanced through regular data updates, expanded technical capacity in GIS, remote sensing and programming, integration with flood forecasting and early warning systems, and broader institutional adoption. By progressively incorporating improved data collection–including citizen science contributions–and fostering city-wide digital engagement, the dashboard has the potential to evolve into a core tool for evidence-based flood risk management in Addis Ababa and its hinterland. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2026-03-17T00:00:00ZGebre, Eden SeifuHaile, Alemseged TamiruAlemu, Abel NegussieNicol, AlanDamtew, YaredGizaw, FetleworkDesalegn, DelelegnThis report assesses how the Addis Ababa Flood Risk Management Dashboard for the Akaki catchment—in which the city of Addis Ababa is situated—was collaboratively developed and utilized, emphasizing the contributions of multiple stakeholders throughout the co-creation process. Recognizing the complexity and data-intensive nature of flood risk management, the dashboard was developed through a participatory approach involving the Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission (AAFDRMC), Addis Ababa Water Governance Network and IWMI. The co-creation process involved four stages: co-identification, co-design, co-development, and co-delivery, ensuring that the dashboard aligns with institutional workflows, operational needs, and user priorities while addressing data gaps and coordination challenges. The dashboard is structured across seven thematic sections: Home, Catchment Overview, Hydrometeorology, Flood Risk, Stakeholder Institutions, Flood Risk Responses, and Risk Reduction Measures, consolidating heterogeneous flood-related data into interactive maps, charts, and analytical tools. It provides spatially comprehensive insights into hydrometeorological patterns, flood frequencies, hotspot distributions, exposure, and institutional roles, serving as a stakeholder convening tool supporting evidence-based planning and multi-agency coordination. The dashboard functionality can be enhanced through regular data updates, expanded technical capacity in GIS, remote sensing and programming, integration with flood forecasting and early warning systems, and broader institutional adoption. By progressively incorporating improved data collection–including citizen science contributions–and fostering city-wide digital engagement, the dashboard has the potential to evolve into a core tool for evidence-based flood risk management in Addis Ababa and its hinterland.Bhattacharya, JayantaBhaduri, Tanmoyhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821512026-03-19T02:09:28Z2026-03-17T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) Phase II Inception Workshop in Bangladesh dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharya, Jayanta; Bhaduri, Tanmoy dcterms.abstract: The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) project supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), hosted the SoLAR Phase II Inception Workshop in Dhaka on 27 October 2025. The workshop marked a strategic transition from pilot interventions toward the large-scale and sustainable adoption of solar irrigation in Bangladesh. Discussions highlighted the national ambition to replace approximately 1.2 million diesel irrigation pumps with solar-powered alternatives following the 2022 energy crisis. Supported by a roadmap developed with the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the transition requires around 45,000 solar irrigation units, with an estimated investment of USD 1.8 billion, contributing to Bangladesh’s climate mitigation commitments under its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Participants emphasized integrating solar irrigation with water-efficient practices such as Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) and exploring agrivoltaics and grid-connected systems to optimize land use and create additional income opportunities for farmers. Stakeholders also stressed the importance of coordinated institutional frameworks and integrated data governance using a Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus approach to ensure sustainable groundwater management. Phase II will establish Living Labs to co-design solutions with farmers while testing innovative financing mechanisms, including blended finance and pay-as-you-go models, to address high upfront costs. The workshop brought together representatives from government agencies, research institutions, and development partners, fostering collaboration to scale solar irrigation for climate-resilient agriculture.

