International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Stakeholder Consultation Workshop on the CGIAR Country Strategy Framework (CSF) in Nepal

2026-06-06T01:05:51Z

dc.title: Stakeholder Consultation Workshop on the CGIAR Country Strategy Framework (CSF) in Nepal dc.contributor.author: Khadka, Manohara; Aryal, Anil; Adhikari, Alisha; Shrestha, Ram Krishna; Kaini, Santosh; Shrestha, Shreemat; Choudhary, Dyutiman; Bhatt, Prem Raj; Varijakshapanicker, Padmakumar dcterms.abstract: CGIAR Centers in Nepal have contributed to addressing the challenges such as fragmentation, weak coordination, and limited alignment with national priorities through research, innovation, and capacity development. However, the impact has been unrecognized. Drawing from the P25 Listening sessions organized in 2024, the necessity of a country strategy framework (CSF) for Nepal, CGIAR centers organized a national-level consultation workshop to discuss and gather feedback from partners and stakeholders on the concept and approach for co-designing, implementing, and evaluating the CGIAR CSF in Nepal. The half‑day consultation workshop combined presentations, plenary discussions, and facilitated breakout group sessions. A total of 66 participants (30% women), representing government agencies, the private sector, research and academic institutions, investors, development partners, and civil society organizations, provided feedback on the CSF concept and structure, identified priority thematic areas, and discussed governance, coordination mechanisms, and ownership arrangements. The CSF process emphasized inclusiveness, practical relevance, and alignment with national systems and policies. Recognizing CGIAR's significant roles in Nepal's development, particularly in research and innovations across food, land, and water (FLW) systems, technology transfer, and human resources development, participants expressed strong interest and commitment to engage in the CSF co-design, implementation, monitoring, and learning processes. Once formalized, the CSF will serve as a strategic tool to guide and strengthen the scaling of CGIAR research and innovations, helping achieve the impacts envisioned under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) program. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Ethiopian Communities Are Using Low-Cost Methods to Restore Eroded Land

2026-06-03T09:11:55Z

dc.title: Ethiopian Communities Are Using Low-Cost Methods to Restore Eroded Land dc.contributor.author: Mekuria, Wolde cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes

Comprehensive Guidelines for Capacity Building for Irrigation Managers in Water Management within Modern Irrigation Technologies

2026-06-08T03:35:03Z

dc.title: Comprehensive Guidelines for Capacity Building for Irrigation Managers in Water Management within Modern Irrigation Technologies dc.contributor.author: Zemadim, Birhanu; Oke, Adebayo; Dirwai, Tinashe Lindel; Admasu, Zeleke; Choruma, Dennis Junior; Dickson, Jonathan; Nzeyimana, Valere; Hafeez, Mohsin dcterms.abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa has substantial untapped irrigation potential, yet many existing systems underperform due to weak operation and maintenance (O&M), limited technical capacity, and institutional governance challenges. These constraints reduce water-use efficiency, lower returns on infrastructure investments, and weaken resilience to climate variability. At the same time, rising climate uncertainty, energy costs, groundwater stress, and persistent food insecurity are increasing the urgency for more effective irrigation management. Addressing these challenges requires a shift from infrastructure-focused investment to capacity-driven, performance-oriented irrigation management. This FAO–IWMI initiative develops evidence-based, scalable guidelines to strengthen the human and institutional systems that underpin irrigation performance. The objective is to equip irrigation managers, extension agents, scheme operators, and Water User Associations (WUAs) with the competencies, tools, and governance frameworks needed to plan, operate, maintain, and scale modern irrigation systems efficiently and sustainably. The guidelines draw on desk reviews, case studies, performance assessments, and stakeholder consultations involving irrigation authorities, engineers, farmers, and private-sector actors. They cover drip and sprinkler systems, center pivots, solar-powered irrigation, smart and digital irrigation, and subsurface technologies. Key lessons emphasize that capacity building must be multi-actor, continuous, and embedded in functioning irrigation service ecosystems. One-off training is insufficient; sustained mentoring and technical support are essential. Experiences from Zambia and South Africa highlight the need for systems-oriented approaches and competency-based frameworks tailored to different actor groups, especially suppliers, technicians, and extension services. The guidelines complement the FAO PRISM tool by translating diagnostic insights into practical competencies and operational procedures, providing the “how to improve and sustain,” thereby supporting scalable, climate-resilient irrigation development. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Regional Strategic Roadmap: West and Central Africa 2024–2030

2026-06-03T04:59:08Z

dc.title: Regional Strategic Roadmap: West and Central Africa 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The IWMI West and Central Africa Regional Strategic Roadmap (2024–2030) provides a strategic framework for promoting water security, climate resilience, sustainable agriculture and equitable economic development in West and Central Africa. The roadmap is grounded in IWMI’s strong history of work in irrigation development, inclusive landscape management, digital water accounting, circular economy innovations, youth-led aquaculture and water governance, and addresses the growing challenges facing the region, including climate change, water scarcity, environmental degradation, rapid urbanisation and food insecurity. The roadmap focuses on six strategic priorities: developing resilient agri-food systems; mitigating drought and flood risks; fostering circular water and food economy innovations; utilising water for resilience in fragile and conflict-affected situations; enhancing gender equity in water resource management; and facilitating evidence-based decisions on water infrastructure and allocation. These priorities will be delivered through integrated research, innovation, policy engagement, digital technologies and strategic partnerships. Implementation will target priority countries and river basins and will involve working with governments, regional institutions, research organisations, development partners and the private sector. The roadmap aims to transform scientific knowledge into practical solutions to improve livelihoods, increase climate resilience and water governance, and promote sustainable and inclusive development in West and Central Africa by 2030.

Africa’s Power Plants Are Set for Expansion by 2030, with Renewables’ Share Growing from 19% to 34%

2026-06-02T05:30:42Z

dc.title: Africa’s Power Plants Are Set for Expansion by 2030, with Renewables’ Share Growing from 19% to 34% dc.contributor.author: Vanham, Davy cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Country Strategic Roadmap: India 2024–2030

2026-06-02T01:09:53Z

dc.title: Country Strategic Roadmap: India 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The IWMI India Country Strategic Roadmap 2026–2030 presents a forward-looking framework to guide the organization’s research, partnerships, and policy engagement in support of sustainable water management and resilient agricultural systems in India. Developed in response to growing pressures from climate change, groundwater depletion, rapid urbanization, and increasing demands on food and water resources, the roadmap outlines IWMI India’s vision for generating actionable science and scaling evidence-based solutions over the next five years. The strategy identifies priority thematic areas, including water security, climate resilience, sustainable agriculture, groundwater governance, water-energy-food nexus approaches, and inclusive resource management. It emphasizes strengthening partnerships with government agencies, research institutions, development organizations, and local communities to co-develop and implement innovative solutions. The roadmap also highlights cross-cutting commitments to gender equality, capacity development, policy influence, and knowledge sharing, ensuring that research outcomes translate into meaningful societal impact. By aligning with national development priorities and global sustainability agendas, the strategy seeks to support informed decision-making and foster resilient, equitable, and climate-smart development pathways. As a guiding document for IWMI India’s operations from 2024 to 2030, the roadmap aims to enhance the organization’s contribution to improved water management, food security, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability across diverse regions of India.

A New Spatial Inventory of Power Plants Shows Africa Is Stepping up in Construction and Planning up to 2030

2026-06-02T05:31:19Z

dc.title: A New Spatial Inventory of Power Plants Shows Africa Is Stepping up in Construction and Planning up to 2030 dc.contributor.author: Vanham, Davy; Holmatov, Bunyod

Scaling Inclusive Solar MUS in Nepal: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Pathways

2026-06-01T02:36:20Z

dc.title: Scaling Inclusive Solar MUS in Nepal: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Pathways dc.contributor.author: Shrestha, Shisher; Pradhan, Prachanda; KC, Sumitra; Lal, Sanjib dcterms.abstract: Solar-powered multiple-use water services (solar-MUS) systems have become an effective solution in Nepal’s hilly regions, providing water for drinking, other domestic uses, irrigation, and small enterprises by lifting groundwater or river water to upland settlements. Their adaptability has encouraged adoption at both household and community levels. Beyond economic gains, solar-MUS reduces women’s workload and supports social empowerment. This study examines opportunities and challenges for scaling inclusive Solar-MUS using literature reviews, policy analysis, and qualitative case studies of two mid-hill projects. Key findings highlight policy fragmentation, governance gaps, high upfront costs, and social inequities as barriers, while strong local ownership, resilient system design, and integrated policy support emerge as enablers. Scaling solar-MUS requires coordinated institutional roles, capacity-building for user groups, and private sector-led innovation to ensure long-term sustainability and equitable benefits. The study provides actionable pathways for expanding inclusive, climate-resilient water services in Nepal’s mid-hills.

VegET Evapotranspiration for Africa: Continental-Scale Simulation, Multi-Product Evaluation, and Drought Assessment

2026-05-30T06:57:40Z

dc.title: VegET Evapotranspiration for Africa: Continental-Scale Simulation, Multi-Product Evaluation, and Drought Assessment dc.contributor.author: Akpoti, Komlavi; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Leh, Mansoor; Kagone, Stefanie; Mekonnen, Kirubel; Owusu, Afua; Tadesse, Mulugeta; Paranamana, Thilina Prabhath; Madushanka, Lahiru; Perera, Tharindu; Parrish, Gabriel E. L.; Nangia, Vinay; Sy, Souleymane; Bliefernicht, Jan; Guug, Samuel; Seid, Abdulkarim; Senay, Gabriel B. dcterms.abstract: Study region: Continental Africa, encompassing diverse climatic zones—tropical, arid, and temperate—and spanning major transboundary river basins such as the Nile, Niger, Congo, Volta, and Zambezi River Basins. The region exhibits pronounced hydroclimatic gradients and heterogeneous land use systems ranging from rainfed croplands and rangelands to dense tropical forests and irrigated schemes. Study focus: Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is a central component of the terrestrial water balance, governing the redistribution of water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere. Accurate estimation of ETa at continental scale is critical for hydrological monitoring, water resource management, and climate adaptation, as well as for quantifying water, energy, and carbon fluxes that underpin sustainable development. In this study, we applied the agro-hydrologic VegET v2 model to simulate a new, high-resolution, continental-scale ETa dataset for Africa (2000–2021). The model results were benchmarked against four widely used remote sensing-based products—MODIS16 v6.1, SSEBop v6.1, WaPOR v3, and GLEAM v4.1a—across major climate zones, land use types, and River Basins, providing a comprehensive multi-product evaluation of evapotranspiration dynamics across the continent. New hydrological insights for the region: Validation against eddy covariance flux tower observations at eight representative sites confirmed that VegET v2 accurately reproduces the seasonal dynamics of observed ETa, achieving a correlation (r) of 0.8 and an RMSE of 25 mm month⁻¹ —accuracy that is comparable to or higher than accuracies of satellite-based products MODIS16, SSEBop, and GLEAM. This study represents one of the first Africa-wide hydrological simulations of ETa, extending the VegET model beyond basin-scale applications. Intercomparisons reveal that VegET aligns closely with MODIS16, SSEBop, and GLEAM in humid and tropical regions (r = 0.80–0.90; RMSE < 20 mm month⁻¹), while greater discrepancies appear in arid and semi-arid zones, where WaPOR tends to overestimate ETa (RMSE ≥ 28 mm month⁻¹). Despite these differences, VegET effectively captures spatial and temporal ETa variability across rainfed croplands, forests, and savannas, supporting its utility in regional water balance assessments, water accounting, and drought monitoring. A key application of VegET v2 is the Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI), derived by integrating VegET-based ETa with potential evapotranspiration (PET) to quantify water stress. ETDI successfully captured major drought episodes across Africa, including persistent Sahelian and southern African dry spells, the 2020–2021 winter drought in the Maghreb, and the 2018–2019 austral summer drought in southern Africa, while identifying positive anomalies over central Africa indicative of recurrent wetness. These results underscore VegET’s capability as a hydrologically consistent, operational tool for continental ETa monitoring and drought assessment, offering support for basin-scale water balance studies, food security planning, and climate resilience across Africa’s diverse hydrological environments.

Rising Urban Flood Risk and Exposure under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways in Greater Accra Ghana

2026-05-30T04:24:36Z

dc.title: Rising Urban Flood Risk and Exposure under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways in Greater Accra Ghana dc.contributor.author: Siabi, Ebenezer K.; Kabo-bah, Amos T.; Akpoti, Komlavi; Anornu, Geophrey K.; Mortey, Eric; Awafo, Edward A.; Derkyi, Nana S. A.; Ofosu, Eric Antwi; Yazdanie, Mashael dcterms.abstract: This study assesses flood susceptibility in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, one of West Africa’s most flood-prone areas by employing the Frequency Ratio (FR) model. The analysis integrates a range of environmental and meteorological variables alongside non-meteorological factors in the susceptibility mapping. The model yielded an Area Under the Curve (AUC) score of 0.82, indicating reliable flood susceptibility predictions. Various factors such as elevation, slope, geology, distance from urban, and stream power index significantly influence flood susceptibility. The spatial distribution of baseline susceptibility zones reveals coastal and northeastern areas as highly susceptible. Projections under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios depict a dynamic susceptibility landscape, emphasizing shifts in susceptibility levels. Notably, SSP2 and SSP3 foresee an increase in high and very high susceptibility zones. For district and town-level dynamics, districts like Weija Gbawe and towns along the coastline consistently exhibit very high susceptibility. The spatial distribution of building footprints shows a notable concentration within high and very high flood susceptibility zones, highlighting significant exposure risks to both the population and critical infrastructure. For example, over 780,000 and 810,000 building footprints, representing 3.12 million and 3.24 million people, are projected to experience high flood susceptibility under SSP2 and SSP3, respectively. This comprehensive assessment provides critical insights for flood management decisions in cities, emphasizing the importance of considering various factors in understanding and mitigating flood risks in West Africa and globally.

Rapid Assessment as a Tool for Transboundary Water Governance: Proof-of-Concept Evidence from the Ferghana Valley

2026-06-02T03:43:58Z

dc.title: Rapid Assessment as a Tool for Transboundary Water Governance: Proof-of-Concept Evidence from the Ferghana Valley dc.contributor.author: Holmatov, Bunyod; Lautze, Jonathan; McCartney, Matthew P.; Abdurakhmanov, Botirjon; Akramov, Isomiddin dcterms.abstract: While Rapid Assessment Processes (RAPs) have long been used in other disciplines, they have rarely been applied in transboundary water contexts. This research report describes an application of RAP to assess the state of transboundary water cooperation in the Ferghana Valley of Central Asia. The focus is on two small tributaries—Akburasai and Isfayramsai, shared between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan—where cooperation is shaped by a complex mix of historical agreements, practical cooperation, and evolving governance challenges. The RAP was designed to generate a preliminary but objective understanding of current cooperation while also identifying entry points for strengthening cooperation and building trust across borders. By engaging stakeholders from both countries, the RAP process facilitated participatory engagement and a shared understanding of water challenges and opportunities. Results of the RAP application revealed a dual reality: strong operational cooperation exists on the ground, but this is not matched by formal institutional coherence or inclusive governance structures. Major governance gaps persist, notably the absence of joint river basin plans and formal stakeholder engagement mechanisms. In sum, while technical collaboration between the two countries is broadly effective, it remains inherently fragile. Drawing on consultations with stakeholders from both Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the assessment identified three priority areas for action: 1. Strengthen legal and institutional cooperation. 2. Advance collaborative basin planning and technical coordination. 3. Enhance stakeholder engagement. The findings and jointly developed recommendations offer a practical pathway for transforming existing technical collaboration into more durable, equitable, and climate-resilient water governance both in the Ferghana Valley and, potentially, across the many transboundary river systems of Central Asia. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Applying a Climate Information Distillation Framework to Support a Climate Resilient Hydropower Sector in Nepal

2026-06-01T15:20:19Z

dc.title: Applying a Climate Information Distillation Framework to Support a Climate Resilient Hydropower Sector in Nepal dc.contributor.author: Oakes, Rosie L.; Daron, Joseph; Steptoe, Hamish; Richardson, Katy; Shrestha, Mandira Singh; Basnyat, Divas B.; Fox, Cathryn; Pradhananga, Saurav; Lamsal, Girish; Subedi, Divya dcterms.abstract: Co-production of climate services is widely recognised as a valuable way to integrate relevant and reliable climate information into decision-making contexts. Yet the extent of information and evidence that may be relevant to a climate-sensitive decision can be very large, and it is not always feasible to involve all stakeholders throughout the process of constructing climate information. Pragmatic approaches are required, particularly in resource-constrained contexts to ensure scientifically defensible climate information can be provided to guide adaptation decisions. The Climate Information Distillation Framework (CIDF) is a multidisciplinary approach that builds on recent research with the aim of supporting climate service development across a range of applications, sectors and contexts. Here we apply the theoretical framework to the Nepal hydropower sector. Focusing on present day uncertainties and projected future changes to extreme rainfall, we show that a CIDF can be applied in situations where opportunities for co-production are limited but where there is a need to consider diverse perspectives and objectives. The benefits and challenges of using this framework are discussed, highlighting that while climate information rarely dominates in adaptation decision-making processes, appropriate framing, synthesis, transparency and communication of uncertain climate information can valuably support adaptation decisions and policy. Providing the case study of hydropower development in Nepal, within a complex economic and development context, we find that applying the theoretical framework must be done with humility and flexibility to support real-world decision-making. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) Analysis of Agroecological Trials in Attapeu Province, Lao PDR: Interim Results from the First Year of Operation of Two Pilot Systems

