Medic Tips 24

What is anemia

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 24 Apr 2023 14:30:00 +0000

Human blood contains an average of 14.8 g% hemoglobin. If the blood hemoglobin is less than 11 gm%, it is called anemia. However, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is not the same for everyone.

A normal male hemoglobin level is 14-16 g/ 100 ml

Normal female hemoglobin levels. 12-14 g/ 100 ml liter

of the newborn = 19 g/ 100 ml litre

children = 11.5 g/ 100 ml liter

Anemia can be divided into three categories according to the level of hemoglobin.

normal = 11-14/100 ml

Pernicious anemia (+) 8-10.9/100 ml

Causes of anemia

Lack of iron, meat and vitamin- B in the diet. Bleeding from arms due to hookworms.

Excessive bleeding during menstruation.

Rapid excessive bleeding from the wound.

Malaria causes destruction of red blood cells.

- Low birth weight babies and twins have low hemoglobin in their blood.

If the mother has anemia during pregnancy, the baby is born with anemia.

Having frequent babies.

After the age of 6 months, infants who are exclusively breastfed can develop anemia.

Low blood cell production due to bone marrow disease.

Signs and symptoms of anemia

Red color of blood is due to hemoglobin. Anemia is caused by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin

Membranes in various parts of the body appear pale. The inner side of the eyelids (conjunctiva) will look pale.

Lips and tongue membranes will appear pale.

Palms and nails will also appear pale.

The patient may complain of weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath on exertion. Due to the decrease in blood density, water in the body (Oedema) may appear.

Breathing and pulse rate are also faster than normal due to decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood will be more Severe anemia can lead to heart failure. Diagnosis of anemia in the patient

Our body's mucous membranes are very thin, allowing the internal flow to be visible. All these mucous membranes look pale. Anemia is usually tested in the eyes, mucous membranes of the tongue and lips.

To examine the mucous membrane in the lower eyelids-

Explain to the patient what is going to be done before examining the mucous membrane.

. Sit facing the patient.

• Pull the lower eyelids down with the thumbs of both hands.

Now if the patient is asked to look upwards, the mucous membrane of the throat will be clearly seen. If you examine the leaves of some people, you will have a rough idea of how anemia looks like.

Ask the patient to stick out the tongue and Aga Chi of the tongue to show anemia in the tongue have to do Blood test to know the amount of hemoglobin in the blood All blood test materials should be prepared. Eg - spirit in a tray, kidney etc

Lancet/ Needle.

Explain to the patient that it is very important to know if he is anemic and reassure him that it will not harm him.

Wash your hands thoroughly.

8. Clean the tip of the patient's fingers with cotton swabs (usually the ring finger of the left hand).

Pinch with two fingers just below the area of the finger where the blood will be taken.

Prick the scalp with a sterile needle.

9. Wipe the first drop of blood with cotton.

Then absorb a drop of blood on a strip of paper.

Ask the patient to hold the puncture site with a piece of clean cotton until the bleeding stops.

10. Match the color of the blood on the paper with the color of the percentage on the chart. Results:

a) Normal

Above 80 percent

Treatment of anemia

Ferrous Sulphate Pills 60mg Iron + Folic Acid 0.25mg.

Supply: Ferrous Sulphate 60 mg and Folic Acid 0.25 mg per tablet.

Uses: This pill is very useful in anemia of pregnant and post- partum mothers and anemia due to iron deficiency in the body.

Taking iron pills can cause stomach problems, including heartburn, nausea, flatulence, and diarrhea.

3. Unabsorbed iron causes black stools. It does no harm.

Iron- rich foods like green leafy vegetables, green leafy vegetables, beans, chickpeas, bananas, guava tea Other seed- based foods: flour bread, liver and all kinds of normal foods should be mentioned. Small gardens around the house should be taught to plant vegetables and poultry should be encouraged.

Vegetables should be washed and cut before cooking so that the iron in the food is not wasted.

Ask to come to the clinic for a physical examination at a certain time.

Ref

. Severe anemia should be referred.

• If the hemoglobin content in the blood is less than 45% or 6 gm/ 100 ml then the patient should be given blood. In this case, refer the patient to the hospital.

• Refer immediately if patient has shortness of breath or pulse rate above 100/ min.

• If the patient has water in his body, he should be referred.

Health education to prevent anemia Various measures to prevent anemia

• Eating a balanced diet is the best way to prevent anemia. Include iron- rich foods in your daily diet, such as green leafy vegetables. Red vegetables, raw banana, banana thor, kachushak, kachur lati, dal, wheat food and jaggery should be there. If money is not a problem, it should be advised to eat animal food such as liver, eggs, meat.

• Pregnant mothers should be given iron tablets along with a balanced diet and especially iron rich foods. Pay more. Because the accumulation of iron in the mother's body is transferred to the baby's body.

Babies who are born before full term must be given only breast milk for the first 6 months along with colostrum. No additional drinks are required.

After 6 months of age, additional food rich in iron should be given.

• Pregnant mothers should be fed a variety of foods that are high in iron and nutrients.

• Sour fruits like lemons should be given as vitamin- C in sour fruits helps absorption of dietary iron.

Pimple and Pimple Description

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 23 Apr 2023 14:32:00 +0000

Human skin is the outer covering of the body that protects us from external factors such as heat

cold, UV radiation, and harmful chemicals. It is the largest organ in the human body, and it plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature, maintaining hydration, and detecting sensory stimuli such as touch, pressure, and pain.

The epidermis is the outermost layer and is primarily made up of dead skin cells called keratinocytes. The dermis is the middle layer and contains various structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels, and nerves. The hypodermis is the deepest layer and is primarily made up of fat cells that help to insulate and cushion the body.

The skin also contains various types of cells such as melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin that gives our skin its color, and immune cells such as Langerhans cells that help to defend against pathogens and other foreign invaders.

Proper care of the skin is important to maintain its health and function. This includes regular cleansing, moisturizing, and protection from the sun and other harmful environmental factors. Skin conditions such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, and skin cancer are common and can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors.

A pimple is a type of acne, a common skin condition characterized by the appearance of small, raised, red or pink bumps on the skin. Pimples typically form when the hair follicles on the skin become clogged with dead skin cells, oil, and bacteria. This can result in the formation of a small, inflamed bump that can be painful and may contain pus. They are often associated with puberty, but can occur at any age. Proper skin care, including regular cleansing and avoiding touching or picking at pimples, can help prevent and manage acne.

