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         .page-node-948 .dcf-hero.dcf-hero-default .dcf-page-title {
		display: none;
	}
</style><!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
</head>
<body class="unl html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-news page-news-rssaspx" data-version="5.3" >
<div class="dcf-absolute dcf-pin-top dcf-pin-left dcf-mt-1 dcf-ml-1 dcf-z-1" id="dcf-skip-nav">
  <a class="dcf-show-on-focus dcf-btn dcf-btn-primary" href="#dcf-main">Skip to main content</a>
</div>

<div id="page-top" class="region region-page-top page-top">
  </div>
<header class="dcf-header" id="dcf-header" role="banner">

    <script>function displayWDNNoticeBanner(){function e(e){if(e){var n=document.getElementById("dcf-skip-nav"),t=document.createElement("div");t.setAttribute("role","navigation"),t.classList.add("dcf-d-none@print"),t.innerHTML=e,n?n.parentNode.insertBefore(t,n.nextSibling):document.body.prepend(t)}}var n=!1,t=sessionStorage.getItem("wdnNoticeMessage");if(setInterval(function(){sessionStorage.removeItem("wdnNoticeMessage")},9e5),t)n=t,e(n);else{var s=new XMLHttpRequest;s.open("GET","https://its-unl-cms-prd-s3.s3.amazonaws.com/wdn-message.html"),s.send(null),s.onload=function(t){200===s.status&&(n=s.responseText,sessionStorage.setItem("wdnNoticeMessage",n),e(n))}}}displayWDNNoticeBanner();</script>
<div class="dcf-header-global dcf-wrapper dcf-d-flex dcf-flex-nowrap dcf-ai-center dcf-jc-between dcf-relative dcf-bt-solid dcf-bt-3 unl-bt-scarlet">
  <a class="dcf-institution-title dcf-flex-shrink-0 dcf-pt-3 dcf-pb-3 dcf-txt-xs unl-ls-3" id="dcf-institution-title" href="https://www.unl.edu/">
    <span class="dcf-uppercase">University</span> <span class="dcf-italic">of</span><span class="unl-institution-title-ls"> </span><span class="dcf-uppercase">Nebraska&ndash;Lincoln</span>
  </a>
    <ul class="dcf-cta dcf-cta-header dcf-header-global-item dcf-jc-flex-end dcf-mb-0 dcf-txt-xs dcf-d-none@print" role="list">
    <li class="dcf-mb-0">
  <a class="dcf-link-cta dcf-pt-3 dcf-pr-4 dcf-pb-3 dcf-pl-4" href="https://www.unl.edu/visit/">Visit</a>
  <div class="dcf-popup" data-position="bottom" data-alignment="center" data-point="true" data-hover="true" hidden>
    <button class="dcf-btn-toggle-popup dcf-btn-toggle-cta dcf-pt-3 dcf-pr-4 dcf-pb-3 dcf-pl-4 dcf-bg-transparent dcf-b-0" id="dcf-visit-toggle" hidden>Visit</button>
    <ul class="dcf-popup-content dcf-list-cta dcf-absolute dcf-mt-0 dcf-mb-0 dcf-p-6 dcf-bg-overlay-dark" id="dcf-visit-options" role="list">
    <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="headervisit" -->
          <!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
          <li class="dcf-mb-0"><a href="https://www.unl.edu/visit/">Visit the University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a></li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</li>