2026-03-17T00:00:00ZBhattacharya, JayantaBhaduri, TanmoyThe International Water Management Institute (IWMI), under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) project supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), hosted the SoLAR Phase II Inception Workshop in Dhaka on 27 October 2025. The workshop marked a strategic transition from pilot interventions toward the large-scale and sustainable adoption of solar irrigation in Bangladesh. Discussions highlighted the national ambition to replace approximately 1.2 million diesel irrigation pumps with solar-powered alternatives following the 2022 energy crisis. Supported by a roadmap developed with the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the transition requires around 45,000 solar irrigation units, with an estimated investment of USD 1.8 billion, contributing to Bangladesh’s climate mitigation commitments under its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Participants emphasized integrating solar irrigation with water-efficient practices such as Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) and exploring agrivoltaics and grid-connected systems to optimize land use and create additional income opportunities for farmers. Stakeholders also stressed the importance of coordinated institutional frameworks and integrated data governance using a Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus approach to ensure sustainable groundwater management. Phase II will establish Living Labs to co-design solutions with farmers while testing innovative financing mechanisms, including blended finance and pay-as-you-go models, to address high upfront costs. The workshop brought together representatives from government agencies, research institutions, and development partners, fostering collaboration to scale solar irrigation for climate-resilient agriculture.Ojeleye, O. A.Owolabi, M. A.Oke, AdebayoTilahun, Seifu A.Minh, Thai Thihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821502026-04-06T13:15:23Z2026-03-17T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Co-Designing Scaling Pathways for Solar Irrigation Technology Ownership in Nigeria: Household Survey/Discrete Choice Experiment dc.contributor.author: Ojeleye, O. A.; Owolabi, M. A.; Oke, Adebayo; Tilahun, Seifu A.; Minh, Thai Thi dcterms.abstract: This report examines pathways for scaling Solar-Based Irrigation Systems (SBIS) in northern Nigeria, using evidence from a household survey and a discrete-choice experiment conducted in Kebbi, Kano, and Kaduna states. Nigeria’s agricultural sector faces a dual climate challenge: increasing water insecurity and reliance on fossil-fuel-powered irrigation. SBIS offers a viable solution with strong economic benefits, yet adoption remains limited due to high upfront costs, rigid financing arrangements, and weak institutional support. The study applies participatory methods and a five-stage discrete-choice experiment to identify farmers’ preferences for SBIS ownership models, mobility options, and financing mechanisms. Results reveal strong heterogeneity across states. Farmers in Kebbi and Kano, who are more resource-constrained and risk-averse, prefer shared ownership arrangements (2–3-member micro-clusters), fixed systems, and long-term financing—particularly Islamic finance and Bank of Agriculture two-year loans. In contrast, Kaduna farmers exhibit higher risk tolerance and liquidity, favouring individual ownership and mobile systems for security and commercial reasons. Across all states, one-year loans are consistently rejected, while harvest-aligned, multi-year financing significantly increases willingness to invest. The report concludes that a “one‑size‑fits‑all” scaling strategy is inappropriate. Instead, it recommends a phased, context-specific approach that prioritizes immediate market de-risking through quality assurance, fiscal incentives, and pilot financing for micro clusters, followed by institutionalization through extension services, Islamic finance products, and investment in technical training and supply chains. These measures are essential to ensure inclusive, sustainable, and climate‑resilient scaling of solar irrigation in Nigeria. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-03-17T00:00:00ZOjeleye, O. A.Owolabi, M. A.Oke, AdebayoTilahun, Seifu A.Minh, Thai ThiThis report examines pathways for scaling Solar-Based Irrigation Systems (SBIS) in northern Nigeria, using evidence from a household survey and a discrete-choice experiment conducted in Kebbi, Kano, and Kaduna states. Nigeria’s agricultural sector faces a dual climate challenge: increasing water insecurity and reliance on fossil-fuel-powered irrigation. SBIS offers a viable solution with strong economic benefits, yet adoption remains limited due to high upfront costs, rigid financing arrangements, and weak institutional support. The study applies participatory methods and a five-stage discrete-choice experiment to identify farmers’ preferences for SBIS ownership models, mobility options, and financing mechanisms. Results reveal strong heterogeneity across states. Farmers in Kebbi and Kano, who are more resource-constrained and risk-averse, prefer shared ownership arrangements (2–3-member micro-clusters), fixed systems, and long-term financing—particularly Islamic finance and Bank of Agriculture two-year loans. In contrast, Kaduna farmers exhibit higher risk tolerance and liquidity, favouring individual ownership and mobile systems for security and commercial reasons. Across all states, one-year loans are consistently rejected, while harvest-aligned, multi-year financing significantly increases willingness to invest. The report concludes that a “one‑size‑fits‑all” scaling strategy is inappropriate. Instead, it recommends a phased, context-specific approach that prioritizes immediate market de-risking through quality assurance, fiscal incentives, and pilot financing for micro clusters, followed by institutionalization through extension services, Islamic finance products, and investment in technical training and supply chains. These measures are essential to ensure inclusive, sustainable, and climate‑resilient scaling of solar irrigation in Nigeria.Ojeleye, O. A.Oke, AdebayoOwolabi, M. A.Ojeleye, Y. C.Tilahun, Seifu A.Minh, Thai Thihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821462026-04-06T13:21:40Z2026-03-17T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Multi-Stakeholder Validation Workshop: Preferences, Financing Models, and Scaling Pathways for Solar-Based Irrigation in Northern Nigeria dc.contributor.author: Ojeleye, O. A.; Oke, Adebayo; Owolabi, M. A.; Ojeleye, Y. C.; Tilahun, Seifu A.; Minh, Thai Thi dcterms.abstract: This technical report documents the outcomes of a Multi-Stakeholder Validation Workshop on preferences, financing models, and scaling pathways for Solar-Based Irrigation Systems (SBIS) in Northern Nigeria, conducted in December 2025. The workshop validated findings from a household survey, a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE), across Kaduna, Kebbi, and Kano states. The validation confirmed that SBIS adoption is highly context-specific rather than amenable to uniform solutions. In Kaduna State, stakeholders strongly favored individual ownership and mobile (cart-based) systems, financed through short-term loans, reflecting higher purchasing power, diverse cropping systems, and security concerns that necessitate asset mobility. In contrast, Kebbi and Kano states validated preferences for shared ownership of fixed systems, enabled by stronger social cohesion, farm proximity, and lower security risks. Financing preferences diverged further, with Kebbi favoring medium-term conventional loans and Kano emphasizing financing aligned with religious norms. Across states and stakeholder groups, the workshop emphasized that successful scaling of SBIS depends as much on institutional, financial, and social “software” as on hardware deployment. Key cross-cutting insights included the effectiveness of small “micro-cluster” ownership models (two to three farmers), the need for repayment schedules aligned with agricultural cash flows, and the importance of adequate system sizing, training, and after-sales service. Participants also highlighted land tenure, security, and supply-chain constraints as critical risks requiring policy attention. The report concludes with a phased scaling framework that prioritizes early regulatory and financial de-risking, followed by ecosystem institutionalization and long-term localization, positioning SBIS as a cornerstone of climate-resilient and low-carbon agricultural development in Northern Nigeria. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

2026-03-17T00:00:00ZOjeleye, O. A.Oke, AdebayoOwolabi, M. A.Ojeleye, Y. C.Tilahun, Seifu A.Minh, Thai ThiThis technical report documents the outcomes of a Multi-Stakeholder Validation Workshop on preferences, financing models, and scaling pathways for Solar-Based Irrigation Systems (SBIS) in Northern Nigeria, conducted in December 2025. The workshop validated findings from a household survey, a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE), across Kaduna, Kebbi, and Kano states. The validation confirmed that SBIS adoption is highly context-specific rather than amenable to uniform solutions. In Kaduna State, stakeholders strongly favored individual ownership and mobile (cart-based) systems, financed through short-term loans, reflecting higher purchasing power, diverse cropping systems, and security concerns that necessitate asset mobility. In contrast, Kebbi and Kano states validated preferences for shared ownership of fixed systems, enabled by stronger social cohesion, farm proximity, and lower security risks. Financing preferences diverged further, with Kebbi favoring medium-term conventional loans and Kano emphasizing financing aligned with religious norms. Across states and stakeholder groups, the workshop emphasized that successful scaling of SBIS depends as much on institutional, financial, and social “software” as on hardware deployment. Key cross-cutting insights included the effectiveness of small “micro-cluster” ownership models (two to three farmers), the need for repayment schedules aligned with agricultural cash flows, and the importance of adequate system sizing, training, and after-sales service. Participants also highlighted land tenure, security, and supply-chain constraints as critical risks requiring policy attention. The report concludes with a phased scaling framework that prioritizes early regulatory and financial de-risking, followed by ecosystem institutionalization and long-term localization, positioning SBIS as a cornerstone of climate-resilient and low-carbon agricultural development in Northern Nigeria.Leh, MansoorAkpoti, KomlaviJayathissa, IsuruKhalifa, MuhammadUmer, YakobAl-Zu’bi, MahaVelpuri, Naga ManoharRuckstuhl, Sandrahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821452026-03-18T02:09:53Z2026-03-16T00:00:00Z