Pimples are a common skin problem that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with dead skin cells, oil, and bacteria. Some common causes of pimples include:

1. Hormonal changes: During puberty, the body produces more hormones, such as androgens, which can cause the sebaceous glands in the skin to produce more oil. This excess oil can clog the hair follicles and lead to pimples.

2. Genetics: Some people are more prone to developing acne due to their genetics. If your parents or other family members have had acne, you may be more likely to develop it too.

3. Bacteria: The bacteria Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is naturally present on the skin, but when there is an excess of it, it can lead to inflammation and the formation of pimples.

4. Certain medications: Some medications, such as corticosteroids, androgens, and lithium, can cause acne as a side effect.

5. Stress: Stress can cause the body to produce more cortisol, which can lead to an increase in oil production and the formation of pimples.

6. Poor hygiene: Not washing your face regularly or wearing dirty clothes or hats can contribute to the buildup of bacteria and oil on the skin, leading to the development of pimples.

To prevent or manage pimples, it's important to maintain good skincare habits, such as cleansing the skin regularly, avoiding picking or squeezing pimples, and using non-comedogenic (non-pore-clogging) skincare products. In some cases, over-the-counter or prescription medications may be necessary to treat acne. If you are experiencing persistent or severe acne, it's recommended to consult with a dermatologist for personalized treatment recommendations.

Heart Attack and Heart Attack symptoms

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 22 Apr 2023 13:23:00 +0000

Heart Attack:
Symptoms of a heart attack may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, sweating, lightheadedness or fainting, and pain or discomfort in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.

If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately by calling emergency services (such as 911 in the United States) or going to the nearest hospital. Time is critical in treating a heart attack, and prompt medical care can improve outcomes and prevent complications.

There are heart attack, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and a family history of this disease. Taking steps to manage these risk factors, such as through lifestyle changes or medication, can help reduce the risk of a heart attack.

Heart Block:

Heart block is a condition that affects the electrical signals that regulate the heartbeat. It occurs when there is a delay or interruption in the transmission of electrical impulses from the atria (upper chambers of the heart) to the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart).

There are three types of heart block: first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree (also known as complete heart block). In first-degree heart block, there is a slight delay in the electrical signals, but all impulses are transmitted to the ventricles. In second-degree heart block, some but not all of the impulses are transmitted. In third-degree heart block, none of the impulses are transmitted, and the ventricles must rely on their own internal pacemaker to maintain a rhythm.

Heart block can occur due to a variety of factors, including aging, heart disease, certain medications, and congenital heart defects. In some cases, heart block may not cause any symptoms and may be detected incidentally on an electrocardiogram (ECG). However, more severe cases of heart block may cause symptoms such as fainting, dizziness, fatigue, and chest pain.

First-degree heart block may not require treatment, while second-degree and third-degree heart block may require the use of a pacemaker to regulate the heartbeat. It is important to discuss any symptoms or concerns with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate course of treatment.

Heat Stroke:

Heat stroke is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the body overheats and is unable to cool down properly. It is usually caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures and can be exacerbated by high humidity and physical exertion.

The symptoms of heat stroke can include a high body temperature (above 103°F or 39.4°C), rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, headache, dizziness, confusion, nausea and vomiting, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, heat stroke can cause seizures, organ damage, and even death.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of heat stroke, it is important to move to a cooler area, remove excess clothing, and drink cool fluids. You should also call emergency services (such as 911 in the United States) or go to the nearest hospital.

To prevent heat stroke, it is important to stay hydrated, avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures, and take breaks in cool or air-conditioned areas during hot weather. It is also important to wear lightweight, loose-fitting clothing and to avoid physical exertion during the hottest parts of the day. High-risk groups such as the elderly, children, and those with chronic medical conditions should take extra precautions during periods of high heat.

Child malnutrition

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 22 Apr 2023 07:00:00 +0000

Child Malnutrition:

Malnutrition is the condition that occurs in the body due to excess or insufficient intake of food compared to the requirement. Malnutrition generally occurs due to inadequate food intake in our country. Malnutrition is a major health and social problem that is preventable. About three million children die before the age of five worldwide each year, and about 45 percent of these are caused by malnutrition.

Types of Malnutrition: Malnutrition is mainly divided into two categories. Namely:

(1) Over- nutrition/ Obesity: Over- nutrition occurs due to over- nutrition or/ and less physical activity. Overnutrition increases children's future risk of death from heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and other diseases.

(2) Under nutrition: Malnutrition problems occur due to insufficient food intake or / and urinary tract infection (disease). In this condition, deficiency of all kinds of nutrients occurs. Symptoms of malnutrition occur due to the deficiency of essential food components such as: meat, sugars, oils, vitamins or dietary and mineral salts.

Wasting/ Energy: Low weight for height ratio

Stunting/ Stunting: Short height for age

• Underweight/ Underweight: One less micronutrient or malnutrition in proportion to age

Major causes of malnutrition:

• Poverty

Insufficiency of food

Low birth weight

• Suffering from frequent illnesses especially infectious diseases • Lack of mother's nutritional knowledge and proper care of the child

Symptoms in children with severe acute malnutrition:

• Lean, thin body, looks old

The child is very quiet, weak and does not even have the strength to cry. The rib bones and other bones of the body are easily visible to the eye

• The skin on the hands becomes droopy Irritable mood

• The neck and clavicles are clearly visible from behind and the skin of the lower body is wrinkled and drooping.

• Severe weight loss may appear as if the skin is hanging off the entire body. Such children lose body fat and muscles and lose weight significantly compared to another healthy child of the same/ same height

. Some have swelling of the feet and other parts of the body. Bilateral Pitting Oedema

Patients with bilateral pitting edema may have the following symptoms:

• Moon face or a round face like the moon

Dermatosis: White and black patches on the skin (in severe cases)

weak

Loss of appetite

Hair changes

Very easily irritated and cries when approached

Consequences of Malnutrition:

• Physical growth and mental development of the child is disturbed

The immune system decreases, so the body gets sick quickly

• Malnourished children suffer from reduced performance in the future and long- term malnutrition can lead to serious illness or death

Need to pay attention to malnourished children: The death rate due to severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is very high (about 9 times), so it should be given extra attention to reduce the risk of death of severely acutely malnourished children.

Identify and treat moderately and severely malnourished children before they reach life- threatening conditions.