    <li class="dcf-mb-0">
  <a class="dcf-link-cta dcf-pt-3 dcf-pr-4 dcf-pb-3 dcf-pl-4" href="https://www.unl.edu/apply/">Apply</a>
  <div class="dcf-popup" data-position="bottom" data-alignment="center" data-point="true" data-hover="true" hidden>
    <button class="dcf-btn-toggle-popup dcf-btn-toggle-cta dcf-pt-3 dcf-pr-4 dcf-pb-3 dcf-pl-4 dcf-bg-transparent dcf-b-0" id="dcf-apply-toggle" hidden>Apply</button>
    <ul class="dcf-popup-content dcf-list-cta dcf-absolute dcf-mt-0 dcf-mb-0 dcf-p-6 dcf-bg-overlay-dark" id="dcf-apply-options" role="list">
    <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="headerapply" -->
          <!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
          <li class="dcf-mb-0"><a href="https://www.unl.edu/apply/">Apply to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a></li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</li>
    <li class="dcf-mb-0">
  <a class="dcf-link-cta dcf-pt-3 dcf-pr-4 dcf-pb-3 dcf-pl-4" href="https://www.unl.edu/give/">Give</a>
  <div class="dcf-popup" data-position="bottom" data-alignment="center" data-point="true" data-hover="true" hidden>
    <button class="dcf-btn-toggle-popup dcf-btn-toggle-cta dcf-pt-3 dcf-pr-4 dcf-pb-3 dcf-pl-4 dcf-bg-transparent dcf-b-0" id="dcf-give-toggle" hidden>Give</button>
    <ul class="dcf-popup-content dcf-list-cta dcf-absolute dcf-mt-0 dcf-mb-0 dcf-p-6 dcf-bg-overlay-dark" id="dcf-give-options" role="list">
    <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="headergive" -->
              <li><a href="give">Give to the Department of History</a>
          <!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
          <li class="dcf-mb-0"><a href="https://www.unl.edu/give/">Give to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a></li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="dcf-idm dcf-flex-grow-1 dcf-d-flex dcf-jc-flex-end dcf-h-100% dcf-w-min-0 dcf-d-none@print" id="dcf-idm">
  <div class="dcf-idm-status-logged-out dcf-idm-toggle dcf-ai-center dcf-relative dcf-header-global-item dcf-w-min-0">
    <a class="dcf-idm-login dcf-d-flex dcf-ai-center dcf-jc-center dcf-h-100% dcf-w-100%" href="https://shib.unl.edu/idp/profile/cas/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unl.edu%2F">
      <svg class="dcf-idm-img dcf-txt-sm dcf-h-6 dcf-w-6 dcf-circle unl-bg-cream" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16" viewBox="0 0 48 48"><path d="M47.9 24C47.9 10.8 37.2.1 24 .1S.1 10.8.1 24c0 6.3 2.5 12.3 6.9 16.8 4.5 4.6 10.6 7.1 17 7.1s12.5-2.5 17-7.1c4.5-4.5 6.9-10.5 6.9-16.8zm-45 0C2.9 12.4 12.4 2.9 24 2.9c11.6 0 21.1 9.5 21.1 21.1 0 5.2-1.9 10.1-5.3 14-2.1-1.2-5-2.2-8.2-3.4-.7-.3-1.5-.5-2.2-.8v-3.1c1.1-.7 2.6-2.4 2.9-5.7.8-.6 1.2-1.6 1.2-2.9 0-1.1-.4-2.1-1-2.7.5-1.6 1.3-4.2.7-6.5-.7-3-4.6-4-7.7-4-2.7 