dc.title: A Framework for Integrated Watershed and Climate Risk Hotspot Mapping to Support Adaptation Strategies in Refugee Camp Landscapes in Jordan dc.contributor.author: Leh, Mansoor; Akpoti, Komlavi; Jayathissa, Isuru; Khalifa, Muhammad; Umer, Yakob; Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Ruckstuhl, Sandra dcterms.abstract: This methodological brief presents an integrated framework for mapping watershed and climate risk hotspots in refugee-hosting landscapes in Jordan, using Jerash Refugee Camp as a pilot site. The approach combines hydrological analysis, climate projections, remote sensing data, and socio-economic indicators to assess water availability, accessibility, and community vulnerability. By integrating flood and drought hazard assessments with indicators of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, the framework identifies spatial climate risk hotspots where vulnerable communities face the greatest climate-related pressures. The framework can be adopted in similar conflict afflicted landscapes to support evidence-based decision-making and help prioritize targeted adaptation strategies to improve water security and climate resilience in refugee and host communities. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

2026-03-16T00:00:00ZLeh, MansoorAkpoti, KomlaviJayathissa, IsuruKhalifa, MuhammadUmer, YakobAl-Zu’bi, MahaVelpuri, Naga ManoharRuckstuhl, SandraThis methodological brief presents an integrated framework for mapping watershed and climate risk hotspots in refugee-hosting landscapes in Jordan, using Jerash Refugee Camp as a pilot site. The approach combines hydrological analysis, climate projections, remote sensing data, and socio-economic indicators to assess water availability, accessibility, and community vulnerability. By integrating flood and drought hazard assessments with indicators of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, the framework identifies spatial climate risk hotspots where vulnerable communities face the greatest climate-related pressures. The framework can be adopted in similar conflict afflicted landscapes to support evidence-based decision-making and help prioritize targeted adaptation strategies to improve water security and climate resilience in refugee and host communities.Reddy, TanishaSamarasekara, VidhishaFragaszy, Stephenhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821302026-04-21T11:19:52Z2026-03-16T00:00:00Z

dc.title: How to Scale a Project to a Program: The Expansion of Al Murunah dc.contributor.author: Reddy, Tanisha; Samarasekara, Vidhisha; Fragaszy, Stephen dcterms.abstract: The IWMI-led Al Murunah project is transitioning from a project-based to a program-based approach to scale climate-resilient water solutions in the MENA region. Expanding beyond isolated projects, Al Murunah integrates interconnected efforts such as Al Murunah+ – Advancing Positive Gender Norms for Resilient Families and Communities; Jahez – Climate-ready refugee-hosting communities in Jordan; and Wiqaya – Mitigation of sand and dust storm generation and impacts in Southern Iraq and the Gulf region. This integrated approach is enabling long-term impact, stronger partnerships and increased funding. Al Murunah delivers resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) that are co-designed by partners—including communities, governments, and donors, particularly FCDO—ensuring locally relevant and scalable solutions that emphasize gender inclusion and climate adaptation. Combined with collaboration, learning and investment-ready projects, the Al Murunah program is enhancing sustainability, unlocking climate finance and delivering broader, lasting water security outcomes.

2026-03-16T00:00:00ZReddy, TanishaSamarasekara, VidhishaFragaszy, StephenThe IWMI-led Al Murunah project is transitioning from a project-based to a program-based approach to scale climate-resilient water solutions in the MENA region. Expanding beyond isolated projects, Al Murunah integrates interconnected efforts such as Al Murunah+ – Advancing Positive Gender Norms for Resilient Families and Communities; Jahez – Climate-ready refugee-hosting communities in Jordan; and Wiqaya – Mitigation of sand and dust storm generation and impacts in Southern Iraq and the Gulf region. This integrated approach is enabling long-term impact, stronger partnerships and increased funding. Al Murunah delivers resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) that are co-designed by partners—including communities, governments, and donors, particularly FCDO—ensuring locally relevant and scalable solutions that emphasize gender inclusion and climate adaptation. Combined with collaboration, learning and investment-ready projects, the Al Murunah program is enhancing sustainability, unlocking climate finance and delivering broader, lasting water security outcomes.Mokhema, SeipatiNortje, KarenFreed, Sarahhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821272026-03-20T03:42:45Z2026-03-16T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Equality and Social Inclusion Integration Analysis Report: Strengthening Gender and Social Inclusion across the CGIAR Multifunctional Landscapes Program dc.contributor.author: Mokhema, Seipati; Nortje, Karen; Freed, Sarah dcterms.abstract: This report presents a Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) integration analysis conducted within the CGIAR Multifunctional Landscapes (MFL) Program. The analysis assesses the extent to which GESI considerations are embedded across the program’s Areas of Work (AoWs) and country-level implementation sites, and identifies practical pathways to strengthen the systematic integration of GESI principles in research, implementation, and program governance. The study draws on qualitative data collected through interviews and consultations with AoW leads, Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Impact Assessment (MELIA) teams, and country-level partners working in Kenya, Tanzania, India, Peru, Colombia, and Zimbabwe. The findings indicate that while there is strong recognition among program teams that gender equality and social inclusion are critical to achieving equitable and sustainable landscape outcomes, the integration of GESI remains uneven across the MFL portfolio. Key challenges include limited contextualised methodologies, insufficient ethical guidance for inclusive research practices, gaps in documenting and sharing learning, and constrained staff time and financial resources dedicated to GESI activities. In many cases, GESI is treated as a crosscutting theme without clear operational tools, indicators, or accountability mechanisms, which has resulted in fragmented implementation. The report identifies priority groups within MFL to include women, youth, Indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, and elderly populations and highlights structural barriers that limit their participation and benefit from landscape-based interventions. To address these challenges, the report proposes several strategic entry points for strengthening GESI integration, including the development of a coherent GESI integration framework, dedicated budgets and focal points, improved methodological tools, and enhanced capacity building across program teams. Strengthening these elements will enable the MFL Program to advance more coherent, equitable, and transformative landscape research and development outcomes. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes

2026-03-16T00:00:00ZMokhema, SeipatiNortje, KarenFreed, SarahThis report presents a Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) integration analysis conducted within the CGIAR Multifunctional Landscapes (MFL) Program. The analysis assesses the extent to which GESI considerations are embedded across the program’s Areas of Work (AoWs) and country-level implementation sites, and identifies practical pathways to strengthen the systematic integration of GESI principles in research, implementation, and program governance. The study draws on qualitative data collected through interviews and consultations with AoW leads, Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Impact Assessment (MELIA) teams, and country-level partners working in Kenya, Tanzania, India, Peru, Colombia, and Zimbabwe. The findings indicate that while there is strong recognition among program teams that gender equality and social inclusion are critical to achieving equitable and sustainable landscape outcomes, the integration of GESI remains uneven across the MFL portfolio. Key challenges include limited contextualised methodologies, insufficient ethical guidance for inclusive research practices, gaps in documenting and sharing learning, and constrained staff time and financial resources dedicated to GESI activities. In many cases, GESI is treated as a crosscutting theme without clear operational tools, indicators, or accountability mechanisms, which has resulted in fragmented implementation. The report identifies priority groups within MFL to include women, youth, Indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, and elderly populations and highlights structural barriers that limit their participation and benefit from landscape-based interventions. To address these challenges, the report proposes several strategic entry points for strengthening GESI integration, including the development of a coherent GESI integration framework, dedicated budgets and focal points, improved methodological tools, and enhanced capacity building across program teams. Strengthening these elements will enable the MFL Program to advance more coherent, equitable, and transformative landscape research and development outcomes.Dupont, AnnaVidal, AlainAdolfsson, ElinBuisson, Marie-Charlottehttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1821002026-03-14T02:06:08Z2025-08-30T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Brief: Integrating Green Water Risks in Agricultural Commodities Supply Chains dc.contributor.author: Dupont, Anna; Vidal, Alain; Adolfsson, Elin; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte dcterms.abstract: Green water, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and rainfall, underpins agricultural production but remains unaccounted for in traditional water and supply chain risk models. Yet, failure to integrate green water management threatens food security, market stability, and ecosystem resilience. This policy brief demonstrates that integrating green water into impact assessments and resilience strategies is essential for both policymakers and businesses. Advancing granular research, upgrading monitoring, and leveraging new digital tools are critical steps toward closing the green water data gap and making supply chain more adaptive to water and climate risks. By acting on green water intelligence and aligning procurement, reporting, and policy frameworks around these metrics, companies enhance supply chain resilience and redirect financing towards landscape resilient regenerative models. This brief calls for a paradigm shift in water-smart supply chain governance.

2025-08-30T00:00:00ZDupont, AnnaVidal, AlainAdolfsson, ElinBuisson, Marie-CharlotteGreen water, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and rainfall, underpins agricultural production but remains unaccounted for in traditional water and supply chain risk models. Yet, failure to integrate green water management threatens food security, market stability, and ecosystem resilience. This policy brief demonstrates that integrating green water into impact assessments and resilience strategies is essential for both policymakers and businesses. Advancing granular research, upgrading monitoring, and leveraging new digital tools are critical steps toward closing the green water data gap and making supply chain more adaptive to water and climate risks. By acting on green water intelligence and aligning procurement, reporting, and policy frameworks around these metrics, companies enhance supply chain resilience and redirect financing towards landscape resilient regenerative models. This brief calls for a paradigm shift in water-smart supply chain governance.Nkosi, Mahlatsevan Rooyen, AndréMabele, ThatoChinembiri, EvansJacobs-Mata, IngaMatchaya, Greenwell C.Enokenwa Baa, OjongetakahDirwai, Tinashe LindelKasoma-Pele, WinnieMapedza, Everisto D.Makungwe, MirriamNortje, KarenMutenje, MunyaradziRoman, Henryhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1820832026-03-13T02:11:57Z2026-03-12T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Water and Soil Accelerator Inception Report: Sustainable Soil and Water Management from Farm to Landscape in Malawi and Zambia dc.contributor.author: Nkosi, Mahlatse; van Rooyen, André; Mabele, Thato; Chinembiri, Evans; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Dirwai, Tinashe Lindel; Kasoma-Pele, Winnie; Mapedza, Everisto D.; Makungwe, Mirriam; Nortje, Karen; Mutenje, Munyaradzi; Roman, Henry dcterms.abstract: The Water and Soil Accelerator (WASA) is a transformative three-year initiative (2024–2027) led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and funded by the U.S. Government. Focused on Malawi and Zambia, WASA aims to scale evidence-based water and soil management practices across rainfed agricultural systems, addressing critical challenges such as erratic rainfall, prolonged droughts, and degraded soils. The project targets one million farmers and one million hectares of land, promoting climate-smart agriculture, watershed management, and nature-based solutions to enhance water retention, soil health, and agricultural productivity. WASA employs a consortia-based delivery model, leveraging the expertise of five diverse partnerships to implement locally relevant interventions. These include farmer training, agroforestry, crop diversification, green infrastructure, and inclusive governance. The initiative prioritizes gender equality and social inclusion (GESI), ensuring equitable access to resources and decision-making roles for women, youth, and marginalized groups. The project is structured into three phases: mobilization, scaling, and sustainability, with a robust Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning, and Impact Assessment (MELIA) framework to track progress and adapt strategies. WASA integrates innovative tools like climate information services, digital platforms, and impact modeling to quantify changes in hydrology, soil health, and agricultural yields. By fostering collaboration, empowering communities, and embedding interventions within national systems, WASA aims to create lasting impact, transforming rainfed agricultural landscapes into resilient, productive ecosystems while advancing food security, poverty reduction, and climate adaptation in Malawi and Zambia. cg.contributor.initiative: Diversification in East and Southern Africa

