<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" class="no-js">
<head>
    <meta name="turbo-visit-control" content="reload">


  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  <meta name="theme-color" content="#d8352a">
  <meta name="msapplication-navbutton-color" content="#d8352a">
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta property="fb:app_id" content="127105130696839">
  <meta name="current-region" content="us">
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-US">
  <meta name="description" content="Browse Brexit news, research and analysis from The Conversation" />








  <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Conversation" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Brexit News, Research and Analysis - The Conversation" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Browse Brexit news, research and analysis from The Conversation" />

<meta property="og:image" content="https://images.theconversation.com/files/751194/original/file-20260730-50-ggfym0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=0%2C245%2C4692%2C2639&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=496&amp;fit=clip" />
<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2026-07-31T12:05:47Z" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://theconversation.com/topics/brexit-9976" />


  

    <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Brexit – Analysis and Comment" href="/topics/brexit-9976/articles.atom" />
  <script>
    window.GTM = window.GTM || {};
    window.GTM.pageType = "topic";
  </script>

  <script>
//<![CDATA[

  window.public_path = "https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/";

  window.TC = {};
  window.TC.Config = {"cookie_domain":".theconversation.com","image_cdn_domain":"images.theconversation.com","analytics_url":"https://analytics.theconversation.com?utm_source=theconversation.com\u0026utm_medium=website\u0026utm_campaign=topics","sharejs_init_delay_ms":0,"recaptcha":{"enabled":true,"siteKey":"6Lf3Oc0UAAAAAIbME3Lv7iS7EVeuQzpru1Jbij5N"},"user_event_collector_url":"https://collector.theconversation.com","user_event_collector_enabled":true,"braze_sdk_endpoint":"sdk.iad-07.braze.com","braze_web_api_key":"4167e2dc-4292-41b6-b088-ec2fb8fca095","braze_web_sdk_enabled":false};