Figure: Malnutrition cycle

Malnutrition cycle

If girl children are not provided with proper food, nutrition and health care, they grow stunted and later grow up as stunted malnourished teenagers. After marriage she conceives as an underweight woman resulting in an underweight baby. If that underweight girl child is not given proper food, nutrition and health care, she will suffer from malnutrition and give birth to malnourished children after marriage, thus perpetuating the cycle of malnutrition among girls, with dire consequences. As discussed, malnutrition is a major health and social problem, which is preventable and treatable.

Ways to prevent/ remediate malnutrition:

Ensuring proper nutrition of adolescents, pregnant and lactating mothers is essential to prevent child malnutrition :

4 Ways to Prevent/ Treat Adolescent Malnutrition:

• Not married before 18 years

Late childbearing

Eat nutritious food

Taking iron folic acid tablets

Ways to prevent/ remediate malnutrition in pregnant and lactating mothers:

• Proper care of pregnant women

Eat nutritious food and rest.

"Intake of iron folic acid tablets

• Ways to prevent/ remediate child malnutrition: Nutrition:

• Give the baby only breast milk immediately after birth (within 1 hour).

• Give only breast milk to the baby from birth to full 6 months

• Start feeding family complementary foods when the child completes 6 months of age (181st day).

Breastfeeding must be continued along with family complementary foods for the child from 6 months to 2 years

Get all vaccinations on time

• Care of sick child:

During this time, the mother should give milk frequently so that she gets more milk.

Small family meals should be given frequently during the child's illness. Extra food for at least 14 days after the child's illness when his appetite increases the Amount - should be increased. He should be given extra food of various kinds.

What is Food Poisoning

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 21 Apr 2023 16:29:00 +0000

Food poisoning is an harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins. Symptoms of food poisoning typically include stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. The severity and duration of the illness can vary depending on the type of contaminant and the individual's health status.

The most common causes of food poisoning include improper food handling and preparation, cross-contamination, and consuming food that has not been cooked or stored properly. Some of the high-risk foods for causing food poisoning include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish, as well as raw fruits and vegetables that are not properly washed.

To prevent food poisoning, it is important to practice good food hygiene, such as washing hands thoroughly before handling food, cooking food to the appropriate temperature, storing food at the correct temperature, and avoiding cross-contamination. If you suspect that you have food poisoning, it is important to seek medical attention to ensure that you receive proper treatment and to prevent the spread of the illness to others.

Food poisoning Symptoms :

Food poisoning, also known as foodborne illness, is caused by consuming contaminated food or water. The symptoms can vary depending on the type of contaminant, but some common symptoms of food poisoning include:

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Abdominal pain and cramping

Fever

Fatigue

Headache

Loss of appetite

Dehydration

The onset of symptoms can range from a few hours to several days after consuming contaminated food or water. In some cases, the symptoms can be severe and require medical attention, especially in young children, elderly people, and those with weakened immune systems. If you suspect you have food poisoning, it's important to stay hydrated and seek medical advice if your symptoms are severe or persist for more than a few days.

Food Poisoning Treatment :

The treatment for food poisoning can vary depending on the severity of the symptoms and the type of contaminant. In mild cases, the symptoms may subside on their own within a few days, and treatment may involve staying hydrated and resting. Here are some general treatment tips:

1. Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. This includes water, clear broths, or electrolyte-replenishing sports drinks.

2. Avoid solid foods until vomiting and diarrhea have passed, then slowly introduce bland, easy-to-digest foods such as rice, bananas, and toast.

3. Over-the-counter medications such as Pepto-Bismol, Imodium, or activated charcoal may help relieve some symptoms, but always consult with a doctor or pharmacist before taking them.

4. In more severe cases, hospitalization may be required for intravenous fluids and medications.

It's important to seek medical attention if the symptoms are severe, if they persist for more than a few days, or if there is a high risk of complications, especially in young children weakened immune systems. To prevent food poisoning, it's recommended to always wash hands and food properly, cook food to the right temperature, and avoid eating expired or contaminated food.

Good Food:

Good food is a subjective concept as everyone has different preferences and dietary needs. However, there are some general principles that can help define what makes a food "good". Here are a few:

1. Nutritious: Good food should provide a variety of essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and protein that support a healthy body and mind. This can be achieved by eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats.

2. Delicious: Good food should be enjoyable to eat and provide a pleasurable sensory experience. This can be achieved by cooking with fresh, high-quality ingredients, using herbs and spices to add flavor, and experimenting with new recipes and cuisines.

3. Sustainable: Good food should be produced in a way that minimizes harm to the environment and supports local communities. This can be achieved by choosing foods that are locally sourced, in-season, and produced using sustainable farming practices.

4. Safe: Good food should be free from harmful contaminants like bacteria, toxins, and pesticides. This can be achieved by properly storing, preparing, and cooking food, and avoiding foods that have been recalled or are past their expiration date.

Overall, good food is about balance, variety, and mindfulness in what we eat. By prioritizing nutritious, delicious, sustainable, and safe foods, we can support our health, well-being, and the planet.

Malnutrition

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 21 Apr 2023 04:20:00 +0000

A healthy Food diet consists of key nutrients such as energy sources (sugars), growth nutrients (meats) and micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Here macro means "big" and micro means "small". This session will look at the nutrients our bodies need to function properly. Nutrients are needed in very small amounts, but they are so important that A person may become ill or physically or mentally disabled if the specified amount is not taken.Generally more or less than 100ml per day is called Mukhya and Anu.

Nutritional Ingredients-

There are many types of malnutrition in food, the most important of which are-

1. Vitamin A.

2. Vitamin B complex.

3. Vitamin C.

4. Vitamin D.

5. Iodine.

6. Calcium.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is one of the most important fat- soluble vitamins that are very important for the body.

Sources of Vitamin A:

Animal sources: Breast milk, liver, egg yolk, small fish, fish oil, butter, ghee. If vitamin A is taken from animal sources, it is quickly absorbed by our body.

Vegetable Sources: Yellow colored fruits – ripe jackfruit, ripe mango, ripe papaya and all dark leafy greens. For example - carrot, sweet pumpkin, green leafy greens, radish greens, helencha greens, coriander leaves, pui greens, kalmi greens, sajne greens, red greens, jute greens, spinach, thunkuni leaves, mint leaves etc.

Vitamin A Deficiency Problems:

• Impaired eyesight can lead to night vision, eye fog and other problems and even blindness.

• Decreased immune system may cause the child to get sick more often and even the child may die.

• The normal growth of the body is disturbed

Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency Problems:

• During pregnancy, the need of vitamin A of mothers increases, for this reason, to meet the deficiency of vitamin A, pregnant mothers should eat foods rich in vitamin A such as dark green vegetables, yellow fruits, if possible, honey, eggs, liver, meat in large quantities. Must eat. Eating all these foods will meet the requirement of vitamin A in the body and there will be no harm to the unborn child.