2026-05-30T01:09:28Z

dc.title: Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) Analysis of Agroecological Trials in Attapeu Province, Lao PDR: Interim Results from the First Year of Operation of Two Pilot Systems dc.contributor.author: Kotchofa, Pacem; Chanthalath, Ammala; Xaydala, Viengxay; Dubois, Mark dcterms.abstract: This report reviews the economic and technical outcomes of agroecological innovation trials in Attapeu Province, Lao PDR, as part of the CGIAR Multifunctional Landscapes Program in May 2025. The trials evaluated Red Rice (RR) and Integrated Rice-Fish Culture (IRFC) compared to conventional systems (Loum Pa and rice monoculture) using one-season benefit-cost ratio (BCR) data, along with broader sustainability and food security aspects. Key Results: • Red Rice (RR): Shows strong market potential with higher yields (up to 5 t/ha) and nearly double the price of local varieties. Adoption among trial farmers reached 100%. First-year BCRs are below 1 due to high initial investments, but most farms become profitable when excluding these fixed costs, suggesting good medium-term prospects. • IRFC & Loum Pa: Offer ecological benefits like nutrient recycling and biodiversity, but lower BCRs result from high operational costs, technical challenges, and capacity gaps. Adoption is limited. • Rice Monoculture: Provides the highest short-term BCR (up to 3), emphasizing the trade-off and policy actions between profitability and sustainability. Key Insight: Single-season BCRs may underestimate the long-term value of agroecological systems with high upfront costs. Action Points: • Support upfront investments for RR and IRFC through financing or subsidies. • Expand extension services, especially for aquaculture and integrated crop-aquaculture systems (IRFC). • Develop value chains and contracts to secure price premiums for RR and minimize risks. • Use multi-season, technical, and environmental indicators alongside BCR to better assess system value. cg.contributor.initiative: Agroecology cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes

From a Technical Tool to Governance Function: Institutionalizing Water Accounting in Egypt through a Comparative Analysis with Australia

2026-06-02T03:14:05Z

dc.title: From a Technical Tool to Governance Function: Institutionalizing Water Accounting in Egypt through a Comparative Analysis with Australia dc.contributor.author: Eldabbagh, Fayrouz dcterms.abstract: This technical report examines how water accounting can move from a biophysical technical assessment tool to an institutionalized public governance function in Egypt. It argues that institutionalizing water accounting is at the core of strengthening policy coherence by aligning fragmented mandates, data systems, reporting practices, and allocation decisions across competitive water-related sectors. The paper uses a comparative governance approach by capitalizing on Australia’s experience with the National Water Account as a benchmark for legal mandate, organizational ownership, inter-agency reporting, and routinized publication. Through this comparison, the study develops a five-dimensional framework for institutionalizing water accounting: defining public value, establishing a legal and policy mandate, creating a three-layer institutional arrangement, adopting staged implementation, and embedding standard reporting cycles. Based on this analytical framework, the paper assessed the existing opportunities and constraints for Egypt in moving toward coherent mandates, horizontal and vertical standard reporting, and cross-sectoral data sharing. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Reducing Energy Dependence through Solar Irrigation in Bangladesh

2026-05-26T03:59:33Z

dc.title: Reducing Energy Dependence through Solar Irrigation in Bangladesh dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharya, Jayanta; Ravindranath, Darshini; Bhaduri, Tanmoy

Nepal’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC 3.0): A Water-Led Climate Future

2026-05-26T01:09:42Z

dc.title: Nepal’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC 3.0): A Water-Led Climate Future dc.contributor.author: Regmi, Bimal Raj; Khadka, Manohara; Nepal, Santosh dcterms.abstract: This brief details how the inclusion of water in the latest iteration of Nepal’s Nationally Determined Contributions, NDC 3.0,represents a notable success. This was driven by strong leadership from the Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (MoEWRI) and active engagement from the focal ministry, development partners, research partners (International Water Management Institute, IWMI), and other relevant stakeholders. The process relied on rigorous technical assessments, evidence-based analysis, and stakeholder dialogue, which ensured that water resources were strongly integrated across major adaptation priorities sectors. The NDC revision also improved the definition of quantitative and policy targets within the mitigation sector, reflecting an integrated approach to climate action. Effective implementation of NDC 3.0 will require stronger ownership across federal, provincial, and local governments, together with continued engagement from supporting partners. Priorities and targets need to be clearer and tied to practical actions, backed by adequate financing and stronger institutional capacity. Integrating NDC priorities into regular planning and budgeting processes, while also diversifying resource mobilization, will be important for turning commitments into real actions. At the local level, water management needs to deal with both scarcity and excess water, which directly affects food security, growth and local livelihoods. Clearer roles across the three tiers of government alongside additional capacity building and greater emphasis on localization will help. Equitable benefit sharing, particularly for persons with disabilities, minority and Indigenous communities, as well as youth, women and other marginalized groups, is also needed if these commitments are to lead to more inclusive and climate-resilient outcomes. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Advancing Water Resilience in Climate Action: The Evolution of Nepal’s NDCs

2026-05-29T05:41:03Z

dc.title: Advancing Water Resilience in Climate Action: The Evolution of Nepal’s NDCs dc.contributor.author: Shrestha, Shisher; Karki, Darshan; Sapkota, Regan; Nepal, Santosh

Brief: Macro-Financial Stability in a Changing Water System: Evolving Policy and Mandates

2026-05-25T05:26:55Z

dc.title: Brief: Macro-Financial Stability in a Changing Water System: Evolving Policy and Mandates dc.contributor.author: Dupont, Anna; Adolfsson, Elin dcterms.abstract: Human activity is destabilizing the water cycle, turning hydrological disruption into a systemic macro‑financial risk: not only through scarcity, but through persistent spatial and temporal mismatches between water availability and economic activity that erode growth, fiscal capacity, and trade stability. Macro‑financial frameworks underestimate these risks by overlooking green-water systems, storage dynamics, and interconnections; as ecohydrological buffers degrade, economies enter a “long emergency” in which weakening natural systems quietly undermine debt sustainability, inflation control, and investor confidence, while amplifying inequality and eroding resilience.  This brief argues that the structural reshaping of the water cycle now demands a re‑specification of macro‑fiscal diagnostics, debt‑sustainability assessments, and international financial instruments (including the International Monetary Fund’s Resilience and Sustainability Facility) around hydrological integrity itself, treating eco-hydrological systems as core productive and protective capital rather than a peripheral environmental concern. Placing water‑cycle stability at the core of macro‑financial governance and aligning finance with the regenerative limits of water systems is essential for resilient and inclusive growth. This brief is the first of two examining the water cycle and finance. The second brief focuses on redirecting investment toward the water cycle.

लैङ्गिक समानता तथा सामाजिक समावेशीकरण (GESI) उत्तरदायी जलश्रोत–ऊर्जा–खाद्य–पारिस्थितिकीय प्रणाली (WEFE) बीचको अन्तरसम्बन्ध सम्बन्धि अवधारणा स्थानीय तहको योजना तर्जुमाकोलागि सहयोगी पुस्तिका

2026-05-25T13:05:22Z

dc.title: लैङ्गिक समानता तथा सामाजिक समावेशीकरण (GESI) उत्तरदायी जलश्रोत–ऊर्जा–खाद्य–पारिस्थितिकीय प्रणाली (WEFE) बीचको अन्तरसम्बन्ध सम्बन्धि अवधारणा स्थानीय तहको योजना तर्जुमाकोलागि सहयोगी पुस्तिका dc.contributor.author: Pokharel, Bharat Kumar; Koirala, Sanju; Pradhan, Meeta Sainju; Onta, Nisha; Khadka, Manohara; Nepal, Santosh dcterms.abstract: This manual was developed in response to the demand from local governments in the Rangun Watershed for a knowledge resource on the Water, Energy, Food, and Environment (WEFE) Nexus approach. The manual presents key concepts and practical guidance for applying the WEFE Nexus approach in watershed planning. It also aims to offer a practical reference to support local authorities in integrating Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) responsive WEFE principles into their annual planning, budgeting, and policy formulation processes. It is specifically designed for local government representatives and municipal and ward-level staff in Nepal who are engaged in the WEFE sectors. It serves as a practical reference for developing local plans, policies, and activities, as well as for budgeting and implementing them effectively. It is also a valuable resource for NGOs, INGOs, and academicians working in these fields, and serves as a foundational guide for training design and delivery. The content is based on the materials developed and tested during the GESI Responsive WEFE Nexus Approach training for the Rangun Watershed and the WEFE Leadership Workshop in Nepal. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Strengthening an Enabling Environment for Wastewater Reuse in Nepal’s Peri-Urban Agriculture

2026-05-20T01:07:25Z

dc.title: Strengthening an Enabling Environment for Wastewater Reuse in Nepal’s Peri-Urban Agriculture dc.contributor.author: Taron, Avinandan; Fanaian, Safa; Mishra, Anuj; Khadka, Manohara; Bodach, Susanne dcterms.abstract: This report assesses the enabling environment for wastewater reuse in Nepal’s peri-urban agriculture, focusing on policy and institutional coherence, technical and infrastructure capacity, human capacity, financial mechanisms, and social acceptance. Nepal has a relatively strong enabling policy base for wastewater reuse through national frameworks on WASH, environment, agriculture, and climate resilience, the transition to safe and scalable wastewater reuse requires stronger institutional coordination, reuse-oriented infrastructure investment, dedicated financing mechanisms, capacity development. Implementation remains weak due to fragmented mandates across federal, provincial, and municipal levels, with limited coordination between key sectors such as water supply, agriculture, and environment. Wastewater reuse is largely confined to informal and small-scale practices rather than being integrated into planned municipal systems. Technical and institutional readiness is low, with less than 15 percent of wastewater treated, and most systems designed for disposal rather than reuse. Municipalities face shortages of trained personnel and weak coordination between sanitation and agriculture sectors, while financial mechanisms remain limited as wastewater reuse is not a budgeted priority and lacks dedicated incentives or financing windows. Private sector participation and structured PPP models for reuse remain limited. Social acceptance remains mixed, with widespread informal use driven by necessity but strong stigma among consumers due to health concerns and limited awareness. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security; Scaling for Impact

Mapping the Invisible: Groundwater Use, Access, Equity, and Governance in Nepal’s Southern Plains; Policy Pathways for Equitable and Sustainable Groundwater Use

2026-05-21T01:05:01Z

dc.title: Mapping the Invisible: Groundwater Use, Access, Equity, and Governance in Nepal’s Southern Plains; Policy Pathways for Equitable and Sustainable Groundwater Use dc.contributor.author: KC, Sumitra; Khadka, Manohara; Mishra, Anuj; Aryal, Anil dcterms.abstract: This study examines groundwater use, access, and governance in Barahathawa Municipality, Madhesh Province, Nepal. Groundwater is a critical resource in Nepal’s southern plains, where most households rely on it for domestic needs and many farmers depend on it for irrigation. A well and borehole inventory, combined with qualitative research, found heavy reliance on private wells and boreholes because canal irrigation is limited and unreliable. The findings show major social, economic, and gender inequalities in groundwater access. Ownership of boreholes and pumps is concentrated among certain caste groups and landholding households, while Terai Dalits, Muslims, women-headed households, smallholders, and tenant farmers face multiple barriers. These include limited land ownership, which is closely tied to groundwater access, financial constraints in investing in groundwater that requires upfront cost and energy cost, language barriers, limited access to information due to language barriers and limited social networks, and subsidies. Informal water markets help farmers meet irrigation needs but can also deepen existing inequalities. This study also identifies some critical policy and institutional challenges. The study recommends strengthening groundwater governance through clear and implementable local policies on groundwater, stronger coordination across institutions and government levels and sectors, targeted subsidies, accessible credit, and better monitoring. It also calls for participatory groundwater management involving local communities, citizen science-based data systems, multi-stakeholder platforms, and investment in groundwater recharge, and nature-based solutions to support equitable and sustainable groundwater use. cg.contributor.initiative: NEXUS Gains cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

IWMI Global Environmental Flows Platform

2026-05-19T01:06:49Z

dc.title: IWMI Global Environmental Flows Platform dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations; Multifunctional Landscapes

Current Practices and Challenges in Smallholder Irrigation Water Management: A WEFE Nexus-Based Assessment; The Case of the Meki Catchment

2026-05-16T01:08:50Z

dc.title: Current Practices and Challenges in Smallholder Irrigation Water Management: A WEFE Nexus-Based Assessment; The Case of the Meki Catchment dc.contributor.author: Taye, Meron Teferi; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Gebreyesus, Kirubel; Tadesse, Mulugeta; Seid, Abdulkarim dcterms.abstract: As part of the CGIAR Policy Innovations Program of CGIAR, this study focuses on water management for smallholder irrigated agriculture in Ethiopia. Noting that Ethiopia’s promotion of multi-season food production for food security and livelihood improvements there is a need to assess the system from Water-Energy-Food-Environment perspective for optimized resources management. This study provides baseline analysis of the current irrigation practices, the use of surface and groundwater for a case study area in the Meki catchment of the Rift Valley Lakes Basin, Ethiopia. The study used literature review and field visits to conduct the assessment using WEFE nexus methods. The results indicate that that the catchment is already experiencing water management challenges and water use conflicts due to uncoordinated surface water withdrawals between upstream and downstream users. Some of the rivers dry up during peak irrigation seasons. Conversely, farmers believe that there are enough groundwater resources for irrigation and their major challenge is limited access to affordable energy to expand irrigation with groundwater sources. While this is an important factor for improved food production; there is a risk of unsustainable groundwater abstraction when access to energy improves in the future. Hence, this study provides recommendations on how to scale irrigation with sustainable use of water and alerts practitioners and policy makers to exercise caution as irrigation expands in the catchment and beyond in other parts of Ethiopia. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Al Murunah: Building Climate Resilience from the Ground Up with Scalable, Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions Pilot Projects in the MENA Region

2026-05-15T01:01:08Z

dc.title: Al Murunah: Building Climate Resilience from the Ground Up with Scalable, Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions Pilot Projects in the MENA Region dc.contributor.author: Palay, Isis; Fragaszy, Stephen; Stifel, Elizabeth; Abeyrathna, Wasudha Prabodhani; Gharaibeh, Sawsan dcterms.abstract: This thematic brief explores how the Al Murunah project is implementing scalable, resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) pilot projects to strengthen climate resilience and water security across fragile and climate-vulnerable settings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Focusing on pilot sites in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, Al Murunah pilots combine technical innovation, inclusive governance and community-led approaches to address water scarcity, land degradation, climate change and institutional fragility. Al Murunah pilots are designed as integrated and scalable models embedded within local institutions, households and policy systems. Through participatory planning, co-design and partnerships with communities, cooperatives, water user associations and government stakeholders, the project strengthens local ownership while supporting long-term adaptation and resilience. This brief presents Al Murunah as a proven and investable process for scaling locally led climate resilience solutions across the MENA region.