//]]>
</script>
  <!-- refspec cbe9fab854025985cbd43bade4f750d5a3577306 -->
  <title>Brexit – News, Research and Analysis – The Conversation – page 1</title>
  <style media="screen">
  @keyframes (progress){to{background-position:-60px 0}}abbr,address,article,aside,audio,b,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,em,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,object,ol,p,pre,q,samp,section,small,span,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,ul,var,video{background:transparent;border:0;font-size:100%;margin:0;outline:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline}body,html{height:100%;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}table{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0}caption,td,th{font-weight:400;text-align:left}table,td,th{vertical-align:middle}blockquote:after,blockquote:before,q:after,q:before{content:""}blockquote,q{quotes:"" ""}img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}a img{border:none}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,menu,nav,section{display:block}nav ol,nav ul{list-style:none}del{text-decoration:line-through}sup{vertical-align:super}sub,sup{font-size:smaller}sub{vertical-align:sub}abbr[title],dfn[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}input,select{vertical-align:middle}[class*=" icon-"],[class^=icon-],h1{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}@font-face{font-family:TCFont-Regular;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/tcfont-regular-240ec3466165a9dca0e2e03a86826a8f.eot);src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/tcfont-regular-240ec3466165a9dca0e2e03a86826a8f.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/tcfont-regular-532d4157b9218acfe24f3cbf53e9ff1d.woff) format("woff"),url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/stylesheets/carlton/fonts/tcfont-regular-09ada1f4a901e5d04b72211da382781d.ttf) format("truetype")}[class*=" icon-"],[class^=icon-]{display:inline-block;font-family:TCFont-Regular;font-size:1.231em;font-style:normal!important;font-weight:400!important;position:relative;top:-.1em;vertical-align:middle;width:1.231em}[class*=" icon-"].icon-comments:before,[class^=icon-].icon-comments:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-twitter:before,[class^=icon-].icon-twitter:before{color:#000;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-email:before,[class^=icon-].icon-email:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-facebook:before,[class^=icon-].icon-facebook:before{color:#3a5a93;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-maximise:before,[class^=icon-].icon-maximise:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-republish:before,[class^=icon-].icon-republish:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-globe:before,[class^=icon-].icon-globe:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-delete:before,[class^=icon-].icon-delete:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-add:before,[class^=icon-].icon-add:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-layout:before,[class^=icon-].icon-layout:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-article-published:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-article:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-articles:before,[class^=icon-].icon-article-published:before,[class^=icon-].icon-article:before,[class^=icon-].icon-articles:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-article-check:before,[class^=icon-].icon-article-check:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-chart:before,[class^=icon-].icon-chart:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-reader:before,[class^=icon-].icon-reader:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-readers:before,[class^=icon-].icon-readers:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-subtract:before,[class^=icon-].icon-subtract:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-comment:before,[class^=icon-].icon-comment:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-search:before,[class^=icon-].icon-search:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-help:before,[class^=icon-].icon-help:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-rss:before,[class^=icon-].icon-rss:before{color:#eb7f3e;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-rss-non-coloured:before,[class^=icon-].icon-rss-non-coloured:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-favourite:before,[class^=icon-].icon-favourite:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-location:before,[class^=icon-].icon-location:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-time:before,[class^=icon-].icon-time:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-friend-of-tc:before,[class^=icon-].icon-friend-of-tc:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-friend-of-tc-outer:before,[class^=icon-].icon-friend-of-tc-outer:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-friend-of-tc-heart:before,[class^=icon-].icon-friend-of-tc-heart:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-check:before,[class^=icon-].icon-check:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-favourite-add:before,[class^=icon-].icon-favourite-add:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-followed:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-follows:before,[class^=icon-].icon-followed:before,[class^=icon-].icon-follows:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-skype:before,[class^=icon-].icon-skype:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-media-enquiries:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-phone:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-work-phone:before,[class^=icon-].icon-media-enquiries:before,[class^=icon-].icon-phone:before,[class^=icon-].icon-work-phone:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-mobile:before,[class^=icon-].icon-mobile:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-private:before,[class^=icon-].icon-private:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-public:before,[class^=icon-].icon-public:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-topics:before,[class^=icon-].icon-topics:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-menu:before,[class^=icon-].icon-menu:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-external-link:before,[class^=icon-].icon-external-link:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-trash:before,[class^=icon-].icon-trash:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-image:before,[class*=" icon-"].icon-picture:before,[class^=icon-].icon-image:before,[class^=icon-].icon-picture:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-edit:before,[class^=icon-].icon-edit:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-heading:before,[class^=icon-].icon-heading:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-bold:before,[class^=icon-].icon-bold:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-italic:before,[class^=icon-].icon-italic:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-link:before,[class^=icon-].icon-link:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-video:before,[class^=icon-].icon-video:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-fullscreen:before,[class^=icon-].icon-fullscreen:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-close-fullscreen:before,[class^=icon-].icon-close-fullscreen:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-favourite-minus:before,[class^=icon-].icon-favourite-minus:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-envelope:before,[class^=icon-].icon-envelope:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-simple-check:before,[class^=icon-].icon-simple-check:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-calendar:before,[class^=icon-].icon-calendar:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-the-conversation:before,[class^=icon-].icon-the-conversation:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-lock:before,[class^=icon-].icon-lock:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-unlock:before,[class^=icon-].icon-unlock:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-audio:before,[class^=icon-].icon-audio:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-chevron-right:before,[class^=icon-].icon-chevron-right:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-caret-down:before,[class^=icon-].icon-caret-down:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-caret-left:before,[class^=icon-].icon-caret-left:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-caret-right:before,[class^=icon-].icon-caret-right:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-caret-up:before,[class^=icon-].icon-caret-up:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-pastespecial:before,[class^=icon-].icon-pastespecial:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-linkedin:before,[class^=icon-].icon-linkedin:before{color:#0181b2;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-pause:before,[class^=icon-].icon-pause:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-cog:before,[class^=icon-].icon-cog:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-orcid:before,[class^=icon-].icon-orcid:before{color:#a6ce39;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-music:before,[class^=icon-].icon-music:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-print:before,[class^=icon-].icon-print:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-google-plus:before,[class^=icon-].icon-google-plus:before{color:#de4931;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-home:before,[class^=icon-].icon-home:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-facebook-simple:before,[class^=icon-].icon-facebook-simple:before{color:#3a5a93;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-tag:before,[class^=icon-].icon-tag:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-left-guillemet:before,[class^=icon-].icon-left-guillemet:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-input:before,[class^=icon-].icon-input:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-whatsapp:before,[class^=icon-].icon-whatsapp:before{color:#25d466;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-fb-messenger:before,[class^=icon-].icon-fb-messenger:before{color:#0084ff;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-youtube:before,[class^=icon-].icon-youtube:before{color:red;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-bluesky:before,[class^=icon-].icon-bluesky:before{color:#007aff;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-instagram,[class^=icon-].icon-instagram{background:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/instagram-61da2587d132b07e497473c38659d7b6.svg) no-repeat 50%}[class*=" icon-"].icon-instagram:before,[class^=icon-].icon-instagram:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-mastodon,[class^=icon-].icon-mastodon{background:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/mastodon-a163e886897f4408a0716f58c6c0cf93.svg) no-repeat 50%}[class*=" icon-"].icon-mastodon:before,[class^=icon-].icon-mastodon:before{content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-facebook:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-facebook:before{color:#3a5a93;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-twitter:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-twitter:before{color:#000;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-linkedin:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-linkedin:before{color:#0181b2;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-google:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-google:before{color:#de4931;content:""}[class*=" icon-"].icon-auth-orcid:before,[class^=icon-].icon-auth-orcid:before{color:#a6ce39;content:""}.icon-combine .icon-friend-of-tc-heart{margin-top:.045em;position:absolute}span.icon-combine-heart{display:inline-block;font-size:inherit;height:inherit;padding-left:10px;position:relative}span.icon-combine-heart i{left:0;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:0}i.icon-conversation-red{color:#d8372c}.vivus-icon-examples li{float:left;height:25px;list-style:none;padding:10px 0;width:25%}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/libre-baskerville-style-italic-weight-400-latin-ext-6a6b41d21e129354f33417064b8d4a1d.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0100-024f,u+0259,u+1e??,u+2020,u+20a0-20ab,u+20ad-20cf,u+2113,u+2c60-2c7f,u+a720-a7ff}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/libre-baskerville-style-italic-weight-400-latin-c917d35400a593b8e74c0f6a1c24e003.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/libre-baskerville-style-normal-weight-400-latin-ext-a5932c7f332e83f51c689dfb2325c569.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0100-024f,u+0259,u+1e??,u+2020,u+20a0-20ab,u+20ad-20cf,u+2113,u+2c60-2c7f,u+a720-a7ff}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/libre-baskerville-style-normal-weight-400-latin-501a90b418c10528cd4e9fc45b55caf4.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/libre-baskerville-style-normal-weight-700-latin-ext-0a7f182f58ebb982fecb2206ef5a689f.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0100-024f,u+0259,u+1e??,u+2020,u+20a0-20ab,u+20ad-20cf,u+2113,u+2c60-2c7f,u+a720-a7ff}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Libre Baskerville;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/libre-baskerville-style-normal-weight-700-latin-d3368a18324d23d8bbce28b409aa3c1c.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/montserrat-style-normal-weight-500-latin-ext-f56a9178178fd708c83969c9acfae31d.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0100-024f,u+0259,u+1e??,u+2020,u+20a0-20ab,u+20ad-20cf,u+2113,u+2c60-2c7f,u+a720-a7ff}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/montserrat-style-normal-weight-500-latin-45213f4b4267ee9022b826c40fd624b7.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/montserrat-style-normal-weight-700-latin-ext-0690570fff9ae7b3947bc4a16c41f163.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0100-024f,u+0259,u+1e??,u+2020,u+20a0-20ab,u+20ad-20cf,u+2113,u+2c60-2c7f,u+a720-a7ff}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/montserrat-style-normal-weight-700-latin-7443ac01b9b96035d96cb9d3686e9346.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Noto Sans;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/noto-sans-style-italic-weight-400-latin-f0bef789f04913486f4b9e75b1611cf0.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Noto Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/noto-sans-style-normal-weight-400-latin-0f21a2f5d44e3ad76acb34710d7bc342.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Noto Sans;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/noto-sans-style-italic-weight-700-latin-28f68a5080307e934b594ff5a321d842.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Noto Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/fonts/noto-sans-style-normal-weight-700-latin-cd29cc5db1bb68f9dd62bb6f2b250181.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+2000-206f,u+2074,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-family:Libre-Baskerville-fallback;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;size-adjust:115%;src:local("Georgia")}@font-face{font-family:Libre-Baskerville-fallback;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;size-adjust:105%;src:local("Georgia Italic")}@font-face{font-family:Libre-Baskerville-fallback;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;size-adjust:115%;src:local("Georgia")}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat-fallback;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;size-adjust:95%;src:local("Verdana Bold")}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat-fallback;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;size-adjust:105%;src:local("Verdana")}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){body{font-size:16px;height:100%;line-height:22px;width:100%}body #page-wrapper.overlay-visible{height:100%;overflow:hidden}body .handheld{display:block}body p{padding:0}body.pages-show .highlight-panel{display:none}body.pages-show .page-layout.section .handheld-analysis,body.pages-show .page-layout.section .series{display:block}body.pages-show .page-layout.section .handheld-ad,body.pages-show .page-layout.section .handheld-briefs{display:none}body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research .handheld-briefs,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research .handheld-research{display:block}body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research #special_section,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research .handheld-ad,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research .series,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-research section#research-news .bordered{display:none}body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns .handheld-ad,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns .handheld-columnists{display:block}body #analysis-and-comment .bordered,body #columnists .bordered,body #eb,body #editors-picks,body #members-footer,body #misc-sidebar,body #partners-footer,body #research-news .bordered,body .masthead-search,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns #special_section,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns .handheld-briefs,body.pages-show .page-layout.section.handheld-display-columns .series{display:none}body .wrapper{margin:0;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;width:auto}body.search-index #search_form #search-header{background:none;padding:0}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form{padding-bottom:0}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form label{box-sizing:border-box;padding:6px 0 0 8px}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form input{-webkit-appearance:none;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:20px;min-width:100%;padding:4px 8px 4px 35px;width:100%}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form input[type=submit]{left:-110%;position:absolute}body.search-index #search_form #search-header .search-form nav,body.search-index #search_form aside#search-sidebar{display:none}body.search-index #search_form section#search-results{margin-top:12px}body.search-index #search_form section#search-results h1{font-size:20px;text-align:left}body footer#footer{padding:5px 0}body footer#footer a{letter-spacing:normal;margin-right:10px}body footer#footer p.copyright{clear:both;float:none;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:normal;margin-bottom:0;padding:5px 0;text-align:center}body footer#footer p.copyright span{display:block}body footer#footer p.copyright span+span{margin-top:3px}body footer#footer p.copyright a{display:inline}body footer#footer p.copyright .comma{display:none}body #outer{padding-top:12px}body #outer>.wrapper{padding-bottom:0}body #outer .sidebar-link-list{display:none}body.pages .page-layout.section nav#tabbed-navigation{display:table}body h1.page-header{font-size:20px!important;line-height:1.3!important;width:100%}body h2{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3}body.partners.partners-index .partner article:after,body.partners.partners-index .partner:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}body.info.info-contact_us #email tr th{border:0!important;display:block;padding-bottom:10px!important}body.info.info-contact_us #email tr td{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;border-top:0!important;display:block;margin:0!important;padding-top:0!important}body article aside.share{clear:both}body article aside.share li{float:left;margin-right:5px}body article aside.share li .button{font-size:10px;margin-bottom:0;padding-right:8px}body .content-list figure{display:none}body.columns-show article{margin-bottom:1em}body.columns-show .pagination{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:1em}}@media only screen and (min-width:1466px){html body .article-section article h2{font-size:20px}html body .article-section .lead-story h2{font-size:30px}html body .article-section .c-format h2{font-size:12px}html body.profiles-dashboards-show .metrics-wrapper .metrics-column{width:50%}html body .donations-video iframe{height:279px}}.vivus-grid-example{background-color:#212121;color:#fff;display:block;margin-bottom:20px;padding:20px;text-align:center}body{min-width:992px}.wrapper{margin:0 auto;position:relative;width:972px}.wrapper:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.wrapper [class*=" grid-"],.wrapper [class^=grid-]{float:left;margin-right:20px}.wrapper .grid-one{width:42px}.wrapper .grid-two{width:104px}.wrapper .grid-three{width:166px}.wrapper .grid-four{width:228px}.wrapper .grid-five{width:290px}.wrapper .grid-six{width:352px}.wrapper .grid-seven{width:414px}.wrapper .grid-eight{width:476px}.wrapper .grid-nine{width:538px}.wrapper .grid-ten{width:600px}.wrapper .grid-eleven{width:662px}.wrapper .grid-twelve{width:724px}.wrapper .grid-thirteen{width:786px}.wrapper .grid-fourteen{width:848px}.wrapper .grid-fifteen{width:910px}.wrapper .grid-sixteen{width:972px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-one{margin-left:62px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-two{margin-left:124px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-three{margin-left:186px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-four{margin-left:248px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-five{margin-left:310px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-six{margin-left:372px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-seven{margin-left:434px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eight{margin-left:496px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-nine{margin-left:558px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-ten{margin-left:620px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eleven{margin-left:682px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-twelve{margin-left:744px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-thirteen{margin-left:806px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-fourteen{margin-left:868px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-fifteen{margin-left:930px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-sixteen{margin-left:992px}.wrapper .grid-append-one{margin-right:62px}.wrapper .grid-append-two{margin-right:124px}.wrapper .grid-append-three{margin-right:186px}.wrapper .grid-append-four{margin-right:248px}.wrapper .grid-append-five{margin-right:310px}.wrapper .grid-append-six{margin-right:372px}.wrapper .grid-append-seven{margin-right:434px}.wrapper .grid-append-eight{margin-right:496px}.wrapper .grid-append-nine{margin-right:558px}.wrapper .grid-append-ten{margin-right:620px}.wrapper .grid-append-eleven{margin-right:682px}.wrapper .grid-append-twelve{margin-right:744px}.wrapper .grid-append-thirteen{margin-right:806px}.wrapper .grid-append-fourteen{margin-right:868px}.wrapper .grid-append-fifteen{margin-right:930px}.wrapper .grid-append-sixteen{margin-right:992px}.wrapper .grid-last{margin-right:0}.wrapper .grid-left{float:left}.wrapper .grid-right{float:right}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){body{min-width:100%}.wrapper,.wrapper .grid-eight,.wrapper .grid-eleven,.wrapper .grid-fifteen,.wrapper .grid-five,.wrapper .grid-four,.wrapper .grid-fourteen,.wrapper .grid-nine,.wrapper .grid-one,.wrapper .grid-seven,.wrapper .grid-six,.wrapper .grid-sixteen,.wrapper .grid-ten,.wrapper .grid-thirteen,.wrapper .grid-three,.wrapper .grid-twelve,.wrapper .grid-two{width:100%}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eight,.wrapper .grid-prepend-eleven,.wrapper .grid-prepend-fifteen,.wrapper .grid-prepend-five,.wrapper .grid-prepend-four,.wrapper .grid-prepend-fourteen,.wrapper .grid-prepend-nine,.wrapper .grid-prepend-one,.wrapper .grid-prepend-seven,.wrapper .grid-prepend-six,.wrapper .grid-prepend-sixteen,.wrapper .grid-prepend-ten,.wrapper .grid-prepend-thirteen,.wrapper .grid-prepend-three,.wrapper .grid-prepend-twelve,.wrapper .grid-prepend-two{margin-left:0}.wrapper .grid-append-eight,.wrapper .grid-append-eleven,.wrapper .grid-append-fifteen,.wrapper .grid-append-five,.wrapper .grid-append-four,.wrapper .grid-append-fourteen,.wrapper .grid-append-nine,.wrapper .grid-append-one,.wrapper .grid-append-seven,.wrapper .grid-append-six,.wrapper .grid-append-sixteen,.wrapper .grid-append-ten,.wrapper .grid-append-thirteen,.wrapper .grid-append-three,.wrapper .grid-append-twelve,.wrapper .grid-append-two{margin-right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1466px){body{min-width:1376px}.wrapper{width:1356px}.wrapper .grid-one{width:66px}.wrapper .grid-two{width:152px}.wrapper .grid-three{width:238px}.wrapper .grid-four{width:324px}.wrapper .grid-five{width:410px}.wrapper .grid-six{width:496px}.wrapper .grid-seven{width:582px}.wrapper .grid-eight{width:668px}.wrapper .grid-nine{width:754px}.wrapper .grid-ten{width:840px}.wrapper .grid-eleven{width:926px}.wrapper .grid-twelve{width:1012px}.wrapper .grid-thirteen{width:1098px}.wrapper .grid-fourteen{width:1184px}.wrapper .grid-fifteen{width:1270px}.wrapper .grid-sixteen{width:1356px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-one{margin-left:86px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-two{margin-left:172px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-three{margin-left:258px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-four{margin-left:344px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-five{margin-left:430px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-six{margin-left:516px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-seven{margin-left:602px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eight{margin-left:688px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-nine{margin-left:774px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-ten{margin-left:860px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-eleven{margin-left:946px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-twelve{margin-left:1032px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-thirteen{margin-left:1118px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-fourteen{margin-left:1204px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-fifteen{margin-left:1290px}.wrapper .grid-prepend-sixteen{margin-left:1376px}.wrapper .grid-append-one{margin-right:86px}.wrapper .grid-append-two{margin-right:172px}.wrapper .grid-append-three{margin-right:258px}.wrapper .grid-append-four{margin-right:344px}.wrapper .grid-append-five{margin-right:430px}.wrapper .grid-append-six{margin-right:516px}.wrapper .grid-append-seven{margin-right:602px}.wrapper .grid-append-eight{margin-right:688px}.wrapper .grid-append-nine{margin-right:774px}.wrapper .grid-append-ten{margin-right:860px}.wrapper .grid-append-eleven{margin-right:946px}.wrapper .grid-append-twelve{margin-right:1032px}.wrapper .grid-append-thirteen{margin-right:1118px}.wrapper .grid-append-fourteen{margin-right:1204px}.wrapper .grid-append-fifteen{margin-right:1290px}.wrapper .grid-append-sixteen{margin-right:1376px}.wrapper .large-grid-one{width:66px}.wrapper .large-grid-two{width:152px}.wrapper .large-grid-three{width:238px}.wrapper .large-grid-four{width:324px}.wrapper .large-grid-five{width:410px}.wrapper .large-grid-six{width:496px}.wrapper .large-grid-seven{width:582px}.wrapper .large-grid-eight{width:668px}.wrapper .large-grid-nine{width:754px}.wrapper .large-grid-ten{width:840px}.wrapper .large-grid-eleven{width:926px}.wrapper .large-grid-twelve{width:1012px}.wrapper .large-grid-thirteen{width:1098px}.wrapper .large-grid-fourteen{width:1184px}.wrapper .large-grid-fifteen{width:1270px}.wrapper .large-grid-sixteen{width:1356px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-one{margin-left:86px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-two{margin-left:172px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-three{margin-left:258px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-four{margin-left:344px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-five{margin-left:430px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-six{margin-left:516px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-seven{margin-left:602px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-eight{margin-left:688px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-nine{margin-left:774px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-ten{margin-left:860px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-eleven{margin-left:946px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-twelve{margin-left:1032px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-thirteen{margin-left:1118px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-fourteen{margin-left:1204px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-fifteen{margin-left:1290px}.wrapper .large-grid-prepend-sixteen{margin-left:1376px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-one{margin-right:86px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-two{margin-right:172px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-three{margin-right:258px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-four{margin-right:344px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-five{margin-right:430px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-six{margin-right:516px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-seven{margin-right:602px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-eight{margin-right:688px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-nine{margin-right:774px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-ten{margin-right:860px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-eleven{margin-right:946px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-twelve{margin-right:1032px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-thirteen{margin-right:1118px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-fourteen{margin-right:1204px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-fifteen{margin-right:1290px}.wrapper .large-grid-append-sixteen{margin-right:1376px}}#page-wrapper,body,html{height:100%}body{background-color:#fff;line-height:18px}body:has(dialog:modal#shared-dialog){overflow:hidden}#page-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:column}#outer{flex:1;padding-top:48px}#outer>.wrapper{padding-bottom:48px}#footers{flex-shrink:0}.handheld{display:none}h1 a:hover{text-decoration:none}div.crop{overflow:hidden}table.grid td,table.grid tr{border-bottom:1px solid #000}:not(.tailwind) input::placeholder{color:#62626a}:not(.tailwind) input.placeholder{color:#62626a}:not(.tailwind) input:focus::placeholder{color:#d7d7db}:not(.tailwind) input:focus.placeholder{color:#d7d7db}.fluid-width-video-wrapper{margin-bottom:18px}audio{display:none;height:0;visibility:hidden;width:0}.placeholder-container{background-color:var(--background-color);position:relative}.placeholder-container:before{content:"";float:left;height:0;margin-left:-1px;padding-top:var(--aspect-ratio-percent);width:1px}.placeholder-container:after{clear:both;content:"";display:table}.placeholder-container iframe,.placeholder-container img{bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;object-fit:cover;opacity:.1;position:absolute!important;right:0;top:0;transition:opacity .5s;width:100%}.placeholder-container iframe.lazyloaded,.placeholder-container img.lazyloaded{filter:blur(0);opacity:1}.placeholder-container iframe.native-lazy,.placeholder-container img.native-lazy{background:none;opacity:1}.placeholder-container img{background-color:#fff}.grecaptcha-badge{visibility:hidden}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body,input,select,textarea{color:#000;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:13px}span.nobr{white-space:nowrap}p{margin-bottom:18px}p.fine-print{font-size:11px!important}strong{font-weight:700}blockquote,em{font-style:italic}blockquote{clear:both;color:#4b4b4e;margin-bottom:18px;padding:9px 18px 12px;text-align:center}blockquote p:last-child,blockquote>blockquote:last-child{margin-bottom:0}blockquote,blockquote.left{border-left:4px solid #d7d7db;text-align:left}blockquote.right{border-right:4px solid #d7d7db;text-align:right}blockquote.feature{border-bottom:4px solid #f2f2f3;border-left:none;border-top:4px solid #f2f2f3;color:#000;font-family:LeagueGothicRegular,League Gothic,Impact,sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:18px 0 36px;padding:30px 0 24px;position:relative;text-align:left;text-transform:uppercase}blockquote.feature p:first-child{text-indent:50px}blockquote.feature:before{color:#d7d7db;content:"“";font-size:125px;left:0;position:absolute;top:62px}blockquote.feature,blockquote.feature p{line-height:36px}blockquote.feature cite{font-size:24px}blockquote.feature cite:before{content:"— "}blockquote cite{color:#4b4b4e;font-style:normal}blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{-webkit-text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-ms-text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-o-text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}h1.legacy.slammed,h2.slammed,h3.slammed,h4.legacy.slammed,h5.slammed,h6.slammed{margin-bottom:0}h1.legacy.border,h2.border,h3.border,h4.legacy.border,h5.border,h6.border{border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;padding-bottom:.33em}h1.legacy{font-size:28px;font-weight:700;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:18px}h1.legacy.page-header{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;margin-bottom:36px;padding-bottom:9px}h1.legacy.page-header span{color:#d7d7db}h2{font-size:23px}h2,h3{font-weight:700;margin-bottom:12px}h3{color:#000;font-size:15px;line-height:18px}h4.legacy{color:#000;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.12em;margin-bottom:10px;text-transform:uppercase}h6{color:#d7d7db}hr{border:none;border-top:1px solid #d7d7db;clear:both;margin-bottom:18px}.link,a{color:#085d91;outline:none;text-decoration:none}.link:hover,a:hover{color:#003461;text-decoration:none}.link:focus,a:focus{outline:none}.link:focus-visible,a:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:.125rem}.link:visited,a:visited{color:#4b4b4e}.link:visited:hover,a:visited:hover{color:#085d91}nav ol li,nav ul li{list-style:none;margin-left:0}ul li{margin-left:0}ul.fine-print li{font-size:11px}ul.semantic li{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}ol li{margin-left:0}ol.fine-print li{font-size:11px}ol.semantic li{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}dl dt{clear:left;float:left;font-weight:700}dl dd{float:left;margin-left:1em;text-align:left}.league-gothic{font-family:LeagueGothicRegular,League Gothic,Impact,sans-serif;font-size:30px;font-size-adjust:.455;font-weight:400;line-height:40px;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}.meslo{font-family:MesloLGMDZ,Monaco,monospace}.figure,figure{display:block;position:relative}.figure:after,figure:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.figure iframe,figure iframe{display:block}.figure .figcaption,.figure figcaption,figure .figcaption,figure figcaption{color:#212121;display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:18px;padding-top:6px}.figure .figcaption a,.figure figcaption a,figure .figcaption a,figure figcaption a{font-weight:400!important}.figure .figcaption .attribution,.figure .figcaption .attribution a,.figure figcaption .attribution,.figure figcaption .attribution a,figure .figcaption .attribution,figure .figcaption .attribution a,figure figcaption .attribution,figure figcaption .attribution a{color:#212121}.figure .figcaption .attribution a:focus,.figure .figcaption .attribution a:hover,.figure figcaption .attribution a:focus,.figure figcaption .attribution a:hover,figure .figcaption .attribution a:focus,figure .figcaption .attribution a:hover,figure figcaption .attribution a:focus,figure figcaption .attribution a:hover{color:#085d91}article header p.byline{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:11px;line-height:18px;margin-bottom:0;padding:2px 0}article header p.byline a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.callout{background:#f2f2f3;border-top:4px solid #d7d7db;color:#000;display:block;margin:1em 0;padding:.5em 1em}.right{float:right}.left{float:left}.clear{clear:both}.clear-left{clear:left}.clear-right{clear:right}.clearfix:after,.clearfix:before{content:" ";display:block;height:0;visibility:hidden}.clearfix:after{clear:both}.clearfix{zoom:1}@keyframes tc-flash-pulse{40%{transform:scale(1)}47%{transform:scale(1.03)}55%{transform:scale(1)}to{transform:scale(1)}}.information{background:#f2f2f3 url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/alert-instructions-76f48e944055d94f9ad902aca4ffe1f1.png) no-repeat 15px 13px;border-radius:2px;color:#4b4b4e;padding:12px 12px 12px 42px}.information a{color:inherit;font-weight:700}.information p{margin-bottom:0}.information p+p{margin-top:1em}.information .button{margin:-3px 6px}.information ul{list-style-position:inside}.information.prominent{background-color:#f2f2f3;border:1px solid #d7d7db}.information.success{background-color:#29a37a;background-image:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/alert-success-cefcd0dc236e8d3c0a77863b29040399.png);color:#fff}.information.error{background-color:#d8372c;background-image:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/alert-error-f95893328ecf3dd6c51eba085c089084.png);color:#fff}.information.warning{background-color:#ffda75;background-image:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/icons/alert-information-30e614f3f403049753170ccd98ce7053.png);color:#000}.formtastic .information{padding:12px 12px 12px 42px}p.flash{animation-duration:5s;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-name:tc-flash-pulse;animation-timing-function:ease-in-out;backface-visibility:hidden;background-color:#f2f2f3;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;border-top:none;box-shadow:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 4px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);color:#000;filter:url(https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/"data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'><filter id='grayscale'><feColorMatrix type='matrix' values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0'/></filter></svg>#grayscale");font-size:13px;left:50%;margin-left:-240px;padding:10px 20px;position:fixed;text-align:center;top:0;transform-style:preserve-3d;width:440px;z-index:30000}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){p.flash{margin-left:-37%;padding:10px 2%;width:70%}}p.flash.fold-to-top{top:-200px;transition:top .5s}p.flash.show{top:0;transition:top .5s}p.flash.notice{background-color:#29a37a;border-color:#29a37a;color:#fff;font-weight:700}p.flash.warning{background-color:#ffda75;border-color:#ffda75}p.flash.alert{background-color:#d8372c;border-color:#d8372c;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.region-select{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:.25rem;float:left;height:28px;margin:10px 10px 0 0;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:140px}.region-select:has(select:focus-visible){outline:2px solid #000;outline-offset:4px}.region-select:after{bottom:0;color:#d7d7db;content:"";font-family:TCFont-Regular;line-height:2;position:absolute;right:10px;top:0}.region-select select{appearance:none;-moz-outline:none;-moz-user-focus:none;background:transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:#383838;display:block;font-size:inherit;height:28px;outline:none;padding:5px 7px;position:absolute;text-indent:.01px;text-overflow:"";width:120%;z-index:1}.region-select select:-moz-focusring{color:transparent}.region-select select:-moz-focusring:focus-visible{color:#383838}.region-select select::-ms-expand{display:none}.search-form legend{display:none}.search-form .input-wrapper{position:relative}.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=search],.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=text],.search-form .input-wrapper label{display:block;font-size:12px;line-height:16px}.search-form .input-wrapper label{color:#4b4b4e;padding:8px 0 0 12px;position:absolute;z-index:3}.search-form .input-wrapper label i:before{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:14px;left:-4px;position:relative;top:0}.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=search],.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=text]{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:2px;min-width:280px;padding:7px 6px 6px 26px;position:relative}.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=search]:focus,.search-form .input-wrapper input[type=text]:focus{border-color:#293299;outline:none}#small-sidebar{background:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border-top:46px solid transparent;box-sizing:border-box;display:none;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;height:0;overflow-y:auto;position:absolute;top:0;transition:height .55s cubic-bezier(.32,.08,.24,1);width:100%;z-index:11;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}#small-sidebar.visible{height:100%}#small-sidebar.visible .small-sidebar-group{opacity:1;top:0}#small-sidebar-close-button,#small-sidebar-open-button{color:#383838;display:none;font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:46px;padding:0 12px;position:absolute;top:auto;transition:opacity .275s}#small-sidebar-close-button.v2,#small-sidebar-open-button.v2{background-color:#fff;border:none;display:initial;line-height:0;padding:8px;top:auto}#small-sidebar-open-button{opacity:1;z-index:41}#small-sidebar-close-button,#small-sidebar-open-button.visible{opacity:0;z-index:40}#small-sidebar-close-button.visible{opacity:1;z-index:41}.small-sidebar-editions .region-select{border:none;box-sizing:border-box;height:33px;margin:0;width:100%}.small-sidebar-editions .region-select:after{color:#727272;line-height:1em;padding:10px;pointer-events:none;right:0;top:0}.small-sidebar-editions select{font-size:15px;height:33px;padding:0 4px}#small-sidebar-search form{position:relative}#small-sidebar-search input{border:none;border-radius:.25rem;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:15px;height:33px;width:100%}#small-sidebar-search button{background:none;border:none;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;height:29px;padding:7px 0;position:absolute;right:2px;top:2px;transition:background .3s;width:33px}#small-sidebar-search button .icon-search{color:#727272;font-size:22px}#small-sidebar-search input,.small-sidebar-editions .region-select{border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:.25rem;float:none;height:auto;width:100%}#small-region-select-dropdown,#small-sidebar-search input{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;font-size:14px;height:auto;padding:10px 12px;position:static;width:100%}#small-region-select-dropdown:focus-visible,#small-sidebar-search input:focus-visible{outline:auto}.small-sidebar-group,.small-sidebar-transition-group{opacity:0;padding:12px;position:relative;top:-50px;transition:opacity 1.1s cubic-bezier(.32,.08,.24,1) .198s,top .55s cubic-bezier(.32,.08,.24,1)}.small-sidebar-group:after,.small-sidebar-transition-group:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.small-sidebar-group+.small-sidebar-group{margin-top:0}.small-sidebar-group h3{color:#383838;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.small-sidebar-group h3:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.small-sidebar-group ul{list-style:none}.small-sidebar-group li{margin:5px 0 0}.small-sidebar-group a{color:#383838;display:block;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0 0 .8em;padding:.2em 0;position:relative}.small-sidebar-group a.active{border-left:6px solid #d7d7db;margin-left:-12px;padding-left:6px}.small-sidebar-group .icon-chevron-right{font-size:14px;line-height:1;position:absolute;right:2px;top:10px}.sections-sidebar-group a{font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#small-sidebar,#small-sidebar-close-button,#small-sidebar-open-button{display:block}}.content-authors{font-size:12px}.content-authors h3{font-size:11px}.content-authors a{font-weight:700}.content-authors .institution_name{color:#4b4b4e;font-weight:400}.content-authors-synopsis{display:none}.content-authors-synopsis i{border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:50%;color:#4b4b4e;height:16px;line-height:16px;margin-right:6px;text-align:center;width:16px}.content-authors-synopsis .icon-caret-up{display:none}.content-authors-group{margin-bottom:36px}.content-authors-group ol{list-style:none;padding-top:6px}.content-authors-group li{clear:left}.content-authors-group li+li{margin-top:24px}.content-authors-group img{border-radius:50%;display:block;float:left;margin:0 12px 18px 0;width:48px}.content-post .team-blog .content-authors-group img{display:block}.content-post .content-authors-group img{display:none}.content-post .content-authors-group .role{margin-left:0}.content-authors-group .role{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:11px;line-height:1.4;margin-left:60px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-authors h3{margin-left:0}.content-authors-synopsis{display:block;margin-bottom:12px}.content-authors-group{display:none}.content-authors-group img{margin-left:0}.open .icon-caret-down{display:none}.open .icon-caret-up{display:inline-block}.open .content-authors-group{display:block}}@media only screen and (min-width:1466px){.content-authors-group .role{line-height:1.4}}.content-body{font-family:Libre Baskerville,serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.6;padding-bottom:12px}.content-body .figcaption a,.content-body a,.content-body figcaption a{color:#4b4b4e;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-decoration:underline;white-space:pre-wrap}.content-body .figcaption a:hover,.content-body a:hover,.content-body figcaption a:hover{color:#293299}.content-body .figcaption a:visited,.content-body a:visited,.content-body figcaption a:visited{color:#4b4b4e}.content-body .figcaption a:visited:hover,.content-body a:visited:hover,.content-body figcaption a:visited:hover{color:#293299}.content-body blockquote{border-left:8px solid #d7d7db}.content-body ol,.content-body ul{margin-bottom:18px;padding-left:2em}.content-body table{border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;empty-cells:show;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:13px;margin-bottom:18px;width:100%}.content-body table thead th{font-weight:700;vertical-align:top}.content-body table tbody td,.content-body table thead th{border:1px solid #d7d7db;padding:.5em 1em}.content-body figure{margin-bottom:18px}.content-body figure table{margin-bottom:0}.content-body figure.align-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:20px;width:237px}.content-body figure.align-left{clear:left;float:left;margin-right:20px;width:237px}.content-body figure.align-center img{width:100%}.content-body figure a,.content-body figure img{display:block;max-width:100%;text-decoration:none}.content-body figure figcaption{color:#4b4b4e;cursor:default;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.content-body figure figcaption a{display:inline}.content-topics{margin-bottom:12px}.content-topics ul{margin-left:25px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-body{font-size:16px;line-height:1.6}.content-body blockquote{margin-left:-10px}.content-body figure.align-left,.content-body figure.align-right{margin-bottom:12px;width:100%}.content-body figure.align-left img,.content-body figure.align-right img{width:100%}}.content-column-header{margin-top:1px;position:relative}.content-column-header .column-header{background-color:#f2f2f3;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e6;color:#383838;display:block;height:118px}.content-column-header .column-header:after{clear:both;content:".";display:block;font-size:0;height:0;visibility:hidden}.content-column-header .column-header:hover h3{text-decoration:underline}.content-column-header .content-column-feed{cursor:pointer;display:block;padding-top:5px;position:absolute;right:0;text-align:center;top:18px;z-index:7}.content-column-header .content-column-feed-itunes{top:54px}.content-column-header img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;float:left;margin-top:15px;width:90px}.content-column-header h3{font-size:27px;padding-top:40px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-column-header .column-header{height:auto}.content-column-header .content-column-feed{right:10px}.content-column-header .content-column-feed span{display:none}.content-column-header .content-column-image{position:absolute}.content-column-header .content-column-image img{width:60px}.content-column-header .content-column-title{float:none;margin-left:80px;margin-right:45px;width:auto}.content-column-header h3{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:6px;padding-top:20px}.content-column-header .byline{font-size:12px;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:20px}}.content-column-podcast-header{border-bottom:1px solid #d7d7db;color:#4b4b4e;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;padding:20px 0}.content-column-podcast-header a{color:inherit}.content-column-podcast-header a:hover{color:#212121;text-decoration:underline}.content-column-podcast-header .podcast-link-title{display:block;font-size:28px;line-height:28px;margin-top:18px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.podcast-info .image{display:none}}.content-disclosure-statement{margin-bottom:36px}.content-disclosure-statement h3{font-size:11px}.content-disclosure-statement p{margin-bottom:0}.content-disclosure-statement p+p{margin-top:18px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-disclosure-statement{display:none;line-height:1.4;margin-left:0}.open .content-disclosure-statement{display:block}}.content-header{padding-bottom:36px;padding-top:36px}.content-header-container h1{color:#383838;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:38px;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 12px}.content-header-container time{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:13px}.content-header-container .time-separator{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:11px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-header{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:12px}.content-header-container h1{font-size:28px;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:0}.content-header-container .time-separator{display:none}.content-header-container .timestamps{padding:12px 0}.content-header-container time{display:block}}.content-lead-image{padding-bottom:36px}.content-lead-image img{display:block;width:100%}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-lead-image{padding-bottom:0}}.content-partners{margin-bottom:36px}.content-partners a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.content-partners h3{font-size:11px}.content-partners .disclosure-logo{display:table;text-align:center;width:100%}.content-partners .logo{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:120px}.content-partners .funding-statement,.content-partners .partners-jobs-links{border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f3;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:12px}.content-partners img{margin:0 auto;max-width:120px;width:100%}.conversation-partners{margin-bottom:36px}.conversation-partners h3{font-size:11px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-partners{display:none;line-height:1.4;margin-left:0}.content-partners .disclosure-logo{display:none}.open .content-partners{display:block}.conversation-partners{display:none}.open .conversation-partners{display:block}}#article .content-sidebar{float:right;position:relative}.content-sidebar{font-size:11px;margin-bottom:60px}.content-sidebar section.column-authors,.content-sidebar section.column-banner{margin-left:0}.content-sidebar .related-topics a{font-weight:700}.content-sidebar .byline{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:13px;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:12px}.column-banner{margin-bottom:36px}.column-banner .byline{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:11px;font-style:italic;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:12px}.column-title{border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f3;display:block;height:108px;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:28px;position:relative}.column-title:after{border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f3;bottom:-3px;content:"";position:absolute;width:100%}.column-title h3{bottom:1px;font-size:15px;margin:0;padding-bottom:12px;padding-right:80px;position:absolute}.column-title img{bottom:0;position:absolute;right:0}.content-doi h3{font-size:11px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-sidebar{margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0}.content-sidebar section{margin-left:0}.content-authors:has(~.content-translations){margin-right:60px}.content-doi{display:none}.open .content-doi{display:block}}.content-translations{margin-bottom:36px}.content-translations ul{list-style:none}.content-translations-toggle{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.content-translations{position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.content-translations h3,.content-translations ul{display:none}.content-translations.open{background:#fff;box-shadow:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 4px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);min-width:50%;padding:10px;position:absolute;right:0;top:-10px;z-index:100}.content-translations.open h3,.content-translations.open ul{display:block}.content-translations.open .content-translations-toggle{top:0}.content-translations.open .content-translations-toggle .icon-caret-up{display:inline-block}.content-translations.open .content-translations-toggle .icon-caret-down{display:none}.content-translations-toggle{display:block;font-size:20px;height:40px;line-height:40px;position:absolute;right:0;text-align:center;top:-10px;width:60px}.content-translations-toggle img{vertical-align:middle;width:26px}.content-translations-toggle i{border:1px solid #b0b3ba;border-radius:50%;color:#b0b3ba;font-size:15px;height:16px;line-height:16px;text-align:center;width:16px}.content-translations-toggle .icon-caret-down{display:inline-block}.content-translations-toggle .icon-caret-up{display:none}}body.refresh-article #outer{padding:0}body.refresh-article .audio-player{margin-bottom:36px}body.refresh-article .has-desktop-magazine .content-header,body.refresh-article .has-desktop-magazine .content-lead-image{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){body.refresh-article .has-desktop-magazine .content-header,body.refresh-article .has-desktop-magazine .content-lead-image,body.refresh-article .normal .content-header,body.refresh-article .normal .content-lead-image{display:block}}.magazine{display:none;padding-bottom:24px}.has-desktop-magazine .magazine{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.magazine .image{height:600px}.magazine .wrapper{height:100%}.magazine .caption-wrapper{order:2}.magazine-title{width:100%}.magazine-title header{bottom:10px;position:absolute}.magazine-title .content-header-block{border-left:24px solid #fff;display:inline-block;left:-12px;line-height:normal;padding:4px 0 0;position:relative}.magazine-title h1{background-color:#fff;color:#383838;display:inline;left:-1px;line-height:normal;margin:0;padding:4px 0 6px;position:relative}.magazine-title strong{left:-12px;position:relative;z-index:10}.magazine-title time{background-color:#fff;color:#4b4b4e;display:inline-block;font-size:13px;margin:-1px 0 0 -12px;padding:6px 12px}.magazine-title .time-separator{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){.magazine{padding-bottom:0}.has-desktop-magazine .magazine{display:none}.has-mobile-magazine .magazine{display:block}.magazine .image{aspect-ratio:3/2;display:block;height:auto;width:100%}.magazine-header{height:auto}.magazine-title{position:relative}.magazine-title header{bottom:auto;position:relative}.magazine-title .content-header-block{border-left:none;display:block;left:auto}.magazine-title h1{background:transparent;display:block;padding-bottom:0}.magazine-title h1 strong{left:0}.magazine-title .timestamps{padding:12px 0}.magazine-title time{display:block;margin:0;padding:0}}.ultra-wide-lead-image{container-type:inline-size;position:relative}.ultra-wide-lead-image .dev-warning{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1801px){.ultra-wide-lead-image img.no-cdn{object-fit:cover}.ultra-wide-lead-image .dev-warning{display:inline-block}}.ultra-wide-lead-image img{aspect-ratio:3/2;background-color:#fafafb;height:auto;max-height:600px;object-fit:cover;width:100%}@media only screen and (max-width:1920px)and (min-width:1180px){.ultra-wide-lead-image img{aspect-ratio:3/1;height:33.33cqw}}@media only screen and (max-width:1179px)and (min-width:600px){.ultra-wide-lead-image img{aspect-ratio:2/1;height:50cqw}}@media only screen and (min-width:1801px){.ultra-wide-lead-image img{aspect-ratio:3/1;object-fit:contain;object-position:center}}.content-gallery-item{background:#f2f2f3;clear:both;margin:0 0 40px;padding:10px 10px 0}.content-gallery-item img{display:block;max-height:90%;max-width:100%}.content-gallery-item figcaption{color:#4b4b4e;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;padding:20px 20px 20px 50px;position:relative}.content-gallery-item figcaption .count{color:#4b4b4e;left:5px;position:absolute;text-align:right;width:35px}.content-gallery-item figcaption .source{color:#62626a;font-weight:700;padding-left:.75em}.content-gallery-item:last-child{cursor:n-resize}.content-gallery-cover.loading{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}.gallery-cover{background:rgba(0,0,0,.9);height:150%;left:0;transition:opacity .35s ease-out;z-index:1000}.gallery-content,.gallery-cover{bottom:0;opacity:1;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%}.gallery-content{overflow:scroll;padding-top:38px;transition:opacity .75s ease-in .3s;z-index:1001}.gallery-content .close-gallery{box-shadow:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 4px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);position:fixed;right:26px;top:10px}.gallery-content.hidden,.gallery-cover.hidden{opacity:0}.gallery-content-inner{color:#fff;margin:0 auto;width:75%}.gallery-content-inner header h1{color:#fff}.gallery-content-inner header time{color:#62626a}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item{background:transparent;cursor:default}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item img{background:#fff;margin:0;padding:5px}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item:last-child{cursor:default}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item:last-child img{cursor:n-resize}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item figcaption{color:#fff}.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item figcaption .count,.gallery-content-inner .content-gallery-item figcaption .source{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.6)}#article .post-navigation{clear:both;margin-bottom:20px}#article .post-navigation ol{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}#article .post-navigation li{display:flex;float:left;width:50%}#article .post-navigation li:first-child .post-navigation-option{margin-right:10px}#article .post-navigation li:first-child .post-navigation-option:before{content:"";left:-20px;padding-left:10px;text-align:left}#article .post-navigation li:last-child .post-navigation-option{margin-left:10px}#article .post-navigation li:last-child .post-navigation-option:before{content:"";padding-right:10px;right:-20px;text-align:right}#article .post-navigation .post-navigation-option{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d7d7db;position:relative;transform-style:preserve-3d;width:100%}#article .post-navigation .post-navigation-option:before{background:inherit;border:1px solid #d7d7db;border-radius:50%;font-family:TCFont-Regular;height:40px;line-height:40px;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);width:30px;z-index:1}#article .post-navigation .post-navigation-option .article{background:inherit;display:block;min-height:65px;padding:20px;position:relative;z-index:2}#article .post-navigation .empty{opacity:0}#article .post-navigation h4{letter-spacing:normal}#article .post-navigation time{color:#4b4b4e;display:block;font-size:11px}#article .content-sidebar.column-sidebar .content-authors{margin-top:60px}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#article .content-sidebar.column-sidebar .content-authors{margin-top:12px}}
/*# sourceMappingURL=webpacked-critical-7014cd3ac90be967.css.map*/
</style>

