The Green Drops

MOST DANGEROUS LIZARS

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Sat, 09 Dec 2023 13:28:00 +0000

MOST DANGEROUS LIZARS

Lizards are a diverse group of reptiles that belong to the order Squamata, which also includes snakes. They have scaly skin, four legs (except for some legless species), movable eyelids, and external ear openings. They are mostly carnivorous and have various adaptations to avoid predators, such as venom, camouflage, and tail regeneration. There are more than 7,000 species of lizards in the world, living in different habitats and climates. Some of the most well-known lizards are the Komodo dragon, the chameleon, the gecko, and the iguana.

Lizards are not dangerous to humans, however, some lizards are poisonous and can harm a person if they are touched or bitten by these reptiles. Certain lizards, such as the Komodo dragon, can grow to large sizes and have been known to attack and kill people. Most lizards, in reality, are harmless to humans, as are most turtles; however, there are certain members of both groups that can kill, maim, make ill, or inflict at least mild levels of pain on their hapless human victims. Some lizards are, in fact, venomous, and some are quite aggressive.

Most lizards are actually quite docile and many people keep lizards as pets. However, lizards can carry salmonella or parasites, so it is important to wash your hands after any contact with them. Lizards can also bite in self-defense, but the bites are usually not very serious. The shock of the bite may be scarier than the bite itself.

Some of the world’s most dangerous lizards are:

Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis): The largest and heaviest lizard in the world, it can grow up to 3 meters (10 feet) long and weigh up to 70 kg. It has powerful jaws, sharp teeth, and a venomous bite that can cause severe bleeding and infection. It can also run fast and swim well, making it a formidable predator that can kill large animals such as deer, pigs, and even humans.

Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum): The largest lizard in the United States, it can reach 50 cm (20 inches) in length and weigh up to 2.3 kg. It has a stout body with black and pink blotches or bands, and beadlike scales. It is one of the few venomous lizards in the world, with grooved teeth that deliver a nerve poison that can cause intense pain, swelling, and nausea. It feeds on small mammals, birds, and eggs, and can store fat in its tail and abdomen for long periods of hibernation.

Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum): A close relative of the Gila monster, it is also venomous and has a similar appearance, but with black and yellow markings. It is slightly larger than the Gila monster, reaching up to 80 cm (31 inches) in length and weighing up to 4 kg. It lives in dry forests and deserts in Mexico and Guatemala, and feeds on small animals and eggs. It can also go without food for months by using the fat reserves in its tail and body.

Crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii): Also known as the tree crocodile, it is one of the longest lizards in the world, with a total length of up to 4 meters (13 feet), including a tail that is twice as long as its body. It has a slender body, a long snout, and sharp claws. It lives in the rainforests of New Guinea, where it climbs trees and hunts birds, mammals, and reptiles. It has a powerful bite that can inflict deep wounds, and its saliva may contain bacteria that can cause infection.

Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus): A large and aggressive lizard that can grow up to 2.1 meters (7 feet) long and weigh up to 15 kg. It has a dark brown or black body with yellow spots or bands, and a forked tongue. It lives in various habitats in Africa, from deserts to swamps, and feeds on fish, frogs, snakes, birds, eggs, and small mammals. It can also attack larger animals, such as crocodiles, antelopes, and humans, using its strong jaws, sharp teeth, and muscular tail. It is an invasive species in Florida, where it poses a threat to native wildlife and pets.

WHALE SHARK: THE LARGEST FISH IN THE WORLD

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Fri, 08 Dec 2023 13:02:00 +0000

WHALE SHARK: THE LARGEST FISH IN THE WORLD

The largest fish in the world is the whale shark (Rhincodon typus). It is a slow-moving, filter-feeding carpet shark that can grow up to 60 feet in length and weigh up to 21.5 tons. The whale shark is followed by the basking shark, which can grow up to 46 feet in length and weigh up to 5.2 tons. The great white shark and tiger shark are also among the largest fish in the world, with the former growing up to 23 feet in length and weighing up to 3.3 tons 14. The giant oceanic manta ray is another large fish that can grow up to 23 feet in length and weigh up to 3 tons.

It is interesting to note that the largest fish that ever lived is the megalodon, an extinct species of megatooth shark that lived approximately 23 to 2.6 million years ago. It is considered to be the largest shark and the largest fish that ever lived, with an estimated length of up to 65 feet.

In conclusion, the whale shark is the largest fish in the world, followed by the basking shark, great white shark, tiger shark, and giant oceanic manta ray. The megalodon, an extinct species of shark, is the largest fish that ever lived.

WORLD FAMOUS ENVIRONMENTAL BOOKS

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Thu, 07 Dec 2023 13:24:00 +0000

WORLD FAMOUS ENVIRONMENTAL BOOKS

Environmental books deal with various aspects of the natural world and how humans interact with it. They can be fiction or non-fiction, and cover topics such as conservation, climate change, ecology, sustainability, pollution, biodiversity, and more. Environmental books can inform, inspire, educate, and challenge readers to think critically about the environment and their role in it.

There are many environmental books that you can read to learn more about the natural world and the challenges it faces. Here are some of the best environmental books of all time, according to various sources:

• SILENT SPRING by Rachel Carson

A classic book that exposed the harmful effects of pesticides on wildlife and human health, and sparked the modern environmental movement.

• THE LORAX by Dr. Seuss

A children’s book that tells the story of a greedy businessman who destroys a forest and its inhabitants for profit, and the warning of the Lorax, a creature who speaks for the trees.

• THE OMNIVORE’S DILEMMA by Michael Pollan

A book that explores the ethical, environmental, and health implications of our food choices, and the industrial, organic, and local food systems that produce them.

• THE SIXTH EXTINCTION by Elizabeth Kolbert

A book that examines the current mass extinction of species caused by human activities, and the consequences for the future of life on Earth.

• HOW TO GIVE UP PLASTIC by Will McCallum

A practical guide that offers tips and advice on how to reduce plastic consumption and waste, and how to take action to protect the oceans and the environment from plastic pollution.

• A SAND COUNTY ALMANAC AND SKETCHES HERE AND THERE by Aldo Leopold

A collection of essays that express the author’s philosophy of land ethics and conservation, and his observations of the natural beauty and diversity of Wisconsin.

• WALDEN by Henry David Thoreau

A memoir that chronicles the author’s two-year experiment of living simply and self-reliantly in a cabin near Walden Pond, and his reflections on nature, society, and spirituality.

• COLLAPSE: HOW SOCIETIES CHOOSE TO FAIL OR SUCCEED by Jared Diamond

A book that analyses the factors that lead to the collapse or survival of past and present civilizations, and the lessons we can learn from them.

• A WALK IN THE WOODS: REDISCOVERING AMERICA ON THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL by Bill Bryson

A humorous and informative account of the author’s attempt to hike the 2,200-mile Appalachian Trail, and his encounters with the history, culture, and wildlife of the region.

• RISING: DISPATCHES FROM THE NEW AMERICAN SHORE by Elizabeth Rush

A book that takes readers to the physical and cultural edges of the country, where sea-level rise and extreme storms threaten the lives and livelihoods of millions of Americans.

These are just some of the many environmental books that you can find and read. You can also find ratings, reviews, and recommendations from Goodreads users and authors. I hope you enjoy reading these books and learning more about the environment.

KARIMPUZHA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Wed, 09 Aug 2023 14:20:00 +0000

KARIMPUZHA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

INTRODUCTION

In the Indian state of Kerala, there is a wildlife sanctuary called Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary that is close to Nilambur. It was established as a wildlife sanctuary by Government order No. G.O(P)9/2019/F&WLD Dated 12.12.2019. Its 227.97 sq km of land includes the New Amarambalam Reserved Forest and the Vadakkekotta Vested Forest, with the exception of the Manjeri settlement of the Cholanaikar tribe. A continuous protective area stretch is made possible by the Karimpuzha Wild Life Sanctuary, which connects the Tamil Nadu and Kerala national parks. Additionally, it shares borders with Silent Valley National Park's buffer zone in the northeast and Mukkuruthi National Park in the south.

HISTORY

In 1882, the Madras Forest Act became law. During the years 1883-1887, the forests in Mannarkkad, New Amarambalam, Silent Valley, Walayar, and Chennath Nair Reserve were designated as Reserved Forests. The Wildlife Institute of India proposed in 1988 that the 225.00 km2 Mannarkkadu Valley be designated as a protected area. In the short term, sanctuary classification rather than national park status is more appropriate because this valley is home to tribes who depend on the forest for their survival. These suggestions were made to the Kerala government.

The neighboring Mannarkkadu Valley National Park and the Nilgiri Thar Wildlife Sanctuary, as well as the completion of the legal procedures to establish the proposed Mannarkkadu Valley National Park and upgrade the status of the Nilgiri Thar Wildlife Sanctuary, were strongly encouraged by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee to expand the boundaries of Silent Valley National Park in 1991.