Energy Shocks and Food System Transmission: A Rapid Assessment Framework for Import-Dependent Economies with Evidence from Malawi

2026-05-14T01:09:33Z

dc.title: Energy Shocks and Food System Transmission: A Rapid Assessment Framework for Import-Dependent Economies with Evidence from Malawi dc.contributor.author: Matchaya, Greenwell C. dcterms.abstract: This technical report develops a rapid assessment framework for understanding how global shocks transmit into domestic food systems, with particular emphasis on import-dependent economies. Drawing on evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and recent energy market disruptions linked to tensions in the Strait of Hormuz, the report examines how external shocks spread through interconnected channels including energy and transport costs, trade disruptions, agricultural input markets, and macroeconomic pressures. The report introduces a structured conceptual framework that explains how shocks move through food systems over time, highlighting short-, medium-, and long-term transmission pathways. It emphasizes that impacts are not uniform and vary depending on market integration, geographic location, commodity type, and the degree of dependence on imported food, fuel, and agricultural inputs. Using Malawi as an empirical case study, the report applies high-frequency price data to assess early-stage transmission dynamics. The findings show that global energy shocks are reflected immediately in fuel prices and import-dependent commodities such as rice, while domestically produced staples such as maize and beans respond more gradually due to delayed pass-through effects. Rural and poorly integrated markets face higher long-term vulnerability due to elevated transport costs and weaker market connectivity. The report concludes that strengthening resilience requires integrated policy responses across energy, trade, agriculture, water systems, and social protection, while also highlighting the need for improved market monitoring and early warning systems in vulnerable economies. cg.contributor.initiative: Diversification in East and Southern Africa cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Environmentally Safe and Just Pharmacy: A Framework and Action Plan for Operating within the Earth System Boundary for Novel Entities

2026-05-13T05:52:43Z

dc.title: Environmentally Safe and Just Pharmacy: A Framework and Action Plan for Operating within the Earth System Boundary for Novel Entities dc.contributor.author: Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Beckenham, Sally; Bertram, Michael G.; Gaw, Sally; Gray, Austin D.; Kidd, Karen A.; Langan, Laura M.; Leung, Kenneth M. Y.; Manera, Jack L.; Miglioranza, Karina S. B.; Oldenkamp, Rik; Brooks, Bryan W. dcterms.abstract: Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are essential for global health, yet their use and release into the environment contribute to the transgression of the Earth System Boundary for Novel Entities. This study proposes a novel framework for an Environmentally Safe and Just Pharmacy, establishing 4 overarching criteria and 12 subcriteria designed to ensure that the pharmaceutical lifecycle is environmentally safe and just from a novel entities perspective. Using the extensive expertise of our global author group, we conclude that current practices for API design and development, approval and monitoring, use and disposal are only partially or poorly aligned with our criteria. Key vulnerabilities include a lack of environmental considerations in early-stage drug design, widespread exceedances of environmental concentrations deemed safe to ecosystems, persistent selection for antimicrobial resistance in the environment, and severe data gaps in low- and middle-income countries. We further highlight environmental injustices, particularly for Indigenous and marginalized communities whose cultural identities and livelihoods are compromised by chemical contamination. To address these challenges, we present a 10-point roadmap for a transition to a sustainable future by 2050. This plan includes calls for green chemistry investments, the integration of social and cultural equity into risk assessments, and the global upgrade of treatment and management infrastructure. We emphasize that solutions to pharmaceutical impacts must be culturally sensitive and safeguard the dignity of vulnerable populations to ensure a truly just transition that operates within Earth System Boundaries.

A Self-Guided Handbook on the Use of the GenderUp Method for Responsible Scaling of Innovation

2026-05-13T01:02:18Z

dc.title: A Self-Guided Handbook on the Use of the GenderUp Method for Responsible Scaling of Innovation dc.contributor.author: Becker, Kristen; McGuire, Erin; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Liani, Millicent Lodenyi; Nortje, Karen dcterms.abstract: This technical guide presents the GenderUp methodology, a self-guided, participatory approach designed to support responsible and inclusive scaling of agricultural innovations within the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) program. Recognizing that conventional scaling approaches are often gender-blind and risk reinforcing inequalities, GenderUp integrates gender equality, social inclusion, and intersectionality into innovation design and scaling strategies to ensure equitable outcomes across diverse user groups. The handbook provides a structured, six-stage process that guides innovation teams through reflection, analysis, and action. It begins with strengthening foundational understanding of gender dynamics and inclusive innovation design, followed by defining scaling ambitions and assessing existing strategies. Subsequent stages support teams in identifying relevant social dimensions—such as gender, age, wealth, and education—and analyzing how these intersect to shape access to, and benefits from, innovation. Through tools such as participatory surveys, persona mapping, and reflective exercises, GenderUp enables teams to identify vulnerable intersectional groups and anticipate potential unintended consequences of scaling. A key contribution of the methodology is its emphasis on mitigating negative impacts through adaptive scaling strategies and “innovation packages,” which combine core innovations with complementary interventions (e.g., policy support, financing mechanisms, or inclusive training approaches). This shift scaling from a linear, technical process to a socially embedded and adaptive one, aligned with Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) principles, including inclusivity, anticipation, responsiveness, and transparency. Evidence from applications across CGIAR and partner organizations demonstrates that GenderUp strengthens teams’ capacity to identify overlooked user groups, design inclusive solutions, and foster institutional learning. By embedding equity considerations throughout the innovation lifecycle, the GenderUp approach contributes to more sustainable, inclusive, and transformative agrifood systems, ensuring that scaling efforts not only reach more people but do so in ways that empower marginalized populations and address systemic inequalities. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Landless Bangladeshi Farmers Suffer as Paddy Fades in Barind

2026-05-12T10:12:40Z

dc.title: Landless Bangladeshi Farmers Suffer as Paddy Fades in Barind dc.contributor.author: Bhaduri, Tanmoy

Comparative Analysis of Good Agronomic Practices (GAP) and Conventional Methods in Sri Lankan Vegetable Farming

2026-05-12T14:26:28Z

dc.title: Comparative Analysis of Good Agronomic Practices (GAP) and Conventional Methods in Sri Lankan Vegetable Farming dc.contributor.author: Aheeyar, Mohamed M. M.; Kesamreddy, Lokeshwar; Pawera, Lukas; Nisansala, Duleesha; Othim, Stephen T. O.; Srinivasan, Ramasamy; Kodikara, K. M. S.; Hafeez, Mohsin dcterms.abstract: The agricultural sector in Sri Lanka faces persistent challenges in optimizing crop yields, reducing production costs, and enhancing farmers’ incomes. This study evaluates the economic viability of Good Agronomic Practices (GAP) compared with conventional farming practices across four vegetable crops (tomato, pole bean, cabbage, and carrot) cultivated in two agroecologically distinct vegetable production areas: Balangoda and Boralanda. Using a participatory field trial design, we assessed crop yield, cultivation costs, and net income over two growing seasons. The results indicate that the GAP plots produced agronomic and economic improvements or no losses compared to conventional plots, though effects varied by crop and season. For cabbage, no significant differences were observed in season one; however, in season two, GAP recorded a 35% higher cultivation costs (p < 0.001), an 18% higher yield (p < 0.05), and a 31% increase in gross returns (p < 0.05), without significant improvements in net returns or benefit–cost ratio (BCR). For carrots, season one showed 10% lower cultivation costs (p < 0.001) and 33.9% higher yields (p < 0.05) under the GAP, although net returns were not significantly different. In season two, GAP achieved significantly higher net returns (an 83.2% increase; p < 0.05) and BCR (a 50.3% improvement; p < 0.05). For pole beans, season one recorded 20% lower cultivation costs (p < 0.001) and a 53.1% higher BCR (p < 0.05) under the GAP. In contrast, in season two, GAP production costs were 43% higher (p < 0.001) but achieved statistically non-significant increase in net returns and the BCR. Importantly, GAP consistently used fewer chemical inputs than the control, suggesting its potential for safer, more sustainable production. These findings highlight the importance of context-specific GAP packages to inform policy and guide farmers toward profitable, sustainable vegetable production. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Better Diets and Nutrition

Al Murunah: Strengthening Water Security and Livelihoods in Palestine

2026-05-12T03:34:39Z

dc.title: Al Murunah: Strengthening Water Security and Livelihoods in Palestine dc.contributor.author: Palay, Isis; Fragaszy, Stephen; Abeyrathna, Wasudha Prabodhani; Rabi, Ayman

Al Murunah: Building Climate-Resilient Water and Food Systems in Jordan’s Fragile Areas

2026-05-11T09:33:09Z

dc.title: Al Murunah: Building Climate-Resilient Water and Food Systems in Jordan’s Fragile Areas dc.contributor.author: Palay, Isis; Fragaszy, Stephen; Abeyrathna, Wasudha Prabodhani; Hayajneh, Ali; Slehat, Faizah dcterms.abstract: This country brief explores how Al Murunah is strengthening climate-resilient water and food systems in Jordan through resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) in Wadi Seer, Greater Amman Municipality. The brief highlights how the project combines spring and irrigation canal rehabilitation, regenerative agriculture, inclusive governance and women-led enterprise development to address water scarcity, land degradation and climate vulnerability in fragile rural-urban areas. Al Murunah and Al Murunah+ work together to restore local water systems, strengthen cooperatives and canal committees and build household and community resilience through gender-transformative approaches, capacity-building and climate-smart agriculture. Through partnerships with national and local stakeholders, the project supports scalable and community-driven adaptation models aligned with Jordan’s climate and water strategies. The brief positions the Jordan pilot as an adaptable and investable model for scaling resilient water management, inclusive livelihoods and locally led climate resilience across Jordan and the wider MENA region.

Jasmines, Roses and a Tale of Farmer Prosperity

2026-05-08T09:42:07Z

dc.title: Jasmines, Roses and a Tale of Farmer Prosperity dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta

Al Murunah: From Pilot to Practice, Building Readiness for Adoption and Scaling of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions

2026-05-08T03:32:37Z

dc.title: Al Murunah: From Pilot to Practice, Building Readiness for Adoption and Scaling of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions dc.contributor.author: Palay, Isis; Fragaszy, Stephen; Stifel, Elizabeth; Gharaibeh, Sawsan dcterms.abstract: This thematic brief explores how the Al Murunah project is building readiness for the adoption and scaling of resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) across fragile and water-scarce contexts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Covering Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, the brief examines how the project strengthens the technical, institutional, social and policy conditions needed for long-term uptake and replication.   Al Murunah combines infrastructure improvements, governance strengthening, inclusive community engagement and capacity-building to support sustainable climate adaptation and water resilience. The brief outlines barriers to scaling, including weak governance, limited financing, social exclusion and fragility, and demonstrates how locally led and systems-based approaches can address these challenges. It presents Al Murunah as a scalable model for strengthening climate resilience, water security and inclusive development across the MENA region.

The Multidimensional Digital Inclusiveness Index Scoring Dashboard (Version 2.0): A Tool for Visualizing Digital Inclusiveness and Innovation Performance within the CGIAR Framework

2026-05-07T01:05:01Z

dc.title: The Multidimensional Digital Inclusiveness Index Scoring Dashboard (Version 2.0): A Tool for Visualizing Digital Inclusiveness and Innovation Performance within the CGIAR Framework dc.contributor.author: Jolaiya, Emmanuel Ayodele; Nejo, Bright Oluwaferanmi; Ajeyomi, Adedoyin S.; Olufemi, Damilola; Martins, Carolina Iglésias; Garcia Andarcia, Mariangel dcterms.abstract: The Multidimensional Digital Inclusiveness Index Scoring Dashboard Version 2.0 is an advanced analytical platform developed within the CGIAR framework to evaluate and visualize digital inclusiveness across agriculture, food, water, and land sectors. Building on its earlier version, the system enhances usability, interactivity, and data integration, enabling more effective monitoring of digital innovation performance. It operationalizes seven core dimensions, including accessibility, beneficial impact, usage effectiveness, ethical innovation, governance, risks, and ecosystem support, using structured survey data from diverse stakeholders. The dashboard integrates data from KoboToolbox and consolidated repositories, processed through an API and modeled in Microsoft Power BI to generate hierarchical metrics and key performance indicators. New modules such as Stakeholder Relationships and People and Impact provide deeper insights into collaboration patterns, co-creation, and demographic outcomes, linking inclusiveness metrics to real-world social impact. Interactive visualizations and dynamic filters support comparative analysis across tools, countries, and technologies. Overall, Version 2.0 transforms heterogeneous data into actionable insights, strengthening evidence-based decision-making, accountability, and continuous improvement in digital innovation, while advancing inclusive and sustainable development goals within CGIAR’s digital transformation agenda. cg.contributor.initiative: Digital Innovation cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Sustainable Farming

Unpacking Scaling in Agricultural Research for Development: Performance Insights from the Kashkadarya Research Station for Agricultural Innovation

2026-05-06T18:38:19Z

dc.title: Unpacking Scaling in Agricultural Research for Development: Performance Insights from the Kashkadarya Research Station for Agricultural Innovation dc.contributor.author: Dhehibi, Boubaker; Meyliev, Obidjon; Souissi, Asma; Akramov, Kamiljon; Akramkhanov, Akmal; Oumer, Ali M.; Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Haddad, Mira; Crichton, Rhiannon; Amanov, Oybek; Juraev, Diyor; Fayzullayev, Abdulla; Baum, Michael dcterms.abstract: This working paper explores the strategic role of the Southern Research Institute of Agriculture (SRIA) in advancing agricultural innovation, productivity, and climate resilience in Uzbekistan’s Kashkadarya region. As a key public research institution, SRIA has played a critical role in developing drought- and salinity-tolerant seed varieties, promoting improved agronomic practices, and introducing water-saving technologies suited to semi-arid conditions. The study aims to: assess SRIA’s effectiveness in generating and disseminating farmer-relevant innovations; identify the main barriers to their adoption; and examine institutional mechanisms to enhance impact. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining farm surveys, field trials, cluster and social network analyses, and statistical evaluations. Data were collected from farmers and households in the Karshi District, as well as through interviews with researchers and key stakeholders. Between 2018 and 2023, SRIA implemented 45 research projects and introduced innovations such as climate-resilient seed varieties and no-till farming techniques. These technologies contribute to increasing yield and reducing production costs. However, their adoption remains limited due to weak extension services, outdated infrastructure, and fragmented communication channels. To overcome these challenges, the study recommends the establishment of a multi-actor Innovation Platform (IP) to foster collaboration, enhance knowledge exchange, and accelerate the scaling of sustainable agricultural innovations.

Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling in Bangladesh

2026-05-06T03:05:35Z

dc.title: Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling in Bangladesh dc.contributor.author: Chakraborty, Shreya; Aravindakshan, Sreejith; Minh, Thai Thi; Cofie, Olufunke O. dcterms.abstract: This report synthesizes findings of eliciting and interpreting demand signals across 11 critical domains of the agrifood system, ranging from nutrition-sensitive agriculture and behavior change to climate resilience and indigenous innovations. These findings are based on analyzing qualitative datasets collected through a workshop organized in Dhaka, on Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling. By engaging diverse actors, the engagement sought to move beyond supply-driven narratives to understand how stakeholders specifically articulate their needs, priorities, and constraints for scaling innovations. Three dominant scaling imperatives across the agrifood system were identified in Bangladesh: (i) closing systemic infrastructure and production readiness gaps, particularly in post-harvest handling, cold chains, climate-resilient crops, and water management; (ii) strengthening market pull through traceability, food safety compliance, branding, and risk-mitigation mechanisms; and (iii) institutionalizing community-based and behavioural delivery models, including clusters, care groups, cooperatives, and local food hubs, as the primary unit of scaling. The report demonstrates that demand in Bangladesh is systemic rather than purely technological. Stakeholders consistently call for "innovation bundles" that integrate physical assets with social and financial mechanisms. Successful scaling requires a hybrid strategy, integrating modernizing production for commercial zones, preserving indigenous assets for vulnerable areas, transitioning financial models from short-term subsidies to long-term market de-risking and institutionalizing community structures as the unit of scaling. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Digital Solutions for Sustainable Water Management in MENA

2026-05-05T07:52:44Z

dc.title: Digital Solutions for Sustainable Water Management in MENA dc.contributor.author: Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Khalifa, Muhammad; Brouziyne, Youssef dcterms.abstract: This chapter examines the role of digital tools in addressing water scarcity challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a particular focus on agriculture. With climate change, population growth, and rising agricultural demands, efficient water management and irrigation are critical. The chapter examines technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), and advanced data analytics in optimizing water usage. Case studies from Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Morocco, and Syria illustrate how these tools enhance water conservation, crop yields, and reduce costs and analysis time. The chapter also discusses barriers to adoption, such as technological, economic, and social factors, and proposes strategies to overcome them. Ultimately, it highlights the transformative potential of digital solutions for sustainable water management in the MENA region.

Regional Strategic Roadmap: East Africa 2024–2030

2026-05-15T01:06:29Z

dc.title: Regional Strategic Roadmap: East Africa 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The IWMI East Africa Strategic Roadmap (2024–2030) positions water (security) as central to addressing the region’s toughest challenges: climate change, food insecurity, environmental degradation, and social fragility. Recognizing water as a systemic risk, the roadmap calls for integrated, climate-resilient, and inclusive solutions that cross sectors and borders. Moving beyond fragmented projects, IWMI embraces a bold, partnership-driven approach—connecting research, policy, and action. The roadmap draws on past successes in building robust data systems, managing droughts and floods, restoring ecosystems, and fostering shared waters dialogues. Five strategic priorities shape the agenda: sustaining ecosystems; advancing water security for livelihoods and economies; managing drought risks; mitigating flood risks; and deepening cooperation over shared waters. These priorities rest on a research-for-development model focused on co-design, national ownership, and scaling impact through strong partnerships. With phased implementation—from evidence-building to piloting, capacity development, and scaling—the roadmap champions gender equality, social inclusion, youth engagement, and digital innovation. Overall, it aims to turn science into action, empower decision-makers, and guide East Africa toward a water-secure, resilient, and equitable future.