• Maternal mother during delivery (42 days) (after birth if possible) 2 lakh I. U. A red colored vitamin A capsule with potency should be consumed.

* A newborn baby should be exclusively breastfed for up to 6 months, including colostrum

• Infants should be breast fed till 2 years of age and should be given extra food rich in vitamin A from 6 months of age. Growing children should eat foods rich in vitamin A (fish - especially small fish, meat, liver, eggs), yellow and dark colored vegetables and fruits. Foods should be prepared in a way that children like. Vegetables must be cooked with as little oil as vitamin A requires oil to be absorbed by the body. Because of vitamin A (Fat soluble) if there is no oil found in fat, no benefit can be obtained from vegetables.

1 lakh IU to all children aged 6-11 months. A blue colored vitamin A capsule with potency should be consumed.

• All children aged 1-5 years should be given 2 lakh IU every 6 months. A red colored vitamin A capsule with potency should be consumed

• In addition, nutrition education should be given to all about vitamin A rich foods.Remedies for vitamin A deficiency:

Malnutrition

Classification of food

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 19:00:00 +0000

According to the function of food, the body mainly needs three types of food:

1) Heat and energy producing food: (carbohydrates like rice, roti, potatoes, jaggery, sugar, sweet potato, mashed potatoes, oil, butter, ghee, fat, honey, jaggery, biscuits, nuts, coconut etc.)

2) Body replenishment and growth food: (Negative food such as: fish, meat, soybeans and other pulses, milk, eggs, bean seeds, small fish, large fish, liver, etc.)

3) Preventive food: (Vitamin and mineral) rich food such as dark yellow and green vegetables and fruits, ripe mango, ripe palm, ripe papaya, ripe jackfruit, pineapple, guava, amlaki amra, banana, lemon, carrot, sweet pumpkin, beans, small fish, milk, eggs, liver etc.)

Balanced diet and its preparation techniques: A balanced diet is a diet in which all the nutrients in the food are in the right amount according to the body's needs, age and sex. That is, a balanced diet is a diet that is energizing, body- building and disease- preventing. What kind of balanced diet he can eat depends on each person's ability. Just as you can eat healthy food by spending more, so you can eat healthy food by spending less.

Variety in food:

The food should be such that the food is in the right amount and contains all the nutrients

• Adequate/ adequate i.e. these foods meet sufficient energy, fiber and micro nutrient requirements.

• It is not good to eat the same food so it is good to give different types of food sometimes, it increases the taste of the food

To remember:

• Foods like fish, meat, eggs, liver or pulses, nuts, seeds etc. should be eaten daily which helps in growth and replenishment of body.

• Dark green vegetables, red and yellow colored fruits and a variety of vegetables and fruits (eg green leafy vegetables, spinach, red leafy greens, date greens, sweet pumpkin, carrots and ripe mangoes, ripe jackfruit, ripe papaya, lemon , guava, amlaki, amra, grapefruit etc.) any type of vegetables and fruits must be eaten every day because these foods contain various vitamins that protect the body from diseases.

1 cup of milk or milk- based food should be consumed 3-4 days a week if not daily

• All cooking must be done with iodized salt

Classification of food

Food and Nutrition

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 17:45:00 +0000

Food

Food: Food is a collection of essential elements that maintain the normal growth and performance of the body, supply the necessary energy for various functions and above all build immunity.

Nutrition: Nutrition is a process through which the food taken in is absorbed and produces heat and energy in the body to grow the body and create immunity in the body. Nutritious food: Eating food that produces heat and energy in the body, increases body structure, makes the body strong, functional and healthy.

Nutritious food : Food and nutrition are interrelated. No matter what food is consumed, it must be nutritious and safe. If you don't eat nutritious food, your immune system will decrease and you will get various diseases in your body. Consuming nutritious food is good for both body and mind.

Ingredients and Sources : All the chemical substances of food that complete the body's work properly are known as food ingredients. According to chemical nature all food ingredients are divided into six categories, these are-

1) Sugars (carbohydrates)

Sources: Rice, bread, potato, millet, chira, khai, sugar, honey etc.

2) Oils and fats

Source: Oils, fish-meat fat, butter, ghee etc

3) Meat (Protein)

Sources: Fish, meat, eggs, milk, pulses, nuts, seeds etc

4) Vitamins

Source: Milk, eggs, liver, all kinds of vegetables, fruits etc

5) Minerals

Sources: Fish, meat, liver, milk, eggs, dark green vegetables, salt etc.

6) Water

These 6 elements should be present in our daily diet in certain quantity and in correct amount. If they are absent in our daily diet, the symptoms of the deficiency of that specific element appear in the body. If this deficiency is long, people get sick.

Food and Nutrition

Skeletal System

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 12:09:00 +0000

The structure that the different bones of the body together form is called the skeletal system. Human body has 206 bones.

which are arranged in different parts of the body. The skeletal system is divided into six parts. namely-

1) Skull

2) Neck

3) Upper Limb

4) Lower Limb

5) Thorax

6) Vertebrae & Pelvis

Skull

The skull is made up of 8 bones. Some of these 8 are flat bones that protect the brain. The face and jaw are made up of seven bones. Each person's appearance is different according to the irregular structure of the face becomes

Vertebral Column

The spine is made up of small uneven bones. These bones are called vertebrae. Vertebrae are stacked on top of each other and connected by tough ligaments and tendons. Protects the spinal cord and keeps the surface straight. As a result of arranging the vertebrae one on top of the other, a tube is formed inside them. The spinal cord descends from the brain through this tube- like path.

Shoulder, Arm, Forearm and Hand

Shoulder (Shoulder) consists of scapula (Scapula) and clavicle (Clavicle). The scapula is located behind the ribs. The clavicle extends outward from the edge of the sternum to meet the scapula near the shoulder. The arm has two parts. The upper arm has a long bone called the humerus. The humerus extends from the shoulder to the elbow. The lower arm has Radius and Ulna. The two lower bones extend from the elbow to the hip. These two bones form the forearm. At the lower end of the radius we feel the radial pulse.

Wrist

There are eight carpal bones in the wrist. Attached to the carpals are the metacarpal (carpal) bones that form the hand. Fingers are formed by connecting multiple phalanges with the metacarpal bone. There are two phalanges in thumb and three phalanges in other fingers.