The committee considered adding Silent Valley National Park to the World Heritage List in 1990 but postponed their decision until the Indian Government revised the boundary of the nominated area to include the neighboring Karimpuzha Valley National Park and the Nilgiri Tahr Wildlife Sanctuary and the completion of legal actions to establish the Mannarkkadu Valley National Park and upgrade the legal status of the Nilgiri Tahr Wildlife Sanctuary.

Karimpuza was designated a Protected area that overlaps with the South Western Ghats montane rain forest Ecoregion by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme in 1997. IUCN classification PRO (proposed) Karimpuzha was identified as having potential value as a World Heritage Forest in 1998 during the first World Heritage Forest meeting in Berastagi, Indonesia. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) nominated Karimpuzha as a planned Wildlife Sanctuary in 2006.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary is close to Nilambur. The Vadakkekkotta Vested Forest and the new Amarambalam Reserve Forest are both part of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary. It shares borders with Silent Valley National Park's buffer zone in the northeast and Makkaruthi National Park's southern boundary. There is a significant altitudinal gradient in the wildlife sanctuary’s landscape since it rises from 40 to 2,654 meters above sea level.

FAUNA AND FLORA

Nearly all of the mammals native to the Western Ghats can be found in the Karimpuzha wildlife reserve, including the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-tailed macaque. 23 amphibian species, 33 reptile species, 226 bird species, 213 butterfly species, and several endangered fish species all call the nature refuge home.

FOREST TYPES

Karimpuzha Sanctuary is also the only forest stretch in Kerala where seven forest types are all present: Semi-evergreen forest, Evergreen rainforest, moist deciduous forest, sub-tropical savannah, sub-tropical hill forest, montane wet temperate forest, and montane wet grasslands.

BEST TIME TO VISIT

Between October and May, when the weather is beautiful and the animals are active, is the ideal time to visit Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary. It's advised to stay away during this period because the monsoon season lasts from June to September.

ACCESSIBILITY

Nearest air port is Karipur which is 43 kilometers away from Nilambur.

There is a railway station in Nilambur.

There are buses to Nilambur from Kozhikode (60 KMs) and Thrissur (106 Kms) , major towns in Kerala.

CONTACT DETAILS

Divisional Forest Officer

Nilambur (N) Forest Division

Nilambur Post

Malappuram District: 679329

Kerala-India

Phone: 04931 220232

E.mail: dfo-nilamburnorth@forest.kerala.gov.in

ERAVIKULAM NATIONAL PARK

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Wed, 09 Aug 2023 14:15:00 +0000

ERAVIKULAM NATIONAL PARK

INTRODUCTION

In the Indian state of Kerala's Idukki and Ernakulam districts, is the 97 km2 Eravikulam National Park. It was founded in 1978. Eravikulam National Park is well known for the endangered species, Nilgiri Tahr. The flower, Neelakkurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana ) that bloom once every twelve years is another unique feature of Eravikulam National Park. Other species of animals that live in the park include elephants, gaurs, sambhars, and lion-tailed macaques.

HISTORY

Before 1971, the Kanan Devan Hills Produce Company oversaw the region as a game preserve. In order to safeguard the habitat of the critically endangered Nilgiri tahr, the Kerala government regained authority in 1971 (Kannan Devan Hill Produce (Resumption of lands) Act, 1971) and established the Eravikulam-Rajamala Wildlife Sanctuary in 1975 by Government order No. 8907/FM/375/AD dated 31.03.1975 and elevated as National Park by G.O(MS)No.142/78 dated 19.05.1978.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Located on SH17 (Udumalpet Road), 100 10' to 100 20' North and 770 0' to 770 10' East, in the Devikulam Taluk of the Idukki District. A high plateau of rolling hills with a base elevation of roughly 2,000 meters makes up the majority of the park. The landscape comprises of sholas and high altitude grasses. Anamudi, the highest peak in South India at 2,695 meters is in this park. The park is traversed by numerous perennial streams. They combine to create tributaries of the Cauvery River in the east and the Periyar River in the west, respectively. To the north-west, the National Park is surrounded by the extensive Pooyamkutty and Idamalayar forests. Lakkom Water Falls are located in this area.

FAUNA AND FLORA

There are 29 different species of mammals present here. Five of which are unique to the Western Ghats. Common wildlife includes the Nilgiri Tahr, Gaur, Sloth Bear, Nilgiri Langur, Tiger, Leopard, Giant Squirrel, and wild dog. Here, the Nilgiri Tahr, an endangered species, has half of its global population. Civet cats and jungle cats reside in the Sholas, whereas panthers are typically seen in open grasslands. This park is home to the Atlas moth, which is the biggest of its species in the entire globe. Here, more than 100 different butterfly species have been identified. Additionally, 20 species of amphibians are seen.

Rolling grasslands make up the majority of the park, but the top half of the valley also has a few shola forest patches. Important flora includes Actinodaphne bourdilloni, Microtropis ramiflora, Pittosporum tetraspermium, Sysygium aronottianum, Chrysopogon Zelanieus, Eupatorium adenophorum, Strobilanthus Kunthianus (Neela Kurinji), Eulalia phaeothrix, Tripogen bromodes, Arundinella fuscata, Cyanotis Species etc. The long-thought-extinct variation Brachycorythis wightii of orchids, as well as other balsams and orchids, are particularly abundant in the shola grasslands.

FOREST TYPES

Within the Eravikulam National Park, there are roughly two primary physiognomic units of forests: the Grasslands and the Shola Forests, which are both Southern Montane Wet Temperate Forests. These forests can be found on the plateau, and they enclose the valleys and hollows. A minor area of the park is also covered by other forests, such as the Moist Deciduous Forests in the east and the Southern West Coast Evergreen Forests on its western side. A minor portion of the national park exhibits indications of Tropical Evergreen Forests on the western end where the forest meets with the Anamudi Reserve forest. The trees in this area are tall and lush, and they include common evergreen species including Mesua ferrea, Cullenia excelsa, and Palaquium ellipticum. On the other side, a small area of deciduous woodlands can be found adjacent to the Talliar estate on the eastern side. While Lantana makes up the majority of the undergrowth, these forests contain trees like Rosewood and Pterocarpus. The microclimate of the region allows for deciduous and evergreen forests to coexist with grasslands. It is important to protect this particular type of forestation as much as possible.

BEST TIME TO VISIT

September through January are the best months to travel.

February through March is Eravikulam National Park's closure period.

ACCESSIBILITY

Eravikulam is about 15 km north of Munnar, and it is accessible by road from Kottayam (148 km) and Kochi (135 km).

Rail: In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore is the closest station, and Aluva, 120 kilometers from Munnar, is in Kerala.

Air: The Cochin (Kerala) and Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) airports, which are separated by around 148 km and 175 km, respectively, are both accessible from The Park.

CONTACT DETAILS

The Wildlife Warden

Munnar PO, Idukki Dist.Kerala, India.

PIN:685 612

Phone: 04865-231587

E-mail: ww-munnar@forest.kerala.gov.in

The Assistant Wildlife Warden

Eravikulam National Park

Rajamala, Idukki District

Kerala-India

E-mail: ro-eravikulam@forest.kerala.gov.in

PEPPARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Wed, 09 Aug 2023 14:07:00 +0000

PEPPARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

INTRODUCTION

In 1983, the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary was established pursuant to GO (P) No. 379/83/AD dated December 21, 1983, following the construction of the Dam by the Kerala Water Authority at Peppara for the purpose of providing drinking water to the city and surrounding districts of Thiruvananthapuram. Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Agastyvanam Biological Park, Paruthippally Range, Bonacord Tea Estate, and the Kalakkadu Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu are all located on either side of this sanctuary. The sanctuary covers 53 square kilometers of forest and includes the Peppara reservoir.

HISTORY

The region was formerly a part of Thiruvananthapuram Forest Division's Paruthipally Forest Range. The sanctuary is tucked away in the southern Western Ghats' western slope and is a component of the Agastyamala Biosphere Reserve. This sanctuary is bordered by Kalakkadu Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve of Tamil Nadu in the east, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary in the south-east, Agastyvanam Biological Park in the southwest, Paruthippally Range in the west, and Bonacord Tea State in the northwest.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

The sanctuary is adjacent to the Kalakkadu-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu and the Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala, which are both located between 080 34 and 080 41 N Latitude and 770 6 and 770 14 E Longitude, respectively. Altitudes between 100M and 1717M. The highest peak sanctuary is Chemmoonchi Mottai (1717M).

2800 mm of rain falls on average each year. Both the South-West and North-East monsoons fall on the refuge. Moderately humid and hot weather. Major peaks are Kallupara Knnu, Arumukham Kunnu, Athirumala Peak, Nacchyar Motta, and Chemmoonji Motta.