2026-03-12T00:00:00ZNkosi, Mahlatsevan Rooyen, AndréMabele, ThatoChinembiri, EvansJacobs-Mata, IngaMatchaya, Greenwell C.Enokenwa Baa, OjongetakahDirwai, Tinashe LindelKasoma-Pele, WinnieMapedza, Everisto D.Makungwe, MirriamNortje, KarenMutenje, MunyaradziRoman, HenryThe Water and Soil Accelerator (WASA) is a transformative three-year initiative (2024–2027) led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and funded by the U.S. Government. Focused on Malawi and Zambia, WASA aims to scale evidence-based water and soil management practices across rainfed agricultural systems, addressing critical challenges such as erratic rainfall, prolonged droughts, and degraded soils. The project targets one million farmers and one million hectares of land, promoting climate-smart agriculture, watershed management, and nature-based solutions to enhance water retention, soil health, and agricultural productivity. WASA employs a consortia-based delivery model, leveraging the expertise of five diverse partnerships to implement locally relevant interventions. These include farmer training, agroforestry, crop diversification, green infrastructure, and inclusive governance. The initiative prioritizes gender equality and social inclusion (GESI), ensuring equitable access to resources and decision-making roles for women, youth, and marginalized groups. The project is structured into three phases: mobilization, scaling, and sustainability, with a robust Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning, and Impact Assessment (MELIA) framework to track progress and adapt strategies. WASA integrates innovative tools like climate information services, digital platforms, and impact modeling to quantify changes in hydrology, soil health, and agricultural yields. By fostering collaboration, empowering communities, and embedding interventions within national systems, WASA aims to create lasting impact, transforming rainfed agricultural landscapes into resilient, productive ecosystems while advancing food security, poverty reduction, and climate adaptation in Malawi and Zambia.Yadav, ShwetaSomorin, TosinSikka, Alokhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1820772026-03-13T02:03:52Z2026-03-11T00:00:00Z

dc.title: A DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, and Responses) Framework for Nature-Positive Atlas dc.contributor.author: Yadav, Shweta; Somorin, Tosin; Sikka, Alok dcterms.abstract: Nature underpins food systems, water security, human health, and economic prosperity, making its protection central to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet nature is declining at an unprecedented rate due to human-driven pressures such as land and sea-use change, overexploitation of resources, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Since 1970, large portions of terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been significantly altered, while global wildlife populations have declined sharply. As more than half of the world’s GDP depends moderately or highly on nature and ecosystem services, continued degradation poses major risks to economies, food systems, and human wellbeing. This technical report proposes a DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, and Responses) framework to support a systematic assessment of nature loss and guide evidence-based policy action. The framework distinguishes the underlying drivers of nature loss from the immediate pressures that alter ecosystem conditions, allowing a clearer understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. It introduces a set of indicative metrics across DPSIR components to help countries track changes in ecosystem extent, condition, and species over time. The report advocates a state- and impact-oriented approach that prioritizes monitoring the current condition of nature to identify vulnerability hotspots and guide targeted interventions. By applying the DPSIR framework, policymakers and researchers can better measure nature gain and loss and design coordinated actions to halt biodiversity decline and support a transition toward a nature-positive future. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes

2026-03-11T00:00:00ZYadav, ShwetaSomorin, TosinSikka, AlokNature underpins food systems, water security, human health, and economic prosperity, making its protection central to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet nature is declining at an unprecedented rate due to human-driven pressures such as land and sea-use change, overexploitation of resources, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Since 1970, large portions of terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been significantly altered, while global wildlife populations have declined sharply. As more than half of the world’s GDP depends moderately or highly on nature and ecosystem services, continued degradation poses major risks to economies, food systems, and human wellbeing. This technical report proposes a DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, and Responses) framework to support a systematic assessment of nature loss and guide evidence-based policy action. The framework distinguishes the underlying drivers of nature loss from the immediate pressures that alter ecosystem conditions, allowing a clearer understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. It introduces a set of indicative metrics across DPSIR components to help countries track changes in ecosystem extent, condition, and species over time. The report advocates a state- and impact-oriented approach that prioritizes monitoring the current condition of nature to identify vulnerability hotspots and guide targeted interventions. By applying the DPSIR framework, policymakers and researchers can better measure nature gain and loss and design coordinated actions to halt biodiversity decline and support a transition toward a nature-positive future.Khadka, ManoharaPandey, Vishnu PrasadShrestha, G.Subedi, K.Karki, S. K.Rajouria, Alokhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1820462026-03-12T02:08:55Z2026-03-11T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Water, sanitation and hygiene in Federal Nepal: strengthening local government actions and citizen rights dc.contributor.author: Khadka, Manohara; Pandey, Vishnu Prasad; Shrestha, G.; Subedi, K.; Karki, S. K.; Rajouria, Alok dcterms.abstract: Nepal’s 2015 Constitution, federal governance system, and commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer important opportunities for bottom-up, participatory, and rights-based development of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector. However, the effects of these reforms on gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) in local WASH planning and decision-making remain poorly understood. This study examined six dimensions of change under federalism—policy frameworks; division of powers; actors, roles, and financing; WASH services; coordination and data; and GESI in governance—to assess how rights and inclusion are translated into practice. The research covered six rural municipalities in Madhesh, Bagmati, Lumbini, and Karnali provinces, using household surveys of 486 households, key informant interviews, and reviews of national and subnational policies and WASH literature. Findings show that constitutional guarantees and recent policies, including the National WASH Policy (2023) and the draft WASH Sector Development Plan (2024), create space for GESI-responsive WASH. However, they do not adequately address systemic barriers that limit the meaningful participation and benefits of women, people with disabilities, and marginalized groups. At the local level, WASH plans, budgets, coordination mechanisms, and gender-disaggregated data systems remain weak, while service delivery is dominated by technical approaches. Access to safe, piped water is still low, placing a disproportionate burden on women, and affordability remains a barrier for poorer households. Achieving the SDGs will require stronger gender-responsive local planning, improved financing, empowered user groups, and enhanced local government capacity to deliver inclusive, rights-based WASH services.