0-5.9.8-7.2 2.8-1.2 0-2 .5-2.4 1-1.6 1.7-.8 4.8-.3 6.6-.6.6-1 1.6-1 2.7 0 1.3.5 2.3 1.2 2.9.3 3.4 1.8 5 2.9 5.7v3.1c-.7.2-1.4.5-2 .7-3.1 1.1-6.2 2.2-8.4 3.5-3.5-3.7-5.4-8.7-5.4-13.9zm7.5 16.1c2-1 4.6-2 7.2-2.9 1-.4 2-.7 3-1.1.5-.2.9-.7.9-1.3v-4.9c0-.6-.4-1.1-.9-1.3-.1 0-2-.8-2-4.5 0-.7-.5-1.2-1.1-1.4-.1-.3-.1-.9 0-1.2.6-.1 1.1-.7 1.1-1.4 0-.3-.1-.6-.2-1.2-.9-3.2-.7-4-.4-4.3.1-.1.4-.1 1 0 .7.1 1.5-.3 1.6-1 .3-1 2.5-1.9 5-1.9s4.7.8 5 1.9c.4 1.7-.4 4.1-.7 5.2-.2.6-.3.9-.3 1.3 0 .7.5 1.2 1.1 1.4.1.3.1.9 0 1.2-.6.1-1.1.7-1.1 1.4 0 3.7-1.9 4.5-2 4.5-.6.2-1 .7-1 1.3v4.9c0 .6.4 1.1.9 1.3 1.1.4 2.1.8 3.2 1.2 2.7 1 5.2 1.9 7.1 2.8-3.8 3.3-8.6 5-13.7 5-5.2 0-9.9-1.8-13.7-5z"/></svg>
      <span class="dcf-idm-label dcf-mr-3 dcf-txt-xs">Log In</span>
    </a>
  </div>
  <div class="dcf-idm-status-logged-in dcf-idm-toggle dcf-ai-center dcf-relative dcf-header-global-item dcf-w-min-0"></div>
</div>
    <div class="dcf-search dcf-header-global-item dcf-flex-grow-1 dcf-d-flex dcf-jc-flex-end dcf-modal-parent dcf-d-none@print" id="dcf-search" role="search">
  <div class="dcf-search-toggle-wrapper dcf-ai-center dcf-w-100%">
    <a class="dcf-nav-toggle-btn dcf-nav-toggle-btn-search dcf-search-toggle dcf-d-flex dcf-ai-center dcf-jc-between dcf-w-100% dcf-p-0 dcf-rounded dcf-txt-xs dcf-b-1 dcf-b-solid unl-b-scarlet unl-bg-scarlet" id="dcf-search-toggle-link" href="https://search.unl.edu/">
      <span class="dcf-search-toggle-label dcf-rounded-left dcf-flex-grow-1 dcf-txt-left unl-bg-cream unl-scarlet">Search</span>
      <span class="dcf-d-flex dcf-ai-center dcf-jc-center dcf-w-7">
        <svg class="dcf-h-4 dcf-w-4 dcf-fill-current" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16" viewBox="0 0 48 48">
          <path d="M18 36a17.9 17.9 0 0 0 11.27-4l15.31 15.41a2 2 0 0 0 2.84-2.82L32.08 29.18A18 18 0 1 0 18 36zm0-32A14 14 0 1 1 4 18 14 14 0 0 1 18 4z"></path>
        </svg>
      </span>
    </a>
    <button class="dcf-search-toggle-button dcf-btn-toggle-modal dcf-nav-toggle-btn dcf-nav-toggle-btn-search dcf-search-toggle dcf-d-flex dcf-ai-center dcf-jc-between dcf-w-100% dcf-p-0 dcf-rounded dcf-txt-xs dcf-bg-transparent dcf-b-1 dcf-b-solid unl-b-scarlet unl-bg-scarlet unl-cream" data-toggles-modal="dcf-search-results" type="button" hidden></button>
  </div>
  <div class="dcf-modal dcf-fixed dcf-pin-top dcf-pin-left" id="dcf-search-results" hidden>
    <div class="dcf-modal-wrapper dcf-bg-overlay-light dcf-h-max-100vh dcf-overflow-y-auto dcf-d-flex dcf-flex-col dcf-flex-nowrap dcf-h-100% dcf-w-100%">
      <div class="dcf-modal-header dcf-bleed dcf-bg-center dcf-bg-no-repeat dcf-bg-cover unl-bg-scarlet unl-search-bg">
        <h2 class="dcf-sr-only">Search Form</h2>
        <form class="dcf-wrapper dcf-form dcf-search-form dcf-d-flex dcf-ai-center dcf-pt-8 dcf-pb-8" id="dcf-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" action="https://search.unl.edu/" method="get">