Technical and Financial Aspects of Solar Irrigation Pumps in India: Training Manual

2026-05-05T01:02:53Z

dc.title: Technical and Financial Aspects of Solar Irrigation Pumps in India: Training Manual dc.contributor.author: Varshney, Deepak; Khan, Ramsha; Banerjee, Anurag; Ravindranath, Darshini; Davda, Akash; Desai, Himanshu; Pathak, Manan; Bhat, Palak; Vala, Juhi dcterms.abstract: The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) is a flagship initiative to promote solar energy in agriculture, reduce fossil fuel dependence, and enhance farmer livelihoods while contributing to India’s climate commitments. This training manual focuses on Component B (off-grid solar irrigation pumps) and Component C1 (grid-connected individual pumps), addressing key barriers to adoption such as limited awareness, uncertainty about technical performance, and low familiarity with financial procedures. Designed as a practical resource for agricultural extension agents and field-level stakeholders, the manual provides clear, field-oriented guidance on the technical and financial aspects of solar irrigation systems. It combines simplified technical explanations, farmer-friendly training tools, and case-based examples to support effective grassroots engagement. Particular emphasis is placed on enabling smallholder and women farmers to understand costs, benefits, operation, and maintenance of solar irrigation technologies. Developed under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) project, the training manual is part of a broader effort to institutionalize Energy Extension Agents and Citizen Service Centres. It will be piloted through a randomized controlled trial across 96 villages, supporting outreach to 1,280 farmers and generating evidence to scale sustainable and resilient solar irrigation solutions in India. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Anthropogenic Drivers and Their Impact on the Hydrological Regime of Nepal: A Review

2026-05-01T08:41:24Z

dc.title: Anthropogenic Drivers and Their Impact on the Hydrological Regime of Nepal: A Review dc.contributor.author: Sayedi, Sayedeh Sara; Singh, Kunwar K.; Fabrizio, Mary C.; Nepal, Santosh dcterms.abstract: Nepal’s hydrological regime, shaped by steep topography, monsoon-dominated rainfall, and extensive cryospheric systems, offers a useful testbed for understanding how climate change and human activities are reshaping water resources in mountain regions globally. Despite abundant water sources, Nepal faces persistent water security challenges driven by extreme seasonality, rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and rapid land-use change. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on anthropogenic drivers of hydrological change in Nepal and draw lessons relevant to other data-sparse, high-mountain and monsoon-influenced regions. We find that warming-induced glacial retreat, altered snowmelt timing, and changing monsoon dynamics are intensifying wet-season flood risks while heightening dry-season water scarcity, patterns increasingly observed across the Himalaya, Andes, and other mountain systems. Human activities, including urban expansion, agricultural intensification, hydropower, and extraction of sediments from rivers, further modify river flows, reduce groundwater recharge, and increase vulnerability to extremes. Yet major uncertainties persist, especially concerning high-elevation hydrology, permafrost dynamics, sediment extraction, and the cumulative impacts of expanding infrastructure. Nepal’s pronounced topographic and climatic gradients limit broad generalizations, underscoring the need for region-specific hydrological monitoring and modeling. These challenges mirror global limitations in mountain hydrology, where sparse observations and rapidly changing conditions constrain predictive capacity. By identifying key knowledge gaps and highlighting cascading impacts on agriculture, hydropower, domestic water supply, and aquatic ecosystems, this review emphasizes the urgency of strengthening monitoring networks and integrating uncertainty into water management and climate adaptation strategies. Nepal’s experience offers broader insights for countries facing similar pressures at the intersection of climate change, development, and fragile mountain water systems. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Solar Irrigation and Just Energy Transitions in Agriculture: Insights from Evaluation of Gujarat’s SKY Program

2026-04-30T04:53:29Z

dc.title: Solar Irrigation and Just Energy Transitions in Agriculture: Insights from Evaluation of Gujarat’s SKY Program dc.contributor.author: Varshney, Deepak; Mukherji, Aditi; Sharma, Kriti; Banerjee, Anurag; Sikka, Alok dcterms.abstract: Set against the backdrop of reducing agricultural emissions, improving smallholder livelihoods, and promoting sustainable groundwater use, this paper evaluates the Surya Shakti Kisan Yojana (SKY)—the world's first largescale grid-connected solar irrigation pump (SIP) scheme, launched in Gujarat, India in 2018. Using real-time monitoring data from 4321 farmers and a primary survey of 2435 farmers, the study addresses three core objectives. First, it examines the determinants of SKY participation and evaluates the scheme's technical performance, financial features, and income effects. Our findings reveal that financial constraints and risk aversion among smallholder farmers hinder scheme adoption. Farmers earn up to ₹ 21,917 (~USD 257) annually from electricity sales—43 % of their crop income—even after repaying an annual loan of ₹ 105,000 (~USD 1235). The simulation suggests that extending the loan repayment period from 7 to 10 years could nearly double farmers' income from energy sales. Second, the study assesses SKY's impact on energy use for groundwater extraction. During the Rabi (dry) season, SKY-enrolled farmers show significantly slower growth in energy consumption than non-enrolled farmers, indicating more sustainable water use. No such difference is observed in the Kharif (monsoon) season. Third, it estimates SKY's climate mitigation potential. Each participant offsets about 12.34 metric tons of CO2 annually—over twice the impact of off-grid systems—yielding 53,308 metric tons of CO2 abatement across 4321 farmers. These findings demonstrates grid-connected SIP as a scalable, climate-aligned model for energy transitions in the Global South, offering practical insights for integrated energy-water-livelihood strategies.

Business Case: Sustainable Tilapia Aquaculture in the North East Region of Ghana

2026-05-01T01:08:41Z

dc.title: Business Case: Sustainable Tilapia Aquaculture in the North East Region of Ghana dc.contributor.author: Salmawobil, Joseph; Zane, Giulia; Appiah, Sarah; Gbodji, Kekeli Kofi; Akosua, Richeal; Taron, Avinandan; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte dcterms.abstract: The report presents a business case for tilapia cage aquaculture in small reservoirs in the Northeast Region of Ghana. It responds to declining capture fisheries, limited access to affordable protein, and underutilized water resources in a region where water is scarce, and poverty and food insecurity are high. Piloted in 2023-2025 by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in partnership with the CSIR Water Research Institute and the Fisheries Commission of Ghana, four youth-led aquaculture groups were established and supported with inputs, training, and technical assistance. Findings show that the model is technically feasible, socially inclusive, and environmentally compatible with other reservoir uses. The Business Model Canvas highlights strong partnerships, clear value propositions (fresh, high-quality fish), and diversified revenue streams, though costs, especially feed and labor, remain high. The SWOT analysis identifies key strengths such as trained members and strong teamwork, while weaknesses include limited finances, high input costs, and logistical constraints. Cost-benefit analysis reveals that initial production cycles were not profitable once full costs (including labor) were considered, mainly due to inefficiencies such as poor feed management, inaccurate weighing, and post-harvest losses. However, correcting these inefficiencies could significantly improve outcomes, with some groups reaching break-even or profitability. Long-term projections indicate strong potential: at realistic market prices, the model achieves positive net present value and favorable benefit-cost ratios, suggesting financial viability over time. Overall, the study concludes that small-reservoir aquaculture can become a scalable, inclusive livelihood model. Key recommendations include reducing input costs (e.g., local feed production), strengthening infrastructure and market access, and continuing technical support to improve efficiency and sustainability. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods

Scaling Agtech Innovation Bundles Across African Markets

2026-05-04T13:04:14Z

dc.title: Scaling Agtech Innovation Bundles Across African Markets dc.contributor.author: Omondi, Joshua; TK, Christi; Nkosi, Mahlatse; Kamanda, Josey dcterms.abstract: This report provides an applied overview of the agtech innovation landscape across Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and Zambia, with a focus on how innovation bundles can support more resilient, productive, and inclusive agrifood systems. It examines three priority areas: irrigation technologies, soil and water management, and circular water and nutrient management. These areas address core constraints affecting African agriculture, including limited water access, declining soil fertility, low productivity, climate vulnerability, infrastructure gaps, and weak market integration. Using an adapted Adaptive Scaling Ecosystem (ASEco) framework, the report assesses how innovations are positioned across different market contexts and what is required for them to scale. It combines quantitative market and investment data, desk-based reviews, and qualitative insights from key informant interviews with innovators, investors, and ecosystem actors. The analysis maps companies, funding flows, product bundling strategies, country-level enabling conditions, and real-world case studies from firms such as Mechro, Rhea Africa, AgroCares, Sistema.bio, Lersha, and Emerging Cooking Solutions. The report serves as a decision-support tool for the CGIAR Scaling for Impact Program and related partners. It identifies viable scaling pathways, financing needs, policy considerations, and ecosystem interventions needed to accelerate market-driven agtech solutions across African food, land, and water systems. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Securing a resilient future for Pakistan: How hydro-economic modeling guides evidence-based adaptation

2026-05-11T17:50:48Z

dc.title: Securing a resilient future for Pakistan: How hydro-economic modeling guides evidence-based adaptation dc.contributor.author: Davies, Stephen; Ali, Muhammad Tahir; Akram, Iqra; Hafeez, Mohsin; Ringler, Claudia dcterms.abstract: Pakistan’s water crisis has steadily evolved into a binding constraint on economic growth, food security, and climate resilience. Behind this crisis lie the tightly coupled challenges of rapid groundwater depletion, rising energy costs for pumping, overreliance on water-intensive crops such as rice and sugarcane, and increasing climate variability. This calls for solutions that recognize the water–energy–food–environment (WEFE) nexus. For years, policy discussions acknowledged these interlinkages; yet decision-making largely relied on sector-by-sector evidence, making it difficult to anticipate economywide consequences of water-related reforms. What was missing was a nationally relevant hydro-economic framework capable of quantifying trade-offs, synergies, and distributional effects of alternative policy pathways. Policymakers and researchers have long understood this need but have taken limited steps to develop such a framework until recently – with the development and launch of the Hydro-Economic Decision Support System. cg.contributor.initiative: NEXUS Gains cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Country Strategic Roadmap: Nepal 2024–2030

2026-04-29T03:08:12Z

dc.title: Country Strategic Roadmap: Nepal 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: IWMI’s Nepal Strategic Roadmap 2024–2030 sets out an ambitious agenda for research, innovation, and partnerships to advance water security, climate resilience, and inclusive development in Nepal. Aligned with national priorities—including the 16th Five-Year Plan, the National Irrigation Policy, the Food System Transformation Strategic Plan, NDC 3.0, and the National Adaptation Plan—the roadmap positions water as a foundation for growth, food security, resilient livelihoods, ecosystem health, equality, and long-term prosperity. It responds to Nepal’s priorities for socio‑economic transformation, effective governance, and resilient development amid evolving political‑economy and environmental drivers. The roadmap addresses key water systems challenges—from drying springs and seasonal water stress to climate and disaster risks, irrigation gaps, weak governance amid rapid urbanization and federalism, and persistent inequalities affecting women, youth, smallholder farmers, and marginalized groups. The roadmap identifies six strategic priorities for 2024–2030: strengthening resilience through water systems management; energizing water and food systems through low-emission technologies; advancing transformative and inclusive water governance; embedding gender equality, disability and social inclusion across water systems; accelerating agrifood system transformation through irrigation modernization and innovation; and scaling nature-based solutions and integrated river basin management. Through these strategic priorities, IWMI will work with government, communities, academic and knowledge‑system partners, development partners, civil society, and the private sector to co‑create knowledge and evidence, strengthen institutions, and scale solutions for a resilient, equitable, and water‑secure Nepal.

Satellite Remote Sensing for Estimating Reservoir Physical Characteristics: A Global Review of Existing Methodologies for Operational Monitoring

2026-04-28T03:46:33Z

dc.title: Satellite Remote Sensing for Estimating Reservoir Physical Characteristics: A Global Review of Existing Methodologies for Operational Monitoring dc.contributor.author: Codjia, Audrey Kantz Dossou; Akpoti, Komlavi; Dembélé, Moctar; Yonaba, Roland; Fowe, Tazen; Orowale, Triumph Prosper; Koissi, Modeste G. Déo-Gratias; Zwart, Sander J. dcterms.abstract: Accurate and timely estimates of reservoir surface area, water level, and volume are essential for water resource management. Yet no recent synthesis compares the remote sensing methods used to obtain these physical characteristics. This study evaluates peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to 2025 that derived any of the three characteristics from satellite data to identify reliable techniques and operational gaps. A total of 169 cases of surface area mapping (88), water level retrieval (49), and volume estimation (32) were analyzed from 106 articles across more than 60 countries. Each case was classified according to its physical characteristics, approach, sensor, and validation method. Surface area is typically mapped using optical imagery (76 %). Threshold indices dominate at 63 %. Meanwhile, machine and deep learning methods are being used more frequently to provide more accurate classifications. Water levels are usually obtained from radar altimetry (67 %) followed by areaelevation models (30 %). Volume is most often computed using combined area-elevation approaches (60 %), followed by water level-volume regressions (25 %) and area-volume curves (15 %), with average errors of up to 10 %. Three critical gaps emerge: only 11 % of studies address reservoirs smaller than 1 km2 , turbid or vegetated waters incur estimation errors, and only a few studies use sensors with a revisit time of three days or less, which limits real-time management. Although fusion of several sensor data is demonstrably more accurate, it remains rare. These insights guide managers and future research directions to enable automated, high-resolution monitoring of both large and small reservoirs.

IWMI in India - fact sheet

2026-04-28T08:33:34Z

dc.title: IWMI in India - fact sheet dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute

How AI Helped Promote Community-Led Development in Rajasthan

2026-04-27T05:56:10Z

dc.title: How AI Helped Promote Community-Led Development in Rajasthan dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Nicol, Alan cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Unpacking the Challenges of Solar Lift Irrigation in Nepal’s Mid-Hills: Toward a Sustainable Energy-Water Solution

2026-05-04T06:05:56Z

dc.title: Unpacking the Challenges of Solar Lift Irrigation in Nepal’s Mid-Hills: Toward a Sustainable Energy-Water Solution dc.contributor.author: Shrestha, Shisher; Karki, Darshan; Aryal, Mamata; Buchy, Marlene dcterms.abstract: Solar Lift Irrigation (SLI) presents a promising water-energy-food nexus solution, especially in off-grid, low-income countries with mountainous terrain. Yet adoption and scaling remain limited. This study examines barriers to the clean energy adoption for irrigation and identifies Critical Success Factors (CSFs) influencing SLI sustainability. The study draws on qualitative evidence from thirteen SLI projects across eight districts in Nepal, based on primary data collected through nine group discussions and nineteen semi-structured interviews with multiple stakeholder groups. The analysis identifies seven interdependent CSFs: detailed feasibility study, cost of technology, farm income, transparency, synergies, ownership, and operation and management (O&M) plan. We find that the successful adoption of technological innovations like SLI depends on a host of interrelated factors that cannot be addressed in isolation. Yet our study reveals that SLI projects often prioritize techno-financial dimensions while governance and social dimensions are neglected. For long-term sustainability, it is imperative to understand and balance all dimensions of the project, fostering an enabling environment that supports technological adoption. Addressing the interlinkages among these CSFs can strengthen SLI sustainability through an integrated approach linking energy and water access with rural livelihood. The findings highlight three policy priorities: formalizing inter-governmental coordination, establishing dedicated post-installation maintenance funding, and integrating SLI projects with agricultural value chains. These insights are relevant for similar off-grid contexts across the Global South. cg.contributor.initiative: NEXUS Gains cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Climate Action; Policy Innovations

Country Strategic Roadmap: Pakistan 2024–2030

2026-04-24T01:06:58Z

dc.title: Country Strategic Roadmap: Pakistan 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The Pakistan Country Strategic Roadmap 2024–2030 outlines a comprehensive, science-driven framework to address the country’s growing water, climate, and development challenges. Set against the backdrop of increasing water scarcity, climate variability, rapid population growth, and institutional complexities, the strategy positions water as central to Pakistan’s food security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. Building on nearly four decades of engagement, IWMI’s roadmap emphasizes evidence-based decision-making, strengthened governance, and integrated approaches across the water–energy–food–environment nexus. It identifies four strategic priority areas: irrigation modernization and food security; integrated river basin management; climate resilience and livelihoods improvement; and wastewater reuse within a circular water economy. These are supported by cross-cutting commitments to capacity building, gender equality, youth engagement, and social inclusion. The roadmap adopts a phased, partnership-driven implementation model, focusing on co-design with government institutions, embedding analytical tools and data systems, and scaling proven solutions. It highlights IWMI’s role as a trusted research-for-development partner, bridging science, policy, and practice. Overall, the strategy aims to enable Pakistan’s transition toward a water-secure, climate-resilient, and inclusive future through actionable evidence, institutional strengthening, and collaborative partnerships at national and sub-national levels.