FAUNA AND FLORA

Mammals

1 Lion tailed Macaque

2.Sloth bear

3. Malabar squirrel

4: flying squirrel

5 Indian porcupine

6, indian elephant

7. Gaur

8. Sambar deer

9. Barking deer

10. Mouse deer

11. Wild boar

12. Bonnet Macaque

Birds

1. Common myna

2 Great Indian horn-bill

3. Racket tailed drongo

4. Grey jungle fowl

5 White breasted king fisher

6. Shama

7. Common grey hornbill

8. Spotted dove

9 Ноброе

10 Jungle babbler

11. Bulbul

Butterflies

1 Common tiger(Danaus genuita)

2.Crow (Euloea core)

3.Yellows(Eurema blanda)

4.Whites (Piers rapae)

5 Common rose (Trosristolochiae)

6 Paris Peacock (Papilio paris)

7 Uddha (Papilio budha)

Predominant tree Speceies are:

1 Terminalilia paniculata

2 Pterocarpus marsupium

3 Vateeria indica

4 Hopea parviflora

5 Careya arborea

6. Symplaplocos cochinchinensis

7 Cinnamomum riparium

8.Trichopus zylaninicus (Arogyapacha)

Major Species

1 Largerstroemia microcarpa

2. Terminalia chebula

3.Terminalia bellirica

4 Syzygium mundagam

5.Dipterocarpus bourdilloni

6 Cullinia exarillata

7 Gluta travancorica

8 Bentickia condapana

FOREST TYPE

a) West coast Tropical Evergreen

b) Southern Hilltop Tropical Evergreen

c) West Coast Semi evergreen

d) Semi moist Mixed Deciduous

e) Southern sub Tropical Savannas

BEST TIME TO VISIT

The sanctuary is best visited between October and January.

ACCESSIBILITY

Buses are available to Peppara Dam from Thiruvananthapuram. 10 miles from Vithura bus stop. 50 kilometres from the train station is Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram Airport is 55 kilometers away.

CONTACT DETAILS

The Wildlife Warden,

Thiruvananthapuram Wildlife Division

Forestry Complex, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar

Vattiyoorkavu PO, Thiruvananthapuram

Kerala-India-695013

Phone: 0471-2360762

wlw-tvm@forest.kerala.gov.in

IDUKKI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Wed, 09 Aug 2023 14:00:00 +0000

IDUKKI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

INTRODUCTION

Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the Idukki district of Kerala. The Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary, which is located near the catchment region of Idukki Dam, is home to a diverse range of plants and animals. The fauna in the area has suffered severe harm as a result of the removal of hectares of rainforest for the Idukki hydropower project. The Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary spans the taluks of Thodupuzha and Udumbanchola. In accordance with a government order dated 9 February 1976 with the number GO.7898/FM3/76/AD, the area was designated as a wildlife sanctuary.

HISTORY

About 27 square kilometers of forest in the then-Kottayam division were clear-cut for the construction of the Idukki Hydroelectric Project in the 1960s. A portion of the forest region was isolated by the dam's surrounding reservoir after Idukki Dam's commission in 1976. On September 2, 1976, this region was designated as a wildlife sanctuary with the goal of conserving and protecting its biodiversity.

GEOPHYSICAL FEATURES

The location is at 76° 55' 9" East longitude and 9° 53' 30" North latitude, and is part of the Thodupuzha and Peerumaedu Taluk of the Idukki District. In general, the weather is chilly and humid, with comparatively heavy rains. except from February through April, when it's the hottest, Large Peaks Venjur medu-1272 m. Chillellu Medu (1243 m).

FAUNA AND FLORA

The following tree species can be found in the Idukki wildlife sanctuary: teak, Indian rosewood, vella maruthu (Terminalia paniculata), large-flowered bay tree, wild jack (Artocarpus hirsutus), malampunna (Calophyllum polyanthum), Vernonia arborea, and karuva (Cinnamomum verum).

Asian elephants, deer species including Sambar deer, Muntjac, and Chevrotain, monkeys like Bonnet macaque and Nilgiri langur, squirrels like Indian giant squirrels, wild dogs, wild boars, jungle cats, dholes, and jackals are among the common creatures found in the sanctuary. Numerous domestic animals, including bulls, cows, and buffaloes, also reside in the sanctuary. When the Idukki Dam was built in 1976, they were confined to the wildlife reserve. Since there are fewer predator species in this area, it is claimed that the increased cattle threatens the wildlife protected by the Idukki Wildlife (Conservation) Act, 1972, by reducing the amount of grass.

The Greater Indian Hornbill, Heart-spotted Woodpecker, Blue-bearded Bee-eater, Malabar Trogon, Black Bulbul, Junglefowl, Laughingthrushes, Kingfisher, and Peafowl are among the birds that call the wildlife sanctuary home. Many unusual birds and butterflies were discovered during the 2017 Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary bird-butterfly survey. The survey was carried out by the Kerala Forest Department in conjunction with a group of bird and wildlife enthusiasts called Warblers and Waders. In the survey, 107 species of butterflies and 163 species of birds were discovered.

A survey carried out in the butterfly in 2019 revealed an increase in the variety of butterfly species. The Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department and the Travancore Natural History Society conducted the survey on ants, birds, butterflies, and tortoises. Only 76 butterfly species were included in the management plan created ten years ago; the 2019 survey found 182 species. The survey discovered butterflies such as the Malabar tree nymph, the Painted Lady, the Golden tree flitter, the Southern Birdwing, the largest butterfly in India, the Papilio buddha, the state butterfly of Kerala, the Common fivering, the Common bush hopper, the Yamfly, and the Common Nawab.

FOREST TYPES

(a) Tropical Evergreen Forest 15%

(b) Semi Evergreen Forest -22%

(d) Hill shola - 1%

(e) Grass land -19%

BEST TIME TO VISIT

The perfect time to visit the Idukki wildlife sanctuary is during the months of December to April.

ACCESSIBILITY

By Road: The sanctuary has excellent overland connections to important cities in Kerala. Thiruvananthapuram is about 220 miles and Cochin is about 120 km away from the sanctuary. These two cities are accessible to travelers, who can then hire private vehicles to get to the Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary.

By Train: The closest train station to the wildlife reserve is Kottayam. To get to Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary, use local transportation after arriving at Kottayam Railway Station.

By Air: The closest airports to the Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary are Thiruvananthapuram Airport and Kochi International Airport. The closest city by air to the Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary is Coimbatore in the Tamil Nadu state.

CONTACT DETAILS

The Wildlife Warden

Idukki Wildlife Division

Painavu P.O. Idukki - 685603

Phone: 0486 2232271

E-mail: ww-idukki@forest.kerala.gov.in

The Asst. Wildlife Warden

Vellapara, Painavu P.O, Idukki

Phone : 04862 233041

E-mail: ro-idukki@forest.kerala.gov.in

PARAMBIKULAM TIGER RESERVE

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Wed, 09 Aug 2023 13:47:00 +0000

PARAMBIKULAM TIGER RESERVE

INTRODUCTION

Kerala's Palakkad and Thrissur districts are home to the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. This sanctuary was constituted by Government order No. G.O.(P)139/73/AD dated 12.02.1973 and later it was declared a tiger reserve by Government order No. G.O.(P) 53/2009/F&WLD dated 16.12.2009. It is encircled by the Anamalai Tiger Reserve in the east, Vazhachal Forest Division in the south, Chalakudy Forest Division in the west, and Nemmara Forest Division in the north. Its total area is 412.5 sq. km for the buffer and 231.16 sq. km for the center. Thus, Parambikulam Tiger Reserve has a total size of 643.66 Sq km. Parambikulam, Thunakadavu, and Peruvanpallam are its three reservoirs.

HISTORY

During the 19th century, the forested areas of Parambikulam were administered as the Sungam Forest Reserve and Parambikulam Forest Reserve. Porter's initial management plan for the Sungam Reserve Forest, published in 1886, marked the beginning of extensive logging for valuable timber. In Parambikulam, teak planting started in 1921, and the final plantation was established in 1983. In his first working plan for the Parambikulam Forest Reserve, Shri T.P. Viswanathan recommended artificial regeneration of and other valuable timber species, particularly to address historical overexploitation.

The Taungya cultivation system was used to grow and manage teak plantations. J. C. Kohloff created the idea for the tramway in 1894, and Alwar Chetty put it into action in 1900. The tramway began operating in 1907. This hastened the exploitation of timber up until the Special Financing Committee's 1926 recommendation and eventual repeal of the system in 1951.

Six ranges were established along with a special Teak Plantation Division in 1962 that included the Parambikulam Forest Reserve. State Wildlife Preservation Officer Peerumedu was given administrative charge over the Sungam Forest Reserve after it was designated as a Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary. Later in 1973, the DFO TP Division and DFO Nemmara were given dual responsibility over a total area of 271 km2 after the Teak Plantation Division was disbanded and combined with the notified sanctuary. The sanctuary was finally formally reorganized in 1985 and expanded to a length of 285 km2. 14.39 hectares of the sanctuary were taken off the de-notification list in 1996 for the Karappara-Konarkutty multipurpose project, which has not yet been carried out. The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve recently identified 235 km2 of the Sanctuary as core or important tiger habitat. Later in 2009, Prambikulam Tiger Reserve took on its current form, with 231.16 sq. km of butter and 412.50 sq. km of core areas.