Ribs and Sternum

Ribs are 12 pairs of narrow curved bones of the chest. There are 12 ridges attached to each side of the spine at the back. Anteriorly the upper ten ribs are attached to each side of the sternum by means of costal cartilage. The lower two ribs float forward on either side condition

Pelvis, Leg and Foot

Pelvis is a round bone in the lower part of the body that carries the weight of the spine and rests on the legs. Two hip bones (Hip Bone) at the back with the Sacrum (Sacrum) and at the front at the Symphysis Pubis (Symphysis Pubis) are formed to form the Pelvis.

Patella

The patella is a small bone that forms the front of the knee joint. It protects the knee joint. Ankle is formed by seven tarsal bones. Attached to the tarsal bones are the metatarsal bones, which form the sole of the foot. The big toes are formed by two phalanges. The remaining four toes are formed by three phalanges.

Skeletal System

Bone types and bone marrow

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 08:53:00 +0000

Bone is a type of connective tissue. It contains a type of mineral called calcium. That's why bones are so hard.

Unstable types

Bones can be divided into four parts according to size. namely-

Long Bones: Long bones are located in the upper and lower parts of the arms and legs. For example, Femur, Tibia, Humerus. A long bone consists of a shaft and two rounded heads (epiphysis). There is a kind of soft material inside the stem, which is called bone marrow.

Short Bone: These bones are short. shorter or shorter The bones are located in the wrist and ankle. For example, the carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle.

Flat Bone: These bones are flat. Different bones of the Skull bones, scapula, sternum and ribs are examples of flat bones. These bones are also called flat bones.

Irregular Bone: The spine is made up of irregular bones. These bones are called Vertebrae. This uneven bone of the spine is divided into several parts below.

For example-

a. Cervical Vertebrae - 7 Vertebrae

b. Thoracic Vertebrae - 12 Vertebrae

c. Lumbar Vertebrae - 5 Vertebrae

d. Sacrum - 5 Vertebrae

e. Coccyx - 4 Vertebrae

Total = 33 Vertebrae

Bone Marrow : Bones contain a soft substance called bone marrow. They make red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, and most white blood cells (WBCs) and circulate these cells in the bloodstream. Blood cells are made from all the bone marrow of very young children. But in adults blood clots are formed only from sternum, ris, vertebrae, scapula, humerus and hipbone.

Bone types and bone marrow

Skin Functions

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 19 Apr 2023 11:30:00 +0000

Skin provides 4 functions. namely

1 defense

2. Responding to feelings

3. Take body heat

4. Excretion of unnecessary substances from the body.

1) Defense: The skin covers the body from all sides. The oil secreted by the sebaceous glands in the skin keeps the skin smooth and prevents water from entering the skin. Most fluids cannot penetrate the skin. Depletion of the skin's oil content leads to scaly skin and increased susceptibility to bacterial.

2) Sensational response: Sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, pain and displacement are sensed through cutaneous nerve endings. When this nerve in the skin is damaged, a person cannot feel heat, cold or pain. In this condition the body can be easily injured.

3) Body heat regulation: Thousands of capillaries in the skin help regulate body temperature. As the body temperature rises, the capillaries of the skin swell. It increases blood circulation to the skin and excess heat is dissipated. As a result, the skin becomes red and the skin feels hot. Capillaries constrict when body temperature drops. Blood circulation to the skin decreases and body temperature stabilizes. The skin color is slightly pale and feels cool.

4) Excretion of unnecessary substances from the body: Sweat removes the unnecessary substances from the body.

helps to come This sweat contains water, salt and some other substances.

Skin Functions

Liver function tests

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 19 Apr 2023 11:22:00 +0000

Liver function tests are given in the following conditions.

For liver infections, such as hepatitis C

To monitor the disease if liver disease is already present

If experiencing symptoms of liver disorder

If planning to become pregnant

Liver function tests are:

Alanine Transaminase/ Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) Test

If the pancreas is damaged or not working properly, ALT is released into the blood. A high result of this ALT can be a sign of liver damage. The normal range of ALT is 755 units per liter (U/ A). Aspartate transamylase. Aspartate amino transferase (AST/ AST) test

Aspartate amino transferase (AST) is found in many parts of the body. The enzyme is found in the heart, liver, and muscles.

Alkaline phosphatase (LP/ ALP) test

Alkaline phosphatase (LP) is an enzyme in bone, spleen and liver. An ALP test is usually combined with various other tests. High levels of LP may indicate liver damage, biliary obstruction or a pupil disease.

Skin system and skin structure

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 18 Apr 2023 14:11:00 +0000

Skin texture

Skin completely covers the outer part of the body.

1) Epidermis

2) Dermis

3) Epidermis

1) Epidermis

The epidermis is composed of many layers of cells that gradually change and become dull and dry in layers. Fingernails and toenails are formed from this epidermis. The base of the nail is pink in color. Because they are located right above the blood vessels or veins.

2) Dermis

As the cells of the dermis become old, they gradually move up to the epidermis and replace the dead cells. Therefore, the dermis is constantly supplying cells to the epidermis. All the blood vessels and nerves of the skin are located in this dermis and hair follicles and glands are located within this dermis. The following substances are located in the dermis:

3) Hair

Hair grows from tiny hair follicles or hair cells located inside the skin. Diseases that cannot enter the body through the skin, often take shelter in these hair cells. Thus the skin infection starts.

4) Oil Glands

A type of oil gland is attached to the hair follicle or follicle which helps to keep the skin soft and moist. When the mouth of these oil glands is closed, red circles appear on the skin of the face or on the surface of the body. This red wheel is called "Sister". The oil glands may become infected.

5) Sweat Glands

Small ducts attached to sweat glands extend to the surface of the skin. These sweat glands help regulate body heat by secreting a fluid on the skin. This fluid is called sweat or sweat. Sweat contains a mixture of water and salt. It evaporates into the air and has a cooling effect on the body.

6) Blood Vessels

Thousands of tiny blood vessels are seen in this intestine. These are known as capillaries. These capillaries supply nutrients to the skin and help regulate body temperature by doing

7) Nerves

The skin contains fine nerves. These nerves carry messages about the environment to the brain. Nerve endings can carry messages of temperature, touch, pressure, pain, and changes in position, and command appropriate responses from the brain.

Human System

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 18 Apr 2023 13:58:00 +0000

System

A collection of several special parts is called tantra. These organs collectively perform a specific function. For example, the digestive system. It consists of accessory organs called liver and pancreas in addition to pharynx, stomach and intestines. The human body consists of the following systems:

1. Integumentary system: This system mainly consists of skin which covers the entire body and protects it from injury and infection.