Tharparkar Desert Flora: Resilient Ecological System

2026-04-22T17:23:04Z

dc.title: Tharparkar Desert Flora: Resilient Ecological System dc.contributor.author: Gul, Nazar; Ashraf, Muhammad; Salam, Hafiz Abdul dcterms.abstract: Discover the unique flora of the Tharparkar Desert, a resilient ecological system that supports diverse plant species essential for soil conservation, dune stabilization, and the livelihoods of local communities. Learn how these plants provide food, medicine, fuel, and income. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Validating the Efficiency of the AquaCrop Model Under Full and Deficit Irrigation Regimes to Simulate Future Climate Impacts on Wheat Crop

2026-04-22T13:32:30Z

dc.title: Validating the Efficiency of the AquaCrop Model Under Full and Deficit Irrigation Regimes to Simulate Future Climate Impacts on Wheat Crop dc.contributor.author: Memon, Shamim Ara; Shaikh, Irfan Ahmed; Talpur, Mashooque Ali; Junejo, Abdul Rahim; Mangrio, Munir Ahmed; Gul, Nazar; Khan, Zaheer Ahmed; Salam, Hafiz Abdul; Ashraf, Muhammad dcterms.abstract: Wheat yield and water demand are affected by the ongoing disturbance of climatic factors and greenhouse gases (GHG). As a result, the AquaCrop model's ability to anticipate climate change impacts on wheat harvests under full and deficit irrigation regimes in Sindh, Pakistan, was evaluated using wheat trials conducted between 2018 and 2020. However, for its validation, the results of the deficit irrigation treatment ITS50 (50% controlled irrigation at the tillering stage) for both seasons were employed. The model efficiently estimated yield with a normalised root-mean-square error (NRMSE) of 13% and 17%, a Willmott's d-index of 98% and a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NME) of 95% under full and deficit irrigation treatments, respectively. The simulation results revealed an adverse effect of climate change on the yield and water productivity of wheat. Over the century, the model predicted an increase of 6% to 7% in wheat yield under full (well-watered) irrigation and a decrease of 10 to 12% in 25% reduced water applied depth (RAD) and 21% to 24% under 50% RAD scenarios for both representative concentration pathway RCPs (4.5 and 8.5). The overall wheat water productivity increased under a well-watered irrigation regime by 16% in RCP8.5 compared with RCP4.5. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Sunlight to Sustenance: Early Implementation Insights from a Solar-Grid Lift System Pilot in Nepal’s Mid-Hills

2026-04-23T01:05:59Z

dc.title: Sunlight to Sustenance: Early Implementation Insights from a Solar-Grid Lift System Pilot in Nepal’s Mid-Hills dc.contributor.author: Adhikari, Aashika; Karki, Darshan; Shrestha, Shisher; KC, Jibesh dcterms.abstract: This technical brief presents early insights from a pilot solar-grid lift system (SLS) implemented in Bisdeutar, a remote and marginalized Majhi community in Indrawati Rural Municipality, Nepal. The intervention addresses chronic water scarcity exacerbated by climate change, difficult terrain, and limited infrastructure. Designed as a multiple-use system, the SLS supplies both domestic and irrigation water, lifting over 90,000 liters daily and serving 55 households. The study highlights that strong community engagement, in-kind contributions, and continuous social mobilization are critical for successful adoption. Capacity-building, agricultural support, and stakeholder collaboration including local government involvement are essential for long-term sustainability. Early outcomes show improved water access, reduced workload for women, increased cropping intensity, and emerging livelihood opportunities such as vegetable farming and beekeeping. The intervention has also enhanced disaster preparedness and strengthened community initiative in accessing external support. Overall, the pilot demonstrates that integrated, context-specific water solutions can generate broader socio-economic and environmental benefits, emphasizing the importance of combining technological innovation with institutional support and local ownership. cg.contributor.initiative: NEXUS Gains; Mixed Farming Systems cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Climate Action; Policy Innovations

Gender Action Learning System Assessment: Insights on How Inclusive Innovations Shape Gender Transformative Outcomes

2026-04-23T08:31:27Z

dc.title: Gender Action Learning System Assessment: Insights on How Inclusive Innovations Shape Gender Transformative Outcomes dc.contributor.author: Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Chinyophiro, Amon; Nortje, Karen dcterms.abstract: The Gender Action Learning System (GALS) is a household and community-led transformative tool that offers researchers and practitioners a guide to drive inclusive transformation across food systems. The GALS assessment conducted under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) program in Malawi evaluates how inclusive innovations drive gender-transformative outcomes in scaling climate-smart agriculture. This study engaged 1,417 participants—78% women—representing 4,095 households trained under the CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi). Using mixed methods (household surveys and Most Significant Change stories), the assessment found that GALS fosters equitable decision-making, agency, and climate resilience. Results show 87% of participants improved visioning and goal setting, 64% strengthened gender equality awareness, and 62% enhanced financial management. Joint household decision-making rose from 74–82% across domains such as farming, finance, and education, while women’s leadership and participation increased markedly. Adoption of climate-smart practices was high—96% for manure use and tree planting, 95% for crop rotation, and 93% for irrigation—demonstrating GALS’ effectiveness in promoting sustainable agriculture. Despite strong household and community uptake, institutional adoption remains limited (24%), signaling the need for integration into governance and partner systems. The report recommends strengthening facilitation capacity, linking GALS to economic empowerment initiatives, and embedding it in local institutions. Overall, GALS provides a scalable, self-sustaining methodology for gender-equitable innovation and climate-smart transformation. cg.contributor.initiative: Diversification in East and Southern Africa cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Low-Cost and Labour-Efficient Innovations in Household Recycling of Organic Wastes for Soil Improvement

2026-04-21T10:08:20Z

dc.title: Low-Cost and Labour-Efficient Innovations in Household Recycling of Organic Wastes for Soil Improvement dc.contributor.author: Smith, Jo; Naher, Umme Aminun; Dahal, Khem Raj; Hasan, Md Mahmodol; Rahman, Md Mizanur; Smith, Pete; Bhusal, Mukunda; Wardle, Jennifer; Bittner, Dominik; Chukwu, Vince; Adhya, Tapan; Adhikari, Raj Kumar; Akter, Masuda; Campbell, Grant A.; Gaihre, Yam Kanta; Hossain, A. T. M. Sakhawat; Islam, Md Nurul; Khan, Mehedi Hasan; Maharjan, Salu; Mekuria, Wolde; Mia, Ripon; Moges, Awdenegest; Nalavade, Rujuta; Namaswa, Timothy; Panhwar, Qurban Ali; Tumwesige, Vianney; Vista, Shree Prasad; Yakob, Getahun; Zuan, Ali Tan Kee dcterms.abstract: Organic matter plays an important role in the health and productivity of soils, but its depletion is a common problem in households in low-income countries. This is due to lack of and competing uses for organic resources, and limited information on recycling methods. Therefore, here we review low-cost and labour-efficient innovations to improve recycling of organic wastes, stabilising residues so that soil organic matter can be increased with less inputs and enhancing nutrient content to produce a more effective organic fertiliser. Composting, anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis are all processes that stabilise organic matter. Innovations in treatments are needed to improve stabilization and control the release of nutrients so that they are available to crops in the right amounts and at the right time. This can be achieved by maintaining appropriate treatment conditions: for composting, carbon to nitrogen ratio 25–35, carbon to phosphorus ratio ∼50, pH 5.5–8.5 and 50%–60% moisture content; for anaerobic digestion, carbon to nitrogen ratio 20–35, bulk density 0.6–0.8 g cm−3, lignin content < 7.5%, pH 6.8–7.4 and moisture content 85%–95%; and for pyrolysis, carbon to nitrogen > 40 and moisture content < 20%. Different methods to achieve these ideal conditions are discussed, including appropriate choice of treatment method, co-composting/co-digestion for ideal nutrient content, enhancing nutrients using collected urine, nitrogen-fixing plants, bioslurry or by inoculating with bacterial communities, absorbing excess nutrients on biochar, adjusting pH using wood ash or biochar, pre-treatment to break down lignin and cellulose, and designs to achieve ideal moisture and temperature. Innovations should also ensure that treatment processes do not overuse or compete with other important household resources, such as finances, water or labour. We draw together findings to identify methods with most potential to improve soils in low-income countries, providing decision tables to guide selection of approaches for different contexts.

’Driving Impact with Partners and Communities to Achieve Research for Development - Client Orientation – Part 2

2026-05-06T01:06:17Z

dc.title: ’Driving Impact with Partners and Communities to Achieve Research for Development - Client Orientation – Part 2 dc.contributor.author: Fragaszy, Stephen; Samarasekara, Vidhisha; Stifel, Elizabeth dcterms.abstract: This Project Insight Note (PIN) explores how the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) drives impact through effective partnerships with implementation partners and project beneficiaries in research-for-development projects. Drawing on lessons from the Al Murunah project led by IWMI, it highlights the importance of assessing partner capabilities, strengthening accountability, managing expectations and ensuring communities are genuine co-creators of solutions. The PIN shows that successful development outcomes depend on aligning donors, governments, partners and beneficiaries through strong coordination, mutual respect and adaptive management. It positions IWMI as a keystone organization that helps complex multi-stakeholder systems function effectively, creating trust, scalable results and new opportunities for policy influence and investment.

Connecting Donors and Governments to Achieve Research for Development - Client Orientation - Part 1

2026-05-06T01:05:45Z

dc.title: Connecting Donors and Governments to Achieve Research for Development - Client Orientation - Part 1 dc.contributor.author: Fragaszy, Stephen; Samarasekara, Vidhisha; Gharaibeh, Sawsan dcterms.abstract: This Project Insight Note (PIN) highlights how the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) bridges donors and national governments to deliver impactful research for development. It draws on lessons from the Al Murunah project led by IWMI, and emphasizes the importance of listening-led engagement, aligning research with policy and implementation needs, managing expectations in complex contexts and leveraging the strengths of all partners. It positions IWMI not only as a research institution, but also as a trusted knowledge broker and delivery partner that helps turn evidence into practical action, investment priorities and scalable resilience solutions across the MENA region.

Assessing the Use and Impact of GenderUp: Lessons for Gender-Responsive Innovation Design and Scaling

2026-04-22T01:02:47Z

dc.title: Assessing the Use and Impact of GenderUp: Lessons for Gender-Responsive Innovation Design and Scaling dc.contributor.author: Yami, Mastewal; McGuire, Erin; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Nortje, Karen dcterms.abstract: The GenderUp tool was developed by Responsible Innovation in collaboration with CGIAR and partners as a responsible scaling method designed to support inclusive and responsible innovation strategies in agri-food systems. The tool has been used over time to support project teams anticipate risks, address power dynamics, and adapt scaling approaches to ensure equitable and socially responsible outcomes. This evaluation report was conducted under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) Program, and it assesses GenderUp’s use, reach, outcomes, and challenges. The tool has been applied and used in over 20+ countries across 38 diverse organizations and institutions resulting in over 100 trained facilitators. Evidence suggests strong uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa where GenderUp has been used by both women (60%) and men (40%). The evaluation highlights that GenderUp has i) relevance for GESI tools users (43%) and or when combined with scaling activities ii) been integrated into different project stages by combining other tools such as biophysical modelling (adaptability) iii) increased capacity for designing gender-responsive interventions, influenced budget allocations toward gender-related activities (impact). These high-level insights have shifted mindsets toward inclusion, participatory research and institutional practices as evidenced by documented cases in this report. The tool remains a valuable reflective and capacity building tool for enhancing responsible scaling practices. Under the S4I program, this tool will be applied as a co-design instrument for innovation uptake with stronger institutional integration and systematic tracking of outcomes. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Commission on Water for Food Futures (CWFF): A Cambridge Sustainability Commission

2026-04-21T01:03:23Z

dc.title: Commission on Water for Food Futures (CWFF): A Cambridge Sustainability Commission dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The Commission on Water for Food Futures (CWFF) is a Cambridge Sustainability Commission addressing growing challenges at the intersection of water and food security. Formed through collaboration between the International Water Management Institute, the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, Collective Action for Water Security, and Cambridge University Press, its mission is to rethink and catalyze how water is managed in food systems. CWFF aims to translate the Global Commission on the Economics of Water’s call for a “new revolution in food systems” into practical, evidence-based action by 2040. This requires a fundamental shift not only in water management, but in how we produce food to feed a growing global population while preserving the planet’s resources. CWFF follows a demand-led approach, with global consultations informing four main themes: optimizing and diversifying water use; strengthening governance and institutions; improving market mechanisms for sustainable water use; and shaping diets to reflect water constraints. Drawing on wide-ranging expertise and research, CWFF will identify and highlight emerging innovations and actionable solutions, connecting scales from local farms and river basins to national and global policies, and providing essential guidance for practitioners, investors, and policymakers. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Mobile Weather Stations

2026-05-26T05:43:01Z

dc.title: Mobile Weather Stations dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: Low-cost weather stations help monitor the weather more closely, helping rural communities better prepare for floods and landslides. These devices automatically measure and transmit weather information — rainfall, temperature and wind speed data — every five minutes. They operate autonomously, powered by solar energy. The stations are locally assembled using off-the-shelf technology and open-source software, like Arduino boards and code. The data is stored in microSD cards, and can be accessed directly from the card or received via SMS text message alerts. Users can use additional sensors and reprogram the software, making these stations incredibly flexible for a variety of applications. The weather stations can last up to ten years and cost only $350 each. Given their potential to reduce damage from flooding, it is estimated that they will pay for themselves in only two and a half years. This project was funded by the World Bank, through its Challenge Fund and the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR), and the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

Strengthening Aquatic Food Systems with Decision Support Tools: Evidence from Ghana and Myanmar

2026-04-17T01:10:52Z

dc.title: Strengthening Aquatic Food Systems with Decision Support Tools: Evidence from Ghana and Myanmar dc.contributor.author: Akpoti, Komlavi; Zwart, Sander J.; Win, S.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte dcterms.abstract: Aquatic food systems in low- and middle-income countries face mounting pressures from climate variability, population growth, and competition for land and water resources. Decision-makers in these contexts frequently lack spatially explicit, integrated data to guide aquaculture planning and investment. This technical brief presents two Decision Support Tool (DST) ecosystems developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) under the CGIAR Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods (SAAF) Program: Ghana's Small Reservoir Decision Support System and Myanmar's Aqua-DST. Ghana's DST integrates Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, drying-risk classification, multi-criteria aquaculture suitability analysis, and an interactive dashboard to support planning across 2000 small reservoirs in northern Ghana. Pilot applications supported youth-led cage aquaculture in the Northeast Region, validating DST outputs and generating livelihood opportunities for young cooperatives. Myanmar's Aqua-DST applies a multi-criteria evaluation framework, combining climate hazard, biophysical, socio-economic, and management indicators to produce township-level suitability maps across 170 townships in Upper Myanmar. The tool was formally adopted by the Department of Fisheries following capacity-building workshops that trained over 130 government officials, university partners, and civil society actors. Comparative analysis across both systems reveals shared design principles: co-creation with end-users, integration of Earth observation and spatial modelling, dashboard-based dissemination, and institutional embedding as preconditions for long-term sustainability. Together, these experiences demonstrate that context-specific, yet methodologically aligned DSTs can substantially improve planning, investment targeting, and climate resilience in aquatic food systems. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods

GESI-Responsive Scaling Framework: Pathways, Partnerships, and Operational Guide for Innovation Uptake

2026-04-23T08:43:59Z

dc.title: GESI-Responsive Scaling Framework: Pathways, Partnerships, and Operational Guide for Innovation Uptake dc.contributor.author: McGuire, E.; Mutiso, A.; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Nortje, Karen dcterms.abstract: The "GESI-Responsive Scaling Framework: Pathways, Partnerships, and Operational Guide for Innovation Uptake" presents a comprehensive strategy for integrating Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI), Responsible Innovation (RI), and Responsible Scaling (RS) within CGIAR's Scaling for Impact (S4I) program (2025–2030). The framework builds on broad consultation, blending evidence from workshops, surveys, interviews, and focus groups, to ensure innovations in food, land, and water systems are inclusive, equitable, and sustainable. Central to this framework is the recognition that scaling innovations is not simply a technical process, but a deeply social one. The framework identifies six key domains—problem framing, social differentiation, partnership, evidence, innovation packaging, and risk management—essential for embedding GESI and RI throughout the innovation lifecycle. Operational guidance details actionable requirements for S4I’s Areas of Work 2 (Pathways to Scale) and 3 (Enabling Environment Lab), emphasizing mandatory GESI-responsive checkpoints and data-driven learning loops. The framework advocates for harmonizing tools, strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration, and fostering partnerships that centre marginalized voices. All solution tracks are required to incorporate GESI analysis, participatory design, regular monitoring, and adaptive management to ensure that scaling delivers meaningful impact across diverse user groups. By institutionalizing these practices, CGIAR aims to ensure that innovations reach scale responsibly, enhancing agency, reducing inequality, and building resilience in agrifood systems. Ultimately, the framework offers a practical roadmap to embed inclusive, context-responsive scaling across CGIAR, calling for strong leadership, institutional alignment, and ongoing adaptive learning to realize systemic and lasting change. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

AI4WaterPolicy: AI-Assisted Qualitative Feedback for Community Water Security in Rajasthan, India

2026-04-17T04:03:46Z

dc.title: AI4WaterPolicy: AI-Assisted Qualitative Feedback for Community Water Security in Rajasthan, India dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Nicol, Alan; Parhi, K. R.; Papnoi, P.; Iyer, R.; Kettle, S. dcterms.abstract: AI4WaterPolicy is an action-research pilot implemented in Rajasthan, India, by IWMI in partnership with Centre for Microfinance (CmF), Colectiv, and the Institute of Development Studies (IDS). The initiative explored the feasibility of using AI-assisted interviewing via WhatsApp (voice and text) to collect timely, scalable qualitative feedback from frontline water governance actors. The study engaged 352 participants across four cohorts, including CmF staff, Pani Mitras, and Panchayat representatives, generating structured qualitative insights to complement routine monitoring systems. Findings reveal the multifaceted role of Pani Mitras, spanning community mobilization, technical promotion, and institutional liaison. Sustained engagement was driven by visible outcomes, training, stewardship, and recognition, while disengagement stemmed from trust deficits, process challenges, and competing responsibilities, particularly affecting women. A key contribution of the pilot was demonstrating the value of “closing the feedback loop,” which led to improved confidence among participants, stronger engagement with local governance institutions, and enhanced ability to navigate water-related schemes. The study also highlights that digital tools require active facilitation to ensure inclusion and must be complemented by human oversight to address risks in AI transcription and translation. As a feasibility pilot, the study underscores the potential of AI-enabled feedback systems to inform adaptive program design and strengthen community water security interventions. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Many Partners, Big Numbers? Estimating the Reach of CGIAR – Supported Innovations in East and Southern Africa