The sanctuary's three reservoirs cover an area of around 20.65 square kilometers. With 87 km2 of teak plantations, it has long been known for its biodiversity, particularly the sightings of larger species. The Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary of Tamil Nadu borders the sanctuary on the north and east. The remainder of the region is surrounded by the Nemmara, Vazhachal, and Chalakudy Forest Divisions and is a part of a wider environment that spans around 4500 km2. 390.89 sq. km have been designated as core areas and 252.77 sq. km as buffer areas out of a total area of 643.66 sq. km.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Geographically speaking, the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary is located between latitudes 100 20' and 100 26' North and longitudes 760 35' and 760 50' East. The sanctuary is located in Kerala's Chittur taluk, which is part of the Palakkad revenue district. The Pollachi and Valparai taluks of the Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu, as well as the Thrissur and Mukundapuram taluks of the Thrissur district in Kerala, surround the sanctuary. Mountainous terrain can be found in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, with elevations ranging from 300 to 1438 meters above mean sea level.

Both the north-west and north-east monsoons provide rain to the sanctuary, but the former is the one that is primarily responsible for the total amount of precipitation that has been seen there. Additionally, April and May experience pre-monsoon precipitation. The sanctuary is more or less perpetually moist due to the intense rainfall that is available for nearly six months. In the past 11 years, August 2000 saw the sanctuary's greatest rainfall total (697mm). With a monthly average of merely 3.24mm. January has regularly been the best month during the past 11 years. The wettest month thus far was July, with an average monthly rainfall of 456mm. According to annual rainfall data, 1992 was the wettest year with 236 mm of total precipitation, while 1993 was relatively the wettest year with just 1,400 mm. According to annual average data, the year 2000 saw the highest annual average rainfall, at 192 mm, and the lowest, at 114.68 mm. This shows that as temperatures rise over time and increase,

The mean monthly temperature varies between 25.60 C (March) and 20.90 C (January), according to data on temperature for the previous ten years. The difference between the mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures in March was 160 degrees Celsius, according to the mean monthly temperature range, and this flux is at its lowest in August. The largest diurnal range is found in March, according to the mean diurnal range for each month. This is a result of the long, hot days and clear, starless nights.

The climate of the Tiger Reserve is humid tropical. The hottest month is March, and the coldest is January. Rainfall totals range from 1400 mm to 2300 mm annually. The wettest month is July, and the driest is January. The south-west and north-east monsoons both provide rain to the Tiger Reserve. The greatest months to travel are from September through March. The sanctuary is situated between the Nelliyampathy and Anamalai hills. With peaks as high as 1,438 meters (Karimala Gopuram) in the southern frontier of the sanctuary and 1.120 meters (Vengoli Malai) in the eastern boundary, the Anamalai hills make up a large portion of the sanctuary. The Thoothampara location, right next to the sanctuary's room boundaries, is where the Nelliyampathy hills, which are located in the core and are on average 600 meters above mean sea level, scale down and naturally open up to the Anamala hills. The north-eastern section of the sanctuary, specifically the Keerappady valley, where the 300-meter contour criss-crosses, has the lowest elevation recorded for the sanctuary. The sanctuary is home to 15 peaks with odd numbers that rise above 900 meters above mean sea level.

FAUNA AND FLORA

Due to the existence of a mosaic of habitats, the Sanctuary is blessed with a remarkably rich and diversified wildlife. The Sanctuary's diverse wildlife includes the following species:

Mammalian: 36 Species

Amphibia: 16 Species

Birds: 268 Species

Reptiles: 61 Species

Pisces: 47 Species

Insects: 1046 Species

There are 1438 species of flowering plants in the Parambikulam Tiger, which are divided into 704 genera and 136 families. Both terrestrial and epiphytic orchid species total 81 in this region. The Sanctuary's natural woodlands were a veritable gold mine of healing herbs. Just in Karianshola, there are about 50 different medicinal plants that are in danger of extinction. About 17 of them are already included in the IUCN's Red Data Book. The Sanctuary is home to over 285 endangered, uncommon, and unique plant species.

FOREST TYPES

West Coast tropical evergreen forests

West Coast tropical semi-evergreen forests

Southern moist and deciduous forest

Southern dry mixed deciduous forests

Moist bamboo brakes

Reed brakes

Southern montane wet temperate forests (Sholas)

In addition, this sanctuary harbours three minor vegetation types, of which two are man-made. They are low-altitude marshy grasslands known locally as vayals.

Teak plantations

Eucalyptus plantations

BEST TIME TO VISIT

Even though the tiger reserve is open all year long, the monsoon season (June to August) is not the best time to visit the Parambikulam. However, because to the excellent weather, tourists greatly choose the months of September through March.

ACCESSIBILITY

The Sanctuary is accessible only by road.

Distance from the nearest town (Pollachi): 39 km.

Distance from Coimbatore: 100 km

CONTACT DETAILS

1. Wildlife Warden

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve

Anappady, Thunakkadavu Post

Parambikulam

(via) Pollachi

Palakkad District-678661

Phone: 04253 245005

E.mail: ww-parambikulam@forest.kerala.gov.in

2. Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Anappady , Palakkad

Kerala-India

Email: parambikulamecotourism@gmail.com

3. Office of the Deputy Director (Project Tiger),

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve,

Parambikulam, Palakkad

Kerala-India – 678661

E-mail: ww-pklm.for@kerala.gov.in

Cryptozoology

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Sun, 06 Aug 2023 14:25:00 +0000

CRYPTOZOOLOGY

Cryptozoology is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of animals or creatures whose existence has not been proven, or whose existence is disputed. The term "cryptozoology" comes from the Greek words "kryptos," meaning "hidden," and "zoology," which is the study of animals.

Crypto zoologists investigate reports and sightings of creatures such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, Chupacabra, and other cryptids, with the aim of gathering evidence to prove their existence. They often use methods such as eyewitness accounts, footprint analysis, hair and tissue samples, and other forms of physical evidence to try to identify and document these elusive creatures.

While many crypto zoological claims are considered to be pseudoscientific and lack empirical evidence, the field remains of interest to some people who believe that there are still unknown species yet to be discovered.

Bigfoot is often reported to have a distinctive odor, similar to that of a skunk, and to emit loud, high-pitched vocalizations. Its footprints are often cited as evidence of its existence, with some measuring up to 24 inches in length and exhibiting a distinctive pattern of dermal ridges.

Despite numerous sightings and reports of encounters with Bigfoot, there is no conclusive scientific evidence to support its existence. Many scientists and skeptics consider Bigfoot to be a myth or a hoax, and attribute sightings to misidentification of known animals, hoaxes, or psychological factors. However, the legend of Bigfoot continues to be a topic of interest and fascination for many people.

The Loch Ness Monster, often referred to as "Nessie," is a legendary creature that is said to inhabit Loch Ness, a large freshwater loch in the Scottish Highlands. It is described as a large aquatic animal, resembling a plesiosaur, with a long neck and humps on its back.

Sightings of the Loch Ness Monster date back to the 6th century, with the first modern sighting reported in 1933. Since then, there have been numerous sightings and reports of encounters with Nessie, with many people claiming to have seen the creature or captured it on camera.

Despite the many reports and searches for the Loch Ness Monster, there is no conclusive scientific evidence to support its existence. Many scientists and skeptics consider Nessie to be a myth or a hoax, and attribute sightings to misidentification of known animals, optical illusions, or psychological factors.

However, the legend of the Loch Ness Monster continues to capture the public's imagination and remains a popular subject of study and speculation in the fields of cryptozoology and folklore.

The Chupacabra is a legendary creature that is said to inhabit parts of the Americas, primarily in Latin America and the southwestern United States. The name "Chupacabra" is Spanish for "goat-sucker," as the creature is said to attack and feed on the blood of livestock, especially goats.

The Chupacabra is described as a reptilian or canine-like creature, with spines or quills running down its back, large eyes, and sharp fangs. It is said to be about the size of a small bear or large dog, and to have a leathery or scaly hide. The creature is often described as being able to jump great distances and run at high speeds.

Reports of the Chupacabra date back to the 1990s, with sightings and encounters reported in various parts of the Americas. Some people have suggested that the Chupacabra may be a previously unknown species, while others believe it to be a myth or a case of mistaken identity.

Despite numerous investigations and searches for the Chupacabra, there is no conclusive scientific evidence to support its existence. Many scientists and skeptics consider it to be a legend or a hoax, and attribute sightings to misidentification of known animals or to other natural causes.

Most Dangerous Birds in the World

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Sat, 10 Jun 2023 09:03:00 +0000

Most Dangerous Birds in the World:

A Closer Look

As a bird enthusiast, I am always fascinated by the beauty and diversity of these creatures. However, as much as I appreciate their elegance and grace, I am also aware of the danger that some birds pose. In this article, I will take a closer look at the top 5 most dangerous birds in the world, along with some honourable mentions, conservation efforts, and tips for staying safe around these birds.