2026-03-11T00:00:00ZKhadka, ManoharaPandey, Vishnu PrasadShrestha, G.Subedi, K.Karki, S. K.Rajouria, AlokNepal’s 2015 Constitution, federal governance system, and commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer important opportunities for bottom-up, participatory, and rights-based development of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector. However, the effects of these reforms on gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) in local WASH planning and decision-making remain poorly understood. This study examined six dimensions of change under federalism—policy frameworks; division of powers; actors, roles, and financing; WASH services; coordination and data; and GESI in governance—to assess how rights and inclusion are translated into practice. The research covered six rural municipalities in Madhesh, Bagmati, Lumbini, and Karnali provinces, using household surveys of 486 households, key informant interviews, and reviews of national and subnational policies and WASH literature. Findings show that constitutional guarantees and recent policies, including the National WASH Policy (2023) and the draft WASH Sector Development Plan (2024), create space for GESI-responsive WASH. However, they do not adequately address systemic barriers that limit the meaningful participation and benefits of women, people with disabilities, and marginalized groups. At the local level, WASH plans, budgets, coordination mechanisms, and gender-disaggregated data systems remain weak, while service delivery is dominated by technical approaches. Access to safe, piped water is still low, placing a disproportionate burden on women, and affordability remains a barrier for poorer households. Achieving the SDGs will require stronger gender-responsive local planning, improved financing, empowered user groups, and enhanced local government capacity to deliver inclusive, rights-based WASH services.Bhattacharjee, SuchiradiptaBanerjee, Anuraghttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1820192026-03-11T02:06:08Z2025-03-10T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Leadership Development for Fast-Tracking Participatory Groundwater Management (PGWM) in India dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Banerjee, Anurag cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

2025-03-10T00:00:00ZBhattacharjee, SuchiradiptaBanerjee, AnuragPavelic, PaulBertolatus, SveaDouangsavanh, SomphasithHoanh, Chu ThaiOeurng, C.Sok, T.Suhardiman, D.Viossanges, MathieuVongphachanh, S.Zambelli, Barbarahttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1820182026-03-27T14:09:36Z2026-01-09T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Establishing Entry Points for Sustainable and Inclusive Groundwater Use for Agriculture in the Mekong dc.contributor.author: Pavelic, Paul; Bertolatus, Svea; Douangsavanh, Somphasith; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Oeurng, C.; Sok, T.; Suhardiman, D.; Viossanges, Mathieu; Vongphachanh, S.; Zambelli, Barbara dcterms.abstract: This research has been carried out in contrasting settings in Champassak province in Lao PDR and Prey Veng province in Cambodia to identify entry points for poor and vulnerable groups to improve their livelihoods through groundwater access. After a careful site selection process, a household level survey was administered in both countries entailing around 100 respondents to gain a good understanding of the local contexts and groundwater-related needs. In Lao PDR, farmers are beginning to find an alternative to upland rainfed coffee production through a range of groundwater irrigated fruits and vegetables. The higher cost of accessing the resource in this volcanic terrain means that many opportunities are as yet unrealized. Limited knowledge on the use of groundwater for irrigation could be addressed through the and provision of improved extension services for technology adoption linked to capacity development. In Cambodia, groundwater is utilized extensively by farmers with their own tube wells to grow lowland rice year-round. Groundwater storage has declined in recent years, threatening the supplies of shallow well users. In the current environment, high fuel prices to pump water and restricted market access is negatively impacting on groundwater irrigation-based livelihoods. High cost incurred by diesel pump owners may be addressed through a range of options. In both contexts, policies that encourage the use of solar-powered pumping and diversification beyond monoculture cropping would provide more reliable income streams and enhance climate resilience. Models to encourage collective action amongst marginal farmers may have potential to improve affordability and access to groundwater enabling technologies and support more socially inclusive and participatory-based climate change adaptation strategies.

2026-01-09T00:00:00ZPavelic, PaulBertolatus, SveaDouangsavanh, SomphasithHoanh, Chu ThaiOeurng, C.Sok, T.Suhardiman, D.Viossanges, MathieuVongphachanh, S.Zambelli, BarbaraThis research has been carried out in contrasting settings in Champassak province in Lao PDR and Prey Veng province in Cambodia to identify entry points for poor and vulnerable groups to improve their livelihoods through groundwater access. After a careful site selection process, a household level survey was administered in both countries entailing around 100 respondents to gain a good understanding of the local contexts and groundwater-related needs. In Lao PDR, farmers are beginning to find an alternative to upland rainfed coffee production through a range of groundwater irrigated fruits and vegetables. The higher cost of accessing the resource in this volcanic terrain means that many opportunities are as yet unrealized. Limited knowledge on the use of groundwater for irrigation could be addressed through the and provision of improved extension services for technology adoption linked to capacity development. In Cambodia, groundwater is utilized extensively by farmers with their own tube wells to grow lowland rice year-round. Groundwater storage has declined in recent years, threatening the supplies of shallow well users. In the current environment, high fuel prices to pump water and restricted market access is negatively impacting on groundwater irrigation-based livelihoods. High cost incurred by diesel pump owners may be addressed through a range of options. In both contexts, policies that encourage the use of solar-powered pumping and diversification beyond monoculture cropping would provide more reliable income streams and enhance climate resilience. Models to encourage collective action amongst marginal farmers may have potential to improve affordability and access to groundwater enabling technologies and support more socially inclusive and participatory-based climate change adaptation strategies.Aryal, AnilMagome, J.Ishidaira, H.Souma, K.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1820142026-03-10T08:48:55Z2026-01-09T00:00:00Z

dc.title: An Innovate Way to Quantify Water Energy Food Nexus at the Watershed Scale dc.contributor.author: Aryal, Anil; Magome, J.; Ishidaira, H.; Souma, K. dcterms.abstract: Water, energy, and food are recognized as a new dimension in debate among the research scientists and the policy makers for a sustainable future. With the rapid increase in the global urban population, secured water, energy, and food have been a concern. Balancing these elements with an innovation in nexus thinking is crucial for managing for a secured water, energy, food. The innovation in nexus dissemination becomes complex when it comes at watershed scale because of limitation in data availability. In this research, we aim to establish an interrelationship between water, energy, and food in terms of total revenue generation in a data scarce Bagmati River Basin (BRB) in Nepal. The basin was further sub-divided as upper, middle, and lower BRB based on the topographic variation. An integrated approach of simulation models, remote sensing, and ArcGIS was used. Simulation models were used to estimate water and food supply and demand and energy supply while the remote sensing products were used for estimating the energy demand. The results show that annual water in the basin ranges from 1880 to 2170 mm which is enough to supply municipal and irrigation purpose in the basin. The energy consumption ranged from 37.57 to 154.99 kWh/capita. Further, the results show that Oct and Nov are the highest energy consumption period. Results show paddy requires 194.5 mm of water from irrigation during the nursery and late development stage of crop development while the total amount of water required for the crop development is 596.8 mm. Similarly, the water requirement for maize and wheat is found to be 502 mm and 533.1 mm respectively. With the increment in the supply of irrigation water, the crop yield increased by 83.0% for wheat and 16.3% for paddy at lower BRB. Similarly, for the upper and mid BRB, the wheat yield increased by 124.4%, and 165.8% respectively. The paddy yield increased by 81.8% and 32.6% at upper and mid BRB respectively. The revenue generated with the sale of energy is found to range from 1.4 billion to 72.5 billion NRs while with the sale of the yielded crops the revenue generation ranged from 25.8 to 45.2 billion NRs. In particular, the ability to identify the creation of cross-sectoral linkages or changes in those connections because of single sector actions was one of the benefits of a sectoral balanced, dynamic Nexus approach that was highlighted by the analysis.