  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/webpacked-tailwind-c5df688c744cabdc.css" media="screen" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/webpacked-core-37adec451ef4b81b.css" media="screen" preload="false" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/webpacked-secondary-a131c3a0a5a8273c.css" media="screen" />



<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/webpacked-print-60cab83d7d983e7d.css" media="print" />



  <link rel="icon" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/logos/web-app-logo-192x192-2d05bdd6de6328146de80245d4685946.png">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/logos/favicon-cdcdc0dd51ffe5238483c3f27fd2eb57.ico">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/581997/original/9275d5c0-7dd5-4ddf-b50b-98d537e016f4.png">

  
<script type="text/javascript" data-vendor="googleana-4TXnJigR">
  (function (w, d, s, l, i) {
    w[l] = w[l] || [];
    w[l].push({
      'gtm.start':
        new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'
    });
    var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
      j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : '';
    j.async = true;
    j.src =
      'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl;
    f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f);
  })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-WX8PHK9');
</script>

<script>
  window.GTM = window.GTM || {}
  window.GTM.CustomDimensions = {"UserType":"Reader","RegionCode":"us"}
</script>

  
<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">
  window.didomiOnReady = window.didomiOnReady || [];

  window.DIDOMI = {
    ENABLED: false,
  }
</script>


  
  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="The Conversation">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default">
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json">

</head>
<body class="region_us topics topics-show  max-lg:relative">
  

  <div id="small-sidebar" class="border-t-41! md:block! lg:hidden!" role="region" aria-label="Menu" aria-hidden="true">
  <nav id="small-sidebar-search-v2" class="small-sidebar-transition-group md:max-w-screen">
    <form action="/search" role="search" class="relative lg:my-4 flex basis-1/3 flex-row content-around">
      <label for="site-search-small-layout" class="sr-only">Search analysis, research, academics…</label>
      <input id="site-search-small-layout" type="search" name="q" class="tailwind font-sans w-full rounded-full border border-solid border-gray-300 box-border py-3 pl-5 pr-10 text-base text-black placeholder:text-gray-600/100!" placeholder="Search analysis, research, academics…">

      <div class="absolute inset-y-0 right-3 flex items-center">
        <button type="submit" aria-label="Search" class="mt-px cursor-pointer border-none bg-transparent flex items-center justify-center text-gray-800">
          <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="size-6">
  <path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"></path>
  <circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle>
</svg>
        </button>
      </div>
    </form>
  </nav>

  <nav class="small-sidebar-transition-group small-sidebar-group sections-sidebar-group">
    <ul>
        <li class="home-page ">
          <a class="" href="/us">Home</a>
        </li>
        <li class="arts ">
          <a class="" href="/us/arts">Arts <span><span title="and">+</span> Culture</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="business ">
          <a class="" href="/us/business">Economy</a>
        </li>
        <li class="education ">
          <a class="" href="/us/education">Education</a>
        </li>
        <li class="environment ">
          <a class="" href="/us/environment">Environment <span><span title="and">+</span> Energy</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="ethics ">
          <a class="" href="/us/ethics">Ethics <span><span title="and">+</span> Religion</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="health ">
          <a class="" href="/us/health">Health</a>
        </li>
        <li class="politics ">
          <a class="" href="/us/politics">Politics <span><span title="and">+</span> Society</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="technology ">
          <a class="" href="/us/technology">Science <span><span title="and">+</span> Tech</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="world ">
          <a class="" href="/us/world">World</a>
        </li>
        <li class="podcasts ">
          <a class="" href="/us/podcasts">Podcasts</a>
        </li>
        <li class="local last">
          <a class="" href="/us/local">Local</a>
        </li>


        <li><a href="/us/espanol">En Español</a></li>
    </ul>
  </nav>

  <nav class="small-sidebar-transition-group small-sidebar-group small-sidebar-editions md:max-w-screen" aria-label="Edition">
    <h3>Edition</h3>
    <fieldset class="region-select">
      <select id="small-region-select-dropdown">
          <option data-code="AFRICA" value="/africa">
            Africa
          </option>
          <option data-code="AU" value="/au">
            Australia
          </option>
          <option data-code="BR" value="/br">
            Brasil
          </option>
          <option data-code="CA" value="/ca">
            Canada
          </option>
          <option data-code="CA-FR" value="/ca-fr">
            Canada (français)
          </option>
          <option data-code="CATALAN" value="/catalan">
            Català
          </option>
          <option data-code="ES" value="/es">
            España
          </option>
          <option data-code="EUROPE" value="/europe">
            Europe
          </option>
          <option data-code="FR" value="/fr">
            France
          </option>
          <option data-code="GLOBAL" value="/global">
            Global
          </option>
          <option data-code="ID" value="/id">
            Indonesia
          </option>
          <option data-code="NZ" value="/nz">
            New Zealand
          </option>
          <option data-code="UK" value="/uk">
            United Kingdom
          </option>
          <option data-code="US" value="/us" selected="selected">
            United States
          </option>
      </select>
    </fieldset>
  </nav>