Birds are generally seen as harmless creatures that fly around and sing beautiful songs. However, some birds can be extremely dangerous, especially if provoked or threatened. These birds are equipped with sharp beaks, powerful talons, and in some cases, deadly toxins. It is important to be aware of these birds and take precautions when encountering them.

The Harpy Eagle - A fierce predator

The Harpy Eagle is one of the largest and most powerful birds of prey in the world. It is found in the rainforests of Central and South America and is known for its fierce hunting skills. The Harpy Eagle has a wingspan of up to 7 feet and can weigh up to 20 pounds. Its talons are the size of grizzly bear claws and can exert a pressure of up to 700 pounds per square inch, making them capable of crushing bones.

Despite its intimidating appearance, the Harpy Eagle is a vulnerable species and is listed as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Habitat loss and hunting are the main threats to the survival of these magnificent birds.

The Southern Cassowary - A flightless bird with deadly kicks

The Southern Cassowary is a large, flightless bird that is native to the tropical forests of

New Guinea and north-eastern Australia. It is known for its striking appearance, with a bright blue head, a red wattle, and a tall, bony casque on top of its head. However, it is also known for its deadly kicks, which have been known to cause serious injuries and even death.

The Southern Cassowary is a shy and elusive bird that is rarely seen in the wild. It is also listed as Endangered by the IUCN due to habitat loss and hunting.

The Great Northern Loon - A seemingly harmless bird with a dangerous bite

The Great Northern Loon, also known as the Common Loon, is a large water bird that is found in northern regions of Eurasia and North America. It is known for its distinctive call, which has been described as haunting and eerie. However, what many people do not know is that the Great Northern Loon has a sharp, pointed beak that can cause serious injury if provoked.

The Great Northern Loon is not considered a threatened species, but it is vulnerable to pollution and habitat loss.

The Crowned Eagle - A stealthy hunter

The Crowned Eagle, also known as the African Crowned Eagle, is a large bird of prey that is found in the forests of sub-Saharan Africa. It is known for its stealthy hunting tactics, which involve swooping down on its prey from above. The Crowned Eagle is capable of taking down prey that is much larger than itself, including monkeys and antelopes.

The Crowned Eagle is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN due to habitat loss and hunting.

The Lammergeier - A vulture with unique hunting tactics

The Lammergeier, also known as the Bearded Vulture, is a large vulture that is found in the mountains of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is known for its unique hunting tactics, which involve dropping bones from great heights to break them open and expose the marrow inside. The Lammergeier is also known for its distinctive appearance, with a thick, black beard of feathers on its chin.

The Lammergeier is not considered a threatened species, but it is vulnerable to habitat loss and poisoning.

Honourable mentions - Other dangerous birds to watch out for

While the above birds are the most dangerous in the world, there are several other birds that are worth mentioning. These include the African Ostrich, which is the largest bird in the world and can deliver a powerful kick, the Australian Magpie, which is known for swooping down on unsuspecting pedestrians during breeding season, and the Emu, which is the second-largest bird in the world and has been known to attack humans if provoked.

Conservation efforts for dangerous birds

Many of the birds mentioned in this article are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss, hunting, and other human activities. It is important to support conservation efforts that aim to protect these birds and their habitats. This can include donating to conservation organizations, supporting sustainable tourism, and advocating for policies that protect endangered species.

Tips for staying safe around dangerous birds

If you encounter a dangerous bird, it is important to take precautions to avoid injury. This can include keeping a safe distance, avoiding sudden movements or loud noises, and wearing protective clothing if necessary. It is also important to respect the bird's habitat and avoid disturbing nesting sites or other sensitive areas.

Birds are fascinating creatures that inspire awe and wonder in many people. However, it is important to be aware of the dangers that some birds can pose. By understanding these dangers and taking precautions to stay safe, we can enjoy the beauty and diversity of these magnificent creatures without putting ourselves or the birds at risk.

Reconnect with Nature

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Sat, 27 May 2023 13:18:00 +0000

Breaking the Barrier:

How to Reconnect with Nature and Improve Your Well-being

As a society, we have become increasingly disconnected from nature. Our busy lives and reliance on technology have taken us away from the natural world around us. However, reconnecting with nature is essential for our well-being. In this article, I will explore the importance of nature in our lives, the benefits of spending time in nature, the impact of technology on our connection with nature, and tips for incorporating nature into your daily routine. I will also share outdoor activities to try for better well-being, mindful practices to enhance your nature experience, the healing power of nature on mental health, and resources for finding nature near you.

The Importance of Nature in Our Lives

Nature is a fundamental part of our lives. It provides us with food, water, and shelter. It also has a significant impact on our physical and mental health. Studies have shown that spending time in nature can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. It can also improve our immune system, lower blood pressure, and increase our overall well-being.

Nature also has a positive impact on our cognitive abilities. It can improve our memory, attention span, and creativity. It can also help us to feel more relaxed and focused, which can lead to increased productivity.

Despite the many benefits of nature, we have become increasingly disconnected from it. We spend most of our time indoors, staring at screens, and neglecting the natural world around us. It is time to break down the barriers and reconnect with nature.

The Benefits of Spending Time in Nature

Spending time in nature has numerous benefits for our well-being. It can reduce stress and anxiety, improve our mood, and increase our overall happiness. It can also improve our physical health by lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammation, and boosting our immune system.

Nature provides a sense of peace and tranquility that is hard to find in our busy lives. It allows us to disconnect from the stress and chaos of our daily routines and reconnect with ourselves and the natural world around us.

The Impact of Technology on Our Connection with Nature

Technology has had a profound impact on our connection with nature. We spend most of our time staring at screens, whether it's our phones, computers, or televisions. We have become increasingly disconnected from the natural world around us.

However, technology can also be used to enhance our connection with nature. We can use apps to identify plants and animals, track our outdoor activities, and find new places to explore. We can also use technology to learn more about the natural world and connect with others who share our love for nature.

It is essential to find a balance between our use of technology and our connection with nature. We should strive to use technology to enhance our experience of the natural world, rather than replace it.

Breaking Down the Barriers to Reconnecting with Nature

Breaking down the barriers to reconnecting with nature can be challenging, but it is essential for our well-being. One of the biggest barriers is our busy lives. We often feel like we don't have time to spend in nature, but it is essential to make it a priority.

Another barrier is our reliance on technology. We have become so dependent on our devices that we forget to look up and appreciate the natural world around us. It is essential to make a conscious effort to disconnect from our screens and reconnect with nature.

Finally, many people feel intimidated by nature. They may not know where to go or what to do. It is essential to start small and find activities that are accessible and enjoyable.

Tips for Incorporating Nature into Your Daily Routine

Incorporating nature into your daily routine is essential for your well-being. Here are some tips to help you get started:

Take a walk outside during your lunch break.
Start your morning with a cup of coffee on your porch or balcony.
Take a hike on the weekends.
Plant a garden or herb box.
Take up bird watching or stargazing.
Try outdoor yoga or meditation.

Outdoor Activities to Try for Better Well-being

Spending time in nature can be a great way to improve your well-being. Here are some outdoor activities to try:

Hiking
Camping
Kayaking or canoeing.
Rock climbing or bouldering.
Running or biking.
Swimming or paddle boarding.

Mindful Practices to Enhance Your Nature Experience

Mindful practices can enhance your experience of nature and improve your overall well-being. Here are some practices to try:

Mindful breathing
Mindful walking
Mindful observation
Mindful listening
Mindful gratitude

The Healing Power of Nature on Mental Health

Nature has a powerful healing effect on our mental health. It can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. It can also improve our mood, increase our overall happiness, and boost our self-esteem.

Nature provides a sense of peace and tranquility that can be hard to find in our busy lives. It allows us to disconnect from the stress and chaos of our daily routines and reconnect with ourselves and the natural world around us.

Resources for Finding Nature near You

Finding nature near you can be challenging, but there are many resources available to help you. Here are some resources to try:

National Park Service
State Parks and Recreation Departments
Local nature centers and wildlife refuges
Outdoor clubs and organizations
Online resources, such as All Trails and naturalist.

In conclusion, reconnecting with nature is essential for our well-being. It provides numerous benefits for our physical and mental health, and it allows us to reconnect with ourselves and the natural world around us. By breaking down the barriers to reconnecting with nature, we can improve our overall well-being and find a sense of peace and tranquillity in our busy lives. So, get outside, explore, and enjoy all that nature has to offer.

Ecological importance of Komodo dragon

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Wed, 17 May 2023 14:45:00 +0000

Ecological importance of Komodo dragon

The Komodo dragon holds significant ecological importance in its native habitat. Here are some key aspects of its ecological role:

Apex Predator: As the top predator in its ecosystem, the Komodo dragon helps regulate prey populations, maintaining a balance in the food chain. Its presence helps control the numbers of herbivores such as deer and wild boar, preventing overgrazing and ecosystem disruption.