2. Skeletal & Muscular system: Skeletal and muscular system give shape to the body and carry loads. This tantra helps people to move by doing Special parts of the body made up of bones or bones of different shapes provide security to the important parts of the human body, such as the skull protects the brain, the ribcage protects the heart.

3.Respiratory System: The respiratory system brings oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

4. Blood Circulatory System: The blood circulatory system sends pure blood to different parts of the body and brings back the contaminated blood from there.

5. Digestive system: Digestive system brings food inside the body. Breaks down food into smaller particles. Then this tantra absorbs the food into the body and sends it to the various organs of the body through the blood.

6. Urinary system: Urinary system removes unnecessary substances from the body through urine. This system helps in regulating the amount of water and minerals in the body.

7. Reproductive system: Organisms increase their offspring through the reproductive system.

8. Nervous system: The nervous system receives messages from inside and outside the body. This Tantra categorizes messages and regulates various body processes according to the messages.

9. Endocrine system: This system consists of several ductless glands located in different parts of the body. The glands produce certain hormones that help regulate various body functions.

10. Lymphatic system : This system is used to transport lymph from cells and it is a main system in the immune system formed by the network of lymphatic ducts and many small and large lymph glands.

What is Tissue - Types of Tissues.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 17 Apr 2023 11:52:00 +0000

Tissues are located within the body's skin. Tissues cover all areas of our body.

Tissue are 4 types:

1) Epithelial tissue

expl- skin, mucous membrane.

2) Connective tissue

expl- blood, bones.

3)Muscular tissue

expl- deltoid, gluteus muscle.

4) Nervous tissue

expl- brain, spinal cord.

1) Epithelial tissue

This tissue forms the covering over or inside the body. Skin, veins, arteries, lungs, liver, respiratory tract, stomach, etc. are made up of this tissue.

2) Connective tissue

This tissue connects one part of the body to another part or to different parts of the same part. Connective tissue binds cartilage to muscle, muscle to bone, and bone to bone.

3) Muscular tissue

Muscular tissue is a special type of tissue that has the ability to contract and expand. Many slender cells join together to form muscular tissue.

4) Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue consists of the brain, nerve cords, and nerves throughout the body. One type of nervous tissue that carries messages from the brain to the rest of the body is called the cranial nerve. Another type of nervous tissue that sends messages to the brain is called a sensory nerve.

Tissue

Disease And Others

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 16 Apr 2023 12:01:00 +0000

There are many small words that are used in the health sector, the full meaning of which many people do not know. The full meaning of some words is explained below.

PNS = peripheral Nervous System.

P/V = Per Vaginal.

P/R = Per Rectal.

RBC = Red Blood Cell.

S/C = Sub Cutaneous.

SBC = Social Behaviour Communication.

TH = Thyroid Hormone.

UB = Urinary Bladder.

WBC = White Blood Cell.

ACTH = Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone.

ADH = Anti-Diuretic Hormone.

BP = Blood Pressure.

BCC = Behaviour Change Communication.

CNS = Central Nervous System.

DA = Dextrose in Normal Saline.

DDS Kit = Drugs & Dietary Supplement Kit.

EPI = Expanded Program of Immunization.

FWC = Family Welfare Centre.

FWV = Family Welfare Visitor.

FGD = Focus Group Disseusion.

GH = Growth Hormone.

Hb = Haemoglobin.

IM = Intra Muscular.

I/V = Intra Venous.

I/D = Intra Dermal.

IEC = Information Education and Communication.

IPC = Inter Personal Communication.

IUD = Intra Uterine Device.

MP = Menstrual Period.

MC = Menstrual Cycle.

MCWC = Mother & Child Welfare Center.

MR = Menstrual Reglation.

MCH = Maternal & Child Health.

ORS = Oral Rehydration Salt.

Covid-19 = Coronavirus Diseases 19

রক্তচাপ (Blood Pressure)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 15 Apr 2023 13:10:00 +0000

High & Low Blood Pressure

যেহেতু হৃৎপিন্ড সংকোচিত হয়ে ধমনীতে রক্ত প্রেরণ করে। সে কারণে রক্ত চাপের মধ্যে থাকে। যখন হৃৎপিন্ড শিথিল হয়, ধমনীর রক্ত তখন কম চাপের মধ্যে থাকে। সেজন্য প্রত্যেক বার হৃদস্পন্দনের সময় ধমনীর রক্ত একটি চক্রের মধ্য দিয়ে অতিক্রম করে। রক্ত ধমনী পথে প্রবাহের সময় ধমনীর দেয়ালে যে পরিমাণ পার্শ্বচাপ লম্বভাবে প্রয়োগ করে তাকে রক্তচাপ (Blood Pressure) বলে। পারদ দেয়া একটি বিশেষ যন্ত্র দিয়ে রক্ত চাপ মাপা হয়ে থাকে। তাই রক্ত চাপ মাপার পর millimeter of mercury সংক্ষেপে mm of Hg লেখা হয় । পারদ বা mercury এর রাসায়নিক সংকেত হল Hg.

সিস্টোলিক রক্তচাপ (Systolic Blood Pressure) বাম নিলয়ের সংকোচনের (Contraction) ফলে সৃষ্টি হয়। ডায়াস্টোলিক রক্তচাপ (Diastolic Blood Pressure) বাম নিলয়ের শিথিলতার (Relaxation) ফলে হয়ে থাকে। সিস্টোলিক রক্তচাপ ১০০-১৪০ মিঃ মিঃ মার্কারী এবং ডায়াস্টোলিক রক্তচাপ ৬০-৯০ মিঃমিঃ মার্কারীর মধ্যে থাকলে একে স্বাভাবিক রক্তচাপ (Normal Blood Pressure) বলে।

উচ্চ রক্তচাপের অর্থ হচ্ছে গড় স্বাভাবিক রক্তচাপের তুলনায় সব সময় সিস্টোলিক এবং ডায়াস্টোলিক রক্তচাপ বেশী থাকা এবং নিম্ন রক্তচাপের অর্থ হচ্ছে স্বাভাবিকের তুলনায় সিস্টোলিক এবং ডায়াস্টোলিক রক্তচাপ কম থাকা। রক্তচাপ মাপার যন্ত্রকে স্ফিমোম্যানোমিটার (Sphygmomanometer) বলে ।