2026-04-21T12:57:16Z

dc.title: Many Partners, Big Numbers? Estimating the Reach of CGIAR – Supported Innovations in East and Southern Africa dc.contributor.author: Ngoma, Hambulo; Mulungu, Kelvin; Manyanga, Mark; Simutowe, Esau; Mhlanga, Blessing; Hanke-Louw, Nora; Waswa, Boaz; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Givertz, Evan; Thierfelder, Christian dcterms.abstract: As resource envelopes to fund research for development activities become tighter, demonstrating value for money is key. This is difficult for various reasons, chief among these being the failure to embed evaluation frameworks in project design. The multiplicity of scaling partners and their interests, and levels of involvement makes it even more complicated to ensure consistent monitoring and evaluation. We demonstrate how to estimate the reach in research for development projects using a population-based computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) survey methodology that is statistically representative at the desired administrative unit level. This approach was applied to the CGIAR Research Initiative – Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi) implemented with several scaling partners across 12 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. The assessment focused on five of the 12 target countries covered in phase one of implementation. The goal of the assessment was to measure the extent of reach and use of agronomic, mechanization, livestock, and nutrition innovations promoted under Ukama Ustawi, and to assess the extent to which the Initiative reached its intended targets. The data comes from 6,445 randomly sampled rural individuals across 27 districts in the five countries. Approximately 1.05 million people were aware of Ukama Ustawi activities, with Kenya and Zambia showing the highest awareness at 16%. Overall, 164,363 people benefited from various innovations promoted by Ukama Ustawi as of September 2024, about 3 years from the beginning of the project. Of these, 135,767 people were direct beneficiaries in areas where specific interventions were implemented. The rest benefited from spillover effects. About 52% of the beneficiaries were female and 56% were youth aged 18–35 years. Innovation use was highest for minimum tillage and post-harvest mechanization in Zimbabwe, followed by agronomic and mechanization options in Malawi. The benefit-reach ratio was highest in Zimbabwe at 61%, followed by Malawi at 31%. This means that Ukama Ustawi activities were most effective at converting reach to beneficiaries in Zimbabwe and Malawi, partly because implementation was layered on past similar interventions. While our results are comparable to more traditional case studies, our survey approach is nearly fourfold cheaper, demonstrating cost-effectiveness and efficiency. We discuss project design and implementation issues necessary to facilitate this kind of evaluation in international development projects. cg.contributor.initiative: Diversification in East and Southern Africa cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

India Has Built an Extraordinary Foundation of Groundwater Recharge Infrastructure over the Past 20 Years. The Task Now Is to Make It Work

2026-05-08T09:36:24Z

dc.title: India Has Built an Extraordinary Foundation of Groundwater Recharge Infrastructure over the Past 20 Years. The Task Now Is to Make It Work dc.contributor.author: Alam, Mohammad Faiz cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Food Security in a Time of Climate–Food–Water–Energy Convergence

2026-04-07T10:11:33Z

dc.title: Food Security in a Time of Climate–Food–Water–Energy Convergence dc.contributor.author: Falk, J.; Asari, M.; Bahar, F.; Behera, S.; von Braun, J.; Caquet, T.; Colwell, R.; Damania, R.; Ebi, K.; El-Beltagy, A. E. S. T.; Elouafi, Ismahane; Honma, M.; Iskanda, L.; Köhler, M.; Koundouri, P.; Lal, R.; Leinen, M.; Mulligan, C.; Nishikawa, H.; Pattberg, P.; Prabhakar, S.; Roopnarine, R.; Serageldin, I.; Smith, Mark; Takara, K.; Takeuchi, K.; Watanabe, C.; Zhang, Q.

Demande et utilisation de l’eau : Tunisie

2026-04-09T01:10:15Z

dc.title: Demande et utilisation de l’eau : Tunisie dc.contributor.author: Belhaj Fraj, M. Makram; Bergaoui, Karim; Gafsaoui, Y.; Schmitter, Petra S.; Dembélé, Moctar dcterms.abstract: L'outil d'analyse de la consommation d'eau (WUT) évalue la consommation saisonnière d'eau d'irrigation dans le réseau d'irrigation de Bouheurtma, en s'appuyant sur les données WaPOR pour fournir des statistiques historiques et en temps réel via une interface accessible aux décideurs non spécialisés. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

Demande et utilisation de l’eau : Algérie

2026-04-09T01:10:14Z

dc.title: Demande et utilisation de l’eau : Algérie dc.contributor.author: Belhaj Fraj, M. Makram; Bergaoui, Karim; Bellahreche, A.; Schmitter, Petra S.; Dembélé, Moctar dcterms.abstract: L'outil d'analyse de la consommation d'eau (WUT) évalue la consommation saisonnière d'eau d'irrigation dans le réseau d'irrigation de Mitidja Ouest. Il utilise les données WaPOR pour fournir des statistiques historiques et en temps réel via une interface conviviale destinée aux décideurs non spécialisés. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

Pilotage de l’irrigation : Tunisi

2026-04-09T01:08:13Z

dc.title: Pilotage de l’irrigation : Tunisi dc.contributor.author: Belhaj Fraj, M. Makram; Bergaoui, Karim; Bouselmi, A.; Schmitter, Petra S.; Dembélé, Moctar dcterms.abstract: L'application « Irrigation Reference to Enhance Yield Smart Irrigation » (IREY App) utilise les données WaPOR pour fournir des alertes d'irrigation haute résolution et en temps quasi réel, adaptées à la demande en eau réelle et prévue dans les zones de culture du blé en Tunisie. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

Performances d’irrigation: Mali

2026-04-09T01:00:31Z

dc.title: Performances d’irrigation: Mali dc.contributor.author: Zwart, Sander J.; Kassambara, B.; Schmitter, Petra S.; Dembélé, Moctar dcterms.abstract: L'outil d'évaluation et de diagnostic des performances d'irrigation (IPADT) fournit des informations fondées sur des données pour la réhabilitation des infrastructures, en combinant des données satellitaires WaPOR haute résolution avec des observations sur le terrain afin d'évaluer les performances d'irrigation. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

WaPOR: Catalysing Data-Driven Solutions through a Co-Creation Approach

2026-04-06T12:33:08Z

dc.title: WaPOR: Catalysing Data-Driven Solutions through a Co-Creation Approach dc.contributor.author: Adamseged, Muluken Elias; Minh, Thai Thi; Schmitter, Petra S. dcterms.abstract: This working paper presents a co-creation approach to developing and scaling data-driven solutions based on the WaPOR database. The co-creation approach customizes tools derived from the WaPOR portal to local needs, making them more relevant, user friendly, and adapted to various contexts, stimulating ownership and supporting wider adoption. The process involves engaging stakeholders, identifying challenges, co-designing solutions, and incentivizing adoption, with stakeholders continuously engaged to prioritize and address emerging needs. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Farming

Suivi de la sécheresse : Mali

2026-04-09T01:08:24Z

dc.title: Suivi de la sécheresse : Mali dc.contributor.author: Dembélé, Moctar; Koné, A.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Zwart, Sander J.; Schmitter, Petra S. dcterms.abstract: Le Système de surveillance de la sécheresse au Mali (MaliDMS) permet de suivre l'apparition, la survenue, la durée, l'étendue et la gravité de la sécheresse à partir de données issues du WaPOR et d'autres données de télédétection à haute résolution générées en temps quasi réel, afin de permettre une évaluation complète des conditions de sécheresse. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation; Gender Equality and Inclusion; Sustainable Farming

Stakeholders’ Validation and Capacity Assessment for Gender Integration in Nigeria’s Water Sector Policies and Governance

2026-04-15T03:16:02Z

dc.title: Stakeholders’ Validation and Capacity Assessment for Gender Integration in Nigeria’s Water Sector Policies and Governance dc.contributor.author: Appiah, Sarah; Osei-Amponsah, Charity; Nicol, Alan dcterms.abstract: The Stakeholders' Validation and Capacity Assessment for Gender Integration workshops organized by IWMI in Abuja and Ibadan, Nigeria, brought together government, civil society, and academia to review findings from a gender analysis of Nigeria’s water governance frameworks and assess readiness for gender mainstreaming. Key challenges identified include weak policy coherence, limited institutional capacity, inadequate funding, sociocultural barriers, and low awareness of gender frameworks, alongside the absence of clear implementation plans and accountability mechanisms. The workshops highlighted the urgent need to align water policies with national gender frameworks, strengthen coordination, and invest in sustained capacity building. Participants expressed a shared commitment to move from dialogue to action in advancing inclusive and gender-responsive water governance in Nigeria. cg.contributor.initiative: National Policies and Strategies cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Adaptive Scaling to Achieve System Transformation in CGIAR

2026-04-30T12:50:22Z

dc.title: Adaptive Scaling to Achieve System Transformation in CGIAR dc.contributor.author: Minh, Thai Thi; Schmitter, Petra S. dcterms.abstract: Scaling agricultural innovations remains central to achieving development outcomes, yet prevailing approaches often equate success with widespread adoption of discrete technologies. Tools such as stage gating, scaling readiness, and scaling scans help assess scalability but do not sufficiently address the systemic changes required for sustained impact. Evidence shows that adoption alone does not guarantee improvements in productivity, food security, or environmental outcomes without parallel shifts in institutions, incentives, and market structures. This technical brief reframes scaling as a dynamic, system-wide process embedded in complex socio-economic, ecological, and policy environments. Building on innovation systems and ecosystem thinking, the Adaptive Scaling Ecosystem (ASEco) framework conceptualizes scaling as a co-evolutionary process involving multiple actors, networks, and subsystems. It emphasizes four interconnected functions—niche, reach, accelerate, and transform—guided by five principles: adaptability, responsiveness, reflectiveness, inclusiveness, and flexibility. Together, these enable continuous learning, coordination, and adjustment across scaling pathways. Niche supports experimentation and innovation development; reach drives adoption and market expansion; accelerate strengthens enabling environments and investments; and transform reshapes system structures, governance, and practices. Application of ASEco demonstrates how combining technological, financial, and institutional innovations can address systemic barriers, strengthen value chains, and foster inclusive participation. Adaptive scaling highlights the importance of multi-actor collaboration, context-specific pathways, and feedback loops to manage trade-offs and risks. By embedding scaling within innovation ecosystems, CGIAR can better align interventions with its impact areas, including poverty reduction, food security, gender equality, and climate resilience. This approach ultimately enables more sustainable, inclusive, and transformative outcomes at scale. cg.contributor.initiative: Mixed Farming Systems cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact; Sustainable Farming

A New Water Balance Model Leveraging Satellite Observations for Effective Water Management Decisions in Data-Scarce Paddy-Dominated Regions

2026-04-30T12:50:22Z

dc.title: A New Water Balance Model Leveraging Satellite Observations for Effective Water Management Decisions in Data-Scarce Paddy-Dominated Regions dc.contributor.author: Mahapatra, Smaranika; Pandey, Shivam; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Schmitter, Petra S. dcterms.abstract: Rice is consumed by roughly half the world's population, but its cultivation demands large volumes of water, accounting for 24–40% of global irrigation supplies. In Bihar's Eastern Gangetic Plains, rice is extensively grown across the landscape, yet farmers and stakeholders struggle to use water effectively due to lack of field hydrological information. Existing water balance models fail to capture paddy-specific hydrological processes, including ponding dynamics (depth and duration), soil water level fluctuation, and bund-influenced surface runoff. Even the limited modified water balance models for paddy which exist now cannot function in the data-scarce regions. The conventional Water Accounting Plus (WA+) framework operates at a coarser scale, and unable to capture above paddy field dynamics. To address these limitations, a new water balance framework (PaddyWA+), a daily water-accounting model, modified for paddy-dominated landscapes, was developed that integrates high-resolution (30-m) evapotranspiration data with satellite-derived inputs. It explicitly incorporates paddy-specific features: field bund heights, hardpan percolation constraints, and ponding dynamics. Analysis of PaddyWA+ results reveals significant regional variability in ponding depths and soil water levels across Bihar's districts, with southwestern regions experiencing notable water stress. The model demonstrates that in Bihar, rainfall accounts for most of the water used in paddy fields. As the framework supports irrigation scheduling, water budgeting, climate adaptation planning, and the assessment of methane mitigation potential, it will establish a scalable pathway for water management in rice-dominated regions. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Farming

Scenario-Based Land Management Options for the Highlands of Ethiopia: A Decision Support Tool to Implement Rural Land Use Plans

2026-04-06T05:40:03Z

dc.title: Scenario-Based Land Management Options for the Highlands of Ethiopia: A Decision Support Tool to Implement Rural Land Use Plans dc.contributor.author: Wondie, M.; Mekuria, Wolde; Amare, D.; Katzensteiner, K. dcterms.abstract: The implementation of locally acceptable land management practices is crucial to improving the livelihoods of local communities and reducing the degradation of ecosystem services. This is particularly important in mountain regions, where steep slopes, fragile soils, high erosion risk, and climate variability intensify land degradation and livelihood shocks, while also influencing downstream water regulation and sediment delivery. This study was conducted in Tara Gedam watershed, northwestern Ethiopia, to evaluate 4 ecosystem-service-based scenarios—business as usual (BAU), transition agriculture (TAG), intensified agriculture (INA), and optimized ecosystem services (OPE)—as land management options using the analytic hierarchy process method. A stakeholder workshop and group discussions with farmers, agricultural experts, and local decision-makers were conducted to set criteria for selecting the best management option. Livelihood benefits and environmental improvements were rated highest and are therefore the most influential factors in selecting land management options. These 2 criteria were responsible for the best performance of OPE and INA. INA and/or TAG were the options preferred by farmers because they provide livelihood benefits within a shorter time than OPE. Smallholder farmers should therefore be provided with financial and technical support to implement OPE. The results of this study will contribute to the knowledge base of agricultural experts to support future implementation of rural land use plans in the highlands and mountain regions of Ethiopia.