Scavenger and Carrion Consumer: Komodo dragons are adept scavengers, feeding on carrion and carcasses. By consuming dead animals, they help recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling.

Indicator Species: The Komodo dragon serves as an indicator species for the overall health of its habitat. Its presence or absence can reflect the state of the ecosystem, as it requires a relatively intact and well-functioning environment to thrive. Monitoring Komodo dragon populations can provide insights into the overall ecological well-being of their habitat.

Seed Dispersal: As they roam through their habitat, Komodo dragons inadvertently aid in seed dispersal. Seeds from fruits and plants consumed by the dragons can pass through their digestive system and be deposited elsewhere, contributing to the dispersal and germination of plant species.

Ecosystem Engineer: Komodo dragons can shape their environment through their foraging behaviour. Their movements and digging activities can modify the landscape, creating burrows that serve as shelters for various other species, including other reptiles, birds, and small mammals.

The majestic banyan tree

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Sun, 14 May 2023 13:52:00 +0000

The majestic banyan tree

The majestic banyan tree is a natural wonder that has captured the attention of nature enthusiasts and environmentalists alike. This tree species, which is native to India and other parts of Asia, is known for its impressive size and unique growth patterns. In fact, the banyan tree is considered sacred by many cultures and is often considered a symbol of strength, longevity, and resilience. But beyond its cultural significance, the banyan tree is also an important environmental boon. It provides shelter and food for a variety of animals, helps to prevent soil erosion, and even has medicinal properties. In this article, we'll take a closer look at this incredible tree and explore why it's worth celebrating and protecting. So, grab a cup of tea and join us on a journey to discover the many wonders of the majestic banyan tree.

The Alarming Decline of Penguins: Causes and Solutions

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Fri, 05 May 2023 13:34:00 +0000

The Alarming Decline of Penguins: Causes and Solutions

As a lover of nature and wildlife, the decline of penguin populations is a topic that is particularly close to my heart. These adorable and charismatic birds are not only fascinating to observe, but they also play a crucial role in the Antarctic ecosystem. Unfortunately, their numbers have been rapidly decreasing in recent years, due to a range of human-induced factors. In this article, I will explore the causes of this decline, the impact it has on the environment, and the solutions that can be implemented to protect these amazing creatures.

The importance of penguins in the ecosystem

Penguins are one of the most iconic species in the Antarctic ecosystem and an important part of the food chain. They are a key indicator species, meaning that their population trends can provide valuable information about the overall health of the ecosystem. Penguins are also efficient predators and are able to catch large quantities of fish and krill, which makes them an important link in the food chain.

In addition to their ecological importance, penguins are also a major tourist attraction, drawing visitors from all over the world to observe them in their natural habitat. This means that the decline of penguin populations not only has environmental impacts but also economic ones. Therefore, it is essential that we take immediate action to protect these amazing creatures.

Causes of the decline - climate change

Climate change is one of the primary factors behind the decline of penguin populations. Rising temperatures and changing ocean currents have significantly impacted the availability of food for penguins, particularly krill, which is a key part of their diet. The decline in sea ice, which is used by penguins as a breeding ground, has also been a major factor in their decline. As a result, penguins are having to travel further to find food, which puts additional stress on their populations.

The impact of climate change on penguin populations is not limited to their food supply, however. The changing climate is also leading to more frequent and severe storms, which can damage penguin colonies and destroy their nests. Additionally, rising sea levels can cause flooding, which can wash away penguin colonies altogether.

Causes of the decline - overfishing

Overfishing is another major factor contributing to the decline of penguin populations. Many of the fish that penguins rely on for food are also targeted by commercial fishing fleets. This competition for resources means that penguins are often left with less food, which can lead to malnutrition and starvation.

In addition to the direct impact on food availability, overfishing can also have indirect impacts on penguin populations. For example, when fishing fleets remove large quantities of krill from the ocean, it can disrupt the entire food chain, making it more difficult for penguins to find food.

Causes of the decline - oil spills

Oil spills are another significant threat to penguin populations. When oil is spilled into the ocean, it can coat the feathers of penguins and disrupt their ability to regulate their body temperature. It can also cause respiratory problems and lead to long-term health issues. Additionally, oil spills can damage the habitats of penguins and other wildlife, making it difficult for them to breed and survive.

The impact of oil spills on penguin populations can be devastating, with some estimates suggesting that a single large oil spill could wipe out an entire colony of penguins. Unfortunately, oil spills continue to be a major threat to penguins, with several major spills occurring in recent years.

Solutions to the decline - reducing carbon emissions

Reducing carbon emissions is one of the most important steps we can take to protect penguin populations. By reducing our carbon footprint, we can help to slow the rate of climate change and reduce its impact on penguin habitats and food supply. This can be achieved through a variety of measures, such as increasing the use of renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.

Additionally, we can work to reduce our overall impact on the environment by reducing waste, recycling, and conserving resources. By taking these steps, we can help to create a more sustainable future for penguins and other wildlife.

Solutions to the decline - sustainable fishing practices

Another key solution to the decline of penguin populations is to implement sustainable fishing practices. This means reducing the amount of fish that is caught and ensuring that fishing is done in a way that minimizes the impact on the environment. For example, fishing fleets can use more selective fishing gear that targets specific species and avoids catching non-target species, including penguins.

In addition, we can work to establish marine protected areas, which can help to safeguard penguin habitats and ensure that fish populations remain healthy. By taking these steps, we can help to ensure that penguins have access to the food they need to survive and thrive.

Solutions to the decline - better oil spill prevention and response

To protect penguin populations from the threat of oil spills, we need to improve our prevention and response strategies. This means implementing stricter regulations on the transportation and storage of oil, as well as investing in better spill response technology. We can also work to improve our understanding of the impacts of oil spills on penguin populations, which can help us to develop more effective response strategies.

The role of conservation organizations in protecting penguins

Conservation organizations play a vital role in protecting penguin populations. They work to raise awareness about the threats facing penguins and advocate for policies that protect their habitats and food supply. Additionally, they conduct research to better understand the needs of penguin populations and develop strategies to protect them.

By supporting conservation organizations, we can help to ensure that penguins have a voice in the policy-making process and that their needs are taken into account when decisions are being made.

Conclusion - why saving penguins is important for our planet

In conclusion, the decline of penguin populations is a serious issue that requires immediate action. By reducing our carbon emissions, implementing sustainable fishing practices, and improving our oil spill prevention and response strategies, we can help to protect these amazing creatures and ensure that they continue to play their vital role in the Antarctic ecosystem.

Saving penguins is not only important for the environment but also for our own well-being. These charismatic birds capture our imaginations and inspire us to take action to protect the natural world. By working together, we can ensure that penguin populations thrive for generations to come.

If you're interested in learning more about the efforts to protect penguin populations, consider supporting a conservation organization or getting involved in local efforts to reduce carbon emissions and protect the environment. Together, we can make a difference and ensure a brighter future for penguins and all of the amazing creatures that call the Antarctic home.

The Silent Threat: How Space Pollution is destroying Our Universe

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Thu, 04 May 2023 09:24:00 +0000

The Silent Threat:

How Space Pollution is destroying Our Universe

As a space enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the mysteries of the universe and the limitless possibilities it offers. However, as I delved deeper into my research, I discovered a silent threat that is slowly destroying our universe: space pollution. This article aims to shed light on the types and sources of space pollution, the impact it has on our environment and human space exploration, current efforts to address it, future implications if not addressed, and solutions to reduce it.

Space pollution, also known as space debris, is a growing problem that results from human activity in space. It refers to the accumulation of man-made objects, including spacecraft, satellites, and other debris, that orbit the Earth. These objects can range in size from small screws to defunct satellites and pose a significant threat to space exploration and the environment.

Space pollution can be classified into two main types: natural and artificial. Natural space debris is the result of natural phenomena such as meteoroids and asteroids, while artificial debris is caused by human activity in space.

The sources of artificial space debris include rocket stages, defunct satellites, and other man-made objects that remain in orbit. The debris can also result from collisions between objects in orbit, which can create smaller debris that can further exacerbate the problem.

Space pollution poses a significant threat to our environment. The debris in orbit can collide with active satellites and spacecraft and cause significant damage. This can result in the loss of communication and navigation systems, which can have severe consequences for our daily lives.

Moreover, the debris can fall back to Earth, causing damage to property and posing a threat to human life. For instance, in 1979, the United States’ Skylab space station crashed into Western Australia, causing widespread damage.

Space pollution also poses a significant threat to human space exploration. The debris can damage spacecraft and satellites, making it difficult to conduct research and exploration. The risk of collision also makes it challenging for astronauts to perform spacewalks, which are an essential part of space exploration.

Moreover, the debris can also contaminate other planets and moons, making it challenging to conduct research and exploration. This can have severe consequences for our understanding of the universe.

Several efforts are underway to address space pollution. One of the most significant efforts is the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, which were created by the United Nations in 2007. These guidelines aim to reduce the creation of new debris and limit the amount of debris that remains in orbit.