  <nav class="small-sidebar-transition-group flex">
      <a class="min-hitbox-44 max-w-40
      inline-block box-border sm:hidden rounded-full
      font-bold text-white text-xs hover:text-white visited:text-white items-center text-center
      px-2 grow py-2 lg:px-5 lg:py-2
      focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-offset-2 focus-visible:ring-black bg-red-600 hover:bg-red-500" href="https://donate.theconversation.com/us?utm_source=theconversation.com&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=mobile-menu">Donate</a>

  </nav>
</div>


  <div id="page-wrapper">
    <section id="topbar" class="relative bg-white border-solid border-b border-gray-200 z-20">
  <a class="sr-only focus:not-sr-only focus:absolute focus:top-2 focus:left-2 focus:z-50 focus:bg-white focus:py-2 focus:px-4 focus:text-black focus:border-2 focus:border-black focus:font-bold focus:shadow-lg text-base focus:outline-none" href="#main-content">Skip to content</a>

  <button type="button" id="small-sidebar-open-button" class="v2 lg:hidden!" aria-label="Menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="small-sidebar">
    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="size-6">
  <path d="M4 5h16"></path>
  <path d="M4 12h16"></path>
  <path d="M4 19h16"></path>
</svg>
  </button>

  <button type="button" id="small-sidebar-close-button" class="v2 lg:hidden!" aria-label="Close" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="small-sidebar">
    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="size-6">
  <path d="M18 6 6 18"></path>
  <path d="m6 6 12 12"></path>
</svg>
  </button>

  <nav class="mx-auto flex justify-between tc-container text-black relative h-10 lg:h-12 p-0!">

  <div class="flex items-center grow flex-row flex-wrap max-lg:overflow-hidden">
    <a id="topbar-home" aria-label="Go to homepage" class="text-gray-700 hover:text-gray-700! hover:bg-gray-50 flex h-full max-md:grow lg:-ml-3" href="/us">
      <span class="hidden lg:block p-3">
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="size-6">
  <path d="M15 21v-8a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v8"></path>
  <path d="M3 10a2 2 0 0 1 .709-1.528l7-6a2 2 0 0 1 2.582 0l7 6A2 2 0 0 1 21 10v9a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2z"></path>
</svg>
      </span>

      <span class="h-full items-center flex grow">
        <img class="grow max-h-5 min-w-32 w-auto md:h-5 ml-10 mr-1 lg:hidden" alt="The Conversation" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/logos/logo-en-deecd7f6345376bc1471b3c9cd047e76.svg" />
      </span>
</a>
    <div class="hidden lg:block h-full">
      <div class="topbar-edition-v2 relative h-full border-solid border-r border-l border-gray-200">
  <div class="flex h-full items-center">
    <span class="ml-3 font-sans text-xs">Edition:</span>

    <div class="inline-block h-full">
      <button class="menu-button-open h-full flex items-center py-3.5 px-2.5 border-none bg-transparent cursor-pointer hover:bg-gray-50">
        <span class="text-xs text-red-600 font-bold pr-2">United States</span>

        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="menu-caret-down size-4">
  <path d="m6 9 6 6 6-6"></path>
</svg>
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="menu-caret-up size-4 hidden">
  <path d="m18 15-6-6-6 6"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="menu hidden relative">
        <div class="absolute z-10 border-t border-solid border-white left-px right-0 -top-px"></div>
        <ul class="absolute flex w-36 min-w-max flex-col border border-gray-200 border-solid bg-white w-36 shadow-lg -top-px">
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Africa edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/africa">Africa</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Australia edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/au">Australia</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Brasil edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/br">Brasil</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Canada edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/ca">Canada</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Canada (français) edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/ca-fr">Canada (français)</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Català edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/catalan">Català</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="España edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/es">España</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Europe edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/europe">Europe</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="France edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/fr">France</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Global edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/global">Global</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="Indonesia edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/id">Indonesia</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="New Zealand edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/nz">New Zealand</a>
            </li>
            <li class="inline-flex items-center text-xs transition text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-50">
              <a title="United Kingdom edition" class="text-black! w-full h-full py-3.5 px-2.5" href="/uk">United Kingdom</a>
            </li>
        </ul>s
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

    </div>

    
<div class="my-1 md:mx-2 flex flex-row-reverse sm:flex-row">
    <a class="min-hitbox-44 font-sans rounded-full m-1 bg-red-600 font-bold text-white hover:text-white hover:bg-red-500 visited:text-white hover:visited:text-white items-center px-3 py-1 lg:px-5 lg:py-2 focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-red-600 focus:ring-offset-2 hidden md:block" href="https://donate.theconversation.com/us?utm_source=theconversation.com&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=topbar">Donate</a>

    <a title="Sign up to receive our daily email newsletter" class="min-hitbox-44 font-sans rounded-full m-1 bg-black font-bold text-white hover:text-white hover:bg-gray-700 visited:text-white hover:text-white! hover:visited:text-white px-3 py-1 lg:px-5 lg:py-2 self-end focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-black focus:ring-offset-2" href="/us/newsletters?utm_campaign=System&amp;utm_content=newsletter&amp;utm_medium=TopBar&amp;utm_source=theconversation.com">
      Newsletters
</a></div>

  </div>

  <div id="topbar-dynamic-content-v2" class="items-center w-auto flex max-md:min-w-10">
  </div>
</nav>

</section>

    <div class="slot" data-id="14"></div>
    <section class="text-center border-solid border-b border-gray-200 hidden lg:block">
  <div class="hidden lg:block font-sans">
  <section class="bg-masthead pt-5">
    <div class="tc-container container mx-auto">
      <header id="masthead-header" class="flex justify-between mx-auto">
        <div class="flex flex-col items-start">
          <a href="/us">
            <img width="350" height="50" class="block h-auto max-w-full" alt="The Conversation" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/logos/logo-en-deecd7f6345376bc1471b3c9cd047e76.svg" />
</a>          <div id="masthead-tagline" class="font-bold mt-1 text-2xs text-gray-700">Academic rigor, journalistic flair</div>
        </div>
        <form class="relative flex flex-row basis-1/3 content-around my-4 mx-2" role="search" action="/us/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get">
          <input type="search" name="q" id="q" value="" class="font-sans text-xs tailwind border-box border-gray-300 border border-solid rounded-full pl-5 pr-10 py-3 text-black placeholder-gray-600 focus:placeholder-gray-200 w-full" placeholder="Search analysis, research, academics…" />
          <button type="submit" aria-label="Search" class="absolute m-2 right-0 border-none bg-transparent cursor-pointer text-gray-800">
            <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="size-6" aria-hidden="true">
  <path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"></path>
  <circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle>
</svg>
          </button>
          <button type="submit" class="hidden" value="Search"></button>
</form>      </header>
    </div>
  </section>
</div>

  <nav id="nav-v2" class="bg-masthead hidden text-3xs font-bold text-gray-700 lg:flex lg:text-2xs 2xl:text-sm">
    <div class="border-box tc-container container mx-auto flex justify-start gap-2.5 2xl:gap-4">
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Arts + Culture" href="/us/arts">Arts <span><span title="and">+</span> Culture</span></a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Economy" href="/us/business">Economy</a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Education" href="/us/education">Education</a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Environment + Energy" href="/us/environment">Environment <span><span title="and">+</span> Energy</span></a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Ethics + Religion" href="/us/ethics">Ethics <span><span title="and">+</span> Religion</span></a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Health" href="/us/health">Health</a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Politics + Society" href="/us/politics">Politics <span><span title="and">+</span> Society</span></a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Science + Tech" href="/us/technology">Science <span><span title="and">+</span> Tech</span></a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="World" href="/us/world">World</a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Podcasts" href="/us/podcasts">Podcasts</a>
        <a class="font-sans border-b-4 pt-3 pb-2 text-black! hover:text-black! visited:text-black! border-solid border-transparent border-0 border-b-5 hover:border-red-600!" title="Local" href="/us/local">Local</a>
    </div>
</nav>

</section>


    <div id="outer" role="main">
      <div id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></div>
      <div id="flash">
  <!-- Persistent live region for screen reader announcements -->
  <span id="flash-announcer" role="alert" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true" class="sr-only"></span>


</div>

      


<div class="wrapper">
  <nav id="tabbed-navigation" class="tabbed tabbed-section-navigation">
    <a href="#articles" class="tab active">Articles</a>
    <a href="#contributors" class="tab">Contributors</a>
    <a href="#links" class="tab">Links</a>
  </nav>

  <div class="topic-page sm-display-articles">
    <h1 class="legacy">Articles on Brexit</h1>

    <div class="grid-ten large-grid-eight">
      <section id="articles">
        <h3 aria-level="2" class="border">Displaying 1 - 20 of 1762 articles</span></h3>
        <div class="content-list">
            
<article data-id="286401" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Revolving door at 10 Downing St. is weakening the special relationship between UK and&nbsp;US" href="/revolving-door-at-10-downing-st-is-weakening-the-special-relationship-between-uk-and-us-286401">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:50.0%;--background-color:#97675e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/751194/original/file-20260730-50-ggfym0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=0%2C547%2C4692%2C2346&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=668&amp;h=334&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="751194"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              Andy Burnham delivers his inaugural speech as the U.K.’s new prime minister on July 20, 2026.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Dan Kitwood/Getty Images</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-07-31T12:05:47Z" data-format="tc_date">
        July 31, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/revolving-door-at-10-downing-st-is-weakening-the-special-relationship-between-uk-and-us-286401">Revolving door at 10 Downing St. is weakening the special relationship between UK and&nbsp;US</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/garret-martin-365081">Garret Martin</a>, <em>American University School of International Service</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>The days of long-established relationships between the UK prime minister and the US president are long gone.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="282676" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Britain’s quarter century: Blair, populism and the battle over human&nbsp;rights" href="/britains-quarter-century-blair-populism-and-the-battle-over-human-rights-282676">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#502d25"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/747429/original/file-20260713-56-9y9c14.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=845%2C0%2C3387%2C3386&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="747429"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Rupert Rivett</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-07-23T10:48:46Z" data-format="tc_date">
        July 23, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/britains-quarter-century-blair-populism-and-the-battle-over-human-rights-282676">Britain’s quarter century: Blair, populism and the battle over human&nbsp;rights</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/geraint-hughes-2416990">Geraint Hughes</a>, <em>King&#39;s College London</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/martin-farr-183458">Martin Farr</a>, <em>Newcastle University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephen-clear-314009">Stephen Clear</a>, <em>Bangor University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>How the political debate has shifted in the last 25 years.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="285925" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Burnham’s Britain: what kind of country has the UK’s new prime minister&nbsp;inherited?" href="/burnhams-britain-what-kind-of-country-has-the-uks-new-prime-minister-inherited-285925">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#58342c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/748495/original/file-20260716-57-p9ea0f.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=968%2C0%2C4569%2C4567&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="748495"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Alistair Grant/AP/AAP</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-07-19T20:04:58Z" data-format="tc_date">
        July 19, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/burnhams-britain-what-kind-of-country-has-the-uks-new-prime-minister-inherited-285925">Burnham’s Britain: what kind of country has the UK’s new prime minister&nbsp;inherited?</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ben-wellings-4217">Ben Wellings</a>, <em>Monash University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>The ‘king of the North’ faces multiple challenges in a fragmented UK when he becomes the next prime minister.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="285832" class="clearfix placed news_item published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="What Brexit has actually changed, ten years later – expert&nbsp;panel" href="/what-brexit-has-actually-changed-ten-years-later-expert-panel-285832">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a7845a"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/743218/original/file-20260622-71-ifuy6f.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=1979%2C0%2C4002%2C4000&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="743218"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Ink Drop/Shutterstock</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-06-23T15:07:19Z" data-format="tc_date">
        June 23, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/what-brexit-has-actually-changed-ten-years-later-expert-panel-285832">What Brexit has actually changed, ten years later – expert&nbsp;panel</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/simon-usherwood-93719">Simon Usherwood</a>, <em>The Open University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/knut-roder-2716315">Knut Roder</a>, <em>Sheffield Hallam University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/paula-surridge-240264">Paula Surridge</a>, <em>University of Bristol</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sara-hobolt-2716357">Sara Hobolt</a>, <em>London School of Economics and Political Science</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>It’s still more about ‘leave v remain’, rather than Britain’s place in a changing Europe</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="285530" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Ten years on from the Brexit vote, the UK is still a country of Leavers and&nbsp;Remainers" href="/ten-years-on-from-the-brexit-vote-the-uk-is-still-a-country-of-leavers-and-remainers-285530">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#524831"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/742535/original/file-20260617-85-s8j2ti.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=797%2C0%2C3713%2C3712&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="742535"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">EPA/NEIL HALL</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-06-22T14:58:49Z" data-format="tc_date">
        June 22, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/ten-years-on-from-the-brexit-vote-the-uk-is-still-a-country-of-leavers-and-remainers-285530">Ten years on from the Brexit vote, the UK is still a country of Leavers and&nbsp;Remainers</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/chris-smith-2534152">Chris Smith</a>, <em>The Open University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>The ‘Brexit effect’ on political language is one of the most damaging effects of the referendum.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="282838" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Ten years after the referendum, how Brexit could have been done&nbsp;differently" href="/ten-years-after-the-referendum-how-brexit-could-have-been-done-differently-282838">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#564e2f"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/742950/original/file-20260619-57-pad2io.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=987%2C0%2C2500%2C2500&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="742950"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Matt Gibson/Shutterstock</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-06-22T07:12:12Z" data-format="tc_date">
        June 22, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/ten-years-after-the-referendum-how-brexit-could-have-been-done-differently-282838">Ten years after the referendum, how Brexit could have been done&nbsp;differently</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/renaud-foucart-844157">Renaud Foucart</a>, <em>Lancaster University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>An economist weighs up some of the options that were left on the table.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="285264" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Does the United Kingdom need a new Winston&nbsp;Churchill?" href="/does-the-united-kingdom-need-a-new-winston-churchill-285264">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#8d5d58"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/741804/original/file-20260523-71-8ypavw.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=726%2C0%2C2910%2C2909&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="741804"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              A local council worker removes red graffiti from a statue of Winston Churchill in February 2026. The former British PM, who held office between 1940-1945 then from 1951-1955, represents an indestructible role model for many British people.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Brook Mitchell/AFP</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-06-17T13:25:48Z" data-format="tc_date">
        June 17, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/does-the-united-kingdom-need-a-new-winston-churchill-285264">Does the United Kingdom need a new Winston&nbsp;Churchill?</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alma-pierre-bonnet-2228628">Alma-Pierre Bonnet</a>, <em>Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>With Keir Starmer, the 5th British prime minister in ten years now sitting in an ejector seat, the nation is dreaming of a “new Churchill”, but is this the ideal role model for Britain’s current predicament?</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="284324" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="From Brexit to ‘Bregret’: ten years later, bitterness still prevails over the UK’s vote to leave&nbsp;the EU" href="/from-brexit-to-bregret-ten-years-later-bitterness-still-prevails-over-the-uks-vote-to-leave-the-eu-284324">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#9d8e70"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/739338/original/file-20260528-57-v4kklm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=1085%2C0%2C5464%2C5464&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="739338"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              A protester dons a black top hat with a “Why Brexit” slogan during an anti-Brexit demonstration on Parliament Square in London in March 2026, almost a decade after the British withdrawal from the European Union.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Brook Mitchell/AFP</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-06-03T15:01:15Z" data-format="tc_date">
        June 3, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/from-brexit-to-bregret-ten-years-later-bitterness-still-prevails-over-the-uks-vote-to-leave-the-eu-284324">From Brexit to ‘Bregret’: ten years later, bitterness still prevails over the UK’s vote to leave&nbsp;the EU</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/laetitia-langlois-2522931">Laëtitia Langlois</a>, <em>Université d’Angers</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>On June 23 2016, a slight majority of Britons voted to leave the European Union. Today surveys show that more people are regretting the EU divorce deal rather than celebrating it.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="280961" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="With talk of closer EU alignment, the UK is signalling to Europe that it’s a partner worthy of&nbsp;trust" href="/with-talk-of-closer-eu-alignment-the-uk-is-signalling-to-europe-that-its-a-partner-worthy-of-trust-280961">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#36465d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/731107/original/file-20260420-57-xtsatg.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=2017%2C0%2C4698%2C4696&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="731107"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              PM Keir Starmer and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen have reset the UK-EU relationship – but UK alignment would take things a step further.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Alexandros Michailidis/Shutterstock</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-04-21T14:19:46Z" data-format="tc_date">
        April 21, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/with-talk-of-closer-eu-alignment-the-uk-is-signalling-to-europe-that-its-a-partner-worthy-of-trust-280961">With talk of closer EU alignment, the UK is signalling to Europe that it’s a partner worthy of&nbsp;trust</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ursula-f-ott-600341">Ursula F Ott</a>, <em>Nottingham Trent University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>But what would ‘alignment’ look like for UK businesses and consumers?</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="277107" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="How Brexit reduced the City of London’s financial clout – new&nbsp;research" href="/how-brexit-reduced-the-city-of-londons-financial-clout-new-research-277107">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4b3730"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/726684/original/file-20260327-71-i8z98u.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=1965%2C687%2C3534%2C3534&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="726684"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Sven Hansche/Shutterstock</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-03-30T14:51:40Z" data-format="tc_date">
        March 30, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/how-brexit-reduced-the-city-of-londons-financial-clout-new-research-277107">How Brexit reduced the City of London’s financial clout – new&nbsp;research</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/amr-saber-algarhi-1239862">Amr Saber Algarhi</a>, <em>Sheffield Hallam University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adeola-y-oyebowale-1140070">Adeola Y. Oyebowale</a>, <em>University of Doha for Science and Technology</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>European financial power has realigned at a cost to the City of London.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="276892" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="European Capitals of Culture: a diplomatic linchpin in an unstable&nbsp;world?" href="/european-capitals-of-culture-a-diplomatic-linchpin-in-an-unstable-world-276892">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#504537"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/720390/original/file-20260224-57-hq7y9j.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=2016%2C0%2C3999%2C3999&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="720390"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              Trenčín in Slovakia (pictured here with its castle on a hill), and Finland’s main port city Oulu jointly carry the 2026 European Capital of Culture crown.
            </span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-02-25T15:40:17Z" data-format="tc_date">
        February 25, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/european-capitals-of-culture-a-diplomatic-linchpin-in-an-unstable-world-276892">European Capitals of Culture: a diplomatic linchpin in an unstable&nbsp;world?</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/maria-elena-buslacchi-1529456">Maria Elena Buslacchi</a>, <em>Aix-Marseille Université (AMU)</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>In a geopolitical landscape that is more and more fragmented, the European Capitals of Culture initiative and its evolving role in fostering diplomacy and unity are up for debate.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="274687" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="How can Europe meet the challenge posed by the retreat of the&nbsp;US?" href="/how-can-europe-meet-the-challenge-posed-by-the-retreat-of-the-us-274687">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4c3829"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/718546/original/file-20260216-76-c8yd9z.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=972%2C0%2C3450%2C3450&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="718546"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              Kaja Kallas addresses the Munich security conference.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">EPA/Ronald Wittek </span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-02-17T12:27:06Z" data-format="tc_date">
        February 17, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/how-can-europe-meet-the-challenge-posed-by-the-retreat-of-the-us-274687">How can Europe meet the challenge posed by the retreat of the&nbsp;US?</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/niall-oddy-2551912">Niall Oddy</a>, <em>The Open University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>Europe can manage without the US but it needs a reinvigorated conversation about its values.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="275387" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="The rise of ‘Merzoni’: How an alliance between Germany’s and Italy’s leaders is reshaping&nbsp;Europe" href="/the-rise-of-merzoni-how-an-alliance-between-germanys-and-italys-leaders-is-reshaping-europe-275387">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#493436"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/717510/original/file-20260210-96-kgliwj.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=1227%2C0%2C3647%2C3647&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="717510"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni and  German Chancellor Friedrich Merz at an intergovernmental summit in Rome.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Massimo Di Vita/Mondadori Portfolio via Getty Images</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2026-02-11T13:43:05Z" data-format="tc_date">
        February 11, 2026
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/the-rise-of-merzoni-how-an-alliance-between-germanys-and-italys-leaders-is-reshaping-europe-275387">The rise of ‘Merzoni’: How an alliance between Germany’s and Italy’s leaders is reshaping&nbsp;Europe</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/julia-khrebtan-horhager-1327191">Julia Khrebtan-Hörhager</a>, <em>Colorado State University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>The center of gravity in Europe is increasingly aligning along a Rome-Berlin axis.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="272480" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Whether it’s a ‘productivity puzzle’ or the ‘British disease’, the UK economy has been underperforming for&nbsp;decades" href="/whether-its-a-productivity-puzzle-or-the-british-disease-the-uk-economy-has-been-underperforming-for-decades-272480">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#9b6655"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/710167/original/file-20251222-56-hs7czk.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=1225%2C0%2C4909%2C4909&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="710167"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Maridav/Shutterstock</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-12-24T14:40:47Z" data-format="tc_date">
        December 24, 2025
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/whether-its-a-productivity-puzzle-or-the-british-disease-the-uk-economy-has-been-underperforming-for-decades-272480">Whether it’s a ‘productivity puzzle’ or the ‘British disease’, the UK economy has been underperforming for&nbsp;decades</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/eoin-mclaughlin-986610">Eoin McLaughlin</a>, <em>University College Cork</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>Economists have argued for decades about the best treatment for the UK’s persistent economic malaise.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="270388" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="The three spectres hanging over Rachel Reeves’ make&#8209;or&#8209;break budget" href="/the-three-spectres-hanging-over-rachel-reeves-make-or-break-budget-270388">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4d352c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/704191/original/file-20251124-56-nnytco.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=921%2C0%2C3459%2C3459&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="704191"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              It’s time to talk about how the UK’s finances got so precarious.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">EPA/ANDY RAIN</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-11-24T16:35:36Z" data-format="tc_date">
        November 24, 2025
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/the-three-spectres-hanging-over-rachel-reeves-make-or-break-budget-270388">The three spectres hanging over Rachel Reeves’ make&#8209;or&#8209;break budget</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/renaud-foucart-844157">Renaud Foucart</a>, <em>Lancaster University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>These are the conversations the UK still refuses to have.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="265805" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="A contemporary history of Britain’s far right – and how it helps explain why so many people went to the Unite the Kingdom rally in&nbsp;London" href="/a-contemporary-history-of-britains-far-right-and-how-it-helps-explain-why-so-many-people-went-to-the-unite-the-kingdom-rally-in-london-265805">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#64a0a8"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/692453/original/file-20250923-56-ydtaj2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=1223%2C0%2C5762%2C5760&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="692453"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              Protesters at the Unite the Kingdom rally mount a statue in London.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Alamy/Joanna Chan</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-09-24T12:10:13Z" data-format="tc_date">
        September 24, 2025
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/a-contemporary-history-of-britains-far-right-and-how-it-helps-explain-why-so-many-people-went-to-the-unite-the-kingdom-rally-in-london-265805">A contemporary history of Britain’s far right – and how it helps explain why so many people went to the Unite the Kingdom rally in&nbsp;London</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/aaron-edwards-2484688">Aaron Edwards</a>, <em>University of Leicester</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>The online radical right is turning a perennial problem into a moral panic.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="264065" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Nigel Farage and the political power of English&nbsp;grievance" href="/nigel-farage-and-the-political-power-of-english-grievance-264065">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4d342e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/687989/original/file-20250828-76-yezhk4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=1019%2C0%2C5035%2C5035&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="687989"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">EPA/Tolga Akmen</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-08-29T09:27:08Z" data-format="tc_date">
        August 29, 2025
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/nigel-farage-and-the-political-power-of-english-grievance-264065">Nigel Farage and the political power of English&nbsp;grievance</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ailsa-henderson-382124">Ailsa Henderson</a>, <em>University of Edinburgh</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/richard-wyn-jones-98134">Richard Wyn Jones</a>, <em>Cardiff University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>The Conservatives and Labour have allowed resentment to fester in the biggest part of the UK – and the only region not to have its own parliament.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="262285" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Why empty supermarket shelves make you uneasy – even if you don’t want the missing&nbsp;items" href="/why-empty-supermarket-shelves-make-you-uneasy-even-if-you-dont-want-the-missing-items-262285">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#524a36"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/683019/original/file-20250730-65228-oo7a7a.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=504%2C0%2C3024%2C3024&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="683019"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">Kauka Jarvi/Shutterstock</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-08-21T12:09:08Z" data-format="tc_date">
        August 21, 2025
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/why-empty-supermarket-shelves-make-you-uneasy-even-if-you-dont-want-the-missing-items-262285">Why empty supermarket shelves make you uneasy – even if you don’t want the missing&nbsp;items</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/dominik-piehlmaier-2445832">Dominik Piehlmaier</a>, <em>University of Sussex</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>Product shortages can trigger memories of stressful times like Brexit and COVID.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="259834" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="Jane Austen at 250: Why we shouldn’t exaggerate her&nbsp;radicalism" href="/jane-austen-at-250-why-we-shouldnt-exaggerate-her-radicalism-259834">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4c4933"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/684080/original/file-20250805-62-d37zc2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=616%2C0%2C1965%2C1965&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="684080"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              Chatsworth House in Derbyshire, England, where the 2005 movie adaptation of ‘Pride and Prejudice’ was filmed.
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">(AP Photo/Alina Hartounian)</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-08-07T21:12:50Z" data-format="tc_date">
        August 7, 2025
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/jane-austen-at-250-why-we-shouldnt-exaggerate-her-radicalism-259834">Jane Austen at 250: Why we shouldn’t exaggerate her&nbsp;radicalism</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kerry-sinanan-2409835">Kerry Sinanan</a>, <em>University of Winnipeg</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>Examining Austen as a radical genius misunderstands her art and misrepresents the imperial culture that she was part of.</span>
    </div>
</article>