Amplifying National Climate Action: Insights from Conference of Parties (COP) Engagements in Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Togo

2026-04-22T01:09:55Z

dc.title: Amplifying National Climate Action: Insights from Conference of Parties (COP) Engagements in Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Togo dc.contributor.author: Osei-Amponsah, Charity; Dembélé, Moctar; Akpoti, Komlavi

Model Framework for a Citizen Science Water Monitoring System in the Limpopo River Basin

2026-04-09T01:06:12Z

dc.title: Model Framework for a Citizen Science Water Monitoring System in the Limpopo River Basin dc.contributor.author: Pattinson, N. B.; Russell, C.; Langa, Nicole; Darlington, Daniella; Graham, M. dcterms.abstract: This technical report presents a model framework for establishing a citizen science water monitoring system in the Limpopo River Basin. The basin faces significant environmental pressures, including water scarcity, declining water quality, climate variability, and growing socio-economic demands. Addressing these challenges is constrained by persistent data gaps, which limit effective water resource management. The framework proposes a six-step, iterative approach to integrating citizen science into basin-scale monitoring and decision-making. These steps include: (1) establishing a diverse and inclusive partner network; (2) implementing Training-of-Trainers programs to build local capacity; (3) engaging communities to recruit and train citizen scientists; (4) designing robust systems for data collection, curation, and storage aligned with FAIR principles; (5) visualizing and reporting data through integration with a river basin Digital Twin; and (6) developing sustainable inincentivization mechanisms to support participation. A central innovation is the integration of citizen-generated data into the Limpopo River Basin Digital Twin, enabling near real-time visualization, AI-assisted analysis, and improved data-to-action pathways for decision-makers. The framework emphasizes inclusivity, co-design, ethical data practices, and adaptive management through continuous feedback loops. The model demonstrates how citizen science can enhance environmental monitoring, empower communities, and strengthen transboundary water governance. While tailored to the Limpopo River Basin, it is designed as a scalable and adaptable approach for other river basins globally, contributing to improved water security, climate resilience, and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Digital Transformation

Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling in Nigeria

2026-04-09T01:07:27Z

dc.title: Stakeholder Profiling and Innovation Scaling Demand Signaling in Nigeria dc.contributor.author: Osei-Amponsah, Charity; Minh, Thai Thi; Atampugre, Gerald; Oke, Adebayo; Cofie, Olufunke O. dcterms.abstract: This report analyzes demand signals for scaling innovations in Nigeria’s agri-food, water, and climate sectors, and is based on a workshop that took place on December 4, 2026 in Abuja. By profiling five key stakeholder groups—ranging from the public sector and private investors to farmers and donors—the study evaluates how these actors articulate priorities and constraints. The findings highlight a strong market pull for climate-smart agriculture, digital solutions, and improved supply chains. However, demand articulation is currently fragmented due to infrastructure deficits, weak coordination, and capacity gaps. Moving beyond a simple ‘technology push’, stakeholders emphasized systemic needs over purely technical ones. Successful scaling requires bundled solutions that integrate finance, policy support, and social legitimacy with the technology itself. The report concludes that to achieve meaningful impact, innovation design must be more demand-responsive, shifting toward integrated scaling pathways that address the complex, institutional realities of the Nigerian landscape. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Leveraging Circular Bioeconomy for Resilience in Sudan’s Refugee-Hosting Communities

2026-04-09T01:11:47Z

dc.title: Leveraging Circular Bioeconomy for Resilience in Sudan’s Refugee-Hosting Communities dc.contributor.author: Somorin, Tosin; Gebrezgabher, Solomie A.; Amponsah, Andoh; Khalifa, Muhammad; Ruckstuhl, Sandra dcterms.abstract: This report examines how circular bioeconomy approaches can enhance resilience in Sudan’s refugee-hosting communities, particularly in White Nile, Gedaref, and Kassala. The objective is to identify practical, low-infrastructure pathways for converting locally available organic waste and by-products into resources that support food, energy, sanitation, and livelihoods. Drawing on a desk-based assessment, the study provides a framework for integrating resource recovery into humanitarian and development interventions under conditions of limited data and access constraints. The findings indicate that while organic waste, agricultural residues, and wastewater streams present important opportunities for resource recovery, their quantities, distribution, and consistency remain poorly quantified, constraining precise system design and scaling. Despite this uncertainty, five priority pathways are identified based on evidence from comparable humanitarian contexts: nutrient recycling to support food systems; decentralized bioenergy for clean cooking and services; feed production for displaced livestock; small-scale wastewater reuse for irrigation; and community-based bioproduct enterprises. These pathways demonstrate the potential to convert waste streams into valuable inputs while requiring flexible, context-specific approaches suited to dispersed and variable resources. Embedding circular bioeconomy approaches within the humanitarian–development–peace nexus offers a promising pathway for both immediate needs and long-term resilience, but effectiveness depends on stronger data, capacity, infrastructure, and governance. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

Deliberating Policy Coherence in Kenya’s Agricultural Input Systems: The Case of Biofertilizers

2026-04-09T01:07:27Z

dc.title: Deliberating Policy Coherence in Kenya’s Agricultural Input Systems: The Case of Biofertilizers dc.contributor.author: Ires, Idil dcterms.abstract: Kenya’s agricultural input system remains heavily skewed toward chemical fertilizers, despite growing evidence of their long-term harm to soil and water quality. Biofertilizers—organic inputs that enhance nutrient uptake, water retention, and restore soil structure—are increasingly recognized in national policies, including the National Soil Fertility Management Policy (2023), Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy (2017–2026), and Agricultural Sector Growth and Transformation Strategy (2019–2029). However, this recognition has not translated into regulatory frameworks, public financing, or inclusion in subsidy and distribution systems. This paper uses a political economy and policy coherence lens to examine how biofertilizers are positioned within Kenya’s agricultural input system, focusing on the regulatory, financial, and institutional conditions shaping their uptake and scaling. Drawing on policy analysis, stakeholder mapping, and interviews with Kenyan biofertilizer enterprises, it identifies three core constraints: institutional fragmentation across government agencies responsible for agriculture, environment, and water; misalignment between national policy ambitions and county-level implementation capacity; and inconsistencies in policies that promote sustainable inputs while continuing to fund chemical fertilizers. The findings indicate that the absence of a dedicated regulatory framework—alongside fertilizer subsidies, weak coordination, and limited capacity—has created a system in which biofertilizers lack formal recognition and structured pathways for quality assurance, distribution, and scaled use. Regulatory agencies lack standards for certification and monitoring, excluding producers from formal markets and public programs. County governments face capacity and financing constraints. The paper recommends establishing a national regulatory framework, piloting inclusion in subsidy systems, strengthening extension services, and improving coordination to align input systems with climate and sustainability goals. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations; Scaling for Impact

Investment Plan for Solar-Based Irrigation Systems in Nigeria

2026-04-09T01:10:10Z

dc.title: Investment Plan for Solar-Based Irrigation Systems in Nigeria dc.contributor.author: Ojeleye, O. A.; Owolabi, M. A.; Agyekumhene, Christopher; Oke, Adebayo; Tilahun, Seifu A.; Minh, Thai Thi dcterms.abstract: This report makes the investment case for shifting irrigated smallholders in northern Nigeria from fuel pumping to Solar-Based Irrigation Systems (SBIS). Using a 579-household survey in Kebbi, Kano, and Kaduna, plus a Mixed Logit discrete-choice experiment, results are standardized to a 1-acre unit (typical SBIS command area). Rising fuel costs and climate variability are eroding the economics of conventional irrigation, while strong solar resources and shallow groundwater make SBIS feasible. The fixed SBIS package (~NGN 600,000) consistently outperforms the mobile “with cart” option (~NGN 1,000,000); the cart can reduce theft/insecurity risk, but its cost premium often lowers returns. Under profit-sharing financing assumptions, the fixed system typically yields high operating returns and a fast payback (~1.4–2.1 years), while the mobile option is usually viable only for the highest-margin uses. A tiered commercialization framework is proposed: Tier 1 (tomato, pepper) can support commercial finance, with tomatoes resilient to revenue shocks; Tier 2 (onion, rice) is viable with the fixed system only; Tier 3 (okra, wheat, maize) is financially fragile and needs concessional finance, performance-based subsidies, and stronger risk management. Recommendations focus on scaling fixed SBIS through cooperatives and small-group liability (2–3 farmers), longer tenors and low upfront payments (including Sharia-compliant options), and bundling insurance, off-taker agreements, extension support, certified installers, and spare-parts supply chains to reduce downtime and protect repayment. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Contribution of the Use of Microbiologically Contaminated Water in Slaughterhouses to Food Safety Risks

2026-04-10T17:19:21Z

dc.title: Contribution of the Use of Microbiologically Contaminated Water in Slaughterhouses to Food Safety Risks dc.contributor.author: Alegbeleye, Oluwadara; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier dcterms.abstract: Food animals can become contaminated with enteric pathogens during slaughter, with potentially significant consequences for food and public health safety. This overview examines the scientific evidence implicating slaughterhouses as critical points for microbiological contamination of meat, with particular focus on the role of process water as a potential source and vehicle for foodborne pathogens. Despite the extensive use of water—e.g., for carcass washing, equipment cleaning, and general hygiene, there is a notable lack of empirical data on how waterborne pathogens may contribute to food safety risks. This gap highlights the need to better characterize the potential for process water to act as a reservoir and a vehicle for foodborne pathogens. To address this, this overview proposes a framework for tracing, characterizing, and quantifying the food safety risks associated with water used during slaughter. It emphasizes the importance of generating experimental data on the survival, persistence, and fate of water-origin pathogens on or within meat. The ability of a pathogen to persist throughout processing and storage significantly influences its impact as a foodborne hazard, as it increases the likelihood that it reaches consumers at infectious doses. Establishing genetic relatedness among isolates recovered from slaughterhouse water, contaminated meat, and clinical cases of foodborne illness can confirm water as a contamination source. However, in general, robust microbiological and food chain surveys are needed to establish clearer links between water-mediated contamination in slaughterhouses and subsequent human illness. Addressing these research gaps is critical for designing effective interventions and ensuring meat safety from slaughter through distribution. cg.contributor.initiative: One Health cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods

Water Data for Sudan’s Water, Food, and Environmental Systems

2026-04-06T13:01:29Z

dc.title: Water Data for Sudan’s Water, Food, and Environmental Systems dc.contributor.author: Khalifa, Muhammad; Berama, Siddig Mohammed Ali; Gebrezgabher, Solomie A.; Somorin, Tosin; Mekuria, Wolde; Ruckstuhl, Sandra; Velpuri, Naga Manohar dcterms.abstract: In fragile and conflict-affected regions, limited data and restricted access hinder effective water resource assessment and planning. To address this gap, IWMI developed a comprehensive data inventory for some parts of Sudan, integrating water, agriculture, and environmental indicators using publicly available datasets. The inventory enables spatial analysis of water availability, productivity, and climate stress to identify priority areas for intervention. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

Perceived Economic Viability of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions in the Middle East and North Africa Region

2026-04-02T05:56:34Z

dc.title: Perceived Economic Viability of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions in the Middle East and North Africa Region dc.contributor.author: Stifel, Elizabeth; Abeyrathna, Wasudha Prabodhani; Fragaszy, Stephen dcterms.abstract: This report analyzes the economic viability of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions (RNBWS) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) using data from the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) from 24 projects. The MENA region faces severe water stress, with over 60% of the population affected, making sustainable water management critical. RNBWS integrate nature-based approaches with agricultural water management to enhance water supply, reduce demand, and improve ecosystem resilience. The study finds that while high upfront establishment costs lead to negative short-term perceptions, long-term benefits are strongly positive, with low maintenance costs enhancing cost-effectiveness. Overall, RNBWS is recognized as valuable long-term investments that deliver both economic and environmental benefits, with potential to improve water security, agricultural productivity and resilience. The study emphasizes the need for early-stage financial support to scale adoption and bridge initial investment gaps.

Operational Sentinel-2 System for Monthly Near‑real‑time Irrigated Area Mapping in the Limpopo River Basin

2026-03-26T11:38:11Z

dc.title: Operational Sentinel-2 System for Monthly Near‑real‑time Irrigated Area Mapping in the Limpopo River Basin dc.contributor.author: Kiala, Zolo; Matheswaran, Karthikeyan; Dickens, Chris; Garcia Andarcia, Mariangel; Ludwig, Fulco; Ghosh, Surajit dcterms.abstract: Monitoring irrigated agriculture is critical in the water-scarce Limpopo River Basin (LRB). However, existing approaches are often coarse, retrospective, or season-aggregated, which limits their ability to capture smallholder irrigation and the month-to-month dynamics required for operational management. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating a scalable, semi-supervised framework to produce monthly dry-season (May–September) 10 m irrigated-area maps and associated water-use estimates across the LRB for 2019–2024. The workflow integrates Sentinel-2 imagery, a Random Forest classifier, time-lagged precipitation–vegetation analysis, and slope masking in Google Earth Engine, and links mapped irrigated area to FAO’s WaPOR (Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed derived data) evapotranspiration to estimate water use. Validation against independent field observations (n = 190) achieved 80% overall accuracy (κ = 0.60). Dry-season irrigated area declined from ~ 211,000 ha (2019) to ~ 185,000 ha (2024), while mean dry-season water use increased from ~ 103–134 × 106 m3, indicating rising irrigation intensity. Irrigation hotspots were concentrated in key sub-basins including the Middle Olifants, Crocodile, and Letaba. The resulting open-access, basin-scale product provides operational irrigation intelligence to support transboundary water allocation and drought response. It also offers a replicable model for other water-stressed basins. cg.contributor.initiative: Digital Innovation

From Design to Impact: Insights from WMfEP’s Gender-Responsive Initiatives for Women and Youth in Tank and D.I. Khan Districts, Pakistan

2026-05-23T06:11:06Z

dc.title: From Design to Impact: Insights from WMfEP’s Gender-Responsive Initiatives for Women and Youth in Tank and D.I. Khan Districts, Pakistan dc.contributor.author: Begum, Khadija; Ilyas, Nouman; Hussain, Kashif dcterms.abstract: This report presents key insights from the Water Management for Enhanced Productivity (WMfEP) project, implemented in the Gomal Zam Dam Command Area of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank districts in Pakistan. It explores how gender-responsive and youth-inclusive approaches can strengthen climate-smart agriculture in contexts shaped by socio-cultural constraints. Focusing on women and youth who often face limited access to resources, mobility, and decision-making, the project introduced locally appropriate technologies such as solar-powered micro-drip irrigation systems, tunnel farming, and smart sprayers. These interventions were complemented by targeted capacity-building, continuous field support, and participatory engagement to ensure adoption and sustainability. The report highlights how over 300 women and youth developed skills and confidence to engage in modern agricultural practices. Evidence from the field indicates improvements in household food security, reduced expenditure on vegetables, and increased opportunities for income generation. Women reported enhanced participation in decision-making and greater mobility, while youth showed increased interest in agriculture and farm-based entrepreneurship. Beyond technical outcomes, the report underscores gradual shifts in gender norms, with women and youth taking on more visible and active roles in agriculture. It also reflects the importance of sustained support systems, including market linkages and institutional engagement, to consolidate and scale these gains. The report demonstrates the transformative potential of context-sensitive, inclusive agricultural interventions in underserved rural settings.

Enabling Environment Bottlenecks in Kenya’s Emerging Circular and Agrifood Economies

2026-03-26T02:03:13Z

dc.title: Enabling Environment Bottlenecks in Kenya’s Emerging Circular and Agrifood Economies dc.contributor.author: Ires, Idil dcterms.abstract: Small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) are vital to Kenya’s transition toward climate-smart, circular agri-food systems. However, firms in novel value chains, such as insect-based biofertilizers, urban waste composting, and indigenous plant-based milks, face enabling environments poorly aligned with their regulatory needs. This paper examines three Kenyan enterprises—EcoRich, Rebug2Debug, and OnlyPlants—to highlight how outdated frameworks and fragmented agency mandates stifle innovation. Despite aligning with national priorities for soil restoration and waste valorization, these SMEs are constrained by regulatory "grey zones," lack of product certification pathways, and exclusion from public procurement and subsidies. These barriers increase compliance costs and delay approvals, particularly for firms lacking the financial bandwidth to navigate institutional complexity. To address these hurdles, the paper identifies critical technical assistance needs. For SMEs, priorities include support for food safety classification, Access and Benefit Sharing ompliance, and quality assurance. At the system level, the paper calls for urgent reforms: developing standards for insect-based fertilizers, clarifying plant-based food oversight, and improving national-county coordination. By providing new empirical evidence on regulatory fragmentation, this study outlines actionable reforms for partners like IWMI and WFP to unlock the potential of frontier SMEs in Kenya’s circular economy. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

Pathways for Circular Aquaculture and Resource-Efficient Food Production

2026-03-25T02:11:05Z

dc.title: Pathways for Circular Aquaculture and Resource-Efficient Food Production dc.contributor.author: Epebinu, Eunice Modupe; Bodach, Susanne; Gebrezgabher, Solomie A.; Somorin, Tosin dcterms.abstract: Aquaculture systems vary significantly in how they manage water, nutrients, and waste, with system design emerging as the primary determinant of sustainability. This report aims to classify aquaculture system types, map pathways for water reuse and nutrient recovery, and assess their circular performance to inform more sustainable system design. This report finds that systems with greater internal control over water and nutrient flows, such as recirculating aquaculture systems, biofloc-based systems, and aquaponics, are better positioned to reduce losses and enable resource recovery, while systems dependent on continuous water exchange, such as cage culture, flow-through raceways, and open pond systems, tend to externalize environmental impacts. The analysis further shows that integrated biological systems enhance nutrient recycling and improve system stability by converting waste into productive biomass, whereas highly engineered systems offer precision and consistency but require higher energy, capital, and technical capacity. It also highlights that waste streams differ across systems in form and concentration, meaning that treatment and recovery approaches must be tailored to specific system configurations rather than applied uniformly. A central finding is that circular performance depends on how effectively production, treatment, and resource recovery processes are integrated. No single system optimizes all dimensions of circularity; instead, hybrid and modular configurations that combine biological and engineered processes provide the most practical and scalable pathway for achieving resource-efficient and environmentally sustainable aquaculture. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes; Food Frontiers and Security

CGIAR 10 Year Impact in Nepal

2026-03-25T14:37:58Z

dc.title: CGIAR 10 Year Impact in Nepal dc.contributor.author: Aryal, Anil; KC, Jibesh; Choudhary, Dyutiman; Rana, Masud; Varijakshapanicker, Padmakumar; Bhatt, Prem Raj; Bhandari, Humnath; Khadka, Manohara dcterms.abstract: This report highlights the impact of CGIAR Centers in Nepal over the last decade (2014–2024), demonstrating how research, innovation, and partnerships have contributed to strengthening agriculture, livestock, water management, and climate resilience across the country. Over the past 10 years, CGIAR Centers have worked closely with government agencies, research institutions, private sector actors, and farming communities to support Nepal’s transition toward sustainable and inclusive agri-food systems. CGIAR initiatives have introduced innovations in climate-smart agriculture, irrigation modernization, water–energy–food nexus solutions, crop–livestock integration, and digital decision-support tools. These innovations have improved water use efficiency, enhanced agricultural productivity, strengthened livestock systems, and supported climate-resilient farming practices. Practical technologies such as solar-powered irrigation systems, hydro-meteorological monitoring tools, improved crop varieties, precision nutrient management, and digital advisory services have been developed and tested in partnership with farmers and institutions. Capacity building has been a major focus, with more than 10,000 stakeholders impacted - including farmers, technicians, policymakers, and researchers - participating in training programs, workshops, and policy dialogues through collaborations with more than 100 national and international stakeholders. Research evidence generated through these collaborations has influenced national policies and investment decisions, including contributions to the Irrigation Policy (2023), the draft Water Resources Bill (2024), promotion of community seed banks, agri-mechanization, and solar irrigation subsidy reforms. Looking ahead, CGIAR’s work in Nepal will continue to focus on climate-resilient water systems, sustainable livestock and crop systems, market-driven food systems, and digital innovations to strengthen resilient and inclusive agri-food systems. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