খুব উচ্চ রক্তচাপ এবং খুব নিম্ন রক্তচাপ উভয়ই অসুখের লক্ষণ। বিভিন্ন কারণে রক্তচাপ প্রভাবিত হয়। যদি রক্তনালী ফুলে যায় বা প্রসারিত হয় যেমন- এলার্জিক প্রতিক্রিয়ায় দেখা যায় অথবা রক্তের তরল পদার্থ কমে যায় বা রক্তক্ষরণের ফলে রক্তের পরিমাণ কমে যায়, তখন সাধারণতঃ রক্তচাপ কমে যায়। এ অবস্থাকে নিম্ন রক্তচাপ বলে। রক্ত নালী কোন কারণে সরু অথবা সংকোচিত হয়ে গেলে রক্তচাপ বেড়ে যায়। এ অবস্থাকে উচ্চ রক্তচাপ (Hypertension) বলা হয়।

পানি শুণ্যতা

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 14 Apr 2023 08:50:00 +0000

Dehydration

শরীর থেকে কোনো কারণে পানি কমে যাওয়াকে ডিহাইড্রেশন বলে। শরীরের ওজনের প্রায় ৭০% পানি। মোট ৪২ লিটার পানির মধ্যে ১৪ লিটার কোষের বাইরে এবং ২৮ লিটার কোষের ভিতর থাকে।

ডিহাইড্রেশন যেভাবে দেখতে হয় : [6] চোখ চোখ বসে যাবে (Eye sunken)।

[] জিহবা ঃ জিহবা শুকনো হবে (Tongue Coated ) ✉ চামড়াঃ চামড়া টেনে ছেড়ে দিলে আগের অবস্থায় যেতে অনেক সময় লাগবে।

ডিহাইড্রেশন ৩ প্রকার।

১) নো সাইন ডিহাইড্রেশন (No sign of dehydration)

২) সাম ডিহাইড্রেশন (Some dehydration)

৩) সিভিয়ার ডিহাইড্রেশন (Severe dehydration)

(ক) সাম ডিহাইড্রেশন (Some dehydration) :

১) চোখে পানি আসবে না (কান্নার সময়)।

২) প্রস্রাবের পরিমাণ কমে যাবে।

৩) বাচ্চাদের মাথার তালু বসে যাবে।

৪) পিপাসা লাগবে ।

৫) মুখ ও জিহ্বা শুকনা থাকবে।

৬) চোখ বসে যাবে।

৭) অস্থিরতা থাকবে ।

খ) সিভিয়ার ডিহাইড্রেশন (Severe Dehydration) :

১) চামড়ার ইলাসটিসিটি কমে যাবে।

২) প্রস্রাব বন্ধ হয়ে যেতে পারে।

৩) বাচ্চা পানি বা বুকের দুধ ও খেতে পারবে না।

৪) চোখ বসে যাবে, বাচ্চাদের খিচুনী হতে পারে।

ডিহাইড্রেশনের :

(১) চালের স্যালাইন : চাল, ভুট্টা, বার্লি, লবণ দিয়ে তৈরী খাবার বার বার খাওয়াতে হবে।

(২) ও আর এস (ORS) বার বার খাবে। প্রথম ৪ ঘন্টা নিম্নের নিয়মে ORS (Oral Rehydration Saline)

স্নায়ু তন্ত্র ( Nervous System )

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 13 Apr 2023 08:53:00 +0000

Neuron

স্নায়ুতন্ত্র হচ্ছে অন্যান্য সকল তন্ত্রের সমন্বয়কারী। এই তন্ত্র অন্য সকল অন্ত্রের সাথে সঙ্গতি রক্ষা করে যাতে করে কোন নির্দিষ্ট কাজ সঠিকভাবে করা যায়। ইহা শুধুমাত্র ভিতরের তন্ত্রগুলোর সমন্বয় সাধন করে না, পারিপার্শ্বিক অবস্থার পরিবর্তন হলেও ইহা দেহকে সংবাদ দেয়। স্নায়ু তন্ত্রের গঠন এবং শ্ৰেণী বিভাগ ।

স্নায়ুতন্ত্র “স্নায়ুকোষ” নামক এক ধরনের বিশেষ কোষ দ্বারা গঠিত হয়েছে।

স্নায়ুকোষ (Neuron) সাধারণ কোষ থেকে ভিন্ন এবং স্নায়ু তন্ত্রের গঠন ও কার্যাবলীর একক (Unit) ।

স্নায়ুকোষ (Neuron)-এর ৩টি অংশ ।

1. Cell body.

2. Dendrite.

3. Axon.

স্নায়ু তন্ত্রকে দুটো অংশে ভাগ করা যেতে পারে -

১. কেন্দ্রীয় স্নায়ু তন্ত্র বা (Central Nervous System)

২. প্রান্তীয় স্নায়ু তন্ত্র বা (Peripheral Nervous System)

১। কেন্দ্রীয় স্নায়ু তন্ত্র (Central Nervous System) ঃ এর মধ্যে রয়েছে মস্তিষ্ক (Brain) এবং স্পাইনাল কর্ড (Spinal cord)।

২। প্রান্তীয় স্নায়ু তন্ত্র (Peripheral Nervous System) : ইহা গঠিত হয়েছে মস্তিষ্ক ও স্পাইনাল কর্ড থেকে আরম্ভ হওয়া স্নায়ু দিয়ে। এগুলো মস্তিষ্কে সংবাদ বহন করে নিয়ে যায় এবং মস্তিষ্ক হতে সংবাদ নিয়ে আসে।

কোষ কি ?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 12 Apr 2023 18:51:00 +0000

দেহগঠন ও কার্যাবলীর ক্ষুদ্রতম একক হচ্ছে কোষ। মানব দেহ লক্ষ কোটি কোষের সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। দেহের কোষ বিভিন্ন প্রকার কার্যাবলী সম্পন্ন থাকে। যেমন- শক্তি উৎপাদন, পেশীর সংকোচন, স্নায়ু অনুভূতি প্রেরণ, এনজাইম, হরমোন ইত্যাদি ।

কোষ দেহের বিভিন্ন অংশে বিভিন্ন আকৃতির হয়ে থাকে। কোন কোনটা হয় বৃত্তাকার বা গোল (Round), কোন কোনটা ডিম্বাকৃতি (Oval), আবার কোন কোনটা লম্বা ধরণের (Tall), এর আকৃতির, তাছাড়াও কোষ আরও অনেক আকৃতির হয়ে থাকে।

কোষের গঠন ঃ

কোষ একটি অতিক্ষুদ্র বস্তু রয়েছে

১. কোষ আবরণ (Cell Membrane),

২. নিউক্লিয়াস (Nucleus) এবং

৩. সাইটোপ্লাজম (Cytoplasm)