            
<article data-id="261074" class="clearfix placed analysis published">
    <figure>
      <a class="article-link" aria-label="3 reasons young people are more likely to believe conspiracy theories – and how we can help them discover the&nbsp;truth" href="/3-reasons-young-people-are-more-likely-to-believe-conspiracy-theories-and-how-we-can-help-them-discover-the-truth-261074">
        <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4d2f30"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/680554/original/file-20250717-64-yzhs40.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=350%2C0%2C899%2C899&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=240&amp;h=240&amp;fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="680554"></div>
</a>        <figcaption>
            <span class="caption">
              
            </span>
            <span class="source" title="Source">The Conversation</span>
        </figcaption>
    </figure>

  <header>
      <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-07-24T20:11:37Z" data-format="tc_date">
        July 24, 2025
      </time>


    <div class="article--header">
      <h2 aria-level="3"><a href="/3-reasons-young-people-are-more-likely-to-believe-conspiracy-theories-and-how-we-can-help-them-discover-the-truth-261074">3 reasons young people are more likely to believe conspiracy theories – and how we can help them discover the&nbsp;truth</a></h2>

        <p class="byline">
          <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jean-nicolas-bordeleau-2377397">Jean-Nicolas Bordeleau</a>, <em>Flinders University</em></span>
        </p>
    </div>
  </header>


    <div class="content">
      <span>New research reveals people aged under 35 are more likely to believe conspiracy theories due to political alienation and  low self-esteem.</span>
    </div>
</article>

        </div>

          <nav class="pagination" role="navigation" aria-label="pager">
    
    
        <span class="page current">
  1
</span>

        <span class="page">
  <a rel="next" href="/topics/brexit-9976?page=2">2</a>
</span>

        <span class="page">
  <a href="/topics/brexit-9976?page=3">3</a>
</span>

        <span class="page">
  <a href="/topics/brexit-9976?page=4">4</a>
</span>

        <span class="page">
  <a href="/topics/brexit-9976?page=5">5</a>
</span>

        <span class="page gap"></span>

      <span class="next">
  <a rel="next" href="/topics/brexit-9976?page=2"><i class="icon-caret-right" title="Next"></i></a>
</span>

      <span class="last">
  <a href="/topics/brexit-9976?page=89">Last</a>
</span>

  </nav>

      </section>
    </div>
    <div class="grid-six grid-last large-grid-eight">

      <div class="grid-six large-grid-four">


        <section class="module related-topics topic-list clearfix">
          <h3 aria-level="2" class="border">
            Related Topics
            <i class="icon-tag" aria-hidden="true"></i>
          </h3>
          <ol>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/boris-johnson-3839">Boris Johnson</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/brexit-negotiations-29088">Brexit negotiations</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/conservative-party-5523">Conservative Party</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/donald-trump-10206">Donald Trump</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/eu-referendum-5556">EU referendum</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/europe-823">Europe</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/european-union-eu-539">European Union (EU)</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/theresa-may-8109">Theresa May</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/uk-politics-874">UK politics</a>
              </li>
              <li class="topic-list-item">
                <a class="min-hitbox-24" href="/topics/united-kingdom-uk-106478">United Kingdom (UK)</a>
              </li>
          </ol>
        </section>

        <div class="grid-six large-grid-four grid-last">
          <section class="module expert-authors clearfix">
            <h3 aria-level="2" class="border">Top contributors</h3>
              <ol class="semantic article-authors">
   <li class="vcard" id="author-93719" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/simon-usherwood-93719">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/djlsag3j2ve7oo3r9689bs2gqmw5" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Simon Usherwood
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Professor of Politics &amp; International Studies, The Open University
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-276929" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/andy-price-276929">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/5f3waf5zii6u9phr19swqkhf22tn" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Andy Price
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Head of Politics, Sheffield Hallam University
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-136273" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/paul-whiteley-136273">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/cvrnzhogta04531rmhguwe3a7ga7" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Paul Whiteley
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Professor, Department of Government, University of Essex
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-145592" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/tom-quinn-145592">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/8l961xiit5h0psmrkh2oe5gvr5yg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Tom Quinn
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Senior Lecturer, Department of Government, University of Essex
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-4217" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/ben-wellings-4217">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/7einy3dkx91ses0y4je57l8919jw" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Ben Wellings
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Associate Professor in Politics and International Relations, Monash University
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-252259" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/patricia-hogwood-252259">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/rvwfoq2mdqy0q8lww9v9c10u68uk" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Patricia Hogwood
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Reader in European Politics, University of Westminster
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-111729" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/louise-thompson-111729">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/n4zgspjqpsl7l6goxpsdl843mvpi" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Louise Thompson
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Senior Lecturer in Politics, University of Manchester
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-97749" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/david-phinnemore-97749">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/a4zn6sfs8zr5fm3whohlu2wn50zo" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        David Phinnemore
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Professor of European Politics, Queen's University Belfast
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-92143" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/tim-bale-92143">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/821wigmy8zexqpi38zcpom65awjo" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Tim Bale
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Professor of Politics, Queen Mary University of London
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-454555" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/andrew-glencross-454555">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/78rb8e0dodhpfmk09uqxbi8y03g7" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Andrew Glencross
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Directeur d'ESPOL, Professeur de Science Politique, Institut catholique de Lille (ICL)
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-130878" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/victoria-honeyman-130878">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/oujsnpnlkqu2ehsb6yhoohf9tno4" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Victoria Honeyman
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Professor of British Politics, University of Leeds
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-279621" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/nieves-perez-solorzano-279621">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/wi3uflab9bqhimlxmxwsnmvs5gwn" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Nieves Perez-Solorzano
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Senior Lecturer in European Politics, University of Bristol
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-446864" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/chris-stafford-446864">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/s368hjumrx4nof0cppjplrtbvzm7" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Chris Stafford
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      University of Nottingham
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-191473" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/ioannis-glinavos-191473">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/ylhhy1bmbg4cbgf28mvt4z2zy97u" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Ioannis Glinavos
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Westminster
    </p>

</li>

   <li class="vcard" id="author-95763" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" itemprop="url" class="hover:underline" href="/profiles/matthew-flinders-95763">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://storage.theconversation.com/9muoyk81bd55qze3de2d8xwe028g" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image">
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Matthew Flinders
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Founding Director of the Sir Bernard Crick Centre for the Public Understanding of Politics, University of Sheffield
    </p>

</li>

</ol>
  <p class="more">
    <a class="button" href="#">More</a>
  </p>

          </section>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="grid-six large-grid-four grid-last">
        <div class="grid-six large-grid-four">
          <section class="module social-media actions clearfix">
            <h3 aria-level="2" class="border slammed">Links</h3>
              <ul>
  <li class="email">
    <a class="email-button" data-id="9976" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="mailto:?subject=Brexit%20on%20The%20Conversation&amp;body=Hi.%20I%20found%20this%20topic%20on%20https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%20that%20you%20might%20follow%3A%20%22Brexit%22%20https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ftopics%2Fbrexit-9976"><i class="icon-email"></i> <span>Email</span></a>
  </li>

  <li class="twitter">
    <a class="twitter-button" data-url="https://theconversation.com/topics/brexit-9976" data-id="9976" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Brexit&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ftopics%2Fbrexit-9976%3Futm_source%3Dtwitter%26utm_medium%3Dtwitterbutton&amp;utm_campaign=none&amp;via=ConversationUS"><i class="icon-twitter"></i> <span>X (Twitter)</span></a>
  </li>

  <li class="facebook">
    <a class="facebook-button" data-url="https://theconversation.com/topics/brexit-9976" data-id="9976" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ftopics%2Fbrexit-9976%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_medium%3Dfacebookbutton"><i class="icon-facebook"></i> <span>Facebook</span></a>
  </li>

  <li class="linkedin">
    <a class="linkedin-button" data-url="https://theconversation.com/topics/brexit-9976" data-id="9976" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;source=The+Conversation&amp;title=Brexit&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ftopics%2Fbrexit-9976%3Futm_source%3Dlinkedin%26utm_medium%3Dlinkedinbutton"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i> <span>LinkedIn</span></a>
  </li>

  <li class="feed">
    <a rel="feed" href="/topics/brexit-9976/articles.atom">
      <i class="icon-rss"></i> Feed
</a>  </li>

  <li class="follow-link">
    <button class="unfollow" data-url="/topics/brexit-9976/unfollow">
      <i class="icon-favourite"></i> Unfollow topic
    </button>
    <button class="follow" data-url="/topics/brexit-9976/follow">
      <i class="icon-favourite"></i> Follow topic
    </button>
  </li>
</ul>

          </section>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>



    </div>

    <div id="footers">
  <section class="footer-primary">
  <div class="wrapper nocontent">
    <section class="community footer-link-list grid-five large-grid-four">
      <nav>
        <ul>
            <li>
              <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DUkhOcnF1Ef1MpuKtGr7rbBAawO4XV48">Editorial Policies</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/community-standards">Community standards</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/republishing-guidelines">Republishing guidelines</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/friends">Friends of The Conversation</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="https://analytics.theconversation.com/us?utm_source=theconversation.com&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=footer">Analytics</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/feeds">Our feeds</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="https://donate.theconversation.com/us?utm_source=theconversation.com&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=footer">Donate</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/newsletters?utm_campaign=System&amp;utm_content=newsletter&amp;utm_medium=Footer&amp;utm_source=theconversation.com">Get newsletter</a>
            </li>
        </ul>
      </nav>
    </section>

    <section class="company footer-link-list grid-five large-grid-seven">
      <nav>
        <ul>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/who-we-are">Who we are</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/charter">Our charter</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/team">Our team</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/partners">Partners and funders</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/resources-for-media">Resource for media</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/jobs">Work for us</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/espanol">En Español</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a href="/us/contact-us">Contact us</a>
            </li>
        </ul>
      </nav>
    </section>