An Integrated Modeling Framework for Water Accounting Assessment in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin, Ethiopia: Impacts of Interbasin Water Transfer

2026-03-24T07:02:43Z

dc.title: An Integrated Modeling Framework for Water Accounting Assessment in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin, Ethiopia: Impacts of Interbasin Water Transfer dc.contributor.author: Mekonnen, Kirubel; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Leh, Mansoor; Akpoti, Komlavi; Owusu, Afua; Mahapatra, Smaranika; Tinonetsana, Primrose; Madushanka, Lahiru; Perera, Tharindu; Tedla, H. Z.; Talema, M.; Seid, Abdulkarim dcterms.abstract: Study Region: Lake Tana Sub-Basin, Ethiopia Study Focus: The Lake Tana sub-basin plays a vital role in Ethiopia’s hydropower generation and irrigation development. However, the recent operation of an interbasin water transfer has intensified competition for water resources, raising concerns about long-term hydrological sustainability and downstream ecological flows. To evaluate these impacts, this study developed an integrated modeling framework that couples the HBV Light rainfall-runoff model, a lake water balance model, and the Water Accounting Plus (WA+) approach to assess water availability, consumption patterns, and downstream ecological flow conditions for 2010–2020. New hydrological insights for the Region: The HBV Light model was unable to accurately simulate the natural lake outflow, but its coupling with the lake water balance model significantly improved model performance, resulting in NSE of 0.79 and R² of 0.92. The mean annual inflow to the lake was estimated at 6.9 km³ , with 55% contributed by the Gilgel Abbay catchment. The rainfall and evaporation over the lake was estimated at 4.1 km³ yr⁻¹ and 5.1 km³ yr⁻¹ , respectively. Total annual outflow averaged 5.8 km³ , with 3.1 km³ yr⁻¹ diverted through the interbasin water transfer and 2.7 km³ yr⁻¹ outflow at the natural outlet. The interbasin water transfer now exceeds lake's natural outflow and has increased the frequency of unmet environmental flow requirements from 6% (pre-transfer period) to 27% during 2010–2020. In terms of consumption, rainfed agriculture dominates water consumption at 5.7 km³ yr⁻¹ , while irrigation accounts for only 0.4 km³ yr⁻¹ . Green evapotranspiration (ET) constitutes 68% of total water consumption, with blue ET making up the remaining 32%. These results demonstrate the hydrological implications of interbasin water transfer on lake outflow and downstream ecological conditions. The integrated modeling framework offers a scalable approach for hydrological assessment and water allocation in data-scarce basins.

Resilient Agriculture in Thar Desert, Pakistan

2026-03-23T14:15:31Z

dc.title: Resilient Agriculture in Thar Desert, Pakistan dc.contributor.author: Gul, N.; Ashraf, Muhammad; Salam, H. A. dcterms.abstract: Explore the agriculture in Thar Desert of Pakistan, particularly in Tharparkar District. Discover how rain-fed farming and localized irrigation systems foster resilience and enhance livelihoods in arid environments. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Management Strategies for Sustainable Wheat Production in Pakistan – a Review

2026-03-23T10:17:29Z

dc.title: Management Strategies for Sustainable Wheat Production in Pakistan – a Review dc.contributor.author: Gul, N.; Salam, H. A.; Ashraf, Muhammad; Shaikh, I. A. dcterms.abstract: Sustainable wheat production in Pakistan relies on integrated best management practices that encompass land preparation, sowing methods, planting timing, weed control, balanced fertilization, irrigation scheduling, and disease management. Optimized land preparation techniques, including tillage sequencing, laser land leveling, and precise field surveying, enhance seedbed conditions, improve water use efficiency, and significantly increase yields. Modern sowing techniques such as ridge, raised-bed, and drill planting outperform traditional broadcasting methods, resulting in yield increases of 9–22% and water savings. Timely planting, especially early sowing with suitable varieties, is vital for avoiding thermal stress and maximizing grain development. Effective weed control using appropriate herbicides can prevent annual yield losses of 17–25%, while balanced fertilization guided by soil testing can boost production by up to 70%. Efficient irrigation scheduling based on crop water requirements and groundwater contributions helps prevent nutrient loss, waterlogging, and soil health decline. Additionally, proactive disease management particularly against rusts, root rot, smut, and black point through resistant varieties, timely fungicide applications, and optimized sowing times is essential for protecting yields. Collectively, these practices form a comprehensive framework for enhancing wheat productivity, water efficiency, and sustainability across Sindh and other wheat-growing regions of Pakistan. This review provides an extensive overview of best management practices that can guide farmers, researchers, and policymakers toward more efficient and sustainable wheat cultivation. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Comparing Bias Adjustment Methods for CMIP6 Extreme Precipitation Projections in the San-Pédro River Basin (Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa)

2026-03-23T08:31:56Z

dc.title: Comparing Bias Adjustment Methods for CMIP6 Extreme Precipitation Projections in the San-Pédro River Basin (Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa) dc.contributor.author: Akaffou, F. H.; Obahoundje, Salomon; Koffi, B.; Yangouliba, G. I.; Coulibaly, W. B.; N’guessan, K. J.-Y.; Diedhiou, A.; Kouassi, K. L. dcterms.abstract: West Africa (WA) is highly vulnerable to flooding and needs accurate projections of extreme precipitations to improve flood preparedness. However, selecting appropriate bias adjustment method for such projections remain challenging. This study assesses four bias adjustment methods, namely Cumulative Distribution Function Transfert Singularity Stochastic Removal (CDFt SSR), Empirical Quantile Mapping (Eqm), Delta, and Scaling in refining seventeen Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models and their ensemble mean (EnsMean) for projecting extreme precipitations under three scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) over the San-Pédro River basin. Analyses were performed at the annual and long rainy season timescales. Using Climate Hazard Group Infrared Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) observational data, seven flood-related precipitation indices (PRCPTOT, R1mm, SDII, CWD, R99pTOT, Rx5day, and Rx1day) were computed over 1991–2020. Bias adjustment methods were calibrated (1982–2001) and validated (2002–2014) using statistical (R and Pbias) and graphical evaluations. Results revealed significant discrepancies among models and methods. While Delta-adjusted models achieved the best statistical performance (R > 0.8 and Pbias < 30%), CDFt SSR-adjusted models most accurately reproduced observed daily precipitation and indices distributions. However, limitations persisted for CWD and R99pTOT. Future projections indicate increase in extreme precipitation in the near (2031–2060) and far (2061–2090) futures, relative to the baseline period (1985–2014) across all scenarios, heightening flood risks, threatening agriculture, and challenging hydropower operations. CDFt SSR emerges as the most robust method for projecting extreme precipitations, offering a robust foundation for climate impact assessments and adaptation planning in WA.

Groundwater Assessment for Domestic and Irrigation Water Supply Based on Water Quality Indices and Geographic Information Systems in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area, Pakistan

2026-03-23T05:42:37Z

dc.title: Groundwater Assessment for Domestic and Irrigation Water Supply Based on Water Quality Indices and Geographic Information Systems in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area, Pakistan dc.contributor.author: Rana, S. A.; Ali, S. M.; Ashraf, Muhammad; Akhtar, N.; Ulain, Q.; Eqani, S. A. M. A. S. dcterms.abstract: Groundwater plays a vital role in drinking and daily supply in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan areas. The current study is designed to comprehensively address the problem of groundwater quality using a multi-methodological approach with water quality indices (WQI). For this purpose, 122 observations were recorded and analyzed following standard procedures. Piper and Gibbs diagrams demonstrated groundwater characterization. The GIS and multivariate statistical analyses were employed for vulnerability assessment and source apportionment. The findings of the present study revealed that certain parameters (pH, alkalinity, bicarbonates, and potassium) were within the desirable range stipulated by the WHO and PSQCA. However, groundwater quality impairment is related to toxicities of EC, TDS, turbidity, TH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, fecal, and total coliform. The WQI indicated that the study area exhibited poor to very poor groundwater quality. Irrigation indices explained that it is suitable or marginal at most studied sites, and only a few sites displayed unsuitable quality. Piper and Gibbs diagrams suggested that groundwater belongs to Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 or mixed types influenced by rock-water interactions and evaporation. Statistical analysis deciphered that anthropogenic and geogenic factors are the key determinants of water quality in the study area, including Lei recharge, domestic, agricultural, and industrial effluents, improper waste disposal, poor maintenance, and weathering processes. The study provides benchmark groundwater quality data that decision-makers can utilize to take appropriate measures for groundwater monitoring and pollution risk management in the twin cities. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Broadening the Dimensions of the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus: A Narrative Review

2026-03-27T14:01:37Z

dc.title: Broadening the Dimensions of the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus: A Narrative Review dc.contributor.author: Mabhaudhi, T.; Dlamini, N.; Geza, W.; Taguta, C.; Dirwai, Tinashe Lindel; Nhamo, L.; Mpandeli, S.; Chibarabada, T. P.; Jewitt, G. P. W.; Slotow, R. H. dcterms.abstract: The water-energy-food (WEF and its variants) nexus addresses the intricate linkages between human and natural systems to ensure sustainable management of natural resources without compromising economic, social, and environmental well-being. Despite this, the WEF nexus has been mainly approached as a focused biophysical system connecting those three dimensions. This review maps the extent to which the WEF nexus has been conceptualised and the consideration of additional dimensions linked to environmental and social outcomes. The aim is to broaden the WEF nexus concept to enhance its applicability to human, planetary, and sustainable development outcomes. Of the identified nexus frameworks, approximately 50% are sectorally unbalanced, as they centralise one or more resource node(s). Water and energy are key nexus nodes in most frameworks. The second most popular framing is water-energy-food-climate, followed by water-energy-land (WEL) and water-energy-food-land-ecosystems. In addition, the current WEF nexus approach is biased towards input-oriented conceptualisation. It fails to make explicit linkages to outcome- and impact-based dimensions, such as politics, gender, environment, planetary health and the economy. This limits its relevance and practical application in decision-making and policymaking for addressing sustainability and developmental challenges. Models and tools should be improved to be more holistic, including WEF resources and other linked resources, and should be useful for monitoring all sustainability outcomes (economic, social, and environmental). We propose a conceptual broadening of the WEF nexus to a WEF+ nexus, with the “plus” representing added outcomes-based dimensions such as environment, climate, people, planet and health. This conceptual broadening balances WEF resource securities with human, planetary and sustainable development outcomes.

A Scorecard to Assess the Enabling Environment for Water and Climate Innovations in Agriculture

2026-03-21T02:03:27Z

dc.title: A Scorecard to Assess the Enabling Environment for Water and Climate Innovations in Agriculture dc.contributor.author: Ires, Idil dcterms.abstract: This paper offers an enabling environment scorecard to diagnose the institutional and political economy constraints that prevent agricultural and climate innovations from scaling, and to guide targeted reform and investment decisions to help address them. It suggests that persistent scaling failures arise less from gaps in technology or finance than from weak institutional conditions, specifically the absence of predictable rules, credible enforcement, and coordinated risk management needed to sustain private investment. Grounded in New Institutional Economics and political economy analysis, the scorecard evaluates seven institutional pillars: policy coherence and credibility; legal foundations and rights security; regulatory frameworks; finance and investment architecture; partnership capacity; market linkages; and governance conditions. It also assesses seven cross-cutting levers— incentives, interests, trust, ideas and narratives, information, capacity, and affordability—linking these to staged scaling pathways from agenda setting through design, implementation, adoption, and adaptation. An illustrative application to solar irrigation in Kenya reveals a mixed landscape. Strong digital finance and information systems enable pay-as-you-go and carbon-linked business models. However, gaps in contract enforcement, regulatory coordination, and policy stability increase transaction costs and force firms to internalize risks that should be managed by public institutions. The scorecard provides a structured approach to identify binding constraints and inform coordinated, stage-specific reforms and investments. By clarifying where institutional conditions undermine credible private commitment, it offers governments, development partners, and investors a shared basis to prioritize action, align interventions, and reduce avoidable risk in scaling climate-resilient agricultural innovations. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Climate and Water Risk Profile of Jerash Refugee Camp, Jordan

2026-03-23T06:30:39Z

dc.title: Climate and Water Risk Profile of Jerash Refugee Camp, Jordan dc.contributor.author: Khalifa, Muhammad; Akpoti, Komlavi; Leh, Mansoor; Umer, Yakob; Jayathissa, Isuru; Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Ruckstuhl, Sandra dcterms.abstract: In Jordan, environmental pressures including water scarcity, land degradation, and climate variability combined with conditions of fragility and displacement are increasing risks for both refugees and host communities. Refugee camps, including Jerash Camp, which are often located in already stressed environments are faced with limited infrastructure and resources. These conditions heighten exposure to climate-related hazards such as droughts, floods, and heat stress, while placing additional strain on local water, land, and public services. Strengthening resilience in these settings requires integrated approaches that address both environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. This brief provides a climate and water risk profile for Jerash Refugee Camp to support policymakers, researchers, humanitarian agencies, and practitioners in aligning local action with climate priorities. By applying an integrated framework for watershed and climate risk hotspot mapping across the Amman–Zarqa Basin, it analyzes water availability and access, drought intensity, and flood hazards to provide spatially targeted insights. The spatial risk maps produced can directly inform planning by humanitarian agencies like UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East), national agencies, and other actors helping prioritize shelter upgrades, drainage improvements, and water investments in the most exposed areas, while strengthening the evidence base for climate finance proposals. Ultimately, the findings make a clear case: protecting communities like Jerash from worsening climate impacts requires more than humanitarian response. It requires a deliberate alignment between humanitarian action, national climate planning, and climate finance. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

Evaluating the performance of selected CMIP6 GCMs for simulations of historical temperature over Ethiopia

2026-03-20T13:41:57Z

dc.title: Evaluating the performance of selected CMIP6 GCMs for simulations of historical temperature over Ethiopia dc.contributor.author: Tagele, A. B.; Tarkegn, T. G.; van Oel, P. R.; Ray, R. L.; Tefera, G. W.; Demessie, S. F.; Shawul, A. A.; Ouko, O. C.; Berhanu, D.; Haileslassie, Amare; Worqlul, A. W.; Bantider, A.; Dile, Y. T.; Chukalla, A. D.; Tadesse, T. A.; Adgo, E. dcterms.abstract: This study evaluates the performance of seven Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and their Ensemble mean in reproducing historical maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures across five agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Ethiopia during 1995–2014. The assessment covers daily to annual time scales using observational and GCM datasets. Model performance was evaluated using Percent Bias (PBIAS), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (r), while the Comprehensive Rating Index (CRI) was applied for ranking. Results show substantial spatial and temporal variability in model performance. For Tmax, the Ensemble mean and EC-Earth3-veg performed best at the daily scale, while EC-Earth3-veg, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and BCC-CSM2-MR excelled at the monthly scale across most AEZs. Seasonally, top-performing models included Ensemble mean, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and MRI-ESM2-0 during Bega (October-January), EC-Earth3-veg, CNRM-CM6-1 and Ensemble mean during Belg (February-May) and CNRM-CM6-1 and MPI-ESM1-2-LR during Kiremt (June-September). For Tmin, CNRM-CM6-1, BCC-CSM2-MR and Ensemble mean ranked highest at both daily and monthly scales in most AEZs. At the annual scale, MRI-ESM2-0, Ensemble mean, MPI-ESM1-2-LR and CNRM-CM6-1 excel for Tmax, while EC-Earth3-veg, BCC-CSM2-MR and Ensemble mean lead for Tmin across most AEZs. MIROC6 consistently exhibited the weakest performance for both Tmax and Tmin across most AEZs and time periods. Thus, the Ensemble mean of all evaluated models does not consistently rank among the top three performers across all AEZs and time scales. The identified best-performing CMIP6 models provide valuable tools for assessing climate change impacts and developing region-and time-specific adaptation strategies in Ethiopia. Given the variability in GCM performance across AEZs and time scales, national or large-scale studies would benefit from using the Ensemble mean derived from the best-performing models. This study provides crucial insights into the strengths and weaknesses of different GCMs, supporting evidence-based decision-making and enhancing efforts to build climate resilience and adaptation strategies in the region. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

For Sri Lankan Farmers, Small Investments Bring Big Wins

2026-03-20T06:50:24Z

dc.title: For Sri Lankan Farmers, Small Investments Bring Big Wins dc.contributor.author: Murphy, Gillian; de Silva, Sanjiv; Aheeyar, Mohamed M. M.; Liyanage, Pradeep Kulasing