Moreover, several space agencies, including NASA and the European Space Agency, have developed technologies that can track and monitor space debris. These technologies can help prevent collisions and reduce the amount of debris in orbit.

If space pollution is not addressed, it could have severe consequences for our future. The debris in orbit will continue to grow, making it difficult for us to conduct research and exploration. It could also pose a significant threat to our communication and navigation systems, which are essential for our daily lives.

Moreover, the debris can also contaminate other planets and moons, making it challenging to conduct research and exploration. This could have significant consequences for our understanding of the universe and our ability to explore it further.

Several solutions can be implemented to reduce space pollution. One of the most effective solutions is to reduce the creation of new debris. This can be achieved by designing spacecraft and satellites that are less likely to break down or become obsolete.

Moreover, space agencies can develop technologies that can remove debris from orbit. These technologies can include robotic arms and nets that can capture debris and remove it from orbit.

The role of governments and space agencies in addressing space pollution cannot be overstated. Governments need to develop policies and regulations that can reduce the creation of new debris and limit the amount of debris that remains in orbit.

Moreover, space agencies need to develop technologies that can track and monitor space debris, as well as remove it from orbit. They also need to work together to develop international standards and guidelines that can reduce the impact of space pollution on our environment and human space exploration.

In conclusion, space pollution is a growing problem that poses a significant threat to our environment and human space exploration. It is essential that we address this issue by reducing the creation of new debris, developing technologies to remove debris from orbit, and working together to develop international standards and guidelines.

By taking these steps, we can ensure that we continue to explore the universe and learn more about the mysteries it holds. As individuals, we can also play our part by supporting space agencies and advocating for policies and regulations that can reduce the impact of space pollution on our environment and human space exploration.

Frogs are indicator of healthy ecosystem

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Mon, 24 Apr 2023 13:21:00 +0000

Frogs are indicator of healthy ecosystem

Frogs are small amphibians that play an important role in maintaining a healthy ecosystem. They are not just cute creatures that hop around in ponds and streams, but they are also bio-indicators of environmental health. The presence or absence of frogs in an ecosystem can tell us a lot about the health of that ecosystem. In this essay, we will discuss why frogs are important indicators of a healthy ecosystem, the threats they face, and the conservation efforts that can be undertaken to protect them.

Frogs are highly sensitive to changes in their environment. They are ectothermic, which means their body temperature fluctuates with the temperature of their surroundings. This makes them vulnerable to changes in temperature, water quality, and other environmental factors. Frogs are also bio-indicators of environmental health. Their presence or absence in an ecosystem can tell us a lot about the health of that ecosystem. For example, if frogs suddenly disappear from an area, it could be an indication of pollution or habitat destruction. Furthermore, frogs play a critical role in the food web and ecosystem functioning. They are both predators and prey, and they help to control insect populations, which can have a significant impact on the ecosystem.

Unfortunately, frog populations around the world are declining at an alarming rate. The main threats to frog populations are habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Habitat destruction due to human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture is one of the biggest threats to frog populations. Pollution of water bodies and wetlands due to agricultural run-off, industrial waste, and other human activities can also have a devastating impact on frog populations. Climate change is also having a significant impact on frog habitats. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can affect the breeding and migration patterns of frogs, and can also impact the availability of food and water.

To protect frog populations and promote a healthy ecosystem, conservation efforts are needed. Restoration of degraded habitats can help to provide suitable habitats for frogs. This can involve reforestation, wetland restoration, and other habitat restoration efforts. The establishment of protected areas for frog conservation is also important. These areas can provide a safe haven for frog populations and can help to prevent habitat destruction and other threats. Additionally, reducing pollution and harmful chemicals in frog habitats can help to protect frog populations. This can involve reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers, and implementing better waste management practices.

In conclusion, frogs are important indicators of a healthy ecosystem, and their decline is a cause for concern. To protect frog populations and promote a healthy ecosystem, it is important to understand the threats they face and to undertake conservation efforts to protect them. By restoring degraded habitats, establishing protected areas, and reducing pollution, we can help to protect frog populations and ensure a healthy ecosystem for future generations.

King Cobra, a picture book in English

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Sat, 08 Apr 2023 13:45:00 +0000

King Cobra, a picture book in English

Click here to reach purchase page

King Cobra, a picture book in malayalam

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Sat, 08 Apr 2023 13:42:00 +0000

King Cobra, a picture book in malayalam

Click here to reach purchase page

IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Tue, 28 Mar 2023 14:03:00 +0000

IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS

Forests are an essential part of our planet's ecology, playing a crucial role in the balance of the global environment, and our very own survival as human beings and other creatures. Forests are crucial in sustaining the natural systems that support all life, and it is essential to protect them from destruction and ensure their conservation. Deforestation and exploitation of forests have led to an increase in climate change, extinction of various species, and degradation of land quality. This article delves into the importance of forest conservation.

Forests act as carbon sinks and are heavily involved in the regulation of the earth's climate. They take in carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change, and store it in their biomass. Therefore, trees and forests are incredibly important in combating climate issues such as global warming. Forest loss also undermines the efforts to mitigate climate change, and with the increase in greenhouse gasses, it is essential to put in measures to conserve forests.

Forests provide habitat to various wildlife species. In addition, forests offer ecological security to birds, animals, and plants. Destruction of forests disrupts their habitat and leads to the unraveling of the food chains that support these species. Forests also harbor some of the world's deadliest insects and diseases, and they play a role in maintaining a balance in the ecosystem. For this reason, there is an urgent need to have policies put in place to conserve the forests and prevent habitat loss.

Forests are also crucial in preventing soil erosion. Their vegetation cover serves as an excellent buffer against soil erosion by preventing rainwater from directly coming into contact with the soil, reducing the volume and speed of the rainfall, thus reducing soil erosion. In regions where soil erosion is a significant concern, afforestation has been seen to be helpful in reducing soil erosion and preventing the loss of arable land.

Forests provide natural resources like wood, medicinal plants, and minerals, which are essential to human development. The demand for forest products has increased over the years, leading to a global rise in forests' exploitation. Nevertheless, they serve as the world's largest pantry of natural resources, making it essential to conserve them to protect future generations' access to their benefits.

Lastly, forests are also essential cultural heritage sites. They offer religious, spiritual, and aesthetic values that are deeply embedded in different cultures. In this way, forests serve as a reminder of our links to nature, our cultural past, and our potential for sustainable practices going into the future.

In conclusion, forest conservation is essential in preserving our planet's ecological integrity. Forests serve numerous roles in supporting life, and it is our duty to protect them from degradation or destruction. Conservation efforts should be prioritized, and sound policies should be put in place to ensure that these efforts are effective in protecting the natural diversity, cultural heritage, and ecological systems that depend on forests.

IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL DAYS

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Fri, 13 Jan 2023 06:18:00 +0000

IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL DAYS

January 31 International Zebra Day

February 2 World Wetlands Day

Third Saturday of February World Pangolin Day

February 15 World Hippopotamus Day

February 27 International Polar Bear Day

March 3 World Wildlife Day

Second Friday of March Solar Appreciation Day

March 14 International Day of Action for Rivers

World Spider Day

March 15 World Consumer Rights Day

March 18 Global Recycling Day

March 19 Taxonomist Appreciation Day

March 20 World Sparrow Day

World Frog Day

March 21 International Day of Forests

World Planting Day

World Wood Day

March 22 World Water Day

International Seal Day

March 23 World Bear Day

World Meteorological Day

March 29 World Sparrow Day

Last Wednesday in March Manatee Appreciation Day

April 17 International Bat Appreciation Day

April 22 Earth Day

April 27 World Tapir Day

International Crow and Raven Appreciation Day

April 29 Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare

May 2 World Tuna Day

May 3 International Leopard Day

Wild Koala Day

May 8 World Donkey Day

Second Saturday of May in the U.S.; World Migratory Bird Day

and Canada Second Saturday of

October in Mexico, Central and South

America, and the Caribbean.