2026-01-09T00:00:00ZAryal, AnilMagome, J.Ishidaira, H.Souma, K.Water, energy, and food are recognized as a new dimension in debate among the research scientists and the policy makers for a sustainable future. With the rapid increase in the global urban population, secured water, energy, and food have been a concern. Balancing these elements with an innovation in nexus thinking is crucial for managing for a secured water, energy, food. The innovation in nexus dissemination becomes complex when it comes at watershed scale because of limitation in data availability. In this research, we aim to establish an interrelationship between water, energy, and food in terms of total revenue generation in a data scarce Bagmati River Basin (BRB) in Nepal. The basin was further sub-divided as upper, middle, and lower BRB based on the topographic variation. An integrated approach of simulation models, remote sensing, and ArcGIS was used. Simulation models were used to estimate water and food supply and demand and energy supply while the remote sensing products were used for estimating the energy demand. The results show that annual water in the basin ranges from 1880 to 2170 mm which is enough to supply municipal and irrigation purpose in the basin. The energy consumption ranged from 37.57 to 154.99 kWh/capita. Further, the results show that Oct and Nov are the highest energy consumption period. Results show paddy requires 194.5 mm of water from irrigation during the nursery and late development stage of crop development while the total amount of water required for the crop development is 596.8 mm. Similarly, the water requirement for maize and wheat is found to be 502 mm and 533.1 mm respectively. With the increment in the supply of irrigation water, the crop yield increased by 83.0% for wheat and 16.3% for paddy at lower BRB. Similarly, for the upper and mid BRB, the wheat yield increased by 124.4%, and 165.8% respectively. The paddy yield increased by 81.8% and 32.6% at upper and mid BRB respectively. The revenue generated with the sale of energy is found to range from 1.4 billion to 72.5 billion NRs while with the sale of the yielded crops the revenue generation ranged from 25.8 to 45.2 billion NRs. In particular, the ability to identify the creation of cross-sectoral linkages or changes in those connections because of single sector actions was one of the benefits of a sectoral balanced, dynamic Nexus approach that was highlighted by the analysis.Babel, M.Haarstrick, A.Ribbe, L.Shinde, V. R.Aryal, AnilChapagain, K.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1819912026-03-09T08:16:17Z2026-01-08T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Water Security and Climate Change: Adaptation for Sustainable and Resilient Development dc.contributor.author: Babel, M.; Haarstrick, A.; Ribbe, L.; Shinde, V. R.; Aryal, Anil; Chapagain, K. dcterms.abstract: This book presents a curated collection of cutting-edge research and practical insights into one of the most pressing global challenges of our time: securing water under a changing climate. Framed around the need for adaptive strategies to foster sustainable and resilient development, it explores the multifaceted dimensions of water security through an integrated lens that bridges science, policy, and practice. Structured into eight thematic parts, each part comprises multiple chapters contributed by leading researchers and practitioners from around the world, offering a rich tapestry of perspectives, methodologies, and real-world experiences. The book intentionally balances technical rigor with policy relevance and practical application, making it a valuable resource for academics, decision-makers, and frontline practitioners alike. It is designed to inspire informed decisions, drive innovation, and catalyze transformative change toward water-secure and climate resilient futures.

2026-01-08T00:00:00ZBabel, M.Haarstrick, A.Ribbe, L.Shinde, V. R.Aryal, AnilChapagain, K.This book presents a curated collection of cutting-edge research and practical insights into one of the most pressing global challenges of our time: securing water under a changing climate. Framed around the need for adaptive strategies to foster sustainable and resilient development, it explores the multifaceted dimensions of water security through an integrated lens that bridges science, policy, and practice. Structured into eight thematic parts, each part comprises multiple chapters contributed by leading researchers and practitioners from around the world, offering a rich tapestry of perspectives, methodologies, and real-world experiences. The book intentionally balances technical rigor with policy relevance and practical application, making it a valuable resource for academics, decision-makers, and frontline practitioners alike. It is designed to inspire informed decisions, drive innovation, and catalyze transformative change toward water-secure and climate resilient futures.Bhaduri, TanmoyAdamseged, Muluken EliasRavindranath, Darshinihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1819822026-03-07T02:02:54Z2026-03-06T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Solar-Powered Water Solutions for Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Lessons from SoLAR (Session Report) dc.contributor.author: Bhaduri, Tanmoy; Adamseged, Muluken Elias; Ravindranath, Darshini dcterms.abstract: At the World Water Week on 24 August 2025, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) hosted an online session under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) initiative, supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The session examined how solar-powered irrigation can strengthen water resilience and support climate adaptation in agriculture across the Global South. Participants highlighted how climate change is intensifying droughts, floods, and rainfall variability, placing pressure on water resources and the livelihoods of agriculture-dependent communities. Irrigation has long helped reduce vulnerability to climate variability in regions such as South Asia, yet access remains uneven—particularly for women and marginalized farmers. Emerging evidence shows that solar irrigation technologies can improve water access, boost crop productivity, extend growing seasons, and support diversified livelihoods. The discussion also explored the rapid expansion of solar technologies in rural areas, including solar pumps, lighting, dryers, and cold chains. Experiences from South Asia and East Africa illustrated how government subsidies, donor investments, and private-sector models—such as pay-as-you-go services—are accelerating adoption. However, participants emphasized persistent challenges related to equitable access, financing, and the risk of groundwater over-extraction. The session underscored the need for context-specific policies, inclusive financing models, and stronger partnerships to scale solar irrigation sustainably while safeguarding water resources and supporting resilient agri-food systems.