          <label class="dcf-label dcf-mr-4 dcf-mb-0 unl-cream" for="dcf-search_query">Search</label>
          <div class="dcf-input-group">
            <input class="dcf-input-text dcf-search-input dcf-bg-transparent unl-cream unl-b-cream" id="dcf-search_query" name="q" type="search" required>
            <button class="dcf-btn dcf-btn-inverse-primary" type="submit">
              <svg class="dcf-d-block dcf-h-5 dcf-w-5 dcf-fill-current" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16" viewBox="0 0 48 48">
                <path d="M18 36a17.9 17.9 0 0 0 11.27-4l15.31 15.41a2 2 0 0 0 2.84-2.82L32.08 29.18A18 18 0 1 0 18 36zm0-32A14 14 0 1 1 4 18 14 14 0 0 1 18 4z"></path>
              </svg>
              <span class="dcf-sr-only">Submit</span>
            </button>
          </div>
        </form>
        <button class="dcf-btn-close-modal dcf-btn dcf-btn-inverse-tertiary dcf-absolute dcf-pin-top dcf-pin-right dcf-z-1 dcf-lh-1">Close</button>
      </div>
      <div class="dcf-modal-content dcf-bleed dcf-h-100% dcf-w-100% dcf-overflow-y-auto">
        <div class="dcf-h-100% dcf-w-100% dcf-overflow-y-auto">
          <div class="dcf-search-results-wrapper dcf-h-100% dcf-w-100%" id="dcf-search-results-wrapper">
          </div><!-- end Search Results Wrapper -->
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
    <div class="dcf-logo-lockup dcf-wrapper dcf-d-flex dcf-ai-flex-end dcf-relative dcf-overflow-hidden dcf-pt-5" id="dcf-logo-lockup">
  <a class="dcf-header-logo dcf-mr-4 dcf-flex-shrink-0" id="dcf-header-logo" href="https://www.unl.edu/" aria-label="Go to University of Nebraska–Lincoln home page">
    <svg class="dcf-d-block dcf-h-8 dcf-w-8" focusable="false" height="76" width="76" viewBox="0 0 152 152">
      <defs>
        <style>
          .unl-header-svg-n-1 { fill: #fefdfa; }
          .unl-header-svg-n-2 { fill: #d00000; }
          @media print {
            .unl-header-svg-n-1 { fill: #fff; }
            .unl-header-svg-n-2 { fill: #000; }
          }
          #n153,
          #n57 {
            display: none;
          }
          @media (min-width: 56px) {
            #n45 { display: none; }
            #n57 { display: block; }
          }
          @media (min-width: 152px) {
            #n57 { display: none; }
            #n153{ display: block; }
          }
        </style>
      </defs>
      <g id="n153">
        <path class="unl-header-svg-n-1" d="M147,1H90V42h10V75.673L53.532,2.393,52.648,1H2V42H12v66H2v41H62V108H52V74.336l46.467,73.271L99.351,149H150V108H140V42h10V1ZM59,111v35H5V111H15V39H5V4H51l52,82V39H93V4h54V39H137v72h10v35H101L49,64v47Z"></path>