Third Friday of May Endangered Species Day

May 22 International Day for Biological Diversity (World Biodiversity Day)

May 23 World Turtle Day

Last Wednesday of May World Otter Day

May 27 World Otter Day

May 31 World No Tobacco Day

May 31 since 2004 World Parrot Day

June 5 World Environment Day

June 8 World Oceans Day

June 9 Coral Triangle Day

June 15 Global Wind Day

June 16 World Sea Turtle Day

June 17 World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought

June 21 World Giraffe Day

International Climate Change Day

June 22 World Camel Day

World Rainforest Day

Snake Bird Day (Observed in Kerala, India)

First week of July Van Mahotsav (Forest Festival) - India

July 11 World Population Day

July 14 Shark Awareness Day

World Chimpanzee Day

July 16 Snake Day

July 26 International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem

July 28 World Nature Conservation Day

July 29 International Tiger Day

July 31 World Ranger Day - International Ranger Federation

August 4 International Clouded Leopard Day

August 10 World Lion Day

August 12 World Elephant Day

August 13 International Wolf Day

August 19 World Orang-utan Day

August 22 National Honey Bee Day

August 30 International Whale Shark Day

September 1 Japan Dolphin Day

September 5 Amazon Rainforest Day

First Saturday of September International Vulture Awareness Day

September 11 National Forest Martyrs Day (India)

September 16 International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer

Third Saturday in September World Clean-up Day

National Clean-up Day

nternational Red Panda Day

September 18 World Water Monitoring Day

September 21 Zero Emissions Day

September 22 Car Free Day

World Rhino Day

September 24 World Gorilla Day

September 26 since 2011 World Environmental Health Day

Last Sunday of September World Rivers Day

First Monday of October World Habitat Day

October 2 – 8 National Wildlife Week (India)

October 4 World Animal Day

First Wednesday in October Energy Efficiency Day

October 13 International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction

October 14 International E-Waste Day

Fourth Wednesday of October Sustainability Day

October 21 National Reptile Awareness Day

October 23 International Snow Leopard Day

October 24 Freshwater Dolphin Day

International Day of Climate Action

Last Friday of October World Lemur Day

November 1 World Vegan Day

November 6 International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict

First Saturday in November National Bison Day

November 15 America Recycles Day

November 21 World Fisheries Day

November 29 International Jaguar Day

December 4 International Cheetah Day

December 5 World Soil Day

December 11 International Mountain Day

December 14 Monkey Day

The Fascinating World of Forests!

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Mon, 09 Jan 2023 09:24:00 +0000

Uncovering the Undiscovered: Exploring the Fascinating World of Forests!

The world is full of beautiful places, but some of the most breathtaking scenes can be found in forests. Forests are not only home to some of the world's most amazing creatures, they also serve as a vital part of the planet's ecosystem. In this blog article, we'll dive into the fascinating world of forests, uncovering the undiscovered mysteries that await us!

What is a Forest?

A forest is an area of land covered with trees and other vegetation. Forests can be found in almost every region of the world and come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are home to many species of plants and animals, providing shelter and food for these living creatures. Forests also provide a variety of resources for humans, such as timber, fuel, and medicines.

Forests are incredibly important to the environment, not only providing homes for animals and plants, but also acting as a natural carbon sink, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They also help to regulate the climate, providing shade and helping to maintain temperatures.

Distribution of Forests Around the World

Forests are found all over the world, with different types of forests being found in different regions. In North America, the majority of forests are coniferous and deciduous forests, while tropical forests are more common in South America and Asia. In Europe, both deciduous and coniferous forests are found, with the majority of forests being found in the Mediterranean region.

The distribution of forests around the world is highly dependent on climate, with the majority of forests being found in regions with mild temperatures and plentiful rainfall. As such, we can see that the distribution of forests around the world is closely linked to climate.

Different Types of Forests

There are a variety of different types of forests, each with their own unique characteristics and features. The most common types of forests are:

Coniferous forests: These forests are dominated by coniferous trees, such as pine and fir trees. These forests are typically found in colder regions of the world, such as the northern parts of North America and Europe.

Deciduous forests: These forests are dominated by deciduous trees, such as oak and maple trees. These forests are typically found in regions with milder climates, such as the eastern parts of North America and Europe.

Tropical forests: These forests are found in the tropical regions of the world, such as South America and Africa. These forests are typically characterized by their lush vegetation and abundance of animal life.

The Different Ecosystems Found in Forests

Forests are home to a variety of different ecosystems, each with its own unique characteristics. These ecosystems range from the dense rain forests of the tropics to the sparse boreal forests of the north. Each of these ecosystems is home to a variety of plants and animals that have adapted to the particular environment.

The most common ecosystems found in forests are:

Temperate deciduous forests: These forests are characterized by their abundant vegetation, consisting of a variety of deciduous trees such as oak, maple, and hickory. These forests are found in regions with milder climates, such as the eastern parts of North America and Europe.

Temperate coniferous forests: These forests are dominated by coniferous trees, such as pine and fir. These forests are typically found in cooler regions of the world, such as the northern parts of North America and Europe.

Tropical rain forests: These forests are characterized by their lush vegetation and abundance of animal life. They are typically found in the tropical regions of the world, such as South America and Africa.

Exploring the Fascinating World of Forests

Exploring a forest can be a truly magical experience. From the majestic trees to the abundant wildlife, every forest has something unique to offer. There are a variety of ways to explore a forest, from simply taking a walk in a nearby park to embarking on a more adventurous journey.

If you're feeling adventurous, you can try exploring a forest on foot. This can be a great way to get up close and personal with the forest's flora and fauna. You can also try exploring a forest using a variety of different methods, such as mountain biking, canoeing, or even rappelling down cliffs.

If you're looking for a more relaxed way to explore a forest, you can try camping or even take a guided tour. This can be a great way to learn more about the forest's ecosystem and even spot some of the more elusive creatures that call it home.

Unique Plants and Animals That Can Be Found in Forests

One of the most fascinating aspects of forests is the variety of plants and animals that can be found within them. Forests are home to a variety of creatures, from large mammals such as bears and wolves to tiny insects such as beetles and ants.

Forests also contain a variety of unique plants, such as towering redwoods and ancient sequoias. These plants are essential to the health of the forest, providing food and shelter for the animals that call it home.

Conclusion

Forests are an amazing part of the natural world, providing vital habitats for many species of plants and animals. Exploring a forest can be a truly magical experience, uncovering the undiscovered mysteries that await us. From the majestic trees to the abundance of wildlife, every forest has something unique to offer. So why not take the time to explore the fascinating world of forests?

A picture book on ostrich

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Thu, 03 Nov 2022 15:18:00 +0000

Ostrich

A picture book in Malayalam on ostrich

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Thu, 03 Nov 2022 15:15:00 +0000

ഒട്ടകപക്ഷി

A picture book in Malayalam on blue whale

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:39:00 +0000

നീലതിമിംഗലം

kindle book on blue whale

noreply@blogger.com (the green drops) — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:37:00 +0000

The Green Drops

MOST DANGEROUS LIZARS

WHALE SHARK: THE LARGEST FISH IN THE WORLD

WORLD FAMOUS ENVIRONMENTAL BOOKS

KARIMPUZHA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

KARIMPUZHA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

ERAVIKULAM NATIONAL PARK

ERAVIKULAM NATIONAL PARK

PEPPARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

PEPPARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

IDUKKI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

IDUKKI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

PARAMBIKULAM TIGER RESERVE

PARAMBIKULAM TIGER RESERVE

Cryptozoology

Most Dangerous Birds in the World

Most Dangerous Birds in the World:

A Closer Look

The Harpy Eagle - A fierce predator

The Southern Cassowary - A flightless bird with deadly kicks

The Great Northern Loon - A seemingly harmless bird with a dangerous bite

The Crowned Eagle - A stealthy hunter

The Lammergeier - A vulture with unique hunting tactics

Honourable mentions - Other dangerous birds to watch out for

Conservation efforts for dangerous birds

Tips for staying safe around dangerous birds

Reconnect with Nature

Breaking the Barrier:

How to Reconnect with Nature and Improve Your Well-being

The Importance of Nature in Our Lives

The Benefits of Spending Time in Nature

The Impact of Technology on Our Connection with Nature

Breaking Down the Barriers to Reconnecting with Nature

Tips for Incorporating Nature into Your Daily Routine

Outdoor Activities to Try for Better Well-being

Mindful Practices to Enhance Your Nature Experience

The Healing Power of Nature on Mental Health

Resources for Finding Nature near You

Ecological importance of Komodo dragon

Ecological importance of Komodo dragon

The majestic banyan tree

The majestic banyan tree

The Alarming Decline of Penguins: Causes and Solutions

The Alarming Decline of Penguins: Causes and Solutions

The importance of penguins in the ecosystem

Causes of the decline - climate change

Causes of the decline - overfishing

Causes of the decline - oil spills

Solutions to the decline - reducing carbon emissions

Solutions to the decline - sustainable fishing practices

Solutions to the decline - better oil spill prevention and response

The role of conservation organizations in protecting penguins

Conclusion - why saving penguins is important for our planet

The Silent Threat: How Space Pollution is destroying Our Universe

Frogs are indicator of healthy ecosystem

Frogs are indicator of healthy ecosystem

King Cobra, a picture book in English

King Cobra, a picture book in malayalam

IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS

IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS

IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL DAYS

The Fascinating World of Forests!

Uncovering the Undiscovered: Exploring the Fascinating World of Forests!

What is a Forest?

Distribution of Forests Around the World

Different Types of Forests

The Different Ecosystems Found in Forests

The most common ecosystems found in forests are:

Exploring the Fascinating World of Forests

Unique Plants and Animals That Can Be Found in Forests

Conclusion

A picture book on ostrich

Ostrich

A picture book in Malayalam on ostrich

ഒട്ടകപക്ഷി

A picture book in Malayalam on blue whale

നീലതിമിംഗലം

kindle book on blue whale

Blue whale