2026-03-06T00:00:00ZBhaduri, TanmoyAdamseged, Muluken EliasRavindranath, DarshiniAt the World Water Week on 24 August 2025, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) hosted an online session under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) initiative, supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The session examined how solar-powered irrigation can strengthen water resilience and support climate adaptation in agriculture across the Global South. Participants highlighted how climate change is intensifying droughts, floods, and rainfall variability, placing pressure on water resources and the livelihoods of agriculture-dependent communities. Irrigation has long helped reduce vulnerability to climate variability in regions such as South Asia, yet access remains uneven—particularly for women and marginalized farmers. Emerging evidence shows that solar irrigation technologies can improve water access, boost crop productivity, extend growing seasons, and support diversified livelihoods. The discussion also explored the rapid expansion of solar technologies in rural areas, including solar pumps, lighting, dryers, and cold chains. Experiences from South Asia and East Africa illustrated how government subsidies, donor investments, and private-sector models—such as pay-as-you-go services—are accelerating adoption. However, participants emphasized persistent challenges related to equitable access, financing, and the risk of groundwater over-extraction. The session underscored the need for context-specific policies, inclusive financing models, and stronger partnerships to scale solar irrigation sustainably while safeguarding water resources and supporting resilient agri-food systems.Bittner, D.Smith, J.Leontidis, G.Campbell, G. A.Biegel, J.Smith, P.Kuhnert, M.Skalský, R.Giuliani, L. M.Salik, A. W.Hallett, P.Burslem, D. F. R. P.Yakob, G.Mekuria, WoldePhimister, E.Haileslassie, AmareTegegne, DesalegnNorouzi, S.Chen, H.Gubry-Rangin, C.Khan, A.https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1819592026-03-05T05:26:28Z2026-02-26T00:00:00Z

dc.title: Assessing the impact of nature-based solutions on soil health in Sub-Saharan Africa through farmer-centred methods dc.contributor.author: Bittner, D.; Smith, J.; Leontidis, G.; Campbell, G. A.; Biegel, J.; Smith, P.; Kuhnert, M.; Skalský, R.; Giuliani, L. M.; Salik, A. W.; Hallett, P.; Burslem, D. F. R. P.; Yakob, G.; Mekuria, Wolde; Phimister, E.; Haileslassie, Amare; Tegegne, Desalegn; Norouzi, S.; Chen, H.; Gubry-Rangin, C.; Khan, A. dcterms.abstract: Soils underpin many ecosystem services, including food production, through functions such as organic matter decomposition. These functions are increasingly threatened by soil degradation, especially in climate-vulnerable regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where unstable soils are prone to severe erosion. As soils continue to degrade, farmers face multiple challenges; they cannot afford accurate tests to assess soil, their livelihoods are constrained by demand for food, fuel and water, and competition for valuable resources hampers farming. Hence, there is a pressing need for accessible tools to assess soil health and methods to provide tailored advice on resilient, climate-smart agricultural management and optimal use of resources. This narrative review offers a comprehensive overview of key issues and potential solutions. We highlight tools and approaches that can support farmers to improve soil and secure livelihoods. Practical indicators and field-ready tests are evaluated, with examples from Ethiopia, but tailored to support farmers and advisors across sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries. A wide range of tests are reviewed, including physical, biological, chemical, function and service-related tests, drawing on scientific and farmers knowledge. Science-based tests require expertise, equipment and incur costs, while locally-derived tests are affordable and seamlessly applicable. We also review Nature-based Solutions for improving soil quality, and assess them against factors such as labour, costs, and crop production. There is no single universally applicable practice; suitability depends on farmers’ priorities and circumstances. Therefore, we explore predictive methods—mechanistic, processbased soil models, data- and knowledge-driven Artificial Intelligence and systems models—to simulate the impact of practices on soil and farm dynamics. Promising approaches include hybrid approaches assimilating data, physics and knowledge through digital soil mapping. Overall, this review emphasizes the need to empower farmers with accessible tools and methods to harness Nature-based Solutions, build climate resilience and secure sustainable futures for generations ahead.

2026-02-26T00:00:00ZBittner, D.Smith, J.Leontidis, G.Campbell, G. A.Biegel, J.Smith, P.Kuhnert, M.Skalský, R.Giuliani, L. M.Salik, A. W.Hallett, P.Burslem, D. F. R. P.Yakob, G.Mekuria, WoldePhimister, E.Haileslassie, AmareTegegne, DesalegnNorouzi, S.Chen, H.Gubry-Rangin, C.Khan, A.Soils underpin many ecosystem services, including food production, through functions such as organic matter decomposition. These functions are increasingly threatened by soil degradation, especially in climate-vulnerable regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where unstable soils are prone to severe erosion. As soils continue to degrade, farmers face multiple challenges; they cannot afford accurate tests to assess soil, their livelihoods are constrained by demand for food, fuel and water, and competition for valuable resources hampers farming. Hence, there is a pressing need for accessible tools to assess soil health and methods to provide tailored advice on resilient, climate-smart agricultural management and optimal use of resources. This narrative review offers a comprehensive overview of key issues and potential solutions. We highlight tools and approaches that can support farmers to improve soil and secure livelihoods. Practical indicators and field-ready tests are evaluated, with examples from Ethiopia, but tailored to support farmers and advisors across sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries. A wide range of tests are reviewed, including physical, biological, chemical, function and service-related tests, drawing on scientific and farmers knowledge. Science-based tests require expertise, equipment and incur costs, while locally-derived tests are affordable and seamlessly applicable. We also review Nature-based Solutions for improving soil quality, and assess them against factors such as labour, costs, and crop production. There is no single universally applicable practice; suitability depends on farmers’ priorities and circumstances. Therefore, we explore predictive methods—mechanistic, processbased soil models, data- and knowledge-driven Artificial Intelligence and systems models—to simulate the impact of practices on soil and farm dynamics. Promising approaches include hybrid approaches assimilating data, physics and knowledge through digital soil mapping. Overall, this review emphasizes the need to empower farmers with accessible tools and methods to harness Nature-based Solutions, build climate resilience and secure sustainable futures for generations ahead.