        <path class="unl-header-svg-n-2" d="M147,0H88V45H98V69.8L55.2,2.3,53.8,0H0V45H10v62H0v45H64V107H54V82.2l42.8,67.5,1.5,2.3H152V107H142V45h10V0Zm3,5V43H140v66h10v41H99.4l-.9-1.4L52,75.3V109H62v41H2V109H12V43H2V2H52.6l.9,1.4L100,76.7V43H90V2h60ZM103,87,51,5H5V40H15v72H5v35H59V112H49V65l52,82h46V112H137V40h10V5H93V40h10Z"></path>
      </g>
      <g id="n57">
        <path class="unl-header-svg-n-1" d="M89.571,2.714V43.429h10.857V76L51.571,2.714H2.714V43.429H13.571v65.143H2.714v40.714H62.429V108.571H51.571V76l47.5,73.286h50.214V108.571H138.429V43.429h10.857V2.714ZM59.714,111.286v35.286H5.429V111.286H16.286V40.714H5.429V5.429H50.214l52.929,81.429V40.714H92.286V5.429h54.286V40.714H135.714v70.571h10.857v35.286H100.429L48.857,65.143v46.143Z"></path>
        <path class="unl-header-svg-n-2" d="M147.006,0H86.857V46.143H97.714V67.857L54.286,0H0V46.143H10.857v59.714H0V152H65.143V105.857H54.286V84.143L97.714,152H152V105.857H141.143V46.143H152V0Zm2.28,43.429H138.429v65.143h10.857v40.714H99.071L51.571,76v32.571H62.429v40.714H2.714V108.571H13.571V43.429H2.714V2.714H51.571L100.429,76V43.429H89.571V2.714h59.714ZM103.143,86.857,50.214,5.429H5.429V40.714H16.286v70.571H5.429v35.286H59.714V111.286H48.857V65.143l51.571,81.429h46.143V111.286H135.714V40.714h10.857V5.429H92.286V40.714h10.857Z"></path>
      </g>
      <g id="n45">
        <path class="unl-header-svg-n-1" d="M89.818,3.455v38h10.364V76L53.545,3.455H3.455v38H13.818v69.091H3.455v38H62.182v-38H51.818V76l46.636,72.545h50.091v-38H138.182V41.455h10.364v-38ZM58.727,114v31.091H6.909V114H17.273V38H6.909V6.909H51.818l51.818,79.455V38H93.273V6.909h51.818V38H134.727v76h10.364v31.091H100.182L48.364,65.636V114Z"></path>
        <path class="unl-header-svg-n-2" d="M147.008,0H86.364V44.909H96.727V65.636L55.273,0H0V44.909H10.364v62.182H0V152H65.636V107.091H55.273V86.364L96.727,152H152V107.091H141.636V44.909H152V0Zm1.537,41.455H138.182v69.091h10.364v38H98.455L51.818,76v34.545H62.182v38H3.455v-38H13.818V41.455H3.455v-38H53.545L100.182,76V41.455H89.818v-38h58.727ZM103.636,86.364,51.818,6.909H6.909V38H17.273v76H6.909v31.091H58.727V114H48.364V65.636l51.818,79.455h44.909V114H134.727V38h10.364V6.909H93.273V38h10.364Z"></path>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </a>
  <div class="dcf-site-group dcf-d-flex dcf-flex-col dcf-jc-center">
    <div class="dcf-site-affiliation dcf-lh-3 dcf-txt-xs" id="dcf-site-affiliation">
        <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="affiliation" -->
        <a href="http://cas.unl.edu/">College of Arts and Sciences</a>        <!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
    </div>
    <div class="dcf-site-title dcf-bold dcf-lh-2 dcf-uppercase unl-ls-1" id="dcf-site-title">
        <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="titlegraphic" -->
        <a class="dcf-txt-h5" href="/">Department of History</a>        <!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
    </div>
      </div>
</div>