Nucleus

কোষ আবরণ ঃ প্রতিটি কোষ একটি আবরণ বা ঝিল্লি দ্বারা গঠিত । আবরণটি আমিষ সহযোগে গঠিত । এই আবরণ কোষ এবং এর পরিবেশের মধ্যে প্রতিবন্ধক (Barrier) হিসাবে কাজ করে। এই আবরণের মধ্য দিয়ে খাদ্য (যেমন- অ্যামাইনো এসিড) এবং গ্যাস (যেমন- অক্সিজেন) কোষের ভিতর প্রবেশ করে। আবার অপ্রয়োজনীয় পদার্থ কোষ থেকে নিঃসৃত বা বাহির হয় যেমন- কার্বন ডাই অক্সাইড । কোষ আবরণ কোষের আকৃতি ধরে রাখতে সাহায্য করে এবং আন্ত-কোষীয় যোগাযোগ রক্ষা করে।

নিউক্লিয়াস : প্রতিটি কোষের কেন্দ্রস্থলে অবস্থিত একটি আবরণী দিয়ে ঘেরা অংশকেই নিউক্লিয়াস বলা হয়। নিউক্লিয়াসের ভিতরে অবস্থিত বিশেষ অংশ ক্রোমোজমের মাধ্যমেই এক বংশ থেকে পরবর্তী বংশে বিভিন্ন প্রকৃতি । কোষ বিভাজনে এটা অত্যাবশ্যকীয়। কোষের একটি মাত্র নিউক্লিয়াস থাকে । সাইটোপ্লাজম ঃ কোষ আবরণ ও নিউক্লিয়াসের মধ্যবর্তী স্থানে অবস্থানকারী জেলীর মত অংশের নাম সাইটোপ্লাজম।

রক্তসংবহন তন্ত্র

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 12 Apr 2023 18:10:00 +0000

blood circulation in heart

রক্ত সংবহন তন্ত্রের মাধ্যমে রক্ত হৃদপিন্ড থেকে কলায় ( Tissue ) দিয়ে হৃদপিন্ডে ফেরত আসে ।

রক্ত সংবহন তন্ত্রের মধ্যে রয়েছে -

১. হৃদপিন্ড ।

২. ধমনী ।

৩. শিরা ।

৪. কৈশিক নালী ।

১) হৃদপিন্ড (Heart) : হৃৎপিত পেশী দিয়ে তৈরী একটি পাম্প যন্ত্র। হৃৎপিন্ডের পেশী রক্তকে পাশ করে শরীরের মধ্যে চালনা করে। ইংপিও বুকের মধ্যে দুই ফুসফুসের মাঝখানে অবস্থিত এবং স্টারনামের পিছনে কিন্তু কিছুটা বাম দিকে অবস্থিত। হৃৎপিন্ডের নীচের অংশ বুকের বাম পার্শ্বে তৃতীয়, চতুর্থ এবং পঞ্চত কি (Ritis) পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত। হৃৎপিণ্ডের শীর্ষকোন (Apex) পঞ্চম ও ষষ্ঠ পায়ারের মধ্যবর্তী স্থানে। জনজের সামান্য নীচে অবস্থিত ।

২) ধমনী (Artery) : ধমনী হৃৎপিন্ড থেকে রক্ত বয়ে দূরে নিয়ে যায়। ধমনীর ভিতরের চাপ বেশী। ধর্মনীর দেয়ালগুলো পুরু যাতে উচ্চ চাপ প্রতিরোধ করতে পারে। একটি ধমনী কেটে গেলে প্রতিটি হৃৎস্পন্দনের সাথে সাথে সবেগে । ধমনীর রক্তে অক্সিজেন অপেক্ষাকৃত বেশী থাকে। ধমনী বিশুদ্ধ রক্ত বহন করে।

৩) শিরা (Vein) শিরা শরীরের সকল অংশ থেকে রক্ত হৃৎপিন্ডে বয়ে নিয়ে আসে। শিরাগুলে পাতলা দেয়াল বিশিষ্ট রক্ত নালী। শিরার ভিতরে চাপ খুব কম। তাই শিরা কেটে গেলে আস্তে আস্তে রক্ত বের হয়। শিরার রক্তে কার্বন ডাই অক্সাইড অপেক্ষাকৃত বেশী থাকে।

৪) কৈশিকনালী (Capillary) ঃ কৈশিকনালী হচ্ছে খুব সরু রক্ত নালী যেগুলো ধমনী ও শিরাকে যাক করে। এগুলো খুব পাতলা দেয়াল বিশিষ্ট এবং ভিতরের চাপ খুব কম। কৈশিকনালীর দেয়ালগুলো রক্ত এবং শরীরের অন্যান্য অংশের মধ্যে প্রতিবন্ধক (Barrier) হিসাবে থাকে। লোহিত কণিকা (Red Blood Cell, রঙের আমিষ (Plasma Protein), রক্তরস (Serum) ইত্যাদি কৈশিকনালীতে অবস্থান করে।

Medic Tips 24

What is anemia

Human blood contains an average of 14.8 g% hemoglobin. If the blood hemoglobin is less than 11 gm%, it is called anemia. However, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is not the same for everyone.

Pimple and Pimple Description

Heart Attack and Heart Attack symptoms

Heart Attack:Symptoms of a heart attack may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, sweating, lightheadedness or fainting, and pain or discomfort in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.

Child malnutrition

Child Malnutrition:

What is Food Poisoning

Food poisoning is an harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins. Symptoms of food poisoning typically include stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. The severity and duration of the illness can vary depending on the type of contaminant and the individual's health status.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition

Classification of food

Classification of food

Food and Nutrition

Food

Food and Nutrition

Skeletal System

Skeletal System

Bone types and bone marrow

Bone is a type of connective tissue. It contains a type of mineral called calcium. That's why bones are so hard.

Bone types and bone marrow

Skin Functions

Skin Functions

Liver function tests

Skin system and skin structure

Human System

What is Tissue - Types of Tissues.

Tissue

Disease And Others

রক্তচাপ (Blood Pressure)

পানি শুণ্যতা

Dehydration

স্নায়ু তন্ত্র ( Nervous System )

Neuron

কোষ কি ?

Nucleus

রক্তসংবহন তন্ত্র

blood circulation in heart

রক্ত সংবহন তন্ত্রের মধ্যে রয়েছে -

Heart Attack:
Symptoms of a heart attack may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, sweating, lightheadedness or fainting, and pain or discomfort in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.