    <section class="grid-six large-grid-five grid-last">
      <div class="sitewide-social-media">
        <ul>
            <li class="facebook">
              <a title="The Conversation on Facebook" rel="me" href="https://facebook.com/theConversationUS">&#8203;</a>
            </li>
            <li class="twitter">
              <a title="The Conversation on X (formerly Twitter)" rel="me" href="https://twitter.com/ConversationUS">&#8203;</a>
            </li>
            <li class="instagram">
              <a title="The Conversation on Instagram" rel="me" href="https://instagram.com/theconversation.us">&#8203;</a>
            </li>
            <li class="linkedin">
              <a title="The Conversation on LinkedIn" rel="me" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/conversationus">&#8203;</a>
            </li>
            <li class="youtube">
              <a title="The Conversation on YouTube" rel="me" href="https://www.youtube.com/@TheConversationUS">&#8203;</a>
            </li>
            <li class="tiktok">
              <a title="The Conversation on TikTok" rel="me" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@theconversation">&#8203;</a>
            </li>
            <li class="mastodon">
              <a title="The Conversation on Mastodon" rel="me" href="https://newsie.social/@TheConversationUS">&#8203;</a>
            </li>
            <li class="bluesky">
              <a title="The Conversation on BlueSky" rel="me" href="https://bsky.app/profile/us.theconversation.com">&#8203;</a>
            </li>
        </ul>
      </div>
    </section>
  </div>
</section>

  <footer id="footer">
  <div class="wrapper flex flex-col mx-auto pt-4 text-2xs md:flex-row 2xl:text-xs">
    <nav class="flex flex-col gap-4 text-center md:flex-row">
        <a class="mb-2" href="/us/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a>
        <a class="mb-2" href="/us/terms-and-conditions">Terms and conditions</a>
        <a class="mb-2" href="/us/corrections">Corrections</a>
    </nav>
    <p class="copyright mx-auto mt-4 md:mt-0 lg:mr-0 lg:ml-auto">
      Copyright © 2010–2026, <a href="https://theconversation.com/us/who-we-are">The Conversation US, Inc.</a>
    </p>
  </div>
</footer>

</div>

  </div>

  <div class="slot" data-id="13"></div>

    <script src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/topic-2a527f3b0bc1918f71f3.js"></script>

  <script src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/gtm_data_layer-8ec5233867d9a8fbd5b3.js"></script>
  <script>
//<![CDATA[

  TC.locale = "en-US";
  TC.env = "production";
  TC.pageType = "topics#show";
  TC.localePath = "https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/en-US-e90b093926fab5664b4461ae0de1b696.json";
  TC.bugsnagConfig = {"apiKey":"e6966b978008ed1612ea7793efb88e93","appVersion":"cbe9fab854025985cbd43bade4f750d5a3577306","collectUserIp":false,"releaseStage":"production","notifyReleaseStages":["development","staging","production"]};
  TC.init = function() {
      TC.EntrypointInitializer()