    <div id="dcf-nav-toggle-group" class="dcf-nav-toggle-group dcf-pin-bottom dcf-fixed dcf-w-100% dcf-lh-1 dcf-bt-solid dcf-bt-3 unl-bt-scarlet unl-bg-cream hrjs dcf-d-none@print">
  <button class="dcf-nav-toggle-btn dcf-nav-toggle-btn-menu dcf-d-flex dcf-flex-col dcf-ai-center dcf-flex-grow-1 dcf-jc-center dcf-h-9 dcf-p-0 dcf-b-0 dcf-bg-transparent unl-scarlet" id="dcf-mobile-toggle-menu" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Open menu">
    <svg class="dcf-h-5 dcf-w-5 dcf-fill-current" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
      <g id="dcf-nav-toggle-icon-open-menu" class="">
        <path d="M23.5 12.5H.5c-.3 0-.5-.2-.5-.5s.2-.5.5-.5h23c.3 0 .5.2.5.5s-.2.5-.5.5zM23.5 4.5H.5C.2 4.5 0 4.3 0 4s.2-.5.5-.5h23c.3 0 .5.2.5.5s-.2.5-.5.5zM23.5 20.5H.5c-.3 0-.5-.2-.5-.5s.2-.5.5-.5h23c.3 0 .5.2.5.5s-.2.5-.5.5z"></path>
      </g>
      <g id="dcf-nav-toggle-icon-close-menu" class="dcf-d-none">
        <path d="M20.5 4.2L4.2 20.5c-.2.2-.5.2-.7 0-.2-.2-.2-.5 0-.7L19.8 3.5c.2-.2.5-.2.7 0 .2.2.2.5 0 .7z"></path>
        <path d="M3.5 4.2l16.3 16.3c.2.2.5.2.7 0s.2-.5 0-.7L4.2 3.5c-.2-.2-.5-.2-.7 0-.2.2-.2.5 0 .7z"></path>
      </g>
    </svg>
    <span class="dcf-nav-toggle-label-menu dcf-mt-2 dcf-txt-xs">Menu</span>
  </button>
  <a class="dcf-nav-toggle-btn dcf-nav-toggle-btn-search dcf-d-flex dcf-flex-col dcf-ai-center dcf-jc-center dcf-flex-grow-1 dcf-h-9 dcf-p-0 dcf-b-0 dcf-bg-transparent unl-scarlet" id="dcf-mobile-search-link" href="https://search.unl.edu/" aria-label="Open search">
    <svg class="dcf-h-5 dcf-w-5 dcf-fill-current" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
      <g class="dcf-nav-toggle-icon-open">
        <path d="M22.5 21.8L15 14.3c1.2-1.4 2-3.3 2-5.3 0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8S1 4.6 1 9s3.6 8 8 8c2 0 3.9-.8 5.3-2l7.5 7.5c.2.2.5.2.7 0 .2-.2.2-.5 0-.7zM9 16c-3.9 0-7-3.1-7-7s3.1-7 7-7 7 3.1 7 7-3.1 7-7 7z"></path>
      </g>
      <g class="dcf-nav-toggle-icon-close dcf-d-none">
        <path d="M20.5 4.2L4.2 20.5c-.2.2-.5.2-.7 0-.2-.2-.2-.5 0-.7L19.8 3.5c.2-.2.5-.2.7 0 .2.2.2.5 0 .7z"></path>
        <path d="M3.5 4.2l16.3 16.3c.2.2.5.2.7 0s.2-.5 0-.7L4.2 3.5c-.2-.2-.5-.2-.7 0-.2.2-.2.5 0 .7z"></path>
      </g>
    </svg>
    <span class="dcf-nav-toggle-label dcf-mt-2 dcf-txt-xs">Search</span>
  </a>
  <button class="dcf-mobile-search-button dcf-nav-toggle-btn dcf-btn-toggle-modal dcf-d-flex dcf-flex-col dcf-ai-center dcf-jc-center dcf-flex-grow-1 dcf-h-9 dcf-p-0 dcf-b-0 dcf-bg-transparent unl-scarlet" data-toggles-modal="dcf-search-results" data-with-nav-toggle-group="true" data-nav-toggle-label-open="Search" data-nav-toggle-label-closed="Close" type="button" hidden></button>
  <div class="dcf-nav-toggle-btn dcf-nav-toggle-btn-idm dcf-idm dcf-d-flex dcf-flex-col dcf-ai-center dcf-jc-center dcf-flex-grow-1 dcf-h-9">
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