  }

//]]>
</script>
<script>
//<![CDATA[
"use strict";(self.webpackChunkrails=self.webpackChunkrails||[]).push([[952],{81734:function(e,t,s){s(31512).A.init(TC.localePath,TC.locale,!1,TC.init)},31512:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{A:function(){return ge}});var i=s(92099),n=s(48183),o=[],r=o.forEach,a=o.slice,l=["__proto__","constructor","prototype"];function c(e,t,s,i){var n=e.read.bind(e);if(2!==n.length)n(t,s,i);else try{var o=n(t,s);o&&"function"==typeof o.then?o.then((function(e){return i(null,e)})).catch(i):i(null,o)}catch(e){i(e)}}var u=function(){return(0,n.A)((function e(t){var s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};(0,i.A)(this,e),this.backends=[],this.type="backend",this.allOptions=n,this.init(t,s)}),[{key:"init",value:function(e){var t=this,s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},i=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};this.services=e,this.options=function(e){return r.call(a.call(arguments,1),(function(t){if(t)for(var s=0,i=Object.keys(t);s<i.length;s++){var n=i[s];l.indexOf(n)>-1||void 0===e[n]&&(e[n]=t[n])}})),e}(s,this.options||{},{handleEmptyResourcesAsFailed:!0,cacheHitMode:"none",retryOnFailure:!1}),this.allOptions=i,this.options.backends&&this.options.backends.length>1&&(this.allOptions.saveMissing||this.allOptions.updateMissing)&&this.services&&this.services.logger&&this.services.logger.warn("i18next-chained-backend: Using multiple backends in combination with saveMissing/updateMissing is not recommended, as it may trigger based on stale data."),this.options.backends&&this.options.backends.forEach((function(s,n){var o;t.backends[n]=t.backends[n]||((o=s)?"function"==typeof o?new o:o:null),t.backends[n].init(e,t.options.backendOptions&&t.options.backendOptions[n]||{},i)})),this.services&&this.options.reloadInterval&&setInterval((function(){return t.reload()}),this.options.reloadInterval)}},{key:"read",value:function(e,t,s){var i=this,n=this.backends.length,o=function(a){if(a>=n)return s(new Error("non of the backend loaded data"),i.options.retryOnFailure);var l=a===n-1,u=i.options.handleEmptyResourcesAsFailed&&!l?0:-1,h=i.backends[a];h.read?c(h,e,t,(function(n,l,p){if(!n&&l&&Object.keys(l).length>u){if(s(null,l,a),r(a-1,l),h.save&&i.options.cacheHitMode&&["refresh","refreshAndUpdateStore"].indexOf(i.options.cacheHitMode)>-1){if(p&&i.options.refreshExpirationTime&&p+i.options.refreshExpirationTime>Date.now())return;var d=i.backends[a+1];d&&d.read&&c(d,e,t,(function(s,n){s||n&&(Object.keys(n).length<=u||(r(a,n),"refreshAndUpdateStore"===i.options.cacheHitMode&&i.services&&i.services.resourceStore&&i.services.resourceStore.addResourceBundle(e,t,n)))}))}}else o(a+1)})):o(a+1)},r=function(s,n){if(!(s<0)){var o=i.backends[s];o.save?(o.save(e,t,n),r(s-1,n)):r(s-1,n)}};o(0)}},{key:"create",value:function(e,t,s,i){var n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:function(){},o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{};this.backends.forEach((function(r){if(r.create){var a=r.create.bind(r);if(a.length<6)try{var l;(l=5===a.length?a(e,t,s,i,o):a(e,t,s,i))&&"function"==typeof l.then?l.then((function(e){return n(null,e)})).catch(n):n(null,l)}catch(e){n(e)}else a(e,t,s,i,n,o)}}))}},{key:"reload",value:function(){var e=this,t=this.services,s=t.backendConnector,i=t.languageUtils,n=t.logger,o=s.language;if(!o||"cimode"!==o.toLowerCase()){var r=[],a=function(e){i.toResolveHierarchy(e).forEach((function(e){r.indexOf(e)<0&&r.push(e)}))};a(o),this.allOptions.preload&&this.allOptions.preload.forEach((function(e){return a(e)})),r.forEach((function(t){e.allOptions.ns.forEach((function(e){s.read(t,e,"read",null,null,(function(i,o){i&&n.warn("loading namespace ".concat(e," for language ").concat(t," failed"),i),!i&&o&&n.log("loaded namespace ".concat(e," for language ").concat(t),o),s.loaded("".concat(t,"|").concat(e),i,o)}))}))}))}}}])}();u.type="backend";const h=e=>"string"==typeof e,p=()=>{let e,t;const s=new Promise(((s,i)=>{e=s,t=i}));return s.resolve=e,s.reject=t,s},d=e=>null==e?"":String(e),g=/###/g,f=e=>e&&e.includes("###")?e.replace(g,"."):e,y=e=>!e||h(e),m=(e,t,s)=>{const i=h(t)?t.split("."):t;let n=0;for(;n<i.length-1;){if(y(e))return{};const t=f(i[n]);!e[t]&&s&&(e[t]=new s),e=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t)?e[t]:{},++n}return y(e)?{}:{obj:e,k:f(i[n])}},v=(e,t,s)=>{const{obj:i,k:n}=m(e,t,Object);if(void 0!==i||1===t.length)return void(i[n]=s);let o=t[t.length-1],r=t.slice(0,t.length-1),a=m(e,r,Object);for(;void 0===a.obj&&r.length;)o=`${r[r.length-1]}.${o}`,r=r.slice(0,r.length-1),a=m(e,r,Object),a?.obj&&void 0!==a.obj[`${a.k}.${o}`]&&(a.obj=void 0);a.obj[`${a.k}.${o}`]=s},b=(e,t)=>{const{obj:s,k:i}=m(e,t);if(s&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s,i))return s[i]},k=(e,t,s)=>{for(const i in t)"__proto__"!==i&&"constructor"!==i&&(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,i)?h(e[i])||e[i]instanceof String||h(t[i])||t[i]instanceof String?s&&(e[i]=t[i]):k(e[i],t[i],s):e[i]=t[i]);return e},x=e=>e.replace(/[\-\[\]\/\{\}\(\)\*\+\?\.\\\^\$\|]/g,"\\$&"),S={"&":"&amp;","<":"&lt;",">":"&gt;",'"':"&quot;","'":"&#39;","/":"&#x2F;"},w=e=>h(e)?e.replace(/[&<>"'\/]/g,(e=>S[e])):e;const L=[" ",",","?","!",";"],O=new class{constructor(e){this.capacity=e,this.regExpMap=new Map,this.regExpQueue=[]}getRegExp(e){const t=this.regExpMap.get(e);if(void 0!==t)return t;const s=new RegExp(e);return this.regExpQueue.length===this.capacity&&this.regExpMap.delete(this.regExpQueue.shift()),this.regExpMap.set(e,s),this.regExpQueue.push(e),s}}(20),P=(e,t,s=".")=>{if(!e)return;if(e[t]){if(!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t))return;return e[t]}const i=t.split(s);let n=e;for(let e=0;e<i.length;){if(!n||"object"!=typeof n)return;let t,o="";for(let r=e;r<i.length;++r)if(r!==e&&(o+=s),o+=i[r],t=n[o],void 0!==t){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)&&r<i.length-1)continue;e+=r-e+1;break}n=t}return n},j=e=>e?.replace(/_/g,"-"),R={type:"logger",log(e){this.output("log",e)},warn(e){this.output("warn",e)},error(e){this.output("error",e)},output(e,t){console?.[e]?.apply?.(console,t)}};class ${constructor(e,t={}){this.init(e,t)}init(e,t={}){this.prefix=t.prefix||"i18next:",this.logger=e||R,this.options=t,this.debug=t.debug}log(...e){return this.forward(e,"log","",!0)}warn(...e){return this.forward(e,"warn","",!0)}error(...e){return this.forward(e,"error","")}deprecate(...e){return this.forward(e,"warn","WARNING DEPRECATED: ",!0)}forward(e,t,s,i){return i&&!this.debug?null:(e=e.map((e=>h(e)?e.replace(/[\r\n\x00-\x1F\x7F]/g," "):e)),h(e[0])&&(e[0]=`${s}${this.prefix} ${e[0]}`),this.logger[t](e))}create(e){return new $(this.logger,{prefix:`${this.prefix}:${e}:`,...this.options})}clone(e){return(e=e||this.options).prefix=e.prefix||this.prefix,new $(this.logger,e)}}var C=new $;class N{constructor(){this.observers={}}on(e,t){return e.split(" ").forEach((e=>{this.observers[e]||(this.observers[e]=new Map);const s=this.observers[e].get(t)||0;this.observers[e].set(t,s+1)})),this}off(e,t){this.observers[e]&&(t?this.observers[e].delete(t):delete this.observers[e])}once(e,t){const s=(...i)=>{t(...i),this.off(e,s)};return this.on(e,s),this}emit(e,...t){if(this.observers[e]){Array.from(this.observers[e].entries()).forEach((([e,s])=>{for(let i=0;i<s;i++)e(...t)}))}if(this.observers["*"]){Array.from(this.observers["*"].entries()).forEach((([s,i])=>{for(let n=0;n<i;n++)s(e,...t)}))}}}class E extends N{constructor(e,t={ns:["translation"],defaultNS:"translation"}){super(),this.data=e||{},this.options=t,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),void 0===this.options.ignoreJSONStructure&&(this.options.ignoreJSONStructure=!0)}addNamespaces(e){this.options.ns.includes(e)||this.options.ns.push(e)}removeNamespaces(e){const t=this.options.ns.indexOf(e);t>-1&&this.options.ns.splice(t,1)}getResource(e,t,s,i={}){const n=void 0!==i.keySeparator?i.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,o=void 0!==i.ignoreJSONStructure?i.ignoreJSONStructure:this.options.ignoreJSONStructure;let r;e.includes(".")?r=e.split("."):(r=[e,t],s&&(Array.isArray(s)?r.push(...s):h(s)&&n?r.push(...s.split(n)):r.push(s)));const a=b(this.data,r);return a||t||s||!e.includes(".")||(e=r[0],t=r[1],s=r.slice(2).join(".")),!a&&o&&h(s)?P(this.data?.[e]?.[t],s,n):a}addResource(e,t,s,i,n={silent:!1}){const o=void 0!==n.keySeparator?n.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator;let r=[e,t];s&&(r=r.concat(o?s.split(o):s)),e.includes(".")&&(r=e.split("."),i=t,t=r[1]),this.addNamespaces(t),v(this.data,r,i),n.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s,i)}addResources(e,t,s,i={silent:!1}){for(const i in s)(h(s[i])||Array.isArray(s[i]))&&this.addResource(e,t,i,s[i],{silent:!0});i.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s)}addResourceBundle(e,t,s,i,n,o={silent:!1,skipCopy:!1}){let r=[e,t];e.includes(".")&&(r=e.split("."),i=s,s=t,t=r[1]),this.addNamespaces(t);let a=b(this.data,r)||{};o.skipCopy||(s=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(s))),i?k(a,s,n):a={...a,...s},v(this.data,r,a),o.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s)}removeResourceBundle(e,t){this.hasResourceBundle(e,t)&&delete this.data[e][t],this.removeNamespaces(t),this.emit("removed",e,t)}hasResourceBundle(e,t){return void 0!==this.getResource(e,t)}getResourceBundle(e,t){return t||(t=this.options.defaultNS),this.getResource(e,t)}getDataByLanguage(e){return this.data[e]}hasLanguageSomeTranslations(e){const t=this.getDataByLanguage(e);return!!(t&&Object.keys(t)||[]).find((e=>t[e]&&Object.keys(t[e]).length>0))}toJSON(){return this.data}}var A={processors:{},addPostProcessor(e){this.processors[e.name]=e},handle(e,t,s,i,n){return e.forEach((e=>{t=this.processors[e]?.process(t,s,i,n)??t})),t}};const T=Symbol("i18next/PATH_KEY");function F(e,t){const{[T]:s}=e(function(){const e=[],t=Object.create(null);let s;return t.get=(i,n)=>(s?.revoke?.(),n===T?e:(e.push(n),s=Proxy.revocable(i,t),s.proxy)),Proxy.revocable(Object.create(null),t).proxy}()),i=t?.keySeparator??".",n=t?.nsSeparator??":",o="strict"===t?.enableSelector;if(s.length>1&&n){const e=t?.ns,r=o?Array.isArray(e)?e:e?[e]:null:Array.isArray(e)?e:null;if(r){if((o?r:r.length>1?r.slice(1):[]).includes(s[0]))return`${s[0]}${n}${s.slice(1).join(i)}`}}return s.join(i)}const V=e=>!h(e)&&"boolean"!=typeof e&&"number"!=typeof e;class I extends N{constructor(e,t={}){super(),((e,t,s)=>{e.forEach((e=>{t[e]&&(s[e]=t[e])}))})(["resourceStore","languageUtils","pluralResolver","interpolator","backendConnector","i18nFormat","utils"],e,this),this.options=t,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),this.logger=C.create("translator"),this.checkedLoadedFor={}}changeLanguage(e){e&&(this.language=e)}exists(e,t={interpolation:{}}){const s={...t};if(null==e)return!1;const i=this.resolve(e,s);if(void 0===i?.res)return!1;const n=V(i.res);return!1!==s.returnObjects||!n}extractFromKey(e,t){let s=void 0!==t.nsSeparator?t.nsSeparator:this.options.nsSeparator;void 0===s&&(s=":");const i=void 0!==t.keySeparator?t.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator;let n=t.ns||this.options.defaultNS||[];const o=s&&e.includes(s),r=!(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator||t.keySeparator||this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator||t.nsSeparator||((e,t,s)=>{t=t||"",s=s||"";const i=L.filter((e=>!t.includes(e)&&!s.includes(e)));if(0===i.length)return!0;const n=O.getRegExp(`(${i.map((e=>"?"===e?"\\?":e)).join("|")})`);let o=!n.test(e);if(!o){const t=e.indexOf(s);t>0&&!n.test(e.substring(0,t))&&(o=!0)}return o})(e,s,i));if(o&&!r){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);if(t&&t.length>0)return{key:e,namespaces:h(n)?[n]:n};const o=e.split(s);(s!==i||s===i&&this.options.ns.includes(o[0]))&&(n=o.shift()),e=o.join(i)}return{key:e,namespaces:h(n)?[n]:n}}translate(e,t,s){let i="object"==typeof t?{...t}:t;if("object"!=typeof i&&this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler&&(i=this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler(arguments)),"object"==typeof i&&(i={...i}),i||(i={}),null==e)return"";"function"==typeof e&&(e=F(e,{...this.options,...i})),Array.isArray(e)||(e=[String(e)]),e=e.map((e=>"function"==typeof e?F(e,{...this.options,...i}):String(e)));const n=void 0!==i.returnDetails?i.returnDetails:this.options.returnDetails,o=void 0!==i.keySeparator?i.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,{key:r,namespaces:a}=this.extractFromKey(e[e.length-1],i),l=a[a.length-1];let c=void 0!==i.nsSeparator?i.nsSeparator:this.options.nsSeparator;void 0===c&&(c=":");const u=i.lng||this.language,p=i.appendNamespaceToCIMode||this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;if("cimode"===u?.toLowerCase())return p?n?{res:`${l}${c}${r}`,usedKey:r,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:u,usedNS:l,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(i)}:`${l}${c}${r}`:n?{res:r,usedKey:r,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:u,usedNS:l,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(i)}:r;const d=this.resolve(e,i);let g=d?.res;const f=d?.usedKey||r,y=d?.exactUsedKey||r,m=void 0!==i.joinArrays?i.joinArrays:this.options.joinArrays,v=!this.i18nFormat||this.i18nFormat.handleAsObject,b=void 0!==i.count&&!h(i.count),k=I.hasDefaultValue(i),x=b?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,i.count,i):"",S=i.ordinal&&b?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,i.count,{ordinal:!1}):"",w=b&&!i.ordinal&&0===i.count,L=w&&i[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]||i[`defaultValue${x}`]||i[`defaultValue${S}`]||i.defaultValue;let O=g;v&&!g&&k&&(O=L);const P=V(O),j=Object.prototype.toString.apply(O);if(!(v&&O&&P)||["[object Number]","[object Function]","[object RegExp]"].includes(j)||h(m)&&Array.isArray(O))if(v&&h(m)&&Array.isArray(g))g=g.join(m),g&&(g=this.extendTranslation(g,e,i,s));else{let t=!1,n=!1;!this.isValidLookup(g)&&k&&(t=!0,g=L),this.isValidLookup(g)||(n=!0,g=r);const a=(i.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey||this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey)&&n?void 0:g,h=k&&L!==g&&this.options.updateMissing;if(n||t||h){if(this.logger.log(h?"updateKey":"missingKey",u,l,b&&!h?`${r}${this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,i.count,i)}`:r,h?L:g),o){const e=this.resolve(r,{...i,keySeparator:!1});e&&e.res&&this.logger.warn("Seems the loaded translations were in flat JSON format instead of nested. Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let e=[];const t=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,i.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&t&&t[0])for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++)e.push(t[s]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(i.lng||this.language):e.push(i.lng||this.language);const s=(e,t,s)=>{const n=k&&s!==g?s:a;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(e,l,t,n,h,i):this.backendConnector?.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(e,l,t,n,h,i),this.emit("missingKey",e,l,t,g)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&b?e.forEach((e=>{const t=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(e,i);w&&i[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&!t.includes(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)&&t.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),t.forEach((t=>{s([e],r+t,i[`defaultValue${t}`]||L)}))})):s(e,r,L))}g=this.extendTranslation(g,e,i,d,s),n&&g===r&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(g=`${l}${c}${r}`),(n||t)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(g=this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${l}${c}${r}`:r,t?g:void 0,i))}else{if(!i.returnObjects&&!this.options.returnObjects){this.options.returnedObjectHandler||this.logger.warn("accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!");const e=this.options.returnedObjectHandler?this.options.returnedObjectHandler(f,O,{...i,ns:a}):`key '${r} (${this.language})' returned an object instead of string.`;return n?(d.res=e,d.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(i),d):e}if(o){const e=Array.isArray(O),t=e?[]:{},s=e?y:f;for(const e in O)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(O,e)){const n=`${s}${o}${e}`;t[e]=k&&!g?this.translate(n,{...i,defaultValue:V(L)?L[e]:void 0,joinArrays:!1,ns:a}):this.translate(n,{...i,joinArrays:!1,ns:a}),t[e]===n&&(t[e]=O[e])}g=t}}return n?(d.res=g,d.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(i),d):g}extendTranslation(e,t,s,i,n){if(this.i18nFormat?.parse)e=this.i18nFormat.parse(e,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...s},s.lng||this.language||i.usedLng,i.usedNS,i.usedKey,{resolved:i});else if(!s.skipInterpolation){s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...s,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...s.interpolation}});const o=h(e)&&(void 0!==s?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?s.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let r;if(o){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);r=t&&t.length}let a=s.replace&&!h(s.replace)?s.replace:s;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(a={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...a}),e=this.interpolator.interpolate(e,a,s.lng||this.language||i.usedLng,s),o){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);r<(t&&t.length)&&(s.nest=!1)}!s.lng&&i&&i.res&&(s.lng=this.language||i.usedLng),!1!==s.nest&&(e=this.interpolator.nest(e,((...e)=>n?.[0]!==e[0]||s.context?this.translate(...e,t):(this.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${e[0]} in key: ${t[0]}`),null)),s)),s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const o=s.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,r=h(o)?[o]:o;return null!=e&&r?.length&&!1!==s.applyPostProcessor&&(e=A.handle(r,e,t,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...i,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(s)},...s}:s,this)),e}resolve(e,t={}){let s,i,n,o,r;return h(e)&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e)&&(e=e.map((e=>"function"==typeof e?F(e,{...this.options,...t}):e))),e.forEach((e=>{if(this.isValidLookup(s))return;const a=this.extractFromKey(e,t),l=a.key;i=l;let c=a.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(c=c.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const u=void 0!==t.count&&!h(t.count),p=u&&!t.ordinal&&0===t.count,d=void 0!==t.context&&(h(t.context)||"number"==typeof t.context)&&""!==t.context,g=t.lngs?t.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t.lng||this.language,t.fallbackLng);c.forEach((e=>{this.isValidLookup(s)||(r=e,this.checkedLoadedFor[`${g[0]}-${e}`]||!this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(r)||(this.checkedLoadedFor[`${g[0]}-${e}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${i}" for languages "${g.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${r}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),g.forEach((i=>{if(this.isValidLookup(s))return;o=i;const r=[l];if(this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(r,l,i,e,t);else{let e;u&&(e=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(i,t.count,t));const s=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,n=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(u&&(t.ordinal&&e.startsWith(n)&&r.push(l+e.replace(n,this.options.pluralSeparator)),r.push(l+e),p&&r.push(l+s)),d){const i=`${l}${this.options.contextSeparator||"_"}${t.context}`;r.push(i),u&&(t.ordinal&&e.startsWith(n)&&r.push(i+e.replace(n,this.options.pluralSeparator)),r.push(i+e),p&&r.push(i+s))}}let a;for(;a=r.pop();)this.isValidLookup(s)||(n=a,s=this.getResource(i,e,a,t))})))}))})),{res:s,usedKey:i,exactUsedKey:n,usedLng:o,usedNS:r}}isValidLookup(e){return!(void 0===e||!this.options.returnNull&&null===e||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===e)}getResource(e,t,s,i={}){return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(e,t,s,i):this.resourceStore.getResource(e,t,s,i)}getUsedParamsDetails(e={}){const t=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],s=e.replace&&!h(e.replace);let i=s?e.replace:e;if(s&&void 0!==e.count&&(i={...i,count:e.count}),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(i={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...i}),!s){i={...i};for(const e of t)delete i[e]}return i}static hasDefaultValue(e){for(const t in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t)&&t.startsWith("defaultValue")&&void 0!==e[t])return!0;return!1}}class D{constructor(e){this.options=e,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=C.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(e){if(!(e=j(e))||!e.includes("-"))return null;const t=e.split("-");return 2===t.length?null:(t.pop(),"x"===t[t.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(t.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(e){if(!(e=j(e))||!e.includes("-"))return e;const t=e.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(t[0])}formatLanguageCode(e){if(h(e)&&e.includes("-")){let t;try{t=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(e)[0]}catch(e){}return t&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(t=t.toLowerCase()),t||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e}isSupportedCode(e){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(e=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.includes(e)}getBestMatchFromCodes(e){if(!e)return null;let t;return e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.formatLanguageCode(e);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(s)||(t=s)})),!t&&this.options.supportedLngs&&e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.getScriptPartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(s))return t=s;const i=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(i))return t=i;t=this.options.supportedLngs.find((e=>e===i||!(!e.includes("-")&&!i.includes("-"))&&(!(!e.includes("-")||i.includes("-")||e.slice(0,e.indexOf("-"))!==i)||!!(e.startsWith(i)&&i.length>1))))})),t||(t=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),t}getFallbackCodes(e,t){if(!e)return[];if("function"==typeof e&&(e=e(t)),h(e)&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e))return e;if(!t)return e.default||[];let s=e[t];return s||(s=e[this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.formatLanguageCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e.default),s||[]}toResolveHierarchy(e,t){const s=this.getFallbackCodes((!1===t?[]:t)||this.options.fallbackLng||[],e),i=[],n=e=>{e&&(this.isSupportedCode(e)?i.push(e):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${e}`))};return h(e)&&(e.includes("-")||e.includes("_"))?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))):h(e)&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),s.forEach((e=>{i.includes(e)||n(this.formatLanguageCode(e))})),i}}const M={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},H={select:e=>1===e?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class U{constructor(e,t={}){this.languageUtils=e,this.options=t,this.logger=C.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(e,t={}){const s=j("dev"===e?"en":e),i=t.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",n=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:s,type:i});if(n in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[n];let o;try{o=new Intl.PluralRules(s,{type:i})}catch(s){if("undefined"==typeof Intl)return this.logger.error("No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!"),H;if(!e.match(/-|_/))return H;const i=this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);o=this.getRule(i,t)}return this.pluralRulesCache[n]=o,o}needsPlural(e,t={}){let s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(e,t,s={}){return this.getSuffixes(e,s).map((e=>`${t}${e}`))}getSuffixes(e,t={}){let s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((e,t)=>M[e]-M[t])).map((e=>`${this.options.prepend}${t.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${e}`)):[]}getSuffix(e,t,s={}){const i=this.getRule(e,s);return i?`${this.options.prepend}${s.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${i.select(t)}`:(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${e}`),this.getSuffix("dev",t,s))}}const K=(e,t,s,i=".",n=!0)=>{let o=((e,t,s)=>{const i=b(e,s);return void 0!==i?i:b(t,s)})(e,t,s);return!o&&n&&h(s)&&(o=P(e,s,i),void 0===o&&(o=P(t,s,i))),o};class B{constructor(e={}){this.logger=C.create("interpolator"),this.options=e,this.format=e?.interpolation?.format||(e=>e),this.init(e)}init(e={}){e.interpolation||(e.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:t,escapeValue:s,useRawValueToEscape:i,prefix:n,prefixEscaped:o,suffix:r,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:l,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:u,nestingPrefix:h,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:d,nestingSuffixEscaped:g,nestingOptionsSeparator:f,maxReplaces:y,alwaysFormat:m}=e.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==t?t:w,this.escapeValue=void 0===s||s,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==i&&i,this.prefix=n?x(n):o||"{{",this.suffix=r?x(r):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=l||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":u?x(u):"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c?x(c):"",this.nestingPrefix=h?x(h):p||x("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=d?x(d):g||x(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=f||",",this.maxReplaces=y||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==m&&m,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const e=(e,t)=>e?.source===t?(e.lastIndex=0,e):new RegExp(t,"g");this.regexp=e(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=e(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=e(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}((?:[^()"']+|"[^"]*"|'[^']*'|\\((?:[^()]|"[^"]*"|'[^']*')*\\))*?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(e,t,s,i){let n,o,r;const a=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},l=e=>{if(!e.includes(this.formatSeparator)){const n=K(t,a,e,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(n,void 0,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:e}):n}const n=e.split(this.formatSeparator),o=n.shift().trim(),r=n.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(K(t,a,o,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),r,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:o})};this.resetRegExp(),!this.escapeValue&&"string"==typeof e&&/\$t\([^)]*\{[^}]*\{\{/.test(e)&&this.logger.warn("nesting options string contains interpolated variables with escapeValue: false — if any of those values are attacker-controlled they can inject additional nesting options (e.g. redirect lng/ns). Sanitise untrusted input before passing it to t(), or keep escapeValue: true.");const c=i?.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,u=void 0!==i?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?i.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:e=>e},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:e=>this.escapeValue?this.escape(e):e}].forEach((t=>{for(r=0;n=t.regex.exec(e);){const s=n[1].trim();if(o=l(s),void 0===o)if("function"==typeof c){const t=c(e,n,i);o=h(t)?t:""}else if(i&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(i,s))o="";else{if(u){o=n[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${s} for interpolating ${e}`),o=""}else h(o)||this.useRawValueToEscape||(o=d(o));const a=t.safeValue(o);if(e=e.replace(n[0],a.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$")),u?(t.regex.lastIndex+=a.length,t.regex.lastIndex-=n[0].length):t.regex.lastIndex=0,r++,r>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),e}nest(e,t,s={}){let i,n,o;const r=(e,t)=>{const s=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(!e.includes(s))return e;const i=e.split(new RegExp(`${x(s)}[ ]*{`));let n=`{${i[1]}`;e=i[0],n=this.interpolate(n,o);const r=n.match(/'/g),a=n.match(/"/g);((r?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||(a?.length??0)%2!=0)&&(n=n.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{o=JSON.parse(n),t&&(o={...t,...o})}catch(t){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${e}`,t),`${e}${s}${n}`}return o.defaultValue&&o.defaultValue.includes(this.prefix)&&delete o.defaultValue,e};for(;i=this.nestingRegexp.exec(e);){let a=[];o={...s},o=o.replace&&!h(o.replace)?o.replace:o,o.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete o.defaultValue;const l=/{.*}/s.test(i[1])?i[1].lastIndexOf("}")+1:i[1].indexOf(this.formatSeparator);if(-1!==l&&(a=i[1].slice(l).split(this.formatSeparator).map((e=>e.trim())).filter(Boolean),i[1]=i[1].slice(0,l)),n=t(r.call(this,i[1].trim(),o),o),n&&i[0]===e&&!h(n))return n;h(n)||(n=d(n)),n||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${i[1]} for nesting ${e}`),n=""),a.length&&(n=a.reduce(((e,t)=>this.format(e,t,s.lng,{...s,interpolationkey:i[1].trim()})),n.trim())),e=e.replace(i[0],n),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return e}}const q=e=>{const t={};return(s,i,n)=>{let o=n;n&&n.interpolationkey&&n.formatParams&&n.formatParams[n.interpolationkey]&&n[n.interpolationkey]&&(o={...o,[n.interpolationkey]:void 0});const r=i+JSON.stringify(o);let a=t[r];return a||(a=e(j(i),n),t[r]=a),a(s)}},_=e=>(t,s,i)=>e(j(s),i)(t);class z{constructor(e={}){this.logger=C.create("formatter"),this.options=e,this.init(e)}init(e,t={interpolation:{}}){this.formatSeparator=t.interpolation.formatSeparator||",";const s=t.cacheInBuiltFormats?q:_;this.formats={number:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),currency:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t,style:"currency"});return e=>s.format(e)})),datetime:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),relativetime:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e,t.range||"day")})),list:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.ListFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)}))}}add(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=t}addCached(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=q(t)}format(e,t,s,i={}){if(!t)return e;if(null==e)return e;const n=t.split(this.formatSeparator),o=[];for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++){let t=n[e];for(;t.indexOf("(")>-1&&!t.includes(")")&&e+1<n.length;)t=`${t}${this.formatSeparator}${n[++e]}`;o.push(t)}return o.reduce(((e,t)=>{const{formatName:n,formatOptions:o}=(e=>{let t=e.toLowerCase().trim();const s={};if(e.includes("(")){const i=e.split("(");t=i[0].toLowerCase().trim();const n=i[1].slice(0,-1);"currency"!==t||n.includes(":")?"relativetime"!==t||n.includes(":")?n.split(";").forEach((e=>{if(e){const[t,...i]=e.split(":"),n=i.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),o=t.trim();s[o]||(s[o]=n),"false"===n&&(s[o]=!1),"true"===n&&(s[o]=!0),isNaN(n)||(s[o]=parseInt(n,10))}})):s.range||(s.range=n.trim()):s.currency||(s.currency=n.trim())}return{formatName:t,formatOptions:s}})(t);if(this.formats[n]){let t=e;try{const r=i?.formatParams?.[i.interpolationkey]||{},a=r.locale||r.lng||i.locale||i.lng||s;t=this.formats[n](e,a,{...o,...i,...r})}catch(e){this.logger.warn(e)}return t}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${n}`),e}),e)}}class J extends N{constructor(e,t,s,i={}){super(),this.backend=e,this.store=t,this.services=s,this.languageUtils=s.languageUtils,this.options=i,this.logger=C.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=i.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=i.maxRetries>=0?i.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=i.retryTimeout>=1?i.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend?.init?.(s,i.backend,i)}queueLoad(e,t,s,i){const n={},o={},r={},a={};return e.forEach((e=>{let i=!0;t.forEach((t=>{const r=`${e}|${t}`;!s.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(e,t)?this.state[r]=2:this.state[r]<0||(1===this.state[r]?void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0):(this.state[r]=1,i=!1,void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0),void 0===n[r]&&(n[r]=!0),void 0===a[t]&&(a[t]=!0)))})),i||(r[e]=!0)})),(Object.keys(n).length||Object.keys(o).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:o,pendingCount:Object.keys(o).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:i}),{toLoad:Object.keys(n),pending:Object.keys(o),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(r),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(e,t,s){const i=e.split("|"),n=i[0],o=i[1];t&&this.emit("failedLoading",n,o,t),!t&&s&&this.store.addResourceBundle(n,o,s,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[e]=t?-1:2,t&&s&&(this.state[e]=0);const r={};this.queue.forEach((s=>{((e,t,s)=>{const{obj:i,k:n}=m(e,t,Object);i[n]=i[n]||[],i[n].push(s)})(s.loaded,[n],o),((e,t)=>{void 0!==e.pending[t]&&(delete e.pending[t],e.pendingCount--)})(s,e),t&&s.errors.push(t),0!==s.pendingCount||s.done||(Object.keys(s.loaded).forEach((e=>{r[e]||(r[e]={});const t=s.loaded[e];t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{void 0===r[e][t]&&(r[e][t]=!0)}))})),s.done=!0,s.errors.length?s.callback(s.errors):s.callback())})),this.emit("loaded",r),this.queue=this.queue.filter((e=>!e.done))}read(e,t,s,i=0,n=this.retryTimeout,o){if(!e.length)return o(null,{});if(this.readingCalls>=this.maxParallelReads)return void this.waitingReads.push({lng:e,ns:t,fcName:s,tried:i,wait:n,callback:o});this.readingCalls++;const r=(r,a)=>{if(this.readingCalls--,this.waitingReads.length>0){const e=this.waitingReads.shift();this.read(e.lng,e.ns,e.fcName,e.tried,e.wait,e.callback)}r&&a&&i<this.maxRetries?setTimeout((()=>{this.read(e,t,s,i+1,2*n,o)}),n):o(r,a)},a=this.backend[s].bind(this.backend);if(2!==a.length)return a(e,t,r);try{const s=a(e,t);s&&"function"==typeof s.then?s.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,s)}catch(e){r(e)}}prepareLoading(e,t,s={},i){if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),i&&i();h(e)&&(e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e)),h(t)&&(t=[t]);const n=this.queueLoad(e,t,s,i);if(!n.toLoad.length)return n.pending.length||i(),null;n.toLoad.forEach((e=>{this.loadOne(e)}))}load(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{},s)}reload(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{reload:!0},s)}loadOne(e,t=""){const s=e.split("|"),i=s[0],n=s[1];this.read(i,n,"read",void 0,void 0,((s,o)=>{s&&this.logger.warn(`${t}loading namespace ${n} for language ${i} failed`,s),!s&&o&&this.logger.log(`${t}loaded namespace ${n} for language ${i}`,o),this.loaded(e,s,o)}))}saveMissing(e,t,s,i,n,o={},r=()=>{}){if(!this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(t)){if(null!=s&&""!==s){if(this.backend?.create){const a={...o,isUpdate:n},l=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(l.length<6)try{let n;n=5===l.length?l(e,t,s,i,a):l(e,t,s,i),n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,n)}catch(e){r(e)}else l(e,t,s,i,r,a)}e&&e[0]&&this.store.addResource(e[0],t,s,i)}}else this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${s}" as the namespace "${t}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")}}const X=()=>({debug:!1,initAsync:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",enableSelector:!1,partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:e=>{let t={};if("object"==typeof e[1]&&(t=e[1]),h(e[1])&&(t.defaultValue=e[1]),h(e[2])&&(t.tDescription=e[2]),"object"==typeof e[2]||"object"==typeof e[3]){const s=e[3]||e[2];Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{t[e]=s[e]}))}return t},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0},cacheInBuiltFormats:!0}),W=e=>(h(e.ns)&&(e.ns=[e.ns]),h(e.fallbackLng)&&(e.fallbackLng=[e.fallbackLng]),h(e.fallbackNS)&&(e.fallbackNS=[e.fallbackNS]),e.supportedLngs&&!e.supportedLngs.includes("cimode")&&(e.supportedLngs=e.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),e),Y=()=>{};class G extends N{constructor(e={},t){var s;if(super(),this.options=W(e),this.services={},this.logger=C,this.modules={external:[]},s=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(s)).forEach((e=>{"function"==typeof s[e]&&(s[e]=s[e].bind(s))})),t&&!this.isInitialized&&!e.isClone){if(!this.options.initAsync)return this.init(e,t),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(e,t)}),0)}}init(e={},t){this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof e&&(t=e,e={}),null==e.defaultNS&&e.ns&&(h(e.ns)?e.defaultNS=e.ns:e.ns.includes("translation")||(e.defaultNS=e.ns[0]));const s=X();this.options={...s,...this.options,...W(e)},this.options.interpolation={...s.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation},void 0!==e.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=e.keySeparator),void 0!==e.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=e.nsSeparator),"function"!=typeof this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler&&(this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler=s.overloadTranslationOptionHandler);const i=e=>e?"function"==typeof e?new e:e:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let e;this.modules.logger?C.init(i(this.modules.logger),this.options):C.init(null,this.options),e=this.modules.formatter?this.modules.formatter:z;const t=new D(this.options);this.store=new E(this.options.resources,this.options);const s=this.services;s.logger=C,s.resourceStore=this.store,s.languageUtils=t,s.pluralResolver=new U(t,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator}),e&&(s.formatter=i(e),s.formatter.init&&s.formatter.init(s,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=s.formatter.format.bind(s.formatter)),s.interpolator=new B(this.options),s.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},s.backendConnector=new J(i(this.modules.backend),s.resourceStore,s,this.options),s.backendConnector.on("*",((e,...t)=>{this.emit(e,...t)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(s.languageDetector=i(this.modules.languageDetector),s.languageDetector.init&&s.languageDetector.init(s,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(s.i18nFormat=i(this.modules.i18nFormat),s.i18nFormat.init&&s.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new I(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",((e,...t)=>{this.emit(e,...t)})),this.modules.external.forEach((e=>{e.init&&e.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,t||(t=Y),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const e=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);e.length>0&&"dev"!==e[0]&&(this.options.lng=e[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((e=>{this[e]=(...t)=>this.store[e](...t)}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((e=>{this[e]=(...t)=>(this.store[e](...t),this)}));const n=p(),o=()=>{const e=(e,s)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),n.resolve(s),t(e,s)};if((this.languages||this.isLanguageChangingTo)&&!this.isInitialized)return e(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,e)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initAsync?o():setTimeout(o,0),n}loadResources(e,t=Y){let s=t;const i=h(e)?e:this.language;if("function"==typeof e&&(s=e),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if("cimode"===i?.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return s();const e=[],t=t=>{if(!t)return;if("cimode"===t)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t).forEach((t=>{"cimode"!==t&&(e.includes(t)||e.push(t))}))};if(i)t(i);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((e=>t(e)))}this.options.preload?.forEach?.((e=>t(e))),this.services.backendConnector.load(e,this.options.ns,(e=>{e||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),s(e)}))}else s(null)}reloadResources(e,t,s){const i=p();return"function"==typeof e&&(s=e,e=void 0),"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t=void 0),e||(e=this.languages),t||(t=this.options.ns),s||(s=Y),this.services.backendConnector.reload(e,t,(e=>{i.resolve(),s(e)})),i}use(e){if(!e)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!e.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===e.type&&(this.modules.backend=e),("logger"===e.type||e.log&&e.warn&&e.error)&&(this.modules.logger=e),"languageDetector"===e.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=e),"i18nFormat"===e.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=e),"postProcessor"===e.type&&A.addPostProcessor(e),"formatter"===e.type&&(this.modules.formatter=e),"3rdParty"===e.type&&this.modules.external.push(e),this}setResolvedLanguage(e){if(e&&this.languages&&!["cimode","dev"].includes(e)){for(let e=0;e<this.languages.length;e++){const t=this.languages[e];if(!["cimode","dev"].includes(t)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t)){this.resolvedLanguage=t;break}}this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages.includes(e)||!this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(e)||(this.resolvedLanguage=e,this.languages.unshift(e))}}changeLanguage(e,t){this.isLanguageChangingTo=e;const s=p();this.emit("languageChanging",e);const i=e=>{this.language=e,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(e)},n=(n,o)=>{o?this.isLanguageChangingTo===e&&(i(o),this.translator.changeLanguage(o),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",o),this.logger.log("languageChanged",o)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,s.resolve(((...e)=>this.t(...e))),t&&t(n,((...e)=>this.t(...e)))},o=t=>{e||t||!this.services.languageDetector||(t=[]);const s=h(t)?t:t&&t[0],o=this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(s)?s:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(h(t)?[t]:t);o&&(this.language||i(o),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(o),this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(o)),this.loadResources(o,(e=>{n(e,o)}))};return e||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!e&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(o):this.services.languageDetector.detect(o):o(e):o(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),s}getFixedT(e,t,s,i){const n=i?.scopeNs,o=(e,t,...i)=>{let r;r="object"!=typeof t?this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([e,t].concat(i)):{...t},r.lng=r.lng||o.lng,r.lngs=r.lngs||o.lngs;const a=void 0!==r.ns&&null!==r.ns;r.ns=r.ns||o.ns,""!==r.keyPrefix&&(r.keyPrefix=r.keyPrefix||s||o.keyPrefix);const l={...this.options,...r};Array.isArray(n)&&!a&&(l.ns=n),"function"==typeof r.keyPrefix&&(r.keyPrefix=F(r.keyPrefix,l));const c=this.options.keySeparator||".";let u;return r.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(e)?u=e.map((e=>("function"==typeof e&&(e=F(e,l)),`${r.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`))):("function"==typeof e&&(e=F(e,l)),u=r.keyPrefix?`${r.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`:e),this.t(u,r)};return h(e)?o.lng=e:o.lngs=e,o.ns=t,o.keyPrefix=s,o}t(...e){return this.translator?.translate(...e)}exists(...e){return this.translator?.exists(...e)}setDefaultNamespace(e){this.options.defaultNS=e}hasLoadedNamespace(e,t={}){if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized",this.languages),!1;if(!this.languages||!this.languages.length)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18n.languages were undefined or empty",this.languages),!1;const s=t.lng||this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages[0],i=!!this.options&&this.options.fallbackLng,n=this.languages[this.languages.length-1];if("cimode"===s.toLowerCase())return!0;const o=(e,t)=>{const s=this.services.backendConnector.state[`${e}|${t}`];return-1===s||0===s||2===s};if(t.precheck){const e=t.precheck(this,o);if(void 0!==e)return e}return!!this.hasResourceBundle(s,e)||(!(this.services.backendConnector.backend&&(!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages))||!(!o(s,e)||i&&!o(n,e)))}loadNamespaces(e,t){const s=p();return this.options.ns?(h(e)&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{this.options.ns.includes(e)||this.options.ns.push(e)})),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}loadLanguages(e,t){const s=p();h(e)&&(e=[e]);const i=this.options.preload||[],n=e.filter((e=>!i.includes(e)&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(e)));return n.length?(this.options.preload=i.concat(n),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}dir(e){if(e||(e=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages?.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!e)return"rtl";try{const t=new Intl.Locale(e);if(t&&t.getTextInfo){const e=t.getTextInfo();if(e&&e.direction)return e.direction}}catch(e){}const t=this.services?.languageUtils||new D(X());return e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-latn")>1?"ltr":["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].includes(t.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))||e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(e={},t){const s=new G(e,t);return s.createInstance=G.createInstance,s}cloneInstance(e={},t=Y){const s=e.forkResourceStore;s&&delete e.forkResourceStore;const i={...this.options,...e,isClone:!0},n=new G(i);void 0===e.debug&&void 0===e.prefix||(n.logger=n.logger.clone(e));if(["store","services","language"].forEach((e=>{n[e]=this[e]})),n.services={...this.services},n.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},s){const e=Object.keys(this.store.data).reduce(((e,t)=>(e[t]={...this.store.data[t]},e[t]=Object.keys(e[t]).reduce(((s,i)=>(s[i]={...e[t][i]},s)),e[t]),e)),{});n.store=new E(e,i),n.services.resourceStore=n.store}if(e.interpolation){const t={...X().interpolation,...this.options.interpolation,...e.interpolation},s={...i,interpolation:t};n.services.interpolator=new B(s)}return n.translator=new I(n.services,i),n.translator.on("*",((e,...t)=>{n.emit(e,...t)})),n.init(i,t),n.translator.options=i,n.translator.backendConnector.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},n}toJSON(){return{options:this.options,store:this.store,language:this.language,languages:this.languages,resolvedLanguage:this.resolvedLanguage}}}const Q=G.createInstance();Q.createInstance,Q.dir,Q.init,Q.loadResources,Q.reloadResources,Q.use,Q.changeLanguage,Q.getFixedT,Q.t,Q.exists,Q.setDefaultNamespace,Q.hasLoadedNamespace,Q.loadNamespaces,Q.loadLanguages;var Z=s(40694),ee=s(41705);function te(e,t){var s=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var i=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(i=i.filter((function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable}))),s.push.apply(s,i)}return s}function se(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var s=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?te(Object(s),!0).forEach((function(t){(0,ee.A)(e,t,s[t])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(s)):te(Object(s)).forEach((function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(s,t))}))}return e}var ie=function(){return(0,n.A)((function e(t){(0,i.A)(this,e),this.store=t.store}),[{key:"setItem",value:function(e,t){if(this.store)try{this.store.setItem(e,t)}catch(e){}}},{key:"getItem",value:function(e,t){if(this.store)try{return this.store.getItem(e,t)}catch(e){}}}])}();var ne=function(){return(0,n.A)((function e(t){var s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};(0,i.A)(this,e),this.init(t,s),this.type="backend"}),[{key:"init",value:function(e){var t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.services=e,this.options=se(se(se({},function(){var e=null;try{e=window.localStorage}catch(e){"undefined"!=typeof window&&console.log("Failed to load local storage.",e)}return{prefix:"i18next_res_",expirationTime:6048e5,defaultVersion:void 0,getVersion:void 0,versions:{},store:e}}()),this.options),t),this.storage=new ie(this.options)}},{key:"read",value:function(e,t,s){var i=Date.now();if(!this.storage.store)return s(null,null);var n=this.storage.getItem("".concat(this.options.prefix).concat(e,"-").concat(t));if(n)try{n=JSON.parse(n)}catch(e){n=null}if(n&&"object"===(0,Z.A)(n)){var o=this.getVersion(e,t);if(n.i18nStamp&&n.i18nStamp+this.options.expirationTime>i&&o===n.i18nVersion){var r=n.i18nStamp;return delete n.i18nVersion,delete n.i18nStamp,s(null,n,r)}}return s(null,null)}},{key:"save",value:function(e,t,s){if(this.storage.store){var i=se(se({},s),{},{i18nStamp:Date.now()}),n=this.getVersion(e,t);n&&(i.i18nVersion=n),this.storage.setItem("".concat(this.options.prefix).concat(e,"-").concat(t),JSON.stringify(i))}}},{key:"getVersion",value:function(e,t){var s,i=this.options,n=i.getVersion,o=i.versions,r=i.defaultVersion,a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(o,e)?o[e]:void 0;return(null===(s=n)||void 0===s?void 0:s(e,t))||a||r}}])}();ne.type="backend";var oe=s(62242),re=s(13738),ae=[],le=ae.forEach,ce=ae.slice;function ue(e,t){if(t&&"object"===(0,Z.A)(t)){var s="",i=encodeURIComponent;for(var n in t)s+="&"+i(n)+"="+i(t[n]);if(!s)return e;e=e+(-1!==e.indexOf("?")?"&":"?")+s.slice(1)}return e}function he(e,t,s,i,n){i&&"object"===(0,Z.A)(i)&&(n||(i._t=new Date),i=ue("",i).slice(1)),t.queryStringParams&&(e=ue(e,t.queryStringParams));try{var o;(o=XMLHttpRequest?new XMLHttpRequest:new ActiveXObject("MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0")).open(i?"POST":"GET",e,1),t.crossDomain||o.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XMLHttpRequest"),o.withCredentials=!!t.withCredentials,i&&o.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded"),o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType("application/json");var r=t.customHeaders;if(r="function"==typeof r?r():r)for(var a in r)o.setRequestHeader(a,r[a]);o.onreadystatechange=function(){o.readyState>3&&s&&s(o.responseText,o)},o.send(i)}catch(e){console&&console.log(e)}}var pe=function(){function e(t){var s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};(0,i.A)(this,e),this.init(t,s),this.type="backend"}return(0,n.A)(e,[{key:"init",value:function(e){var t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.services=e,this.options=function(e){return le.call(ce.call(arguments,1),(function(t){if(t)for(var s in t)void 0===e[s]&&(e[s]=t[s])})),e}(t,this.options||{},{loadPath:"/locales/{{lng}}/{{ns}}.json",addPath:"/locales/add/{{lng}}/{{ns}}",allowMultiLoading:!1,parse:JSON.parse,parsePayload:function(e,t,s){return(0,ee.A)({},t,s||"")},crossDomain:!1,ajax:he})}},{key:"readMulti",value:function(e,t,s){var i=this.options.loadPath;"function"==typeof this.options.loadPath&&(i=this.options.loadPath(e,t));var n=this.services.interpolator.interpolate(i,{lng:e.join("+"),ns:t.join("+")});this.loadUrl(n,s)}},{key:"read",value:function(e,t,s){var i=this.options.loadPath;"function"==typeof this.options.loadPath&&(i=this.options.loadPath([e],[t]));var n=this.services.interpolator.interpolate(i,{lng:e,ns:t});this.loadUrl(n,s)}},{key:"loadUrl",value:function(e,t){var s=this;this.options.ajax(e,this.options,(function(i,n){if(n.status>=500&&n.status<600)return t("failed loading "+e,!0);if(n.status>=400&&n.status<500)return t("failed loading "+e,!1);var o,r;try{o=s.options.parse(i,e)}catch(t){r="failed parsing "+e+" to json"}if(r)return t(r,!1);t(null,o)}))}},{key:"create",value:function(e,t,s,i){var n=this;"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]);var o=this.options.parsePayload(t,s,i);e.forEach((function(e){var s=n.services.interpolator.interpolate(n.options.addPath,{lng:e,ns:t});n.options.ajax(s,n.options,(function(e,t){}),o)}))}}]),e}();pe.type="backend";var de=pe;class ge{static init(e,t,s,i){const n=[];(0,oe.A)()&&n.push(ne),n.push(de),Q.use(u).init({backend:{backends:n,backendOptions:[{versions:{[t]:e}},{crossDomain:s,loadPath:e}]},lng:t},(e=>{e&&e.length&&(0,re.A)(`/no_js_locale?message=${e[0]}`);try{i()}catch(e){throw(0,re.A)(`/js_init_failure?message=${e}`),e}}))}static t(...e){return Q.t(...e)||e[0]}}},62242:function(e,t,s){function i(){const e="local-storage-availability-test";try{return window.localStorage.setItem(e,e),window.localStorage.getItem(e),window.localStorage.removeItem(e),!0}catch{return!1}}s.d(t,{A:function(){return i}})},13738:function(e,t){t.A=e=>{let t=!1;window.XMLHttpRequest?t=new XMLHttpRequest:window.ActiveXObject&&(t=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")),!1!==t&&(t.open("GET",e,!0),t.send())}},92099:function(e,t,s){function i(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}s.d(t,{A:function(){return i}})},48183:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{A:function(){return o}});var i=s(92162);function n(e,t){for(var s=0;s<t.length;s++){var n=t[s];n.enumerable=n.enumerable||!1,n.configurable=!0,"value"in n&&(n.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,(0,i.A)(n.key),n)}}function o(e,t,s){return t&&n(e.prototype,t),s&&n(e,s),Object.defineProperty(e,"prototype",{writable:!1}),e}},41705:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{A:function(){return n}});var i=s(92162);function n(e,t,s){return(t=(0,i.A)(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:s,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=s,e}},92162:function(e,t,s){s.d(t,{A:function(){return n}});var i=s(40694);function n(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=(0,i.A)(e)||!e)return e;var s=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==s){var n=s.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=(0,i.A)(n))return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==(0,i.A)(t)?t:t+""}},40694:function(e,t,s){function i(e){return i="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},i(e)}s.d(t,{A:function(){return i}})}},function(e){var t;t=81734,e(e.s=t)}]);
//# sourceMappingURL=i18n_init-3d9d6f22b6dd37a8b1b1.js.map
//]]>
</script>
<script src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/runtime-59875dc884974b955f1d.js"></script>

  
</body>
</html>
